GSM Training Manual

8/11/2019 GSM Training Manual

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GSMTr

ainingNotes

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entsGroup


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Introduction to cellular radio - Page 1

Milestones in radio

Traditional mobile radio

Cellular network planning

Cells do overlap !

Cellular radio - why does it work?

Cellular design objectives

Introduction to cellular radio


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The Radio Story So Far

Radio communication started at the beginning of the 20th Century,with a handful of famous scientists making individual calls, sometimesacross large distances.

Land mobile communications as we know it started in 1921, with adespatch system used by the Detroit Police Department and was stillavailable to relatively few until the 1940s.

World War II stimulated the introduction of mobile communicationsbut until the development of the transistor in the 1950s; and smallreliable transceivers; relatively few people had experienced thefreedom radio communication provides.

The Bell Telephone Laboratories were responsible for thedevelopment of land mobile systems and eventually the publiccellular system in North America, however Scandinavia introducedthe first public cellular system in 1981 with the NMT system.

Now as we start the 21st Century, millions of people will be makingsimultaneous conversations over personal wireless telephones. Thishas only been made possible by using cellular radio techniques.

1901 1st transatlantic radio transmission

1904 John Ambrose Fleming invented the diode

1919 Dr Frank Conrad (Westinghouse in USA)

1919 H.J. Round (Marconi Wireless Telegraph

UK)

1921 Detroit police department

1948 Transistor announced by Bell Telephone

1981 NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system

1991 First commercial GSM system

Milestones in radio


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Before Cellular Radio

Before cellular radio, personal communication over large areas reliedon powerful transmitters flooding the coverage area withtransmissions. The main disadvantage of this was that very highpower transmitters were required, and the number of simultaneousconversations was limited to the number of channels available.

This type of system limits the capacity (i.e.. number of simultaneousconversations) as the same channels cannot be used again in anadjacent area. A guard band is required of at least 4:1 (guard bandto coverage area) before the same channel frequency can be re-used.

With radio spectrum a valuable resource, lateral thinking was neededand a method that restricted the power and hence coverage areaswas required if mobile communication was to compete with land-linesin quantity.

(Note that in some countries 120 watt mobile radios are still used forpoint to point communications by the emergency services).

Coverage area Guard band

Traditional mobile radio


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Cellular Concept

The cellular radio concept relies on many transmitters (or basestations) each covering a limited area or cell. Each cell is allocated aset of channels. These channels cannot be re-used by adjacent cellsotherwise radios would interfere, but careful frequency planningallows the pool of channels to be re-used after a guard band.

The smaller the cells, the more often frequencies can be re-used, andhence the greater the number of conversations in a given graphicalarea. In fact the network is designed so that cell sizes are relative tothe expected number of subscribers in the area; so in an urban areacells are small and in a rural area large.

Sophisticated planning of so called microcells and picocells are nowemployed where cell diameters may be as small as 1km.

Note that a maximum cell radius of about 35 km is possible for GSM:where hand portable coverage is required, cells are considerablysmaller.

Cellular network planning


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Cells do Overlap

Almost all the theoretical explanations of cellular radio show cells asbeing honeycomb shaped. This is useful for planning purposes. butin reality local topography distorts the uniform shape.

For seamless cellular coverage, overlaps need to occur and networkplanners ensure that cells produce patterns that allow large enoughoverlaps for hysterisis if a mobile moves from one cell to another.

The use of omni directional and tri-sectored cell patterns is importantfor efficient use of infrastructure.

Cells do overlap !


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Cellular Radio - Why Does it Work?

Emitted RF power limits the range of a standard mobile radio. In anarea with few high buildings coverage up to around 50 km radius ispossible with a vehicle mounted radio. Hand portable radios with thisrange are cumbersome and would require large batteries.

Cellular radios are able to operate by communicating with the nearesttransmitter, or base station, and transferring seamlessly from one toanother.

A relatively limited amount of the frequency spectrum is available forpersonal wireless communications. Cellular systems re-use thisspectrum efficiently by planning for predicted subscriber capacity.

Cellular radios are carefully controlled to produce just enough powerat an allocated frequency to ensure quality communication. Thisability to change power and frequency without the user being awaremakes the cellular system far more sophisticated than traditionalmobile radios.

Cellular radio-why does it work ?

Seamless coverage without high power transmitters

Frequency re-use

Virtually unlimited capacity

Smart mobile terminals - controlled by the network

Frequency agilePower control


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Cellular Design Objectives

Cellular radio was always intended to provide a radio system for themass market. It was designed to provide good quality portablecommunications at an affordable price.

Speech quality had to be similar to the wired network and no specialtechnical knowledge was required to make calls.

Although initially the infrastructure costs are high, cellular has thepotential of offering affordable costs to a variety of users.

Roaming between different areas and virtually nation-wide coveragewas very desirable.

If phones were to be accepted by the mass market the size andbattery life must be acceptable.

New services, equivalent to those on the wired network must bepossible.

Cellular design objectives

Good speech quality

Easy to use

Low operational costs

Roaming between territories

Acceptable size and battery life

New services and facilities


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Introduction to GSM - Page 1

Introduction to GSM

Why GSM ?

History of GSM

GSM standards

GSM & its derivatives

Services of GSM

GSM - not just voice

SIM cards


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Why GSM ?

Analog cellular systems were introduced in the early 1980s and comein many different technical standards. There are many differentstandards throughout the world, some variants based on existingnetworks.

GSM was initially introduced to provide a single digital standardacross Europe. This system has also been adopted in other parts ofthe world and is now regarded by many as the global cellularstandard.

The GSM standard brings many benefits to end users and networkoperators. For example roaming is now possible throughout manyparts of the world: this means that people can travel from one countryto another and still make and receive calls. There is no need for anyspecial equipment or arrangements; using the same GSM phone.The demand for mobiles is now huge and this is driving prices down.Test equipment also benefits form a common standard and can bethe same from one country to the next.

TACS

C-NETZ

AMPS

NMT-900

E-TACS

NMT-450

E-AMPS

RC 2000N-AMPS

Why GSM ?


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History of GSM

In the mid 1980s a group called Groupe Speciale Mobile was formed

to produce a next generation standard that would replace thenumerous European analog cellular systems in use. It was seen asmore than just a cellular system; it was designed to be compatiblewith the future telecommunications systems, particularly ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network).

In 1987 a group of countries stated they would participate in the GSMsystem and would cooperate in 1991 by signing a MoU(Memorandum of Understanding). This initial group of signatorieswas only 18. It has evolved tenfold to become well over 180 by 1996and is still growing.

By the early 1990s well over 100 sets of recommendations (over5000 pages) had been produced by working with ETSI (EuropeanTelecommunication Standards Institute) to define all aspects of theGSM system.

In 1991 a formal type approval specification had been agreed for allmobile stations to conform to and later that year the first publicsystem went into operation.

Since then further recommendations have been agreed to provide asecond phase of mobiles. GSM standards continue to develop andnew features are being added on a continuous basis.

History of GSM

1982 Groupe Speciale Mobile formed

1987 MoU formed

1990 Technical committees produced over 100 CTRs

1991 Phase 1 recommendations

1995 Global System for Mobile Communication

1995 Phase 2 recommendations


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GSM standards

To ensure that GSM succeeded, 124 channels in the 890 - 960 MHzband were defined to be exclusively for GSM. The MoU membersworked to a common goal and allocated these frequencies in theircountries.

As more members joined from countries outside Europe, it wasrealised that the original GSM frequencies would not be sufficient. Anadditional band was added, providing a further 50 channels. Thisband is referred to a E-GSM (Extended GSM) and falls below theoriginal channels.

In many countries these channels are already allocated to analogcellular service and will gradually be converted to GSM.

GSM standards

P-GSM

E-GSM (Phase 2 frequency range)

E P(50ch) (124ch)

MS - BTS (uplink)

880.2 MHz 890.2 MHz 914.8 MHz

BTS - MS (downlink)

925.2 MHz 935.2 MHz 959.8 MHz

EP

(50ch) (124ch) Frequency


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GSM had been so successful in some developed countries that morechannels were allocated in the 1800 MHz band. A delta specification,based on GSM signalling and protocols was developed and is nowbeing implemented in Europe and many other parts of the worldwhere the frequencies are available and demand requires theadditional capacity.

In North America a number of bands allocated in the 1900 MHzregion have been auctioned to potential network operators and somehave deployed another variant of GSM using similar signalling andprotocols to GSM.

Further systems based on GSM are now planned for privatesystems.

A number of global and regional satellite systems that have beenproposed also use a significant proportion of the GSM standards.

DCS - 1800

GSM & its derivatives

MS - BTS (uplink) BTS - MS (downlink)

1710.2 1784.8MHz 1805.2 1879.8MHz

PCS - 1900

1850 1910MHz 1930 1990MHz

What Next?

GSM & Its Derivatives


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Normal telephone service is enhanced by the provision of emergency

calls using standard procedure in any country i.e.. 911 or 999 or 112.Emergency calls are possible even when a subscriber has beenbarred from making regular calls and even when no SIM is fitted.

Supplementary ServicesGSM supports an extremely comprehensive list of supplementary services.

The list includes:-

Call Forwarding Unconditional

Mobile Subscriber Busy

No Reply

Mobile Not Reachable

Call Barring Outgoing

Outgoing International

Outgoing International except to Home Country

Incoming

Incoming when roaming abroad

Call Waiting

Call Hold

Three Party Service

Advice of Charge

The full list of supplementary services is extensive and includes some which arevery novel. Some of these services may not be available initially, and introductionmay vary from network to network.

Services of GSM

Emergency Calls

Call Forwarding

Call Barring

Call Waiting

Advice of Charge

Services of GSM


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As well as traditional speech communication a number of otherservices are provided in the GSM specification. Data transmission of9600 b/s is possible and plans to reach higher data rates are underdevelopment. Because data uses the original capabilities of GSM,error correction can be made even under fading conditions.

The short message service allows the transmission of 160 alphanumeric characters to and from a subscriber. This service providesan advanced paging service as messages may be received duringconversations. If the one is switched off or out of the area covered byGSM, the message is stored in the network and offered to thesubscriber when they reappear on the network.

Applications such as traffic announcements can be broadcast to allphones in a cell or geographical area using the cell broadcast feature.

These features will become some of the key competitivedifferentiators between networks.


Data Transmission

Facsimile Group III

Short message service (SMS)

Cell Broadcast


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How GSM works: a mobiles perspective - Page 1

A typical GSM network

Channel structure

Registration / location update

Registration information

The structure of an IMEI

The structure of an IMSI

Mobile idle

Call setup

Power control

Timing advance

Handover

IMSI detached

How GSM works: a mobiles perspective


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A Typical GSM Network

To understand how GSM works, consider what a normal GSMsystem consists of.

The phone, referred to as the MS (Mobile Station) needs a SIM(Subscriber Identity Module) to make regular communication with thenetwork.

The phone communicates to the network of BTSs (Base TransceiverStations) deployed over the coverage area.

Each BTS is connected to a BSC (Base Station Controller) which is inturn connected to a MSC (Mobile Switching Centre).

The MSC provides connection to the PSTN=Public SwitchedTelephone Network). The MSC holds important information that isneeded to ensure communication can take place.

Information held at the MSC provides details of whether phones arelikely to be switched on, details of which visiting phones may beoperating on the network. Also whether the subscriber is valid (thatthe bills have been paid!)

MSCMSCBTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSCBSC

PSTN

SIM

A typical GSM network

MS

Databases

of

users


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Channel structure

Each cell uses one or more of the pool of channels allocated to thenetwork. So as an example a GSM 900 network allocated half of thetotal 124 channels would have 62 channels.

The 62 channels need to be divided up to ensure adjacent cells donot use the same channel. In some urban cells there may be 15 or16 channels to a BTS. Rural cells may only require one channel.

Each channel is divided into 8 time slots. One or more is used forcontrol and the remainder for traffic.

0 1 2 3 4 6 7 0

Channel structure

5

Control

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

Traffic

Control

Traffic

7

Time


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When a radio is switched on it needs to let the network know where itis to enable calls to be received. As the subscriber moves around,there is a need for the phone to update its location. Thisregistration/location updating is performed automatically andaccording to certain rules set by the network. (There is no need toconstantly update phone locations as the network would soonbecome overloaded and no useful information would be gained).

GSM radios can also de-register on power down to allow the networkto know that calls are not possible.

(Note: different networks use different strategies for locating mobiles.Some may require the phone to update every time it moves into anew cell : this almost guarantees location immediately. Othernetworks may allow phones to move several cells before requiring anupdate : finding a phone may then take longer, because a number ofcells will need to be paged before locating the mobile).


I am here


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IMSI - International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMEI - International Mobile Equipment Identity

- Mobile Class

SIM - Subscriber Identity Module.

- PIN Personal Identity Number

- PUK Personal Unblocking Key

Registration information

Registration Information

The IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) is information heldon the SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) and can be thought of as thesubscribers unique number, which is translated to provide atelephone number by the network.

The IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) is information heldon the phone and can be thought of as the electronic serial number.This number holds information about the phone, such as class andtype.

The SIM holds information for the subscriber including a PIN number,which is used for additional security. With the PIN function enabled,

a 4 to 8 digit number must be entered before calls can be made. Ifthis is incorrectly entered 3 times in a row , the SIM automaticallyblocks. To unblock the SIM an 8 digit PUK (personal unblocking key)must be entered.

(Note an Emergency call can be placed in the absence of a SIM:onlythe IMEI is sent).


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The Structure of an IMEI

The IMEI, ranges of which are allocated upon the granting of typeapproval, include the mobile TAC (Type Approval Code) and the FACFinal Assembly plant code, and includes a serial number which isunique for each unit of a given type.

FACTAC SERIAL NUMBER SPARE

TYPEAPPROVED

(6 digits) (2 digits) (6 digits) (1 digit)

The structure of an IMEI


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The Structure of an IMSI

An IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) consists of threeparts: the MCC ( Mobile Country Code), identifying a country; theMNC (Mobile Network Code), identifying a PLMN (Personal LandMobile Network) within this country; and the MSIN (MobileSubscriber Identification Number) identifying a subscriber within thisPLMN, using no more than 10 digits.

MCC MCN MSIN

(3 digits) (2 digits) (10 digits or less )

The structure of an IMSI


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The Racal Instruments 6103 produces the screen above, after M.S.registrations. As well as the IMSI and IMEI, the mobile class isdisplayed.

The 6103 can be configured to simulate any country or network andthe BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) can be selected by theoperator if desired.

6103Main Menu

Parameters

Results

Memory

Card

Unsync

Mode

Single

SequencesSelf Tests /

System

Offsets

Test

Radio

Multimode

Tests

System

15 JAN 1996 11:24:57

Offsets : OFFResults: OFFStd : INT13GPIB : 20

Status : RR Connection Released RXLEV :RXQUAL :

Mobile Class

IMSI 2349178

IMEI 23456789

TMSI

3

BCCH ARFCN 121

BCCH level -30.5 dBm

MCC

MNC

Mobile and System Information

Place a call to start Functional Tests

234

91

2349178

23456789

121

-85.0

Place a call to start Functional Tests


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Mobile Idle

Once the radio has registered, it monitors the strongest cell controlchannel. Via this channel it can be paged and therefore receive callsfrom the system. Usually the mobile in this state will be designed toconsume the minimum of power, non essential circuits are turned off.If the mobile moves into a new cell area it may need to re-register inthat area.

In order to test a mobile, it is often useful to force the mobile toperform a location update at the start of every test. This can be donein a number of different ways, one method being to ask the phone toregister on switch on.

Mobile idle

Paging channel


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Call setup

Calls can be set up by the user dialling out or the radio being pagedby the network. ie mobile originated or base station originated.

Calls are setup on control channel timeslots and then transferred to atraffic channel / timeslot. (The process actually requires severalmessages as authentication and the various layers of communicationare established).

Note: In a rural cell, there may be only one channel used forcombined control and traffic. One timeslot is used to send controlinformation and the remainder are available for traffic.

In busier cells a number of channels may be used for controlinformation. The traffic will be shared appropriately.

Call setup

Call request

Go to channel x / slot y

O.K.. Im ready

Go ahead & talk


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Power control

During conversation the base station periodically measures the powerit receives from the mobile. It can then instruct the mobile to adjustits power, via a control channel as it moves in a cell. This helpsreduce the overall level of RF in a cell and leads to less chance ofone phone interfering with others.

With GSM, the mobile also measures received signal strength andquality. This information is passed back to the base station so it canadjust its power also. Power control for GSM is much finer than thaton analog systems.

GSM mobiles can adjust their power in 2dB steps from +13dBm

(20mW) to a maximum of +39dBm/8W for a class 2. In practice mostmobiles are class 2 (max. power = +39dBm/8W) and most handportables are class 4 (max. power = +33dBm/2W).

Phase II GSM specifications define four new power levels (PL16-PL19) to allow for even smaller cells and hence better frequency re-use.

DCS1800 and PCS1900 phones use different power levels : see thetables in the section: Useful data.

Go to

Power level 3

Traffic

Power control


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The Racal 6103 performs an automatic test that demonstrates thepower levels and provides the measured value and the error in dB.Any results that do not meet those specified are highlighted for theuser.

Where test leads or fixtures introduce attenuation, an offset can beadded to the calculation to compensate. The offset is shown to beON in the screen above.

Test Status Fail : Measured Values Exceed Test Limits

Mobile Power Level ---

TCH Slot 4TCH ARFCN HOP

TCH Level -85.0 dBm

1

2

3

4

5

6

Requested Measured

dBm

dBm

dBm

dBm

dBm

dBm

+27.2

+19.6

+21.8

+12.9

+7.9

+119

Offsets : ONINT 13

01 JAN 1996 12:00:00Running : Power Levels/Steps

Results : OFFStd :GPIB : 20

Status : Call Connected MT RXLEV : 21RXQUAL : 0

Error

dB

dB

dB

dB

dB

-0.2

-3.4

+2.8

-2.1

-3.1

+4.9

dB

Step Number

dBm

dBm

dBm

dBm

dBm

dBm

Test

Information

Edit

Parameters

Repeat

Test

EXIT

8

10

12

14

16

18


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Timing advance

As a mobile moves around in a cell, the transmission time may getshorter or longer. In order for the mobile burst to arrive at the BTS inits allocated timeslot. The BTS orders the mobile to advance itstiming.

GSM mobiles can adjust their timing by up to 63 bits in one bit steps.There are guard periods at the end of every standard burst, so smallerrors in timing can be tolerated.

(Note: The maximum cell radius for GSM is approximately 35km (22miles) as the propagation time to and from a mobile is approximately

0.5km per bit. 63 bits allows a propagation time of 233s ;approximately 35km).

Adjust Timing

advance to 63 bits

Traffic

Signals must arrive atBTS at correct time BTS

Timing advance

Traffic


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Handover

What differentiates a cellular radio system from basic mobile radio is thecapacity for handover. As the user travels he will move from one cell toanother. When appropriate, the conversation is handed over to the nextbase station. This process should be transparent to the user as asimultaneous speech path is set up on the new BTS before the mobilechanges channel / timeslot.

In the GSM system the mobile provides information to the BTS bymeasuring the level of the adjacent cells during the idle timeslots. Thisinformation is reported to the BTS at least every 30 seconds so thenetwork can determine when a handover is needed and to where.

(Note: The required sensitivity for phones are - 102dBm handportableGSM

- 104dBm other GSM

- 100dBm DCS1800 (class 1& 2

- 102dBm DCS1800 (class 3)

- 102dBm All PCS 1900

Handover

Call gets handed over to suitable BTS

Strong signal

Weak signal

Speech

Speech


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IMSI detached

GSM phones send a signal (IMSI detached) to the network to informthem they are being switched off. This saves the network paging forphones that are not able to receive calls.

Note: It can also be useful when testing a phone as the signal can beused to provide a test system indication that the phone testing hasfinished.

IMSI detached

Off button

Im switching off


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How GSM works: the bigger picture and what needs testing - Page 1

How GSM works :the bigger picture and what needs testing

GSM the air interfaceMSK modulationGMSK modulationBurst Timing

TX powerUseful part of burstBurst structureTDMAFrequency hoppingImproved Tolerance to FadingSpeech codingVocoder technologyError protectionDigital vs AnalogAuthenticationEncryption

MeasurementsPhase trajectorySensitivityBit errors and frame erasureVoice loopbackOther measurementsReceiver measurementsBurst profile measurement


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The GSM air interface provides a number of new concepts, acronymsand opportunities for measuring equipment. Fortunately the GSMspecification is well defined in the recommendations.

GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Key) modulation is used to transmitRF information.

RF information is sent as bursts of data, timeshared with other userson the same channel (TDMA) Time Division Multiple Access.

Speech is digitised and then coded to reduce the actual number ofbits sent over the air.

Frequency hopping is used to improve performance in a multipathfading environment

Encryption is used to ensure security & speech privacy.

GSM - the air interface

GMSK modulation

TDMA & frame structure

Frequency hopping

Digitised speech

Encryption


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MSK Modulation

Speech, data and signalling information is transmitted over the air asdigital information (i.e. 1s and 0s).

These 1s and 0s are modulated on to an RF carrier using GMSKmodulation.

The process initially involves changing the phase of the RF carrier. A0 will produce a phase change of -90 deg and a 1 +90 deg. This isMSK (minimum shift keying).

One advantage of MSK is that the RF Amplitude is constant; this isless likely to produce distortion if their are any non-linearities in thesystem.

MSK modulation

I

Q 0

1

t


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GMSK modulation

The MSK modulated signal is effectively passed through a Gaussianshaped filter to reduce the bandwidth of the signal. This is essential ifchannel spacing is to be kept to a minimum.

GSM makes use of 0.3GMSK. This means that the BT (bandwidth:bitrate) is 0.3. This design ensures that a channel spacing of 200 kHz ispossible.

Note: BT is bandwidth to bit period factor

B= bandwidth of the Gaussian filter

T= bit period (i.e.1/t = bit rate)

GMSK modulation

Phase

Phase modulation

Time1 0 000 1111 000

MSK

GMSK

time

phase

steps


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Burst Timing

The phone will transmit its speech in one of eight time frames. This isreferred to as TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access).

Because it may be sharing a single carrier with several other users,the timing of the transmitted burst must be controlled accurately. Thebase station will advise the phone to advance its burst to take intoaccount the different propagation time over the air. This is doneonce initial syncronisation is made.

To ensure proper syncronisation, Access bursts are sent initially toensure that data is not sent in an adjacent timeslot. Access burstsare shortened by 60 bits and are sent by the phone until the BTS has

instructed it to advance its transmissions.There is a guard period equivelant to 8.25 bits between each burst(68.25 bits for access bursts), each speech burst has 3 tail bits at thebeginning and end which carry 000 information and allow time forthe burst to reach full power before sending meaningful data.

Burst timing

147 useful bits

1 timeslot

Guard time

8.25 bits

Commands to Advance (up to 63 bits)

time

Previous

burst

Next burst


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Tx Power

As well as the timing of the burst, its shape is very important. Thereis a power template defined in the GSM specifications that sets limitsfor its shape and relative amplitude with time.

The flatness of the portion carrying the data must fit within a +/-1dBwindow. The rising and falling edges must fit limits that ensure theydo not produce ringing and yet still allow enough time to convey thedata.

Tx power

-70dB

-30dB

1dB

4dB

-1dB

0 3 147 bits

t

not to scale

6

-6dB


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The above screen from the 6103 shows the entire length of the powerprofile on a speech burst. The screen also displays the absolutepower level, also the minimum and maximum power over the usefulpart of the burst.

All bursts must fit the power profile defined in GSM Rec 11.10. Ifpower ramps up or down too fast, interference might be caused in theadjacent channel and cause interference to other users.

If the Ramp is too slow, then data may be lost from the burst oradjacent timeslot interference may occur.

It is possible to examine the useful parts of the power burst using the6103. Both the rising and falling edge may be examined in moredetail. The top of the burst may also be displayed in more detail

Audio

Speech

MultiMode : Power ProfileBER

Phase

Summary

EXIT

Modulation

Spectrum

Error

Mode

TCH ARFCN

TCH Slot

TCH Level

62

dBm-85.0

4

MS Power

7

More...

Input Power

Min

30.273

Max

30.32830.285

Current

dBm dBm dBm

15 JAN 1996 11:24:57



10

Bits

0

-10

-20

-30

-40

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

dB

-50

-60

-70


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Burst structure

Although there are some exceptions, the majority of bursts are madeup of Speech information, a syncronisation sequence and 3 tail bits ateach end.

The speech information is coded in a variety of different ways, andwill be explained later. It occupies 116 bits.

The syncronisation sequence is often referred to as a trainingsequence or mid-amble. It consists of 26 bits of predefined data, thatcan be decoded and then used as a reference for timing andequalization.

The 3 tail bits at either end serve as guard bits between other time

slots.

Burst structure

Speech

Information

Speech

Information

Sync

Mid-

Amble

Sync

Mid-

Amble000000 000000

Mobile Transmit Burst - TCH

Speech

Information

Speech

Information

3 58 26 3 bits58


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TDMA

There is a delay of 3 time slots between the downlink from the BTS

and the uplinkfrom the phone. This allows a single synthesiser to beemployed in the phone as the transmit and receive timeslots do notcoincide. It also reduces the need for complex duplex filters

The phone is also able to monitor other channels during the idle slots.during this time the radio monitors the signal strength of the adjacentchannels.

TDMA

11 22 33 44 55 66 77 00

Base Station Transmit, Mobile Receive

66 77 00 22 33 44 55

Mobile Transmit

Adjacent Cell

Monitoring

11

1

Offset 3 slots

66


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Improving tolerance to fading

Frequency hopping is a way of improving the tolerance to the effectsof multipath fading. This is where reflections of the main signalcombine to mix destructively: producing a signal fade.

Because this fading is frequency dependent, a fade on one channelfrequency may produce constructive mixing on another frequency.

By frequency hopping over a number of channels, the effects offading are reduced to a minimum, this means that the majority of timefading will not be apparent as error correction can still function.

Improving resistance to fading


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Frequency hopping

All mobiles have the capability of frequency hopping although it maynot always be used.

Frequency hopping can be switched on and off by the network.Some networks may switch on the hopping in parts of the networkwhere multipath is a problem.

In hopping mode the phone will switch to a different ARFCN(Absolute Radio Frequency Channel) after each burst according to apredefined sequence.

Frequency hopping

P

tf

ARFCN

Channel

Frames


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Frequency hopping

The 6103 has the ability to hop like the network. The hopping patterncan be defined by the user and switched on and off as required.

Test : SensitivityAccept

CancelOffsets : On10 MHz Results: Off Std:GPIB : 20

T.A. : RXLEV: RXQUAL:

14 DEC 1995 14:12:44

Parameter

Range : 0 to 31

TCH ARFCN

TCH Slot

Hopping

Encryption

Pass/Fail Threshold

Initial Level

Final Step Size

Test Pattern

Sample Time

FER Limit

Class Ib BER Limit

Mobile Power Level

Value

90

1

-102.0

15

Default

62

4

7

OFF OFF

OFF OFF

-90.0 -90.0 dBm

0.50 0.50 dB-102.0 dBm

10 10 s

1 1

0.200 0.200 %

0.410 0.410 %

Class II BER Limit 2.440 2.440 %


46/96


The speech goes through two distinct processes before it ismodulated onto the RF carrier.

First the analog speech is sampled at a rate of 8 kbits / s. Eachsample produces 13 bits of information: a total data rate of 104kbits/s. If fhis were sent directly to the modulator the occupiedbandwidth required would be enormous.

A speech coder or vocoder is used to reduce the number of bits thatneed to be sent. Vocoders are designed to produce acceptableintelligent transfer of speech information, while minimising the amountof data sent. There are a number of vocoders available today, andmore are being proposed with enhanced capability.

Speech coding

Speech Speech

coder

Analog to

digi tal

converter

Error Protection

13 bit /samples

@ 8k bit rate

=104 kbits/s

104 kbits/s

reduced to

13 kbit/s

13 kbits/s

increased to

22 kbit/s


47/96


The original vocoder used for GSM is a full-rate 13kbit/s vocoder: Ahalf rate vocoder is also available, producing a rate of 6.5kbit/s.Others are also in use, such as an enhanced full rate vocoder in theUS.

The GSM full rate coder reduces the 104 kbit/s rate down to aneffective 13 kbits/s. How it does this is beyond the scope of thisdocument, but put simply, the vocoder breaks down the speech in away that only the important elements of the speech are sent, allowingthe information to be decoded to an acceptable level. For examplesilence in the signal would not require any data to be sent.Reductions of 80% can be achieved by this process.

Note that all this processing does introduce a delay of approximately65ms and can be tricked: try sending your favourite music trackacross the network and you may well be disappointed.

Vocoder technology

full rate

vocoder104 kbits /s

sampled speech

13 kbits /s

coded speech

half rate

vocoder104 kbits /s

sampled speech

6.5 kbits /s

coded speech


48/96


So far the coded speech data would be unprotected from anyinterference or impairements in the system, so error protection isadded.

Here the data is grouped into class Ia bits, Ib bits and class II bits.The class Ia bits are the most important and are given parityprotection by adding 3 parity bits. They are then added to class Ibbits and convolutionally coded to provide further correction anddetection. The class 2 bits are left unprotected.

This brings up the 13k bits/s data to 22.8 kbits/s.

If a class 1a bit cannot be corrected, the entire frame will be replacedby silence, as these bits could cause disturbing sounds ifreconstituted incorrectly.

Error protection

Class 1a bits = very important = add parity bits

Class 1b bits= quite important = code with Class 1a

Class 2 bits = not important = no correction

13 kbits/s rate increased to 22 kbits/s


49/96


Although this whole process seems very complex and cumbersome,it produces the best compromise for transfer of speech to anacceptable level in a radio network.

Compared to analog systems, digital systems tend to have no betterperformance in good coverage areas, yet they out-perform them atextremes of range.

The graph above shows how the GSM system, with all its processingpower, will maintain a conversation far beyond an analog TACSsystem.

Digital vs Analog

0

1020

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

-80 -85 -90 -95 -100 -105 -110 -115 -120 -125

Analog

Digital

Receive level (dBm)

Speech quality


50/96


Every time the phone registers or makes a call, an authenticationprocess takes place.

A random number is sent from the base station. This number iscombined with another number (or key) called a Ki.

The Ki is a number held on the SIM that is unknown to the user. Thecombination of the Ki, the random number and the A3 algorithmproduces a number over the air that the network can test.

This process ensures that the system is very secure, as every call setup requires an acknowledgement before the call can be processed.This method also ensures that the Ki is never sent over the air.

The network can also assign a TMSI (Temporary Mobile SubscriberIdentity) ensuring the mobiles true identitiy is not used for

subsequent call set ups.Encryption is not always used, it can be switched on and off by thenetwork.

Encryption provides a secure way of further encoding the speech, toprevent eavesdropping over the air. Another algorithm (A8)generates a cipher key (Kc) from the random number, which is thenused to encrypt all the following data.

Authentication

random number

(Ki & random number) A3 algorithm


51/96


Measurements

As with most tranceivers, measurement are made on the transmitter,receiver and the speech path.

The phase relationship of a signal in GSM is very important. Any testequipment must be able to measure both peak and RMS phaseerrors and in order to perform any diagnostics, look at the relationshipduring the burst.

Measurements

Phase Trajectory

Tx Power

Sensitivity

Voice Loopback


52/96


Phase Trajectory

The modulation accuracy is measured by comparing the actual phasetrajectory with the theoretical trajectory over several bursts.

Large deviations will result in bit errors, so a fairly tight limit is placedon the phone. Less than 20 degrees peak and less than 5 degreesRMS is required for the phone to meet specification.

Mobile frequency is adjusted in the mobile by synchronising from theFCCH (Frequency Correction CHannel) on the BCCH (BroadcastControl Channel). The error must be less than 0.1ppm.

Phase Trajectory

Bits

Phase

Phase Error

Frequency

Error

Ideal PhaseActual Phase


53/96


To measure the sensitivity of a phone, the GSM specificationprovides a test loopback mode in all phones. This can be invoked byusing a test SIM and an instruction over the air.

The test SIM provides the loopback facility which turns all receivedsignals back onto the transmitter path so that bit errors can bemeasured. The loopback is provided after the channel coding anddoes not include the vocoder.

The Racal 6103 produces a pseudo-random data pattern that ismodulated by the internal signal generator, the phone is put intoloopback mode by sending the correct command and then sensitivitycan be measured. This is done by reducing the level of the RFsignal and measuring the errors. The bit error rate can be used todetermine the sensitivity of the phone.

Note: Some phones use the spare slots to monitor the controlchannel and maintain frequency control, so the 6103 provides asimulated signal during these slots, so that the phone still apparentlysees a control channel.

Sensitivity

Signal

Generator

Signal

Generator

Data

Pattern

Generator

Data

Pattern

Generator

Measuring

Receiver

Measuring

Receiver

BER

Software

BER

Software

test SIM

Rx data

= Tx

Test System

2nd

Signal

Generator

2nd

Signal

Generator


54/96


Because some bits are given different levels of protection againsterrors, it is not straight forward to just measure bit error rate on allreceived bits.

RBER (Residual Bit Error Rate) is defined as the BER in all goodframes. A good frame is defined as one where the parity in the class1a bits were not received in error.

Where errors are received in class Ia bits, frames are erased andreplaced eirther data that is predicted from previous frames, or insevere cases muted audio.

Measurement of the number of frames erased or FER (FrameErasure Rate) can be made.

Bit errors and frame erasure

BER for class Ia, Ib & II

RBER for class Ib & II

FER (Frame Erasure Rate)


55/96


The above diagram shows the three measurements of FER, Class Iband Class II bit error rates. Where limits are exceeded, the resultsfield is highlighted.

Freq. Offset

Test Pattern

8

+120

More...

EXIT

Hz

Timing Adv.

24 bits

LimitsMultiMode : BER

Clear

Min/Max

FER

Samples

50

CIb 6600

CII

Min

1.29

2.29

2.29

Max

3.53

3.53

3.53 3900

Current

2.50

2.50

2.50 %

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

15 JAN 1996 11:24:57 Burst

ALL


Status : Idle RXLEV : 23RXQUAL : 0


56/96


Receiver measurements

During a conversation, the mobile makes 2 measurements on thecurrent physical traffic channel (TCH). These two measurements areRXLEV, the level of the traffic channel and RXQUAL, the quality ofthe traffic channel (determined from the bit error rate).

There is also time for the phone to make measurement on up to 6neighbouring cells to determine if there is a better channel.

RXLEV must be within: +/-4dB at levels from -110 to -70 dBm

and +/-6dB at levels from -70 to -48 dBm.

Receiver measurements

RXLEV measurement of the RF signal strength

RXQUAL measurement of the bit error rate

Phone can measure up to 6 neighbour cells


57/96


Receiver test results

Producing an accurate signal from the test equipment allows themeasurement produced by the phone to be compared and any errorsnoted.

The effect of having poor measurement by the phone could producedropped calls on the network.

The above screen makes this test very simple as the expected andmeasured values are displayed side by side with an errorcalculation.

Events Ratio

FER %0 0.000

CIb %0 0.000

CII %

Samples

50

6600

3900 11 0.282

Running : Receiver Test

Test Status PASS

Mobile Power Level 7

TCH ARFCN HOP TCH Slot 4

TCH Level -102.0 dBm

Measurement

Test

Information

Edit

Parameters

Repeat

Test

EXIT

15 JAN 1996 11:24:57



Expected Measured Error

8.5 (-102.0 dBm) 6.0 (-104.5 dBm) -2.5RXLEV :

1.0 (0.282 %) 0.0 (0.141 %) -1.0RXQUAL :


58/96


59/96


Multimode : voice loopback

The 6103 has a number of tests that allow subjective assessment ofthe phones audio paths. One test is the Voice loopback. This testcan be selected manually or included in an automatic test sequence.

In the case of multimode the RF parameters can be viewed while thelooped back voice is monitored.

Phase

Error

MultiMode : Voice Loopback

EXIT

Voice Loopback

Speak into mouthpiece to assess mobile's performance.

Summary

Modulation

Spectrum

Power

Profile

BERTCH ARFCN

62

TCH Level

dBm-85.00

TCH Slot

4

MS Power

2

More...

15 JAN 1996 11:24:57




60/96


The 6103 is able to put the phone into conversation mode and thencommand it to change to all power levels. The main RF port on the6103 is able to measure all power levels and then compare theresults with the defined standards.

Timing advance can be excercised either manually, by setting anadvance or by using the automatic test included.

A variety of impairements can be added during the RF testing suchas doppler shift, hopping and with a second 6103 or signalgeneraotor, co channel and adjacent channel rejection.

The availability of Fax and Data services on GSM presents a new set

of testing problems. Probably the most important requirement is toprove the correct function of the services under varying signalconditions, but above all is must be easy to use.

Other measurements

Power Steps

Timing Advance

Protocol Registration, Authentication

Call Set up

Handover

Encryption Doppler Shift

Fax and Data


61/96


Multimode:Summary

For faultfinding, a comprehensive set of measurements is providedon one screen. Limits are shown as arrowheads and the bar graphschange colour if a limit is exceeded.

The update of the screen makes this multmode a very helpful;screen for diagnostics or phones.

When any parameters are changed, the 6103 automaticallygenerates the necessary protocol, making it very simple to use.

Freq. Offset

Test Pattn

1

0

More...

EXIT

Hz

Timing Adv.

0 bits

LimitsMultiMode:Summary 15 JAN 1996 11:24:57 Burst

ALL



5 %0.00C lass II BER 0

RXQUAL : 0 (0.0% : 0.2 %) RXLEV : 23 (-88 : -87 dBm)

31.08 Hz

3.35 Deg

28.02 dBmInput Power 23

RMS Ph Err 0

Peak Ph Err 0

Freq. Err -200

Timing Offset bits-0.29

35

200

10

40

Power Prof ile Pass Mod. Spectrum ---

9.99 Deg


62/96


6103 Mobile test set

The 6103 is an easy to use, fully integrated Test Set optimized formaintenance and servicing of GSM, DCS1800 and PCS1900 mobiletelephones.

It has a comprehensive modulation analyser for alignment anddiagnosticsand has fast measurement capability with integrated testsequences.

The large, bright LCD display provides graphic and numeric displays.

In addition to speech testing cell broadcast and point to point shortmessage service testing is included. The no button start test is theultimate for simplicity of operation.

6103 Mobile test set


63/96


The Racal Instruments 6103 addresses fax and data testing byemulating the GSM network right up to the far end terminal. Thisallows a high degree of flexibility and also allows a number of faxcombinations to be tried.

For data calls, files can be transferred from the instruments memorycard or from an external PC/device via an RS232 port. Data can betransferred in either transparent or non-transparent mode at 2400,4800 or 9600 baud.

For fax calls the 6103 uses industry standard modem commandswhich allows it to interface to a PC running commonly available faxpackages.

6103

Mobile

6103

PC or equivalent

PC or Fax

Hayes Modem

RF

MEMORY

CARD

256k

Memory Card

Fax and data testingFax and data testing


64/96


6103 test set - interfaces

As standard, the 6103 comes equipped to provide results in a numberof ways. Control is provided by the GPIB interface.

The instrument also supports a form of BASIC. Using this language itis possible to create test programs with custom tests, limits andprintouts.

6103 Test Set - Interfaces

61036103

GPIB

RS232

Parallel Printer

2 x PCMCIA SlotsTest sequences


65/96


Phase 2 type approval

This type approval system consists of 2 6103 Digital Radio Test Setscontrolled by a PC.

To provide the rapid and coherent introduction of Phase 2, the GSMMoU required the developement of a low cost, Stand Alone Testerbased upon off-the-shelf hardware. The tester had to allow forconformance testing of mobile stations and support over 150 GSM11.10 test cases, written in the TTCN (Tree and Tabular CombinedNotation) test specification language which is used ofr the definitionof Abstract Test Suites (ATS) under international standard ISO 9646

Part 3.

Phase 2 type approval

GSMGSMTESTTEST

7 8 9

65

3

4

21

0 #*

0252 625

TTCN Results

2 x 6103

6103

6103


66/96


Cray systems PC controller

The RF outputs of these two devices are combined and applied to themobile under test, with the test results presented on the PC Controlleror to networked systems.

The Stand Alone Tester is an ideal test solution for a variety of users,from GSM test houses for the performance of formal type approvalaccreditation testing, to network operators and manufacturers ofmobile equipment.

Operators will also use the Stand Alone Tester to examine mobilestations which are perhaps giving an unexpected response to thenetwork. This will help these organisations pinpoint problems on thenetwork and/or discover operational difficulties with certain models ofmobile telephone, thereby improving the service to users.

Cray systems PC controller

Man Machine InterfaceMan Machine InterfaceMan Machine Interface

Operating System - WindowsOperating System - WindowsOperating System - Windows

TestTest

ControllerControllerTTCNTTCN

CompilerCompiler

PC HardwarePC HardwarePC Hardware

TTCN

Input

Library

User

Control

Test

Equipment

Analysis

& Report

Software


67/96




68/96

How GSM works: a BTSs perspective and what needs testing - Page 1

Elements of the GSM Network

Test requirements

Production testCommissioning and installation

Live testing

What does the 6113 do ?

Typical test requirements

6113 applications

How GSM works: aHow GSM works: aBTSsBTSsperspective andperspective and

what needs testingwhat needs testing

BTSBTS

BSCBSC

U or Air interface

A-bis


69/96


Before discussing base station testing, its important to understandthe basic elements of the system.

The BTS (Base Station Transceiver) is responsible forcommunicating with the mobiles over the radio interface.

The BTS lacks the intelligence to manage the calls: this isperformed by the BSC (Base Station Controller). Thecommunication between the BTS and the BSC is an ISDN compatible2.048 Mbit/s (E1) or 1.544 Mbit/s (T1) link. To control the BTS, theBSC uses manufacturer specific commands on this link. This is theA-bis interface.

The connection from the BSC to the PSTN is completely standardand allows more regular telecom links to be used.

Elements of the GSM NetworkElements of the GSM Network

MSC

(Switch)

MSC(Switch)

BTSBTSBSCBSC

PSTN

U or Air interface

A-bisA

2.048Mb/s or 1.544Mb/s


70/96


Throughout the life of a BTS it will need to be tested in different ways.

During R&D traditional test equipment can be used, however forprotocol development a protocol analyzer or an interface emulator isrequired.

During production and installation the other elements of the networkare not present, hence A-bis emulation is advantageous.

Once commissioned some form of in-service testing is required.

Test requirementsTest requirements

Research & DevelopmentResearch & Development

Production & Factory TestProduction & Factory Test

Installation & CommissioningInstallation & Commissioning

Field Service & OptimizatioField Service & Optimizationn


71/96


72/96


When commissioning base stations, it is very likely that the A-bis linkis not available. Even if it were the control of the BTS would still becumbersome.

A-bis control allows the BTS to be tested in isolation and can evenallow on-air trials with test network signals.

6113

6113

Commissioning andCommissioning and

installationinstallation

BSCA-bis RF

X

X

X

X

XXXX - BTS

GSM, DCS1800 or PCS1900


73/96


Once installed there is a great reluctance to take a BTS out of servicesimply to test it. Live testing offers a slightly more limited, butconvenient, method of routine testing.

In order to access the correct channels and ensure consistent results,the test equipment could emulate a mobile and set up a live call.

The A-bis connection can still be used if receiver bit error rates are tobe measured.

Live testingLive testing

BSC RF

6113

6113

XXXX - BTS

GSM, DCS1800 or PCS1900


74/96


The 6113 meets the requirements of GSM recommendations andprovides an independent evaluation of the RF performance of theBTS.

Test times are remarkably short: often the code download to the BTSmay take longer than the test.

By keeping records of the BTS performance, degradation can bemonitored and corrective action made before it gets too serious.

When new network roll out times are measured in months rather

than years, fast authoritative testing is essential.

What does the 6113 do ?What does the 6113 do ?

bIt verifies performance to GSM

recommendations (11.20, 05.05 etc.)

bIndependent evaluation of RF performance

bReduces BTS commissioning times

bImproves the BTS roll out rate

bIt reduces BTS downtime during faultfinding


75/96


The above shows the typical range of parameters that networkoperators and manufacturers would test. The requirements are verysimilar to a mobile. The main difference is that with a mobile thecontrol is transmitted over the air interface. The BTS requires controlfrom the A-bis.

Typical test requirementsTypical test requirements

Receiver

Bit error rate (BER)

RACH sensitivity

TCH Absolute sensitivity

Timing advance

Rx level

Encryption

Rx quality

Functional

A-bis link tests

Code download

Configure BTS

Reset BTS

Special functions

Transmitter

Cell control channel

Bit error rate (BER)

Phase error

Frequency error

Modulation spectrum

Power

Power steps

Power profile

Power control


76/96


Racal Instruments 6113 digital radio test set, has been designed toprovide a test capability in all of the above scenarios.

6113 applications6113 applications

61136113

BSC

A-bis

BTS

RF

61136113

61136113

61136113

A.I.M.E.

BOSSA-bis ControlA-bis Monitor

R&D and System Test

Base station On airService System

Installation andCommissioning

System faultdiagnosis


77/96




78/96

GLOSSARY OF TERMS & ABBREVIATIONS

ARFCN AAbsolute RFRFCChannel NNumber. A number in the range1 to 124 (GSM) or 512 to 885 (DCS 1800) whichdefines the absolute radio frequency channel number.

AGCH AAccess GGrant CHCHannel

BA BBCCH AAllocation. The radio frequency channelsallocated in a cell for BCCH transmission.

BCC BBase Station CColour CCode

BCCH BBroadcast CControl CHCHannel

BCCH_FREQ_NCELL Frequency of the RF carrier on which the BCCH of aneighbouring cell is transmitted.

BER BBit EError RRatio

BFI BBad FFrame IIndicator

BS_AG_BLKS_RES The number of blocks on each common controlchannel reserved for access grant messages.

BSIC BBase Transceiver SStation IIdentity CCode

BS_PA_MFRMS The number of multiframes between two transmissionsof the same paging message to MSs of the samepaging group.

BTS BBase TTransceiver SStation

Burst A period of modulated carrier less than one timeslot.The physical content of a timeslot.

CA CCell AAllocation. The radio frequency channelsallocated to a particular cell

CAT CCell AAllocation TTable

CBCH CCellBBroadcast CHCHannel

CCH CC

ellCC

ontrolCC

hannel

CCCH CCommon CControl CHCHannel

CCCH_GROUP Group of MSs in idle mode.

CELL Geographical area within which a defined set ofchannels is provided.

CELL_BAR_ACCESS Cell access barred parameter.

CELL_RESELECT_HYSTERESIS The RXLEV hysteresis required for cell reselection.

CEPT CConference of EEuropean PPosts & TTelecommunications


79/96

Class lA, lB, ll Classification of speech encoder bits depending on thedegree of protection needed. Class lA and Class lBbits have protection; Class ll bits have no protection.Error detection is performed on Class lA bits.

DAI DDigital AAudio IInterface

DTX DDiscontinuous TTransmission. Means of saving batterypower (e.g. in HPUs) and reducing interference byautomatically switching the transmitter off when nospeech or data are to be sent.

ESN EElectronic SSerial NNumber

ETSI EEuropean TTelecommunications SStandards IInstitute

FACCH FFast AAssociated CControl CHCHannel

FCCH FFrequency CCorrection CHCHannel

FER FFrameEErasure RRate

GMSK GGaussian MMinimum SShift KKey

GPIB GGeneral PPurpose IInterface BBus

GSM GGlobal SSystem for MMobile communications

HPU HHand PPortable UUnit

HSN

IMEI

HHopping SSequence NNumber

IInternational MMobile EEquipment IIdentity

IMSI IInternational MMobile SSubscriber IIdentity

ISDN IIntegrated SServices DDigital NNetwork

ITA IInterim TType AApproval

Kc Cipher Key Sequence

Ki Subscriber Authentication Key

LAI LLocation AArea IIdentity

MAHO MMobile AAssisted HHand OOver

MAIO MMobile AAllocation IIndex OOffset

MAT MMobile AAllocation TTable

MIN MMobile IIdentity NNumber

MMI MMan MMachine IInterface

MS MMobile SStation

MSC MMobile SSwitching CCentre


80/96

MSK MMinimum SShift KKeying

MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH Maximum allowed transmitted RF power for MSs toaccess the system until commanded otherwise.

PCH PPaging CHCHannel

PID PProtocol IDIDentifier

PIN PPersonal IIdentification NNumber

PLMN PPublic LLand MMobile NNetwork

PLMN_PERMITTED PLMN permitted for handover purposes.

RACH RRandom AAccess CHCHannel

RAND Random number used during Authentication.

RBER RResidual BBit EError RRate

RPE-LTP RRegular PPulse EExcitation - LLong TTerm PPrediction. Themethod used to of code and decode speech for theoriginal GSM vocoder.

RXLEV RReceived Signal LEVLEVel parameter. A measure of themean received signal level.

RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN The minimum RXLEV at a MS for access to a cell.

SACCH SSlow AAssociated CControl CChannel

SACCH_TF SSlow AAssociated CControl CChannel - TTraffic FFull Rate

SAPI SService AAccess PPoint IIndicator

SDCCH SStand Alone DDedicated CControl CHCHannel

SCH SSynchronisation CHCHannel

SIM SSubscriber IIdentity MModule

SMS SShortMMessageSService

SRES SSignature RESRESponse

TCH TTraffic CHCHannels. Channels that carry user speech ordata.

TDM TTime DDivision MMultiplexing

TDMA TTime DDivision MMultiple AAccess

TMSI TTemporary MMobile SSubscriber IIdentity

TN TTimeslot NNumber


81/96


82/96

Useful Data - GSM P-2

E-GSM CHART 2 -- UPLINK (Mobile To Base Station)

CHANNELNUMBERS

UPLINK FREQUENCIES(MHz)

0 890.0001 - 5 890.200 890.400 890.600 890.800 891.0006 - 10 891.200 891.400 891.600 891.800 892.00011 - 15 892.200 892.400 892.600 892.800 893.00016 -20 893.200 893.400 893.600 893.800 894.00021 - 25 894.200 894.400 894.600 894.800 895.000

26 - 30 895.200 895.400 895.600 895.800 896.00031 - 35 896.200 896.400 896.600 896.800 897.00036 - 40 897.200 897.400 897.600 897.800 898.00041 - 45 898.200 898.400 898.600 898.800 899.00046 - 50 899.200 899.400 899.600 899.800 900.000

51 - 55 900.200 900.400 900.600 900.800 901.00056 - 60 901.200 901.400 901.600 901.800 902.00061 - 65 902.200 902.400 902.600 902.800 903.00066 - 70 903.200 903.400 903.600 903.800 904.00071 - 75 904.200 904.400 904.600 904.800 905.000

76 - 80 905.200 905.400 905.600 905.800 906.00081 - 85 906.200 906.400 906.600 906.800 907.00086 - 90 907.200 907.400 907.600 907.800 908.00091 - 95 908.200 908.400 908.600 908.800 909.000

96 - 100 909.200 909.400 909.600 909.800 910.000101 - 105 910.200 910.400 910.600 910.800 911.000106 - 110 911.200 911.400 911.600 911.800 912.000111 - 115 912.200 912.400 912.600 912.800 913.000116 - 120 913.200 913.400 913.600 913.800 914.000121- 124 914.200 914.400 914.600 914.800

975 - 979 880.200 880.400 880.600 880.800 881.000980 - 984 881.200 881.400 881.600 881.800 882.000985 - 989 882.200 882.400 882.600 882.800 883.000990 -994 883.200 883.400 883.600 883.800 884.000

995 - 999 884.200 884.400 884.600 884.800 885.000

1000 - 1004 885.200 885.400 885.600 885.800 886.0001005 - 1009 886.200 886.400 886.600 886.800 887.0001010 - 1014 887.200 887.400 887.600 887.800 888.0001015 - 1019 888.200 888.400 888.600 888.800 889.0001020 - 1023 889.200 889.400 889.600 889.800


83/96


DCS 1800 CHART 1 -- DOWNLINK (Base Station To Mobile)

CHANNEL NUMBERS

DOWNLINK FREQUENCIES(MHz)

512 - 515 1805.2 1805.4 1805.6 1805.8

516 - 520 1806.0 1806.2 1806.4 1806.6 1806.8521 - 525 1807.0 1807.2 1807.4 1807.6 1807.8526 - 530 1808.0 1808.2 1808.4 1808.6 1808.8531 - 535 1809.0 1809.2 1809.4 1809.6 1809.8

536 - 540 1810.0 1810.2 1810.4 1810.6 1810.8541 - 545 1811.0 1811.2 1811.4 1811.6 1811.8546 - 550 1812.0 1812.2 1812.4 1812.6 1812.8551 - 555 1813.0 1813.2 1813.4 1813.6 1813.8556 - 560 1814.0 1814.2 1814.4 1814.6 1814.8

561 - 565 1815.0 1815.2 1815.4 1815.6 1815.8

566 - 570 1816.0 1816.2 1816.4 1816.6 1816.8571 - 575 1817.0 1817.2 1817.4 1817.6 1817.8576 - 580 1818.0 1818.2 1818.4 1818.6 1818.8581 - 585 1819.0 1819.2 1819.4 1819.6 1819.8

586 - 590 1820.0 1820.2 1820.4 1820.6 1820.8591 - 595 1821.0 1821.2 1821.4 1821.6 1821.8596 - 600 1822.0 1822.2 1822.4 1822.6 1822.8601 - 605 1823.0 1823.2 1823.4 1823.6 1823.8606 - 610 1824.0 1824.2 1824.4 1824.6 1824.8

611 - 615 1825.0 1825.2 1825.4 1825.6 1825.8616 - 620 1826.0 1826.2 1826.4 1826.6 1826.8621 - 625 1827.0 1827.2 1827.4 1827.6 1827.8626 - 630 1828.0 1828.2 1828.4 1828.6 1828.8631 - 635 1829.0 1829.2 1829.4 1829.6 1829.8

636 - 640 1830.0 1830.2 1830.4 1830.6 1830.8641 - 645 1831.0 1831.2 1831.4 1831.6 1831.8646 - 650 1832.0 1832.2 1832.4 1832.6 1832.8651 - 655 1833.0 1833.2 1833.4 1833.6 1833.8656 - 660 1834.0 1834.2 1834.4 1834.6 1834.8

661 - 665 1835.0 1835.2 1835.4 1835.6 1835.8

666 - 670 1836.0 1836.2 1836.4 1836.6 1836.8671 - 675 1837.0 1837.2 1837.4 1837.6 1837.8676 - 680 1838.0 1838.2 1838.4 1838.6 1838.8681 - 685 1839.0 1839.2 1839.4 1839.6 1839.8

686 - 690 1840.0 1840.2 1840.4 1840.6 1840.8691 - 695 1841.0 1841.2 1841.4 1841.6 1841.8696 - 700 1842.0 1842.2 1842.4 1842.6 1842.8701 - 705 1843.0 1843.2 1843.4 1843.6 1843.8706 - 710 1844.0 1844.2 1844.4 1844.6 1844.8


84/96


85/96


DCS 1800 CHART 3 -- UPLINK (Mobile to Base Station)

CHANNEL NUMBERS


512 - 515 1710.2 1710.4 1710.6 1710.8516 - 520 1711.0 1711.2 1711.4 1711.6 1711.8521 - 525 1712.0 1712.2 1712.4 1712.6 1712.8526 - 530 1713.0 1713.2 1713.4 1713.6 1713.8531 - 535 1714.0 1714.2 1714.4 1714.6 1714.8

536 - 540 1715.0 1715.2 1715.4 1715.6 1715.8541 - 545 1716.0 1716.2 1716.4 1716.6 1716.8546 - 550 1717.0 1717.2 1717.4 1717.6 1717.8551 - 555 1718.0 1718.2 1718.4 1718.6 1718.8556 - 560 1719.0 1719.2 1719.4 1719.6 1719.8

561 - 565 1720.0 1720.2 1720.4 1720.6 1720.8566 - 570 1721.0 1721.2 1721.4 1721.6 1721.8571 - 575 1722.0 1722.2 1722.4 1722.6 1722.8576 - 580 1723.0 1723.2 1723.4 1723.6 1723.8581 - 585 1724.0 1724.2 1724.4 1724.6 1724.8

586 - 590 1725.0 1725.2 1725.4 1725.6 1725.8591 - 595 1726.0 1726.2 1726.4 1726.6 1726.8596 - 600 1727.0 1727.2 1727.4 1727.6 1727.8601 - 605 1728.0 1728.2 1728.4 1728.6 1728.8606 - 610 1729.0 1729.2 1729.4 1729.6 1729.8

611 - 615 1730.0 1730.2 1730.4 1730.6 1730.8616 - 620 1731.0 1731.2 1731.4 1731.6 1731.8621 - 625 1732.0 1732.2 1732.4 1732.6 1732.8626 - 630 1733.0 1733.2 1733.4 1733.6 1733.8631 - 635 1734.0 1734.2 1734.4 1734.6 1734.8

636 - 640 1735.0 1735.2 1735.4 1735.6 1735.8641 - 645 1736.0 1736.2 1736.4 1736.6 1736.8646 - 650 1737.0 1737.2 1737.4 1737.6 1737.8651 - 655 1738.0 1738.2 1738.4 1738.6 1738.8656 - 660 1739.0 1739.2 1739.4 1739.6 1739.8

661 - 665 1740.0 1740.2 1740.4 1740.6 1740.8666 - 670 1741.0 1741.2 1741.4 1741.6 1741.8671 - 675 1742.0 1742.2 1742.4 1742.6 1742.8676 - 680 1743.0 1743.2 1743.4 1743.6 1743.8681 - 685 1744.0 1744.2 1744.4 1744.6 1744.8

686 - 690 1745.0 1745.2 1745.4 1745.6 1745.8691 - 695 1746.0 1746.2 1746.4 1746.6 1746.8696 - 700 1747.0 1747.2 1747.4 1747.6 1747.8701 - 705 1748.0 1748.2 1748.4 1748.6 1748.8706 - 710 1749.0 1749.2 1749.4 1749.6 1749.8


86/96


DCS 1800 CHART 4 -- UPLINK (Mobile to Base Station)(Continued)

CHANNEL NUMBERS


711 - 715 1750.0 1750.2 1750.4 1750.6 1750.8716 - 720 1751.0 1751.2 1751.4 1751.6 1751.8721 - 725 1752.0 1752.2 1752.4 1752.6 1752.8726 - 730 1753.0 1753.2 1753.4 1753.6 1753.8731 - 735 1754.0 1754.2 1754.4 1754.6 1754.8

736 - 740 1755.0 1755.2 1755.4 1755.6 1755.8741 - 745 1756.0 1756.2 1756.4 1756.6 1756.8746 - 750 1757.0 1757.2 1757.4 1757.6 1757.8751 - 755 1758.0 1758.2 1758.4 1758.6 1758.8756 - 760 1759.0 1759.2 1759.4 1759.6 1759.8

761 - 765 1760.0 1760.2 1760.4 1760.6 1760.8766 - 770 1761.0 1761.2 1761.4 1761.6 1761.8771 - 775 1762.0 1762.2 1762.4 1762.6 1762.8776 - 780 1763.0 1763.2 1763.4 1763.6 1763.8781 - 785 1764.0 1764.2 1764.4 1764.6 1764.8

786 - 790 1765.0 1765.2 1765.4 1765.6 1765.8791 - 795 1766.0 1766.2 1766.4 1766.6 1766.8796 - 800 1767.0 1767.2 1767.4 1767.6 1767.8801 - 805 1768.0 1768.2 1768.4 1768.6 1768.8806 - 810 1769.0 1769.2 1769.4 1769.6 1769.8

811 - 815 1770.0 1770.2 1770.4 1770.6 1770.8816 - 820 1771.0 1771.2 1771.4 1771.6 1771.8821 - 825 1772.0 1772.2 1772.4 1772.6 1772.8826 - 830 1773.0 1773.2 1773.4 1773.6 1773.8831 - 835 1774.0 1774.2 1774.4 1774.6 1774.8

836 - 840 1775.0 1775.2 1775.4 1775.6 1775.8841 - 845 1776.0 1776.2 1776.4 1776.6 1776.8846 - 850 1777.0 1777.2 1777.4 1777.6 1777.8851 - 855 1778.0 1778.2 1778.4 1778.6 1778.8856 - 860 1779.0 1779.2 1779.4 1779.6 1779.8

861 - 865 1780.0 1780.2 1780.4 1780.6 1780.8866 - 870 1781.0 1781.2 1781.4 1781.6 1781.8871 - 875 1782.0 1782.2 1782.4 1782.6 1782.8876 - 880 1783.0 1783.2 1783.4 1783.6 1783.8881 - 885 1784.0 1784.2 1784.4 1784.6 1784.8


87/96


PCS 1900 CHART 1 -- DOWNLINK (Base Station To Mobile)

CHANNEL NUMBERS


512 - 515 1930.2 1930.4 1930.6 1930.8516 - 520 1931.0 1931.2 1931.4 1931.6 1931.8521 - 525 1932.0 1932.2 1932.4 1932.6 1932.8526 - 530 1933.0 1933.2 1933.4 1933.6 1933.8531 - 535 1934.0 1934.2 1934.4 1934.6 1934.8

536 - 540 1935.0 1935.2 1935.4 1935.6 1935.8541 - 545 1936.0 1936.2 1936.4 1936.6 1936.8546 - 550 1937.0 1937.2 1937.4 1937.6 1937.8551 - 555 1938.0 1938.2 1938.4 1938.6 1938.8556 - 560 1939.0 1939.2 1939.4 1939.6 1939.8

561 - 565 1940.0 1940.2 1940.4 1940.6 1940.8566 - 570 1941.0 1941.2 1941.4 1941.6 1941.8571 - 575 1942.0 1942.2 1942.4 1942.6 1942.8576 - 580 1943.0 1943.2 1943.4 1943.6 1943.8581 - 585 1944.0 1944.2 1944.4 1944.6 1944.8

586 - 590 1945.0 1945.2 1945.4 1945.6 1945.8591 - 595 1946.0 1946.2 1946.4 1946.6 1946.8596 - 600 1947.0 1947.2 1947.4 1947.6 1947.8601 - 605 1948.0 1948.2 1948.4 1948.6 1948.8606 - 610 1949.0 1949.2 1949.4 1949.6 1949.8

611 - 615 1950.0 1950.2 1950.4 1950.6 1950.8616 - 620 1951.0 1951.2 1951.4 1951.6 1951.8621 - 625 1952.0 1952.2 1952.4 1952.6 1952.8626 - 630 1953.0 1953.2 1953.4 1953.6 1953.8631 - 635 1954.0 1954.2 1954.4 1954.6 1954.8

636 - 640 1955.0 1955.2 1955.4 1955.6 1955.8641 - 645 1956.0 1956.2 1956.4 1956.6 1956.8646 - 650 1957.0 1957.2 1957.4 1957.6 1957.8651 - 655 1958.0 1958.2 1958.4 1958.6 1958.8656 - 660 1959.0 1959.2 1959.4 1959.6 1959.8

661 - 665 1960.0 1960.2 1960.4 1960.6 1960.8666 - 670 1961.0 1961.2 1961.4 1961.6 1961.8671 - 675 1962.0 1962.2 1962.4 1962.6 1962.8676 - 680 1963.0 1963.2 1963.4 1963.6 1963.8681 - 685 1964.0 1964.2 1964.4 1964.6 1964.8

686 - 690 1965.0 1965.2 1965.4 1965.6 1965.8691 - 695 1966.0 1966.2 1966.4 1966.6 1966.8696 - 700 1967.0 1967.2 1967.4 1967.6 1967.8701 - 705 1968.0 1968.2 1968.4 1968.6 1968.8706 - 710 1969.0 1969.2 1969.4 1969.6 1969.8

PCS 1900 CHART 2 -- DOWNLINK (Base Station To Mobile)(continued)


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CHANNEL NUMBERS


711 - 715 1970.0 1970.2 1970.4 1970.6 1970.8

716 - 720 1971.0 1971.2 1971.4 1971.6 1971.8

721 - 725 1972.0 1972.2 1972.4 1972.6 1972.8

726 - 730 1973.0 1973.2 1973.4 1973.6 1973.8731 - 735 1974.0 1974.2 1974.4 1974.6 1974.8

736 - 740 1975.0 1975.2 1975.4 1975.6 1975.8

741 - 745 1976.0 1976.2 1976.4 1976.6 1976.8

746 - 750 1977.0 1977.2 1977.4 1977.6 1977.8

751 - 755 1978.0 1978.2 1978.4 1978.6 1978.8

756 - 760 1979.0 1979.2 1979.4 1979.6 1979.8

761 - 765 1980.0 1980.2 1980.4 1980.6 1980.8

766 - 770 1981.0 1981.2 1981.4 1981.6 1981.8

771 - 775 1982.0 1982.2 1982.4 1982.6 1982.8

776 - 780 1983.0 1983.2 1983.4 1983.6 1983.8

781 - 785 1984.0 1984.2 1984.4 1984.6 1984.8

786 - 790 1985.0 1985.2 1985.4 1985.6 1985.8

791 - 795 1986.0 1986.2 1986.4 1986.6 1986.8

796 - 800 1987.0 1987.2 1987.4 1987.6 1987.8

801 - 805 1988.0 1988.2 1988.4 1988.6 1988.8

806 - 810 1989.0 1989.2 1989.4 1989.6 1989.8


89/96


PCS 1900 CHART 3 -- UPLINK (Mobile to Base Station)

CHANNEL NUMBERS


512 - 515 1850.2 1850.4 1850.6 1850.8516 - 520 1851.0 1851.2 1851.4 1851.6 1851.8521 - 525 1852.0 1852.2 1852.4 1852.6 1852.8526 - 530 1853.0 1853.2 1853.4 1853.6 1853.8531 - 535 1854.0 1854.2 1854.4 1854.6 1854.8

536 - 540 1855.0 1855.2 1855.4 1855.6 1855.8541 - 545 1856.0 1856.2 1856.4 1856.6 1856.8546 - 550 1857.0 1857.2 1857.4 1857.6 1857.8551 - 555 1858.0 1858.2 1858.4 1858.6 1858.8556 - 560 1859.0 1859.2 1859.4 1859.6 1859.8

561 - 565 1860.0 1860.2 1860.4 1860.6 1860.8566 - 570 1861.0 1861.2 1861.4 1861.6 1861.8571 - 575 1862.0 1862.2 1862.4 1862.6 1862.8576 - 580 1863.0 1863.2 1863.4 1863.6 1863.8581 - 585 1864.0 1864.2 1864.4 1864.6 1864.8

586 - 590 1865.0 1865.2 1865.4 1865.6 1865.8591 - 595 1866.0 1866.2 1866.4 1866.6 1866.8596 - 600 1867.0 1867.2 1867.4 1867.6 1867.8601 - 605 1868.0 1868.2 1868.4 1868.6 1868.8606 - 610 1869.0 1869.2 1869.4 1869.6 1869.8

611 - 615 1870.0 1870.2 1870.4 1870.6 1870.8616 - 620 1871.0 1871.2 1871.4 1871.6 1871.8621 - 625 1872.0 1872.2 1872.4 1872.6 1872.8626 - 630 1873.0 1873.2 1873.4 1873.6 1873.8631 - 635 1874.0 1874.2 1874.4 1874.6 1874.8

636 - 640 1875.0 1875.2 1875.4 1875.6 1875.8641 - 645 1876.0 1876.2 1876.4 1876.6 1876.8646 - 650 1877.0 1877.2 1877.4 1877.6 1877.8651 - 655 1878.0 1878.2 1878.4 1878.6 1878.8656 - 660 1879.0 1879.2 1879.4 1879.6 1879.8

661 - 665 1880.0 1880.2 1880.4 1880.6 1880.8666 - 670 1881.0 1881.2 1881.4 1881.6 1881.8671 - 675 1882.0 1882.2 1882.4 1882.6 1882.8676 - 680 1883.0 1883.2 1883.4 1883.6 1883.8681 - 685 1884.0 1884.2 1884.4 1884.6 1884.8

686 - 690 1885.0 1885.2 1885.4 1885.6 1885.8691 - 695 1886.0 1886.2 1886.4 1886.6 1886.8696 - 700 1887.0 1887.2 1887.4 1887.6 1887.8701 - 705 1888.0 1888.2 1888.4 1888.6 1888.8706 - 710 1889.0 1889.2 1889.4 1889.6 1889.8


90/96


PCS 1900 CHART 4 -- UPLINK (Mobile to Base Station)(Continued)

CHANNEL NUMBERS


711 - 715 1890.0 1890.2 1890.4 1890.6 1890.8

716 - 720 1891.0 1891.2 1891.4 1891.6 1891.8721 - 725 1892.0 1892.2 1892.4 1892.6 1892.8726 - 730 1893.0 1893.2 1893.4 1893.6 1893.8731 - 735 1894.0 1894.2 1894.4 1894.6 1894.8

736 - 740 1895.0 1895.2 1895.4 1895.6 1895.8741 - 745 1896.0 1896.2 1896.4 1896.6 1896.8746 - 750 1897.0 1897.2 1897.4 1897.6 1897.8751 - 755 1898.0 1898.2 1898.4 1898.6 1898.8756 - 760 1899.0 1899.2 1899.4 1899.6 1899.8

761 - 765 1900.0 1900.2 1900.4 1900.6 1900.8

766 - 770 1901.0 1901.2 1901.4 1901.6 1901.8771 - 775 1902.0 1902.2 1902.4 1902.6 1902.8776 - 780 1903.0 1903.2 1903.4 1903.6 1903.8781 - 785 1904.0 1904.2 1904.4 1904.6 1904.8

786 - 790 1905.0 1905.2 1905.4 1905.6 1905.8791 - 795 1906.0 1906.2 1906.4 1906.6 1906.8796 - 800 1907.0 1907.2 1907.4 1907.6 1907.8801 - 805 1908.0 1908.2 1908.4 1908.6 1908.8806 - 810 1909.0 1909.2 1909.4 1909.6 1909.8


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MS/BTS POWER CHARTS

MOBILE POWER CLASSES

GSM 900 DCS 1800 PCS 1900

POWER

CLASS

MAXIMUM PEAK

POWER

dBmMAXIMUM

PEAKPOWER

dBm MAXIMUM

PEAKPOWER

dBm

1 20 W +43 1 W +30 1 W +30

2 8 W +39 0.25 W +24 0.25 W +24

3 5 W +37 --- --- 2 W +33

4 2 W +33 --- --- --- ---

5 0.8 W +29 --- --- --- ---

MOBILE POWER CONTROL LEVELS

POWERCONTROL

LEVEL

GSM 900

PEAK POWERdBm

DCS 1800

PEAK POWERdBm

PCS 1900

PEAK POWERdBm

0 +43 +30 +30

1 +41 +28 +28

2 +39 +26 +26

3 +37 +24 +24

4 +35 +22 +22

5 +33 +20 +206 +31 +18 +18

7 +29 +16 +16

8 +27 +14 +14

9 +25 +12 +12

10 +23 +10 +10

11 +21 +8 +8

12 +19 +6 +6

13 +17 +4 +4

14 +15 +2 +2

15 +13 0 016 reserved

17 reserved

18 reserved

19 reserved

20 reserved

21 reserved

22 to 29 reserved

30 +33

31 +32

BTS POWER CLASSES


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BTSPOWER

CLASSGSM

MAXIMUM PEAKPOWER

dBm

1 320 -640 W +55 - 58

2 160 - 320 W +52 - 55

3 80 - 160 W +49 - 524 40 - 80 W +46 - 49

5 20 - 40 W +43 - 46

6 10 - 20 W +40 - 43

7 5 - 10 W +37 - 40

8 2.5 - 5 W +34 - 37

Micro BTS

GSM

M1 ?? - 0.25 W +19 - 24

M2 0.025 - ?? W +14 - 19

M3 ?? - 0.025 W +9 - 14

BTS

POWERCLASSDCS 1800

MAXIMUM PEAK

POWER

dBm

1 20 -40 W +43 - 46

2 10 - 20 W +40 - 43

3 5 - 10 W +37 - 40

4 2.5 - 5 W +34 - 37

Micro BTSDCS 1800

M1 0.5 - 1.6 W +27 - 32

M2 0.16 - 0.5 W +22 - 27

M3 0.05 - 0.16 W +17 - 22

BTSPOWER

CLASSPCS 1900

MAXIMUM PEAKPOWER

dBm

1 20 -40 W +43 - 462 10 - 20 W +40 - 43

3 5 - 10 W +37 - 40

4 2.5 - 5 W +34 - 37

Micro BTSPCS 1900

M1 0.5 - 1.6 W +27 - 32

M2 0.16 - 0.5 W +22 - 27

M3 0.05 - 0.16 W +17 - 22

Reference Sensitivity Levels


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MS Reference sensititvity dBm

GSM mobile class 1, 2, 3 -104

GSM handportable class 4 & 5 -102

DCS 1800 class 1 & 2 -100

DCS 1800 class 3 -102

PCS 1900 all classes -102

BTS Reference sensititvity dBm

GSM standard BTS -104

GSM Mini 1 -97

GSM Mini 2 -92

GSM Mini 3 -87

DCS 1800 standard BTS -104

DCS 1800 Mini 1 -102

DCS 1800 Mini 2 -97

DCS 1800 Mini 3 -92

PCS 1900 standard BTS -104

PCS 1900 Mini 1 -102

PCS 1900 Mini 2 -97

PCS 1900 Mini 3 -92


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CONVERSION FACTORS

To convert between dBV (emf), dBV/m and dBm, use the following formulae:

dBV(emf) = dBm + 113.0

dBV/m = dBm + 136.5

Note: This assumes 0 dBi antenna gain and a frequency of 925 MHzRef. GSM Rec. 05.05 Section 5.

Some useful values are given below:

dBm dBV

(emf)

dBV/m

-110.0 3.0 26.5

-104.0 9.0 32.5-102.0 11.0 34.5-101.0 12.0 35.5-99.0 14.0 37.5-93.0 20.0 43.5-85.0 28.0 51.5-64.5 48.5 72.0-48.0 65.0 88.5-43.0 70.0 93.5


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Rx_QUAL Values

The reported Rx_QUAL values for received signal level are as follows:

Rx_QUALValue

Bit Error RateRange

Mean Value

0 < 0.2 % 0.14 %1 0.2 - 0.4 % 0. 28 %2 0.4 - 0.8 % 0.57 %3 0.8 - 1.6 % 1.13 %4 1.6 - 3.2 % 2.26 %5 3.2 - 6.4 % 4.53 %6 6.4 - 12 8 % 9.05 %7 > 12.8 % 18.10 %

Documents

GSM Training Manual