Guia Ceneval v Para Examen de Bachillerato

7/23/2019 Guia Ceneval v Para Examen de Bachillerato

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Guia CENEVAL para la acreditacion delBachillerato por Dr. ARMANDO ARÉVALOHERNÁNDEZ

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LIBRO V, GUÍA DE EXAMEN CENEVAL PARA BACHILLERATO.

2.- La mortalia

a! Ta"a" # $%i&#"

La ta"a 'r(ta # mortalia o ta"a # mortalia )#%#ral "# o'ti#%# r#la&io%a%o #l %*m#ro total #+all#&io" #% (% ao &o% la o'la&i% m#ia #/i"t#%t# #% i&0o ao #% #l #"a&io a%ali1ao "##/r#"a %ormalm#%t# #% ta%to" or mil.

%3 # m(#rt#" # (% ao

T.B.M.4 5.666 / -------------------------------------------

o'la&i% m#ia # i&0o ao

El ma7or i%&o%8#%i#%t# # #"ta ta"a #" 9(# #"t: ro+(%am#%t# a+#&taa or la #"tr(&t(ra or #a# la o'la&i% a%ali1aa #% (% a$" &o% m(&0o" 8i#;o" #" %ormal (%a ta"a 'r(ta # mortalia m:"alta 9(# #% otro &o% )ra% &a%tia # ;8#%#", a(%9(# #l #"tao "a%itario o la" o"i'ilia#" #alim#%ta&i% "#a% m#;or#" 9(# lo" # <"t# *ltimo.

Por #"o, tam'i<% #ml#amo" otro" $%i&#". La ta"a # mortalia i%+a%til, tam'i<% m(7 "iml# #&al&(lar, "# o'ti#%# r#la&io%a%o lo" +all#&imi#%to" # %io" m#%or#" # (% ao o&(rrio" #% (% ao#t#rmi%ao &o% #l %*m#ro # %io" %a&io" #% i&0o ao, #/r#"a%o tam'i<% #l r#"(ltao #%ta%to" or mil.

%3 # m(#rt#" # m#%or#" # (% ao"

T.B.M.4 5.666 / -------------------------------------------------------

%3 # %a&io" # i&0o ao

E% +(%&i% # la" &a("a" # la m(#rt# #l %io "# i"ti%)(#% la" ta"a" # mortalia i%+a%til#%)#%a =#'ia a &a("a" &o%)<%ita"! 7 #/)#%a =#'ia a &a("a" #/t#r%a", &omo la alim#%ta&i%,la" &o%i&io%#" # 8ia # la +amilia, la" i%+l(#%&ia" m#ioam'i#%tal#"...! La mortalia or &a("a"#%)#%a" "(#l# "#r m:" +r#&(#%t# #% #l rim#r m#" # 8ia 7 la #'ia a &a("a" #/)#%a" #% lo"m#"#" r#"ta%t#". La roor&i% # %io" +all#&io" #% &aa )r(o r#+l#;a 'a"ta%t# +i#lm#%t# #l %i8#l"a%itario 7 "o&io#&o%mi&o # (% a$", #"#&ialm#%t# #% &(a%to a la mortalia #/)#%a.

La #"#ra%1a # 8ia m#ia al %a&#r #9(i8al# a la (ra&i% m#ia 9(# t#%r$a la 8ia # la"i+#r#%t#" #r"o%a" # (%a )#%#ra&i% o # (% a$". >( &:l&(lo #" 'a"ta%t# &omli&ao. Tam'i<% "#(##% #"ta'l#&#r #"tima&io%#" "o'r# la #"#ra%1a # 8ia m#ia #"#ra'l# #%tr# la" #r"o%a" 9(#ll#)a% a (%a #t#rmi%aa #a.

'! ?a&tor#" # mortalia




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A(%9(# la m(#rt# #" (% 0#&0o 'iol)i&o, "# (##% &la"i+i&ar lo" +a&tor#" # mortalia #% 'iol)i&o"7 "o&ial#". Lo" "o&ial#" a%ali1a% la i%+l(#%&ia # &i#rto" 0#&0o" "o&ial#" =la ro+#"i% o lo" i%)r#"o",

or #;#mlo! "o'r# lo" +a&tor#" ir#&to", o 'iol)i&o", # la mortalia.

E%tr# lo" +a&tor#" 'iol)i&o" #'#mo" &o%"i#rar4

a! El "#/o. La" i+#r#%&ia" #%tr# 0om'r#" 7 m(;#r#" "o% &lara". Normalm#%t#, #/i"t# (%a"o'r#mortalia ma"&(li%a 9(# i%i&a 9(#, a &(al9(i#r #a, m(#r#% m:" lo" 8aro%#"4 la ta"a #mortalia i%+a%til #" ma7or #%tr# lo" %io", la #"#ra%1a # 8ia m#ia #" m#%or #%tr# lo" 8aro%#",8aria%o #%tr# lo" o" o tr#" ao" # m#ia #% a$"#" #"arrollao" a i+#r#%&ia" t#moral#"ma7or#" #% lo" a$"#" o'r#".

'! La ra1a. E/i"t#% i+#r#%&ia" #% &(a%to a mortalia #%tr# la" ra1a" %#)ra, amarilla 7 'la%&a,a(%9(# %o #'#% "#r atri'(ia" al 0#&0o # #rt#%#&#r a (% #t#rmi%ao )r(o ra&ial =or otra art#,i+$&il # i"ti%)(ir #% m(&0o" &a"o"! ta%to &omo a la" &o%i&io%#" "o&io#&o%mi&a" m:" +a8ora'l#"

o m:" a8#r"a" #% 9(# "# #"#%8(#l8#% la" i"ti%ta" &om(%ia#"4 &(a%o "# 8i8# #%&ir&(%"ta%&ia" ar#&ia", %o aar#&#% i+#r#%&ia" "i)%i+i&ati8a". A#m:", aar#&#% ra")o" i"ti%ti8o"# mor'ilia # lo" i"ti%to" )r(o" ra&ial#", "#%"i'ilia#" i+#r#%t#" a%t# &i#rta" #%+#rm#a#".

&! La alim#%ta&i%. >(" r##r&("io%#" "o% m(7 &oml#;a" 7 %o "i#mr# &oi%&i#%t#" #%tr# lo"i"ti%to" i%8#"ti)aor#". La" 0am'r(%a" # &ar:&t#r a)(o 7 rolo%)ao 0a% io r#(&i<%o"#, #rola "('%(tri&i%, #" #&ir #l <+i&it # &alor$a", #" m:" imorta%t#4 alr##or # la &(arta art# # lao'la&i% # lo" a$"#" o'r#" %o al&a%1a lo" %i8#l#" "(+i&i#%t#" la i%+raalim#%ta&i% ro(&# m#%orr#"i"t#%&ia a #%+#rm#a#" 7 ma7or mortalia. ?i%alm#%t# la mala %(tri&i%, #l #"#9(ili'rio # lai#ta, o&a"io%a tra"tor%o" +i"iol)i&o" imorta%t#".

Lo" ri%&ial#" +a&tor#" "o&ial#" "o%4

a! La 8ia #% 1o%a" r(ral#" o (r'a%a", 9(# 0a i%+l(io # +orma i+#r#%t# a lo lar)o # la 0i"toria #%la" ta"a" # mortalia. A &omi#%1o" # la r#8ol(&i% i%("trial =&o% "( &o%"i)(i#%t# r#8ol(&i%(r'a%a! la &i(a +(# @#"tr(&tora # 0om'r#"@4 t#%$a ta"a" # mortalia m:" alta" #'io a )ra8#"ro'l#ma" 0i)i<%i&o-"a%itario", 7 ta"a" # %atalia i%+#rior#". L(#)o, la &o%&#%tra&i% # "#r8i&io"m<i&o" 7 0o"italario" 7 la m#;ora # la" &o%i&io%#" 0i)i<%i&a" &am'iaro% la "it(a&i%, i)(al 9(#"(&## 0o7 #% lo" a$"#" o'r#". E% lo" #"arrollao", 0o7 la" i+#r#%&ia" "o% #"&a"a", &o% (%a&i#rta "o'r#mortalia (r'a%a.

'! La ro+#"i% tam'i<% i%+l(7#, a(%9(# #" i+$&ilm#%t# m#%"(ra'l# or "( +(#rt# i%t#rr#la&i% &o%otro" +a&tor#". P#ro &i#rta" ro+#"io%#" &omorta% ma7or #")a"t# +$"i&o o ma7or "i%i#"traliala'oral, mi#%tra" 9(# otra", &omo r#li)io"o o ma#"tro, "(#l#% "#r 'a"ta%t# lo%)#8a".

&! El %i8#l # i%)r#"o" ti#%# a i%+l(ir &aa 8#1 m#%o" #% la mortalia, ta%to #% lo 9(# "# r#+i#r# a

&la"#" "o&ial#" &omo #%tr# a$"#". El 0#&0o # "o"t#%#r"# "#r8i&io" m<i&o" 7 0o"italario" ara #l&o%;(%to # la o'la&i% r#(&# la #"i)(ala "o&ial a%t# la m(#rt#. P#ro la i%+l(#%&ia #l %i8#l #i%)r#"o" #% a"#&to" &omo la alim#%ta&i% o la" &o%i&io%#" 0i)i<%i&o-"a%itaria" #l 0:'itat&o%ti%*a% "i#%o ar#&ia'l#", al m#%o" #% lo" &a"o" m:" #/tr#mo" =a$"#" #/tr#maam#%t# o'r#"o )r(o" "o&ial#" mar)i%al#"!.

! El %i8#l # i%"tr(&&i% i%+l(7# #% la mortalia or9(# #l )rao # "al( # (%a "o&i#a =#%a"#&to" &omo la" r:&ti&a" 0i)i<%i&a" o la" a&tit(#" "a%itaria" o # alim#%ta&i%! ##%# #% )ra%m#ia #l )rao # i%"tr(&&i% # "(" )#%t#". Por #;#mlo, la mortalia i%+a%til #"t: 8i%&(laa a la




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i%"tr(&&i% # lo" ar#". D#m)ra+o" &omo >a(87 i#%"a% 9(# la mortalia #"t: i%8#r"am#%t#r#la&io%aa &o% #l "a'#r 7 9(# la i)%ora%&ia #" m:" mort$+#ra 9(# la o'r#1a.

&! La" 8aria&io%#" # la mortalia

Ha"ta #l "i)lo XVIII la" ta"a" # mortalia #ra% #l#8aa", &o% (%a alta mortalia i%+a%til, 7mom#%to" # )ra8#" &ri"i" # "(#rmortalia &a("aa" or la" #i#mia" =&omo la #"t# o #l&l#ra! o la" )ra%#" 0am'r(%a". La i"mi%(&i% &om#%1 #%tr# la" &la"#" o#ro"a" # lo" a$"#"#l %ort# # E(roa, #/t#%i<%o"# (ra%t# #l "i)lo XIX al r#"to # E(roa 7 Am<ri&a #l Nort#. E%lo" a$"#" m:" o'r#" lo" ma7or#" r#tro&#"o" "# ro(&ir:% #"(<" # la II G(#rra M(%ial.

El r#tro&#"o (## #/li&ar"# #% +(%&i% # lo" ro)r#"o" m<i&o", #"#&ialm#%t# #"# #l "i)loXIX4 a la r:&ti&a # la 8a&(%a&i% 8i%i#ro% a "(mar"# "(&#"i8am#%t# #l #r+#&&io%ami#%to # la&ir()$a, la m#;ora # lo" i"ti%to" +:rma&o" o lo" </ito" # la m#i&i%a r#8#%ti8a. Tam'i<% la m#;ora# la alim#%ta&i%, 8i%&(laa a la" tra%"+orma&io%#" a)r$&ola" # lo" i%i&io" # la r#8ol(&i%

i%("trial, #" &a("a #"#%&ial. Como tam'i<% lo "o% la #l#8a&i% #l %i8#l &(lt(ral o #l#r+#&&io%ami#%to &o%ti%(ao # la 0i)i#%# *'li&a. La i"mi%(&i% # la mortalia i%+a%til +(##"#%&ial ara #/li&ar ta%to la r#(&&i% # la mortalia &omo #l rai$"imo i%&r#m#%to # la#"#ra%1a # 8ia al %a&#r.

La i"mi%(&i% # la mortalia "# "i)(# ro(&i#%o, #"#&ialm#%t# #% lo" a$"#" m:"#"+a8or#&io"4 la #"#ra%1a # 8ia a(m#%ta #% #llo" m:" a&#l#raam#%t# 9(# #% lo" a$"#" m:"ri&o", a(%9(# "i)(# "i#%o m:" 'a;a la" ta"a" # mortalia "o% 7a #% m(&0o" &a"o" i%+#rior#" ala" # lo" a$"#" ri&o", (#"to 9(# "# trata # o'la&io%#" m(&0o m:" ;8#%#".

E" o"i'l# 9(# la ta"a # mortalia i%+a%til "#a (%o # lo" i%i&aor#" m:" %$tio" # la" i+#r#%&ia"a #"&ala la%#taria. ?r#%t# a la" ta"a" 'a;$"ima" # lo" a$"#" ri&o", "i#mr# i%+#rior#" al 26o, #%m(&0o" a$"#" atra"ao" a#&#% ta"a" amliam#%t# "(#rior#" al 566o. Al)o "imilar "(&## &o%la #"#ra%1a # 8ia al %a&#r, "i#mr# "(#rior a 6 ao" #% lo" a$"#" #"arrollao". La" &a("a"# la mortalia "i)(#% mo"tra%o amlia" i+#r#%&ia" #%tr# a$"#"4 mi#%tra" lo" a$"#" ri&o"&(#%ta% &o% (% #l#8ao %*m#ro # +all#&imi#%to" #%)#%o", 8i%&(lao" ri%&ialm#%t# a la"llamaa" @tr#" &#"@ =&:%&#r, &ora1% 7 &ir&(la&i%!, lo" "('#"arrollao" "# 8#% +(#rt#m#%t#a+#&tao" or &a("a" #/)#%a" ="('%(tri&i%, mal%(tri&i%, i%+#&&io%#"...!

.- La %(&ialia

a! Ta"a" # $%i&#"

La" &ara&t#r$"ti&a" # (%a o'la&i% a%t# la %(&ialia "i)(#% "i#%o (% +a&tor #/li&ati8o #"#%&ial# la" ta"a" # %atalia 7 +#&(%ia. La ta"a 'r(ta # %(&ialia "# &al&(la # +orma 'a"ta%t#"imilar a la" a%t#rior#", r#la&io%a%o #l %*m#ro # &a"ami#%to" r#ali1ao" #% (% ao #t#rmi%ao

&o% la o'la&i% #/i"t#%t# a mita # i&0o ao 7 m(ltili&a%o #l &o&i#%t# or mil.

%3 # &a"ami#%to" # (% ao

T.B.N(.4 5.666 / -------------------------------------------

o'la&i% m#ia # i&0o ao




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E% #"t# &a"o "#r$a %#&#"ario i+#r#%&iar la" rim#ra" %(&ia" -#" #&ir, a9(#lla" +ormaa" or&o%tra7#%t#" "olt#ro"-, 9(# &o%"tit(7#% la ma7or$a #l &o%;(%to # lo" &a"ami#%to", a(%9(# #%

roor&i% 8aria'l# "#)*% la" i"ti%ta" "o&i#a#" =#% +(%&i% #l %*m#ro # 8i(o" ;8#%#", o # la#/i"t#%&ia o %o #l i8or&io 7 # la #/t#%"i% # #"t# +#%m#%o!.

E/i"t#% otra" ta"a", &omo la # %(&ialia # lo" "olt#ro" or #a =7 or "#/o"!, 9(# (##&al&(lar"# ta%to r#"#&to al 8ol(m#% total # la )#%#ra&i% &omo &o%"i#ra%o "olo a lo" "olt#ro"4

%3 # &a"ami#%to" # #a / #% (% ao

T.N(.#a / 4 5.666 / --------------------------------------------------------------

o'la&i% m#ia # i&0a #a

%3 # &a"ami#%to" # #a / #% (% ao

T.N(.#a / 4 5.666 / ----------------------------------------------------------

o'la&i% "olt#ra m#ia # i&0a #a

Tam'i<% "# (## &o%"i#rar la +r#&(#%&ia # rim#ro" matrimo%io", #" #&ir, #l %*m#ro # 0om'r#"o m(;#r#" # (%a )#%#ra&i% 9(#, #% a("#%&ia # mortalia, a&a'a or r#ali1ar "( rim#rmatrimo%io =%ormalm#%t#, "# &o%"i#ra #"t# ato &omo #+i%iti8o al &(mlir"# lo" 6 ao" arar#la&io%arlo &o% "( i%+l(#%&ia #% la %atalia!. A"imi"mo, tam'i<% "# ori)i%a (%a +r#&(#%&ia&oml#m#%taria, la # "olt#ro" #+i%iti8o". >o% tam'i<% &:l&(lo" i%t#r#"a%t#" #l # la #a m#iaara #l rim#r matrimo%io 7 la ta"a # "olt#ro" or #a =9(#, l)i&am#%t#, "# r#(&# +(#rt#m#%t#&o% lo" ao"!.

Otro +a&tor imorta%t# #" la i8or&ia'ilia, #" #&ir, #l )rao # i%#"ta'ilia # la" (%io%#"#+#&t(aa" #% (%a o'la&i% #"t# +a&tor, %o o'"ta%t#, ##%# #l )rao # ali&a&i% o#rmi"i8ia, #% +(%&i% # la l#)i"la&i% 7 #l #"tao # oi%i%. La ta"a 'r(ta # i8or&ia'iliar#la&io%ar$a lo" i8or&io" # (% ao &o% la o'la&i% m#ia # i&0o ao, #ro "# tratar$a # (% atom#%o" "ati"+a&torio 9(# "( r#la&i% &o% #l %*m#ro # #r"o%a" &a"aa", M:" i%t#r#"a%t#" ar#&# #l&:l&(lo # la +r#&(#%&ia # i8or&io" #% &aa &o0ort# # matrimo%io" o la r#la&i% #%tr# i8or&io" 7ao" # (ra&i% #l matrimo%io =or lo )#%#ral, "o% #"&a"o" lo" ro(&io", or #;#mlo, #"(<"# tr#i%ta ao" # matrimo%io!.

Tam'i<% #" i%t#r#"a%t# #l +#%m#%o # "#)(%a" %(&ia", 8i%&(lao 'i#% a la 8i(#a, 'i#% ali8or&io, a(%9(# &o%+orm# 8amo" a#%tr:%o%o" #% #"to" +#%m#%o" la i"o%i'ilia # ato"#"ta$"ti&o" "(+i&i#%t#" r#"(lta &aa 8#1 m#%or.

'! Do" #;#mlo"4 EE.UU. 7 E"aa

E% E"tao" U%io", a +i%al#" #l a"ao "i)lo m:" # (% t#r&io # la" m(;#r#" 7 &a"i la mita # lo"8aro%#" # m:" # 5 ao" #"ta'a% "olt#ro" #% la rim#ra mita # "i)lo, +(# r#(&i<%o"# #l&#li'ato a m#ia 9(# a(m#%taro% lo" &a"ami#%to" t#mra%o". >lo #"# 5F6 8ol8i a r#tra"ar"#la #a # &o%tra#r matrimo%io.

La r#'a;a # la #a # matrimo%io #"t: r#la&io%aa &o% #l a(m#%to #l %i8#l # 8ia, 9(# #rmit$a(%a r#&o1 i%##%#%&ia #&o%mi&a # lo" 8aro%#" tam'i<% &o% la i+("i% 7 i"o%i'ilia #




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t<&%i&a" a%ti&o%&#ti8a", 9(# #8ita'a la r#la&i% r:ia #%tr# &a"ami#%to 7 at#r%ia. D#"(<" #5F6, la &om#t#%&ia or lo" (#"to" # tra'a;o 0a 0#&0o 9(# "# r#tra"# #l matrimo%io, trata%o #

aro8#&0ar la" oort(%ia#" #(&ati8a" 7 # romo&i%, #"#&ialm#%t# a%t# la" i+i&(lta#" 9(##%&o%tra'a% la" m(;#r#" &a"aa" ara #llo.

E/i"t#% i+#r#%&ia" r#al#" #% +(%&i% # la" ra1a". U% 'la%&o ti#%# m:" o"i'ilia#" # #"tar &a"ao7 # "#)(ir 8i8i#%o &o% "( m(;#r 9(# (% %#)ro. >#)*% ##", #%tr# lo" 2-2F ao" 0a'$a #% 5FJ(% # 'la%&o" &a"ao" 7 "lo (% # %#)ro", (% 2 # 'la%&a" 7 (% 5 # %#)ra" #l5 # lo" 8aro%#" %#)ro" #"ta'a i8or&iao or "lo (% J #%tr# lo" 'la%&o" #% #l mi"mo ao,8i8$a% &o% "( ar# 7 "( mar# #l J # lo" %io" 'la%&o" m#%or#" # 5J ao" +r#%t# a "lo #l # lo" %#)ro".

E% E"aa, >al("tia%o #l Camo a%ali1 la %(&ialia a lo lar)o #l "i)lo XIX. La" ta"a" #%(&ialia "# 0a% ma%t#%io 'a"ta%t# #"ta'l#" #% #l #r$oo &omr#%io #%tr# 5F66 =ta"a #l,o! 7 5F =,5o!, &o% (% m$%imo #% la <o&a # la )(#rra &i8il =o #%tr# 5F-6! 7 (%m:/imo #% lo" *ltimo" &i%&(#%ta =J, #%tr# 5F-6!. P#ro #"# #"a +#&0a 0a"ta la a&t(alia la%(&ialia 0a io r#(&i<%o"# +(#rt#m#%t# =#l o #% 5FJ2, *ltimo ao #"t(iao!. E% lo" ao"i%i&ial#" #l "i)lo, la roor&i% # &a"ami#%to" #% lo" 9(# i%t#r8#%$a al m#%o" (% 8i(o #ra m(&0oma7or 9(# #% la a&t(alia4 #% 5F66, "( or&#%ta;# ll#)a'a al 5,2, "i#%o m(&0o m:" +r#&(#%t#"la" "#)(%a" %(&ia" #%tr# lo" 8aro%#". La #a # &a"ami#%to tam'i<% 0a io 8aria%o a lo lar)o#l "i)lo, "i#%o la o")(#rra #l mom#%to #% 9(# m:" "# tara'a #% &o%tra#r matrimo%io4 #% 5F6,"lo #l 5,2 # lo" &o%tra7#%t#" 8aro%#" 7 #l # la" m(;#r#" #ra% m#%or#" # 2 ao" or #l&o%trario, la r#(&&i% # la #a # &a"ami#%to +(# m(7 %ota'l# a +i%al#" # lo" "#"#%ta4 #l 5,# lo" 8aro%#" 7 #l , # la" m(;#r#" 7a "# 0a'$a &a"ao a%t#" # lo" 2 ao". Co%o"t#rioria a #"# #"t(io, la #a # &a"ami#%to 0a io a(m#%ta%o %ota'l#m#%t#. E% too" lo"&a"o", la #a #l &o%tra7#%t# 8ar% 0a "io "(#rior a la # la m(;#r, al i)(al 9(# #% too" lo"a$"#" o&&i#%tal#". La #a # &a"ami#%to i%+l(7# #% la (ra&i% # la 8ia matrimo%ial 7, or #llo,#% la +#&(%ia # la m(;#r.

La %(&ialia "# #%&(#%tra r#la&io%aa &o% (%a )ra% 8ari#a # +a&tor#". Por #;#mlo, la ;(8#%t(# lo" matrimo%io" # lo" ao" "#t#%ta #ra r#la&io%aa &o% #l i%&r#m#%to #l %i8#l # 8ia, la"#&(lari1a&i% 7 #l a'a%o%o # &i#rta" %orma" moral#", lo" &am'io" #% lo" &omortami#%to" # lo"

;8#%#", la" +a&ilia#" # a&&#"o a (%a 8i8i#%a. La #a m#ia # a&&#"o al matrimo%io +l(&t*a #%r#la&i% a &i#rta" 8aria'l#"4 #" m:" alta #% la &i(a 9(# #% #l &amo 8ar$a &o% la a&ti8ia la'oral# la m(;#r, or9(# "# &a"a% m:" tar# la" 9(# tra'a;a% 7, #%tro # #lla", la" 9(# o&(a%ro+#"io%#" # ma7or #"#&iali1a&i% 7 &(ali+i&a&i% a&a<mi&a. La ta"a # %(&ialia 8i#%#tam'i<% 8i%&(laa al tio # &i(a, "i#%o ma7or #% la" )ra%#" &aital#" 7 m#%or #% (#'lo"#9(#o", a(%9(# #llo #"t: #% )ra% m#ia i%+l(io or la #"tr(&t(ra # #a # &aa l()ar.

E% lo" *ltimo" ao", la %(#8a r#)(la&i% l#)al 0a #rmitio (% i%&r#m#%to %ota'l# 7 toa8$a %o"(+i&i#%t#m#%t# #"t(iao # la" "#)(%a" %(&ia", r#la&io%aa" %o ta%to &o% la 8i(#a &omo &o%#l i8or&io. L)i&am#%t#, <"to" i%&r#m#%ta% la roor&i% # matrimo%io" &i8il#" 7 la #a #&a"ami#%to.

V.- MIGRACIONE>

Co%"i#ramo" mi)ra&i% a &(al9(i#r &am'io #rma%#%t# # r#"i#%&ia 9(# imli9(# la i%t#rr(&i%# la" a&ti8ia#" #% (% l()ar 7 "( r#or)a%i1a&i% #% otro. La o'la&i% "# #"la1a #% #l #"a&ioor moti8o" i+#r#%t#" la ma7or$a # a&ti8o" 8a% iariam#%t# # &a"a al tra'a;o #% lo" a$"#"i%("triali1ao" "o% &aa 8#1 m:" 9(i#%#" r#ali1a% #"la1ami#%to" lo" +i%#" # "#ma%a o (ra%t#la" 8a&a&io%#".




[Año

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La m#i&i% r#al # la mi)ra&i% r#"(lta i+$&il #'io a "( &oml#;ia4 (## o %o ro(&ir"#,(## o %o r##tir"#, (## r#tor%ar"# al (%to # artia, (## a+#&tar a i%i8i(o" ai"lao", a

+amilia" o a (#'lo" #%t#ro", &r(1ar o %o l$%#a" # #mar&a&i% ol$ti&a. La mi"ma #+i%i&i% #"(o"a r#"#&to a 9(< "# #%ti#%# or r#"i#%&ia o or #rma%#%t#. Too" lo" #"la1ami#%to"+orma% art# # la mo8ilia #"a&ial # la o'la&i% #% (% #"t(io )#o)r:+i&o, #ro %o too" "o%&o%"i#rao" &omo mi)ra&io%#".

># 0a% #+#&t(ao m(&0o" i%t#%to" # &la"i+i&ar la" mi)ra&io%#", (tili1a%o lo" "i)(i#%t#" &rit#rio"4

- la (ra&i%4 mi)ra&io%#" iaria", # +i% # "#ma%a, 8a&a&io%al#", #"ta&io%al#", l(ria%(al#" o#+i%iti8a".

- la i"ta%&ia r#&orria #"# #l l()ar # ori)#%4 i%tra # i%t#r(r'a%o", i%tra # i%t#rr#)io%al#", i%t#rior#"=o "i% #"la1ami#%to +(#ra # la" +ro%t#ra"! # i%t#r%a&io%al#".

- la" &a("a"4 la'oral#", # o&io =+i%#" # "#ma%a, 8a&a&io%#"!...

- #l )rao # li'#rta &o% 9(# "# #mr#%#%4 li'r#" o #"o%t:%#a", iri)ia" o +or1aa".

5.-T#or$a" mi)ratoria" 7 +a&tor#" #/li&ati8o"

E/li&ar lo" mo8imi#%to" mi)ratorio" imli&ar$a ra1o%ar ta%to or 9(< al)(%a" #r"o%a" %o &am'ia%# l()ar # r#"i#%&ia %(%&a &omo or 9(< lo 0a&#% otra". La" t#or$a" #/li&ati8a" 0a% o'"#r8aola" a(ta" "#)(ia" or lo" +l(;o" mi)ratorio" 7 #"(<" 0a% tratao # #/li&ar or9(< "# 0a%tra"laao, #% 9(< m#ia 7 &o% 9(< ir#&&i%.

La #/li&a&i% m:" o(lari1aa #" la llamaa t#or$a # la #/(l"i%-atra&&i%, 9(# a+irma 9(# #% lo"tra"lao" i%+l(7#% ta%to +a&tor#" # #/(l"i% #% #l l()ar # ori)#% # lo" mi)ra%t#" &omo +a&tor#" #

atra&&i% #% #l l()ar # #"ti%o. ?(# #l i%)l<" Ra8#%"t#i% 9(i#% rim#ro +orm(l #"ta t#or$a, #% 5JJF,tra" a%ali1ar lo" ato" #l &#%"o # 5JJ5 # I%)lat#rra 7 Gal#".

La" l#7#" mi)ratoria" # Ra8#%"t#i% or$a% r#"(mir"# # la "i)(i#%t# ma%#ra4

53 La t#%#%&ia )#%#ral # lo" #mi)ra%t#" #" r#&orr#r la m#%or i"ta%&ia o"i'l#.

23 La mi)ra&i% "# ro(&# # +orma #"&alo%aa, a'"or'i#%o rim#ro a lo" 0a'ita%t#" # la 1o%am:" &#r&a%a 7 #% (%a "#)(%a #taa a lo" ll#)ao" # :r#a" m:" al#;aa".

3 Toa &orri#%t# mi)ratoria imorta%t# )#%#ra (%a &o%tra&orri#%t#.

3 Lo" #mi)ra%t#" ro&##%t#" # 1o%a" m:" al#;aa" a&(#% +(%am#%talm#%t# a lo" )ra%#"&#%tro" &om#r&ial#" # i%("trial#" 7 %o a lo" # #9(#o tamao.

3 Lo" %at(ral#" # la" &i(a#" #mi)ra% m#%o" 9(# lo" # la" :r#a" r(ral#" #l a$". La ir#&&i%ri%&ial # la" mi)ra&io%#" "#r$a #"# :r#a" r(ral#" a 1o%a" i%("trial#" 7 &om#r&ial#".

3 La" m(;#r#" #mi)ra% m:" 9(# lo" 0om'r#", #ro #"to" lo 0a&#% a i"ta%&ia" ma7or#".

3 La ma7or$a # #mi)ra%t#" "o% a(lto" la" +amilia" #mi)ra% o&o a 1o%a" m(7 al#;aa".




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J3 La" )ra%#" &i(a#" &r#&#% m:" or #mi)ra&i% 9(# or &r#&imi#%to 8#)#tati8o.

F3 La i%t#%"ia # #"la1ami#%to" a(m#%ta m:" &o% #l #"arrollo # lo" m#io" # tra%"ort# 7 #l#"arrollo # la" a&ti8ia#" i%("trial#" 7 &om#r&ial#".

563 La" &a("a" mi)ratoria" ri%&ial#" "o% la" #&o%mi&a".

Al)(%a" # #"ta" a+irma&io%#" "i)(#% "i#%o ':"i&am#%t# &orr#&ta" =&omo la imorta%&ia #l +a&tor#&o%mi&o o, #% '(#%a art#, #l +a&tor i"ta%&ia!, #ro otra" #"t:% 8i%&(laa" #/&#"i8am#%t# a la"&ir&(%"ta%&ia" #/i"t#%t#" #% la <o&a #% 9(# +(#ro% +orm(laa". Por #;#mlo, #% &(a%to a la&o%tra&orri#%t# &om#%"atoria 0a'r$a 9(# mati1ar 9(# #l #"#o # r#tor%o al l()ar # ori)#% -m(7+(#rt# #% (%a +a"# i%i&ial- (## ami%orar"# #'io a la a&limata&i% #% la 1o%a # #"ti%o o la"i+i&(lta#" ara 8ol8#r, "i#%o # #"ta&ar #l &o%i&io%a%t# 9(# (##% "(o%#r lo" 0i;o". Por otraart#, #% m(&0o" a$"#" #"arrollao" la" mi)ra&io%#" i%t#r(r'a%a" 7a "o% &(a%titati8am#%t# m:"imorta%t#" 9(# #l </oo r(ral. ?i%alm#%t#, lo" &am'io" "o&ial#" 9(# 0a% tra%"+ormao la 8ia # la

m(;#r #% lo" *ltimo" #&#%io" 0a% i%+l(io tam'i<% #% &(a%to a "( arti&ia&i% #% la" mi)ra&io%#".

Al)(%a" # la" 8aria'l#" (tili1aa" or Ra8#%"t#i% 0a% "io #/r#"aa" m#ia%t# +rm(la"mat#m:ti&a". Por #;#mlo KIP? 0a #+i%io la l#7 # la i"ta%&ia i%8#r"a "#)*% la &(al #l 8ol(m#% ##mi)ra%t#" #%tr# o" (%to" #" i%8#r"am#%t# roor&io%al a la i"ta%&ia 9(# lo" "#ara 7ir#&tam#%t# roor&io%al al ro(&to # "(" o'la&io%#".

Pi P;

Mi; ---------

Di;

o%#4

Mi; N*m#ro # #mi)ra%t#" 9(# "# m(#8# #%tr# la 1o%a i 7 la ;

#" (%a &o%"ta%t# %="# 0a% aotao 8alor#" #%tr# 6, 7 !.

Pi Po'la&i% # la 1o%a i

P; Po'la&i% # la 1o%a ;

Di; Di"ta%&ia m#%or #%tr# i 7 ;

La t#or$a &(#%ta &o% (%a ar)(m#%ta&i% ra1o%a'l#. U%a o'la&i% m:" %(m#ro"a (## "(o%#r(%a o+#rta # &o%i&io%#" atra&ti8a" 7 (%a i"ta%&ia lar)a "(o%# (% ma7or &o"to, (%a" m#%or#"+a&ilia#" # #"la1ami#%to 7 # ma%t#%imi#%to # &o%ta&to &o% #l :r#a # artia 7 (%a m#%ori%+orma&i% "o'r# #l o"i'l# #"ti%o. P#ro #l ima&to %o #" (%i+orm# 7 ##%# tam'i<% # otro"m(&0o" +a&tor#" or #"o, al)(%o" a(tor#" 0a% #ml#ao 8aria'l#" "o&io#&o%mi&a", &omo lai+#r#%&ia #l %*m#ro # #ml#o" o la i"o%i'ilia # 8i8i#%a". A artir # lo" ao" "#"#%ta "#(tili1aro% mo#lo" # r#)r#"i% m*ltil#, &o%"i#ra%o +a&tor#" &omo la #a, la &o%i&i%"o&io#&o%mi&a, lo" +a&tor#" m#ioam'i#%tal#", la r#%ta #r &:ita, #l %i8#l # #ml#o o lo"&o%ta&to" #r"o%al#" #%tr# lo" l()ar#" # (% &amo mi)ratorio.




[Año

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Como r#a&&i% &o%tra #l &ar:&t#r im#r"o%al 7 m#&a%i&i"ta # #"to" mo#lo", #%tro # la llamaaG#o)ra+$a # la P#r&#&i% "# #"arroll #"# m#iao" # lo" &i%&(#%ta (%a #r"#&ti8a

mi&roa%al$ti&a 9(# 8# la #mi)ra&i% &omo r#"(ltao # la" a"ira&io%#", %#&#"ia#" 7 #r&#&io%#"# la" #r"o%a" r#al#". Por #;#mlo, ol#rt =5F! #%ti#%# la" mi)ra&io%#" &omo #l r#"(ltao #%(m#ro"a" #&i"io%#" #r"o%al#" aotaa" or i%i8i(o" tra" &o%"i#rar la" alt#r%ati8a"#r&i'ia", 8alora%o lo 9(# "# o"## #% #l l()ar # r#"i#%&ia 7 lo 9(# (## o't#%#r"# #% (%o"i'l# #"ti%o 0a7 9(# i+#r#%&iar lo" #"t$m(lo" o';#ti8o" # la #mi)ra&i% &o% lo" #r&i'io" orlo" o"i'l#" mi)ra%t#". o%#" =5FJ5! a+irma 9(# la #&i"i% # #mi)rar %o ##%# "lo #&ara&t#r$"ti&a" o';#ti8a" =#ml#o, 8i8i#%a, #%tor%o...! "i%o #l ot#%&ial mi)ratorio # &aa #r"o%a=#a, &o%i&i% "o&io#&o%mi&a...! al #&iir"# la #mi)ra&i% "# #8al*a% la" &o%i&io%#" # lo"o"i'l#" #"ti%o", la" o"i'ilia#" # &o%"#)(ir la" a"ira&io%#" 7 %#&#"ia#" 9(# "# la%t#a% 7 lar#&o)ia # i%+orma&i%, a9(iria or m(7 i8#r"o" m#io". A*% #"(<", #'#% "(#rar"# &i#rto"o'"t:&(lo" +$"i&o", "o&ial#", +amiliar#" o i%"tit(&io%al#" ara #llo.

El #%omi%ao mo#lo #8ol(ti8o, +orm(lao or K#li%"7 #% 5F5, r#la&io%a la &at#)or$a # i%t#%"ia# la" mi)ra&io%#" &o% la #8ol(&i% #/#rim#%taa or la" i+#r#%t#" "o&i#a#" #"# la r#8ol(&i%

i%("trial4

53 >o&i#a#" trai&io%al#" r#i%("trial#", &o% (%a #"&a"a mo8ilia. E" roia # "o&i#a#" #"('"i"t#%&ia, mala" &om(%i&a&io%#", +(#rt# arrai)o #% #l m#io o 'a;a" r#%ta".

23 >o&i#a#" #% +a"# t#mra%a # tra%"i&i% #mo)r:+i&a, &o% +(#rt# </oo r(ral, mo8imi#%to" #&olo%i1a&i% i%t#rior, #mi)ra&i% #/t#rior 0a&ia 1o%a" +a8ora'l#" 7 &r#&# la mo8ilia 0a'it(al.

3 >o&i#a#" #% +a"# tar$a # tra%"i&i% #mo)r:+i&a, &o% #"a&#l#ra&i% #l </oo r(ral, m#%ormi)ra&i% #/t#rior, &#"# # &olo%i1a&io%#" i%t#r%a" # i%&r#m#%to # la mo8ilia 0a'it(al.

3 >o&i#a#" 9(# 0a% &oml#tao la tra%"i&i% #mo)r:+i&a, &o% +(#rt# a(m#%to # la mo8ilia0a'it(al, #"aari&i% r:&ti&a #l </oo r(ral, i%&r#m#%to # lo" mo8imi#%to" i%t#r(r'a%o",#mi)ra&i% i%t#r%a&io%al # tra'a;aor#" m(7 &(ali+i&ao" 7 r#&#&i% # tra'a;aor#" #/tra%;#ro" ##"&a"a &(ali+i&a&i%.

##" 0a a%ali1ao (%a "#ri# # +a&tor#" i+#r#%&iaor#" # la" mi)ra&io%#" =a(%9(# r#+#rio"':"i&am#%t# a lo" EE.UU.!, &omo "o% la #a, #l #"tao &i8il 7 #l %i8#l #(&ati8o. E% &(a%to a la#a, a+irma 9(# la mo8ilia #" m(7 "(#rior #%tr# lo" a(lto" ;8#%#" 9(# #% la" #m:" #a#"#%tr# lo" 26 7 ao" #/i"t# la ma7or ro#%"i% a #mi)rar, #&a7#%o #"(<" &o%"i#ra'l#m#%t#la" ta"a" #l#8aa" #%tr# lo" %io" #9(#o" r#+l#;a% #l 0#&0o # 9(#, a m#%(o, la #mi)ra&i% #" (%ro&#"o +amiliar 7 %o i%i8i(al la" ta"a" # #mi)ra&i% # )#%t#" # #a a8a%1aa "# r#la&io%a%&o% la #l#&&i% # (% %(#8o #"a&io ara 8i8ir la ;('ila&i%.

La r#la&i% #%tr# mi)ra&i% 7 &a"ami#%to #" m(7 #l#8aa, al m#%o" #%tr# la" m(;#r#" &a"aa" orrim#ra 8#1, (%a )ra% art# # la" &(al#" &am'ia "( r#"i#%&ia or #"ta &a("a. Tra" #l matrimo%io, lai%&i#%&ia # la mi)ra&i% ##%# #% )ra% m#ia #l %*m#ro 7 la" #a#" # lo" 0i;o" la"ma7or#" o"i'ilia#" aar#&#% #% la" ar#;a" "i% 0i;o" o #% la" mo%o+ilial#" &(a%to ma7or #" la+amilia, ma7or#" "o% lo" o'"t:&(lo". Por otro lao, &(a%o lo" 0i;o" al&a%1a% la #a #"&olar, la"o"i'ilia#" # #"la1ami#%to i"mi%(7#%. >i% #m'ar)o, #% la" ar#;a" #% la" 9(# #l mario&o%ta'a a ao", la #mi)ra&i% #ra ma7or #%tr# la" +amilia" )ra%#"4 %#&#"ia # &a"a m:")ra%#, o # (% tra'a;o m#;or r#m(%#rao, a(%9(# #"ta &ir&(%"ta%&ia (## "#r (% ra")o m(7arti&(lar # (% a$" &o% alt$"ima mo8ilia i%t#r(r'a%a.




[Año

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La" mi)ra&io%#" a(m#%ta% &o% #l %i8#l # #"t(io" 7 la #(&a&i%. E% la &la"# m#ia am#ri&a%a, la&o%"#&(&i% # (% #t#rmi%ao %i8#l #(&ati8o #"#m'o&a a m#%(o #% (%a" #t#rmi%aa"

o&(a&io%#" 7 %i8#l#" # i%)r#"o". Por #"o, (%a #r"o%a &o% t$t(lo (%i8#r"itario ti#%# #% EE.UU. tr#"8#&#" m:" o"i'ilia#" # &am'iar # &o%ao 9(# (%a #r"o%a &o% #(&a&i% ':"i&a i%&oml#ta.No o'"ta%t#, a m#ia 9(# a(m#%ta #l %*m#ro # m(;#r#" a&ti8a" %o ar#&# 9(# a(m#%t#% la"o"i'ilia#" mi)ratoria" #% la mi"ma m#ia 9(# lo" 8aro%#", or9(# )#%#ralm#%t# %i "( r#"ti)ioo&(a&io%al %i "( &o%tri'(&i% r#lati8a al total # i%)r#"o" +amiliar#" #" "imilar al # "( &%7()#.

2.- La m#ia # la" mi)ra&io%#"

Para &(a%ti+i&ar la" mi)ra&io%#" "# (tili1a% (%a "#ri# # ta"a" ar#&ia" a la" a%t#riorm#%t##"t(iaa". U%o # lo" m:" &om(%#" #" #l "alo mi)ratorio a%(al4

=%3 #mi)ra%t#" - %3i%mi)ra%t#"!

>alo mi)ratorio a%(al 5666 / ----------------------------------------------

Po'la&i% m#ia #l ao

El "alo (## "#r o"iti8o "i la i%mi)ra&i% "(#ra a la #mi)ra&i% 7 %#)ati8o #% &a"o &o%trario.

D# la mi"ma ma%#ra, "# (##% 0allar ta"a" 'r(ta" # #mi)ra&i% o # i%mi)ra&i% #% (%a#t#rmi%aa "o&i#a 7 #r$oo.

>i "# i"o%# # ato" "(+i&i#%t#", "# (##% o't#%#r ta"a" m:" r#&i"a", #% +(%&i% #l "#/o, la#a 7 &(al9(i#r &at#)or$a "o&ial o #&o%mi&a # lo" mi)ra%t#".

E% &a"o # &ar#&#r # ato" ir#&to", "# (## #"timar la mi)ra&i% %#ta # (% #r$oo i%t#r&#%"al,m#ia%t# #l 'ala%&# # lo" &r#&imi#%to" r#al 7 8#)#tati8o4

M% =Pt% - Pt! - =N% -D%!

El i%&o%8#%i#%t# ma7or # #"to" $%i&#" #" 9(# %o "(mi%i"tra% i%+orma&i% "o'r# la" ir#&&io%#", #"#&ir, i%+orma&i% "o'r# ori)#% 7 #"ti%o # la" #r"o%a" 9(# "# m(#8#% #% (% #"a&io. Por #llo,#'#% &oml#tar"# &o% #"t(io" orm#%ori1ao", ara lo" 9(# %o "i#mr# i"o%#mo" #i%+orma&i% #"ta$"ti&a "(+i&i#%t#.

.- Mi)ra&io%#" i%t#rior#"

D# a&(#ro &o% la (ra&i% # la mi)ra&i%, la" mi)ra&io%#" i%t#rior#" (##% &la"i+i&ar"# &omo

#"ta&io%al#" =o t#moral#"! 7 #+i%iti8a" =o # lar)a (ra&i%!.

La" mi)ra&io%#" #"ta&io%al#" ti#%#% (%a (ra&i% limitaa 7 (% &ar:&t#r &$&li&o, r##titi8o #%tr# lo"(%to" # artia 7 #"ti%o. Normalm#%t# "(#l#% "#r r#ali1aa" ma7oritariam#%t# or o'la&i%r(ral, a)ri&(ltor#" 9(# "i)(#% #;#r&i#%o la mi"ma o "imilar a&ti8ia la'oral #% otro (%to =&a"o #"#)aor#", 8#%imiaor#", #t&.!, #ro tam'i<% (## ir iri)ia 0a&ia la" &i(a#" o #%tor%o"8i%&(lao" a lo" "#r8i&io", "i% t#%#r &ar:&t#r a)r$&ola =&amaa t(r$"ti&a # 8#ra%o, or #;#mlo!.

La" mi)ra&io%#" #+i%iti8a" =o, al m#%o", # lar)a (ra&i%! r#"#%ta% '(#% %*m#ro # 8aria%t#"4




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5 Mo8imi#%to" #%tr# 1o%a" r(ral#", #'io a tra'a;o" # &olo%i1a&i% 7 (#"ta #% #/lota&i% #%(#8o" #"a&io" o 'i#% a mo8imi#%to" # aar&#ro" #%tr# 1o%a" r#lati8am#%t# &#r&a%a".

2 Tra"lao" #l &amo a la &i(a, mi)ra&i% #/li&ati8a ta%to #l </oo r(ral &omo #l ro&#"o #(r'a%i1a&i%.

Mo8imi#%to" #%tr# 1o%a" (r'a%a", ri%&ialm#%t# #"# &i(a#" m#ia%a" 0a&ia la" )ra%#". A&t(alm#%t# "(#l#% ro(&ir"# #"# &i(a#" &o% +(%&i% mi%#ra o i%("trial 0a&ia otra"r#omi%a%t#m#%t# t#r&iaria" =&om#r&ial#" 7 # "#r8i&io"!. El #"arrollo )#%#rali1ao #l "#&tort#r&iario tam'i<% ot#%&ia tra"lao" #%tr# 1o%a" "imilar#", #% +(%&i% # #t#rmi%aa" o"i'ilia#"la'oral#", #"#&ialm#%t# #%tr# o'la&i% # %i8#l #(&ati8o o ro+#"io%al alto.

Mo8imi#%to #"# la &i(a al #%tor%o r(ral m:" &#r&a%o, &omo art# # (% ro&#"o ##"&#%trali1a&i% # la" &i(a#" &#%tral#" # :r#a" m#troolita%a". Cara&t#ri1a al ro&#"o #"('(r'a%i1a&i% roio # la" )ra%#" &aital#".

a! Mi)ra&io%#" i%t#rior#" #% a$"#" #"arrollao"

E% lo" a$"#" #"arrollao" "# 0a% r#(&io al m$%imo la" mi)ra&io%#" a)raria" # &ar:&t#rt#mor#ro 7 #l </oo r(ral #+i%iti8o. El ro&#"o ma"i8o # a'a%o%o #l &amo "# i%i&i #%I%)lat#rra #% #l "i)lo XVIII 7 &o%ti%( (ra%t# #l XIX 7 '(#%a art# #l XX #% la ma7or$a # E(roa 7lo" EE.UU 0o7 "lo #/i"t# #% a9(#llo" a$"#" &o% (r'a%i1a&i% mo#raa 7 #l#8ao" or&#%ta;#" #o'la&i% a)raria, &omo al)(%a" :r#a" m#it#rr:%#a" 7 # E(roa #l E"t#.

Por #l &o%trario, #% lo" a$"#" m:" a8a%1ao" =&a"o # Al#ma%ia o lo" EE.UU.! "o% m(7 i%t#%"a" la"mi)ra&io%#" i%t#r(r'a%a" 7 la "('(r'a%i1a&i%. E% la "o&i#a #"tao(%i#%"#, or #;#mlo, lamo8ilia i%t#r%a #" #l#8a$"ima, ta%to &omo #% la" +a"#" # #l#8ao </oo r(ral # m(&0o" a$"#"o'r#", a(%9(# %o ll#)a a &o%"tit(ir &orri#%t#" #/&#"i8am#%t# #+i%ia".

La" mi)ra&io%#" i%t#rior#" # &ar:&t#r #&o%mi&o #/r#"a% #"#9(ili'rio" #"a&ial#" #% &(a%to ao"i'ilia#" la'oral#", #ro a "( 8#1 ti#%#% a a&r#&#%tarlo".

A&t(alm#%t#, #"ta" mi)ra&io%#" i%t#rior#" %o r#"o%#% "lo a moti8o" #&o%mi&o" &aa 8#1&o'ra% m:" imorta%&ia la" mi)ra&io%#" ro(&ia" #% lo" ao" "i)(i#%t#" a la ;('ila&i%, 9(#&o%&#%tra a &ol#&ti8o" %(m#ro"o" #% 1o%a" ri8il#)iaa" or "(" &o%i&io%#" &lim:ti&a" oai"a;$"ti&a". La ro8i%&ia # Ali&a%t# #" (% '(#% #;#mlo # #llo.

E% #"ta" mi)ra&io%#" r#omi%a% lo" a(lto" ;8#%#" =ro+#"io%al#", #"t(ia%t#", #r"o%a" 9(#a&&##% al rim#r #ml#o...!, la" ar#;a" r#&i#%t#" 7 lo" tra'a;aor#" t#r&iario" o "#&(%ario", "i%r#omi%io &laro #% &(a%to a "#/o.

'! Mi)ra&io%#" i%t#rior#" #% a$"#" "('#"arrollao"

La" mi)ra&io%#" t#moral#" "i)(#% t#%i#%o (%a )ra% imorta%&ia, ta%to or tra"lao # ma%o #o'ra "(l#m#%taria o&(aa #% lo" mom#%to" (%ta #l &i&lo a)r$&ola a%(al =la r#&ol#&&i%,ri%&ialm#%t#! &omo or aro8#&0ar la" t#moraa" # #l#8ao tra'a;o #% al)(%o" o+i&io" (r'a%o"=t(ri"mo, &o%"tr(&&i%...! E"ta" mi)ra&io%#" #"t:% +a8or#&ia" or la" )ra%#" #"i)(ala#"#"a&ial#", #"#&ialm#%t# #% a9(#llo" a$"#" 9(# a#&i#ro% la &olo%i1a&i%, #% lo" 9(# #l litoral=o%# "# &o%&#%tra la ma7or$a # la a&ti8ia m:" r#%ta'l# 7 la" &i(a#" m:" a&ti8a"! r#&i'# amil#" # tra'a;aor#" ro&##%t#" # (% i%t#rior r(ral 7 "(#ro'lao. La aata&i% o"iti8a al%(#8o #"ti%o (## ar ori)#% a m(&0a" mi)ra&io%#" #+i%iti8a".




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El </oo r(ral "i)(# "i#%o #l mo8imi#%to m:" imorta%t#, "i% 9(# ar#1&a 0a'#r"# r#(&io.>(r)io #% #l t#r&io &#%tral #l "i)lo, &o%ti%*a #%8ia%o (%a &orri#%t# %(m#ro"$"ima 0a&ia la"

&i(a#", o%# ti#%#% a &o%&#%trar"# #% la #ri+#ria, m(&0a" 8#&#" #% 'arrio" m$"#ro" 7 "i% 9(##llo "(o%)a m#;orar %i "( "it(a&i% #&o%mi&a %i "( &alia # 8ia a%t#rior.

El #mi)ra%t# t$i&o # #"to" a$"#" #" #l &am#"i%o 9(# ll#)a a la &i(a. Pr#omi%a% lo" 8aro%#" ;8#%#" 7 "olt#ro", a)ri&(ltor#" 9(# t#%r:% 9(# ar#%#r (% %(#8o o+i&io. El </oo +#m#%i%o #"t:limitao or la #r8i8#%&ia # &o"t(m'r#" a%&#"tral#" 7 or la #"&a"#1 # #ml#o" ara la m(;#r. La"olt#r$a #"t: 8i%&(laa al r#tra"o #% lo" matrimo%io" ara 9(i#%#" &ar#&#% # r#&(r"o" #&o%mi&o".># aata% al #o%a;# m#%o" &(ali+i&ao. A#m:", la #mi)ra&i% #/(l"a #l &amo a la" #r"o%a"m:" i%"tr(ia", r#araa" 7 #mr#%#ora", r#(&i#%o lo" r#&(r"o" 0(ma%o" "("&#ti'l#" #ro(&ir #l #"arrollo r(ral.

La" :r#a" r#&#tora" &r#&#% rai$"imam#%t# 7 ti#%#% a #"arrollar"# #&o%mi&am#%t# # +ormam:" a&#l#raa. E% la" 1o%a" # artia, #l </oo r(ral ali8ia la r#"i% #mo)r:+i&a, r#(&# #l aro#%<mi&o 7 aorta al)(%a" r#m#"a" #&o%mi&a", #% )#%#ral o&o #l#8aa". A m#io la1o "#&o%8i#rt#% #% #"a&io" a*% m:" #rimio".

.- Mi)ra&io%#" #/t#rior#"

Tam'i<% #% #"t# &a"o or$amo" 0a'lar # mi)ra&io%#" t#moral#" o #rma%#%t#", a(%9(# la"rim#ra" "o% m#%or#" 7 8i%&(laa" or lo )#%#ral a #%tor%o r#lati8am#%t# r/imo" =8#%imiaor#"#"aol#" #% ?ra%&ia, ma)r#'$#" #% al)(%o" &amo" #"aol#"...!. E% la" otra", #l tra"lao #l a$",# +orma li'r# 7 #"o%t:%#a, iri)ia o +or1aa &o%i&io%a #"t# tio # mi)ra&io%#".

a! La" mi)ra&io%#" +or1aa"

E"t:% r#la&io%aa" &o% "it(a&io%#" #"#&ial#" &omo r#8ol(&io%#", &o%+li&to" 8iol#%to",

#r"#&(&io%#" or moti8o" i8#r"o" =<t%i&o", ol$ti&o", #t&.!. E"ta" mi)ra&io%#" ori)i%a% la" +i)(ra"#l #"la1ao 7 #l r#+()iao.

El #"la1ao #" #/(l"ao # "( l()ar # ori)#% &omo &o%"#&(#%&ia # al)*% 0#&0o ol$ti&o,tra%"+iri#%o o'la&i% m#ia%t# &o%8#%io". P(## 0a'#r i%t#r&am'io" # o'la&io%#", r#ali1ao"or )o'i#r%o" "i% &o%"(ltar a la" o'la&io%#" imli&aa". Tam'i<% 0a7 r#atria&io%#" # mi%or$a",9(# r#)r#"a% al a$" # ori)#%, &omo o&(rri &o% '(#% %*m#ro # #(ro#o" tra" lo" ro&#"o" ##"&olo%i1a&i%.

Lo" r#+()iao" a'a%o%a% 8ol(%tariam#%t# "( a$" al &o%"i#rar 9(# %o ti#%# )ara%ti1aa "( 8ia, "(li'#rta o "(" &o%i&io%#" mat#rial#".

'! La" mi)ra&io%#" 8ol(%taria"

>(#l#% r#"o%# a moti8a&io%#" # &ar:&t#r #&o%mi&o, #"# a9(#lla" 9(# trata% # )ara%ti1ar(%o" m$%imo" m#io" # "('"i"t#%&ia 9(# #rmita% "(#rar "it(a&io%#" # 0am'r# o mi"#ria =# a0$"( i"&(ti'l# 8ol(%tari#a! 0a"ta la" 9(# la%t#a% (%a m#;ora # la "it(a&i% #&o%mi&a # i%&l("o #l#%ri9(#&imi#%to.

E%tr# #"ta" mi)ra&io%#" or$amo" &itar &omo +(%am#%tal#" la" "i)(i#%t#"4




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Q Lo" mo8imi#%to" tra%"o&#:%i&o", 9(# t(8i#ro% "( mom#%to # ao)#o #%tr# la rim#ra mita #l"i)lo a"ao 7 la &ri"i" # 5F2F. >ali#ro% # E(roa (%o" 6 millo%#" # #r"o%a", &o% ir#&&i% a

am'a" Am<ri&a" ="o'r# too a lo" EE.UU.! 7 O&#a%$a. E"t:% 8i%&(laa" al r:io &r#&imi#%to#mo)r:+i&o 8i8io #% E(roa 7 a la" tra%"+orma&io%#" ro(&ia" or la r#8ol(&i% i%("trial, &omola i"mi%(&i% #l #ml#o a)rario o art#"a%al. ># '#%#+i&iaro% #l #"arrollo # lo" tra%"ort#" 7 #la ol$ti&a # atra&&i% ma%t#%ia or al)(%o" a$" =r#&or#mo" la &#"i% &a"i )rat(ita # ti#rra" #%EE.UU. o la +ra"# @)o'#r%ar #" o'lar@, &ara&t#r$"ti&a # (% #r$oo # la ol$ti&a ar)#%ti%a!. ?(# (%+#%m#%o # ma"a", i%t#)rao or )#%t#" # ro&##%&ia r(ral 7 #"&a"a &(ali+i&a&i% la'oral #% (%ri%&iio r#omi%aro% lo" a%)lo"a;o%#" 7 l(#)o lo" italia%o", a(%9(# 0('o #(ro#o" # toa" la"ro&##%&ia". La #mi)ra&i% +(# li'r#, "al8o la i"&rimi%a&i% r#"#&to a lo" #mi)rao" # A"iaOri#%tal. La <o&a # i%#"ta'ilia 8i8ia #%tr# la" o" )(#rra" m(%ial#" r#"tri%)i la #mi)ra&i% "##"ta'l#&i (%a ol$ti&a "#l#&ti8a, &o% &(ota", trata%o # ma%t#%#r"# #% EE.UU. la ma7or$aa%)lo"a;o%a 7 rot#"ta%t# #%tr# lo" #mi)ra%t#" #(ro#o". Tam'i<% #% A("tralia 7 Lati%oam<ri&a "##"ta'l#&i#ro% r#"tri&&io%#" "#m#;a%t#". E% la "#)(%a mita # %(#"tro "i)lo "# r#a%( la#mi)ra&i%, #ro 7a %o &o% mi)ra&io%#" ma"i8a" # o'lami#%to "i%o +(#rt#m#%t# "#l#&ti8a", #%+(%&i% # &i#rto" #ml#o" a &('rir #% #l a$" # #"ti%o. >i% #m'ar)o, #% EE.UU. lo" ori#%tal#" 7 lo"

0i"a%o" &omi#%1a% a r#omi%ar, or9(# tam'i<% la E(roa %ri&a r#&lama ma%o # o'ra.

Q Mi)ra&io%#" # tra'a;aor#" # #"&a"a &(ali+i&a&i% a m#ia i"ta%&ia, t$i&a # la E(roa o"t#riora 5F6. >o% tra'a;aor#" 9(# &ar#&#% # #ml#o #% "(" a$"#" o 9(# r#&i'#% "alario" m(7 i%+#rior#"a lo" # #"ti%o. >o% a&ti8o", ;8#%#" 7 8aro%#" ma7oritariam#%t#, 9(# #"#m#a% a&ti8ia#" %o#"#aa" or lo" a(t&to%o" or "( (r#1a, #li)ro"ia o #"&a"o "alario 7 trata% # r#tor%ar al l()ar# ori)#% or9(# la aata&i% r#"(lta i+$&il. ># r#ali1a% #%tr# a$"#" 'a"ta%t# r/imo" la ma7or$a+(#ro% #"# lo" a$"#" m#it#rr:%#o" a lo" #l #%to%&#" M#r&ao Com*%, #ro tam'i<% 0('omo8imi#%to" "imilar#" 0a&ia a%, EE.UU. o la R#*'li&a >(a+ri&a%a. A la" #"i)(ala#"#&o%mi&a" "# "(ma'a% la" i+#r#%&ia" #% #l &r#&imi#%to #mo)r:+i&o. E"ta &orri#%t# '#%#+i&i a lo"a$"#" # #"ti%o, 9(# i"("i#ro% # ma%o # o'ra a'(%a%t#, 'arata 7 "i% )a"to" # +orma&i% 7ali8i #l aro # lo" #mi"or#", 9(# tam'i<% r#&i'i#ro% +(#rt#" r#m#"a", 9(# #% al)(%o" &a"o"+om#%taro% #l #"arrollo. P#ro #% lo" a$"#" # "alia, la #mi)ra&i% "(("o (%a m#rma ##l#m#%to" ;8#%#" 7 #mr#%#or#".

Q Como +()a # &#r#'ro" "# #"i)%a a la #mi)ra&i% # #r"o%a" # #l#8ao %i8#l # &(ali+i&a&i%,9(# %o #%&(#%tra% #% "(" a$"#" #l #ml#o o la r#m(%#ra&i% a#&(aa a "(" &ara&t#r$"ti&a". >(#l#iri)ir"# 0a&ia lo" E"tao" U%io" o lo" a$"#" #(ro#o" m:" a8a%1ao". Pro&##% # a$"#" #lT#r&#r M(%o 9(# i#r#% a"$ a "(" #l#m#%to" m:" &(ali+i&ao" 7 %#&#"ario" ara +om#%tar "(roio #"arrollo. E"ta" mi)ra&io%#" "o% %(m<ri&am#%t# #"&a"a" #ro # )ra% tra"&#%#%&ia#&o%mi&a 7 "o&ial.

Q La" mi)ra&io%#" # tra'a;aor#" &(ali+i&ao" #"# lo" a$"#" i%("triali1ao" al T#r&#r M(%otam'i<% #" r#(&ia. ># trata # (%a &oo#ra&i% t<&%i&a 7 &(lt(ral, &o% (%a tril# +i%alia4 &o%tri'(iral #"arrollo # a9(#llo" a$"#", roor&io%ar (%a #/#ri#%&ia *til #% #l mom#%to #l r#)r#"o 7a"#%tar #% a9(#lla" %a&io%#" la i%+l(#%&ia # lo" a$"#" #mi"or#".

.- Mi)ra&io%#" #%(lar#" o 0a'it(al#"

># &ara&t#ri1a% or "#r r##titi8a", # mo#raa (ra&i% 7 %o "(o%#r &am'io" # a&ti8ia.D#'#mo" i+#r#%&iar #"to" #"la1ami#%to" #% +(%&i% #l :m'ito )#o)r:+i&o =a$"#" #"arrollao" 7"('#"arrollao"! 7 # "( r#la&i% &o% #l tra'a;o =7 #l #"t(io! o #l o&io =+i%#" # "#ma%a,8a&a&io%#"...!

a! E% lo" a$"#" "('#"arrollao"




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>o% ma7oritariam#%t# la'oral#", "o'r# too li)aa" a a&ti8ia#" rimaria", #"#&ialm#%t# la"8i%&(laa" a la )a%a#r$a4 tra%"0(ma%&ia 7 %omai"mo. La tra"0(ma%&ia #" #"ta&io%al 7 moti8aa

or la %#&#"ia # i"o%#r a"to", r#ali1aa #%tr# 1o%a" # &ara&t#r$"ti&a" #&ol)i&a" i+#r#%t#"El %omai"mo, 0o7 #% r#tro&#"o, imli&a (% raio # a&&i% m:" amlio 7 (% r#&orrio m:" i%#"ta'l#.Lo" #"la1ami#%to" iario" # tra'a;aor#" #% tor%o a la" &i(a#" "i)(#% (tili1a%o m#io" #tra%"ort#" r(im#%tario" o #+i&i#%t#" 7 r#&orri#%o i"ta%&ia" &orta". Lo" mo8imi#%to" 8i%&(lao"&o% #l o&io "o% m(7 mi%oritario", 8i%&(lao" a (%a <lit# o(l#%ta.

'! E% lo" a$"#" #"arrollao"

A+#&ta% a (% "#&tor # o'la&i% m(7 %(m#ro"o4 a m#ia 9(# a(m#%ta la o'la&i% (r'a%a 7 #ltamao # la" &i(a#", lo" #"la1ami#%to" la'oral#" "o% m:" 0a'it(al#" 7 la" "alia" # +i% #"#ma%a, m:" +r#&(#%t#". La" i"ta%&ia" "o% &aa 8#1 ma7or#", ta%to #% lo" #"la1ami#%to"la'oral#" &omo #% lo" mo8imi#%to" t(r$"ti&o".

La" mi)ra&io%#" li)aa" al tra'a;o =&o%o&ia" &omo mo8imi#%to" #%(lar#"! "# r#ali1a% #"# la#ri+#ria # la" &i(a#" a la" :r#a" &#%tral#" =#l "#%tio m:" +r#&(#%t#! o 8i&#8#r"a. La" &a("a" "o%i8#r"a"4 la'oral#", #'io a la ma7or a'(%a%&ia # #ml#o" #% lo" &#%tro" (r'a%o" #&o%mi&a",or9(# #% la #ri+#ria #/i"t#% 8i8i#%a" # m#%or &o"t# #&ol)i&a", or #l #"#o # 0a'itar 1o%a" %oa+#&taa" or lo" i%&o%8#%i#%t#" #l &#%tro (r'a%o.

E"to" #"la1ami#%to" a+#&ta% &aa 8#1 a m:" #r"o%a", #ro %o r#"(lta +:&il #8al(ar "( %*m#ro.Tam'i<% a(m#%ta la i"ta%&ia r#&orria iariam#%t#, %ormalm#%t# ma7or &(a%to ma7or #" #l :r#am#troolita%a. Al mi"mo ti#mo, a(m#%ta% la" &o%)#"tio%#" # tr:+i&o #% 0ora (%ta, #l ti#mo li'r##rio #% #"to" tra7#&to" 7 lo" )a"to" #% #"la1ami#%to.

E%tr# lo" #"la1ami#%to" li)ao" al o&io, lo" r#la&io%ao" &o% la o"#"i% # (%a "#)(%ar#"i#%&ia 7 la #"ta%&ia #% #lla (ra%t# lo" +i%#" # "#ma%a a+#&ta% m:" a la" &la"#" a&omoaa",mi#%tra" 9(# la" "alia" omi%i&al#" o"##% (% &ar:&t#r m:" o(lar. El t(ri"mo 8a&a&io%al "# 0a&o%8#rtio #% (% 0#&0o )#%#rali1ao #% lo" a$"#" ri&o", #"#&ialm#%t# #%tr# la o'la&i% (r'a%a "i0a"ta 0a&# m#io "i)lo "lo a+#&ta'a a )r(o" "o&ial#" m(7 mi%oritario", "( a()# r#&i#%t# #"t:li)ao a 0#&0o" &omo #l i%&r#m#%to # lo" "alario" o la" m#;ora" #% #l tra%"ort#. El t(ri"mo #ma"a" "i)(# "i#%o (% +#%m#%o ma7oritariam#%t# #"ti8al 7 la i"ta%&ia r#&orria 8ar$a+(%am#%talm#%t# #% +(%&i% # la" o"i'ilia#" #&o%mi&a".

VI.- E>TRUCTURA> DE POBLACIN

C(al9(i#r &ol#&ti8o 0(ma%o #%&i#rra #% "( i%t#rior (%a )ra% 8ari#a # &ir&(%"ta%&ia" #% +(%&i% #m*ltil#" +a&tor#", &omo #l "#/o, la #a, #l #"tao &i8il, la "it(a&i% la'oral, #l )rao # &(ali+i&a&i%a&a<mi&a o m(&0a" otra" &ir&(%"ta%&ia" "o&ial#", #&o%mi&a", &(lt(ral#" 7 ol$ti&a". >i% &o%o&#r#"ta" i+#r#%&ia" i%t#r%a" r#"(ltar$a imo"i'l# #+i%ir o &omr#%#r &(al9(i#r tio # "o&i#a.

5.- R#arto or "#/o" 7 #a#". Pir:mi#" # o'la&i%

a! La "#/ ratio

El r#arto or "#/o" #" #l rim#r +a&tor # i+#r#%&ia&i%, (% +a&tor 'iol)i&o 9(# i%t#r#"a a%ali1araa" la" i"ti%ta" +(%&io%#" #"#m#aa" or lo" #+#&ti8o" ma"&(li%o" 7 +#m#%i%o" # (%ao'la&i%.




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El a%:li"i" or "#/o" #l %*m#ro # #+#&ti8o" &o% 9(# &(#%ta (% &ol#&ti8o o'la&io%al #rmit#&o%o&#r, #%tr# otro" a"#&to", la" o"i'ilia#" # matrimo%io o #mar#;ami#%to 7, #% &o%"#&(#%&ia,

# r#ro(&&i%. >i #/i"t#% #"#9(ili'rio" "# ro(&ir: (%a m#rma, (%a <ria # &r#&imi#%to'iol)i&o ot#%&ial # #"# )r(o 0(ma%o, 9(# (## ll#8ar a (% #%8#;#&imi#%to # la o'la&i% or+alta # %a&imi#%to". E% #l a"#&to #&o%mi&o i%t#r#"a tam'i<% &o%o&#r la roor&i% # 0om'r#" 7m(;#r#" 7 "( %i8#l # a&ti8ia o ##%#%&ia, a"$ &omo #l tra'a;o o&(lto o %o &o%"i#rao # la"m(;#r#".

El a%:li"i" # la &omo"i&i% or "#/o" (## &o%"i#rar"# #% "$ mi"mo o #% r#la&i% &o% la #a, #l#"tao &i8il 7 la ro+#"i%.

U%a rim#ra aro/ima&i% al t#ma &o%"i"t# "iml#m#%t# #% #l &o%o&imi#%to # "(" &i+ra" a'"ol(ta"4%*m#ro # m(;#r#" 7 # 8aro%#" #l &ol#&ti8o #"t(iao. P#ro, ara o#r &omarar #"to"r#"(ltao" &o% otro" &ol#&ti8o", "#r$a &o%8#%i#%t# &al&(lar #l or&#%ta;# 9(# #"ta" &i+ra" "i)%i+i&a% #%#l total # o'la&i%. A"$ "# (tili1a% la" ta"a" or&#%t(al#" # ma"&(li%ia =Tm! o +#mi%ia =T+!,9(# r#"o%#% a la" "i)(i#%t#" +rm(la"4

N3 # 8aro%#" N3 # m(;#r#"

Tm--------------------- . 566 T+---------------------- . 566

Po'la&i% total Po'la&i% total

P#ro, a#m:", "# (## #ml#ar otro m<too m:" "i%t<ti&o &omo #l # la "#/ ratio, o r#la&i%#/i"t#%t# #%tr# lo" #+#&ti8o" +#m#%i%o" 7 ma"&(li%o" # (%a o'la&i%. >#r$a lo mi"mo r#+#rir #l%*m#ro # m(;#r#" al # 0om'r#" o al r#8<", #ro or &o"t(m'r# "# 0a &o%"i#rao "i#mr# #l%*m#ro # 8aro%#" or &aa &i#% m(;#r#", # o%# "# o'ti#%# la R#la&i% # ma"&(li%ia =Rm!,&al&(laa &o% la "i)(i#%t# +rm(la4

N3 # 8aro%#"

Rm --------------------- . 566

N3 # m(;#r#"

Por #l mi"mo m<too "# (## 0allar la R#la&i% # +#mi%ia =R+!4

N3 # m(;#r#"

R+ -------------------- . 566

N3 # 8aro%#"

La" &i+ra" "(#l#% "#r m(7 ar#&ia" #% toa" la" o'la&io%#" m(%ial#". E" %ormal 9(# %a1&a% m:"%io" 9(# %ia", or lo 9(# 0a"ta lo" 56 ao" la r#la&i% # ma"&(li%ia "(#l# "#r "(#rior a 566.P#ro #% lo" ao" "i)(i#%t#" &am'ia la r#la&i%, #% +(%&i% # la i"ti%ta mortalia ma"&(li%a 7+#m#%i%a, ta%to i%+a%til &omo a(lta, 7 #% la" mi)ra&io%#" i+#r#%t#" # &aa "#/o.

E% a$"#" "('#"arrollao", 7 #% <o&a" a"aa" #%tr# lo" a$"#" ri&o", #/i"t# (%a "o'r#mortalia+#m#%i%a #% la" #a#" matrimo%ial#", #'io a la #l#8aa morta%a o"tarto. Por #l &o%trario, #%




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lo" a$"#" #"arrollao" #"ta mortalia +#m#%i%a 0a i"mi%(io, al ti#mo 9(# "# ma%t(8o la<ria # 0om'r#" #% (% "i)lo XX a+#&tao or o" )ra%#" )(#rra" m(%ial#" 7 m(ltit( #

&o%+li&to" lo&al#". Por #;#mlo, ?ra%&ia #ri 5.J6.666 8aro%#" #% la Gra% G(#rra. A#m:", lamortalia #%tr# lo" 0om'r#" #" ma7or or lo" tra'a;o" (ro" #"#m#ao" 7 or al)(%a"&o"t(m'r#" "o&ial#" 9(# l# a+#&ta% m:"4 #l al&o0oli"mo, la &o%(&&i%, #l &o%"(mo # ta'a&o.

Por #llo, aa la #"i)(al "#/ ratio ot#%&ial # &aa #a i%t#r#"a a%ali1ar la r#la&i% #% &aa (%o# lo" )r(o" # #a#".

'! La #"tr(&t(ra or #a#" # la o'la&i%

La #a #" (% a"#&to # )ra% i%t#r<" ara &ali+i&ar a la" "o&i#a#". I)(al 9(# la" #r"o%a",tam'i<% la" "o&i#a#" (##% "#r &o%"i#raa" ;8#%#" o 8i#;a". Co%o&#r la #a # &aa )r(o0(ma%o i%t#r#"a ara "a'#r &(:l#" "o% "(" r#&(r"o" ot#%&ial#", &omo +(#%t# # %(#8o" #+#&ti8o"#mo)r:+i&o" o &omo +(#r1a # tra'a;o, a"$ &omo "(" %#&#"ia#", i+#r#%t#" "#)*% "# trata #

a$"#" "('#"arrollao" -&o% alto or&#%ta;# # o'la&i% ;o8#% 7 #l#8aa %atalia- o a8a%1ao"-&o% (%a o'la&i% m(&0o m:" #%8#;#&ia-. Por #;#mlo, #% #l &amo # la "a%ia, #% lo" rim#ro"0ar:% +alta m<i&o" #iatra" mi#%tra" 9(# lo" "#)(%o" %#&#"ita% #"#&iali"ta" #% )#riatr$a a %i8#l#&o%mi&o, #% lo" rim#ro" #/i"t# (%a )ra% +(#r1a # tra'a;o ot#%&ial, mi#%tra" 9(# #% lo""#)(%o" #"&a"#a 7 lo" a&ti8o" "oorta% la &ar)a #&o%mi&a # la" %(m#ro"a" #%"io%#" #

;('ila&i%.

G#%#ralm#%t#, a la 0ora # a%ali1ar la #"tr(&t(ra or #a # (%a "o&i#a, "# &o%"i#ra% tr#")ra%#" )r(o" 9(#, a )ra%#" ra")o", &oi%&i#% &o% la" #taa" # +orma&i%, a&ti8ia 7 ;('ila&i%# la" #r"o%a". El r#arto "(#l# 0a&#r"# # a&(#ro &o% la" o"i'ilia#" # tra'a;o o "lo&o%+orm# a la #a4

Tra'a;o4 Ea4

-------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

6-5 ao"4 Nio" 6-5F ao"4 8#%#"

5- ao"4 A&ti8o" 26-F ao"4 A(lto"

7 m:"4 ('ilao" 6 7 m:"4 Vi#;o"

E% la i8i"i% r#la&io%aa &o% la #a, "# "(#l#% i"ti%)(ir o" )r(o" #%tr# lo" a(lto"4 lo" a(lto" ;8#%#" =# 26 a F ao"! 7 lo" a(lto" 8i#;o" =# 6 a F ao"!.

>(#l#% r#"#%tar"# lo" 8alor#" or&#%t(alm#%t#, or9(# #"o #rmit# &omarar i"ti%to" )r(o"0(ma%o" 7 #+i%ir la" &ara&t#r$"ti&a" # (%a "o&i#a. Normalm#%t#, lo" a$"#" m#%o" #"arrollao"r#"#%ta% #l 6 o m:" # "( o'la&i% #%tr# lo" %io" m#%or#" # 5 ao" 7 "lo (% - "(#ralo" ao". Por #l &o%trario, #% m(&0o" a$"#" #"arrollao" lo" m#%or#" %o ll#)a% al 6 7 lo"ma7or#" # "(#ra% &o% +r#&(#%&ia #l 5

&! La" ir:mi#" # o'la&i%

># trata # (% "i"t#ma #+i&a1 # r#+l#;ar la i"tri'(&i% or "#/o" 7 #a#" # (%a o'la&i%. E" (%ata'la #"ta$"ti&a 9(# i%&l(7# o" #;#" # &oor#%aa", (%o ara &aa "#/o, 7 i"tri'(7# lo" #+#&ti8o"




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0(ma%o" =r#r#"#%tao" #% #l #;# # a'"&i"a"! or )r(o" # #a =i"tri'(io" #% #l #;# #or#%aa"!. E" "lo (% i%"tr(m#%to # tra'a;o 9(# ti#%# or o';#to +a&ilitar #l &om#%tario # lo" ato"

7 la o't#%&i% # &o%&l("io%#" "o'r# #llo" #rmit# (%a i%t#rr#ta&i% i%:mi&a # la "it(a&i% #(%a o'la&i%, ta%to r#"#&to al a"ao &omo 0a&ia #l +(t(ro. Caa #tall# #% "( #r+il, &aa )r(o# #a, "# #/li&a "lo or la" &a("a" 9(# lo 0a% ro8o&ao, r#)i"tra toa" la" 8aria&io%#" "(+ria"or (%a o'la&i%, 7 #rmit# ima)i%ar &(:l#" "#r:% "(" #+#&to" #% lo" ao" 8#%i#ro".

Para i%t#rr#tarla 0a7 9(# r#la&io%arla &o% "( mar&o 0i"tri&o, a&o%t#&imi#%to" ol$ti&o",#&o%mi&o", "o&ial#", #t&. # la "o&i#a #"t(iaa. E% &aa r#&t:%)(lo # #a#", aar#&#r#r#"#%taa toa (%a i%+orma&i% "o'r# %a&imi#%to", #+(%&io%#" 7 mi)ra&io%#".

U% #r+il %ormal # (%a ir:mi# #'# r#r#"#%tar (% #"&alo%ami#%to #9(ili'rao #"# la 'a"#0a"ta la &ima, (#" #" %ormal 9(# #/i"ta (% 8ol(m#% ma7or # #+#&ti8o" #% la" #a#" m:" ;8#%#"7 "# #"&i#%a &o%+orm# a(m#%ta la #a, a &a("a # la" #+(%&io%#".

>o'r# #"# #r+il, 9(# or$amo" llamar #9(ili'rao, (##% aar#&#r moi+i&a&io%#" #'ia" ali%&r#m#%to o #"&#%"o # lo" %a&imi#%to" 7 la" #+(%&io%#", a"$ &omo a la mo8ilia #"a&ial # lao'la&i%, #" #&ir, a la" mi)ra&io%#".

La i"mi%(&i% # %a&imi#%to", ro8o&aa or #i#mia", 0am'r(%a", )(#rra" o &o%trol#"arti+i&ial#", "# r#+l#;a #% (% #"tr#&0ami#%to # la 'a"# # la ir:mi#. E"ta )#%#ra&i% m#rmaa, al ira(m#%ta%o #% #a, ir: aar#&i#%o #% la" ir:mi#" o"t#rior#" &omo (% r#&t:%)(lo m#%or 9(#mar&ar: (%a m(#"&a #% #l #r+il t$i&o # la +i)(ra. P#ro, a#m:", la +alta # #+#&ti8o" # #"a)#%#ra&i% r##r&(tir: tam'i<% %#)ati8am#%t# #% la # "(" 0i;o"4 al #/i"tir m#%o" ar#"ot#%&ial#", #l %*m#ro # 0i;o" tam'i<% t#%#r: a "#r m:" r#(&io. Al &o%trario, (% i%&r#m#%to #lo" %a&imi#%to" ro(&ir: (% #+#&to totalm#%t# i+#r#%t#.

Otra" moi+i&a&io%#" 8i#%#% im(#"ta" or lo" &am'io" # &omortami#%to "o&ial #% lo" )r(o"0(ma%o" m:" a8a%1ao", #% lo" 9(# "# i%tro(&#% r:&ti&a" 8ol(%taria" # &o%trol # %a&imi#%to" 7#% lo" 9(# lo" a8a%&#" "a%itario" limita% la i%&i#%&ia" # la" #+(%&io%#" #% la" #a#" i%+#rior#".

>o'r# #"to" 0#&0o" a&t*a% tam'i<% lo" ro&#"o" mi)ratorio"4 la" "o&i#a#" 9(# r#&i'#%i%mi)ra%t#" 8#% a(m#%tar "(" #+#&ti8o" # +orma arti+i&ial, )#%#ralm#%t# #%tr# lo" )r(o" # 26 a 6ao". Por #l &o%trario, la" "o&i#a#" #mi)ra%t#" 8#% m#rmaa" la" &o0ort#" # #"ta" #a#".

El i%t#r<" # la ir:mi# rai&a #% #"# i%ami"mo, 9(# #rmit# r#8#r, # a&(#ro &o% la" &o0ort#"# ro)#%itor#", la +(t(ra %atalia &o%+orm# a lo" )r(o" # ma7or #a, #l )rao ##%8#;#&imi#%to 7, "#)*% #l 8ol(m#% # a(lto" 7 ;8#%#", lo" )rao" # ma(r#1 o ;(8#%t( # (%a"o&i#a. Too #llo o"## &lara" r##r&("io%#" "o&ial#" #% a"#&to" &omo #l m#r&ao la'oral, la#"&olaria o la ;('ila&i%.

! Tio" # ir:mi#

Toa" la" +orma" o"i'l#" # #r+il#" # ir:mi# "# (##% "i%t#ti1ar #% tr#", 9(# #/li&a% la"&ara&t#r$"ti&a" # (%a #t#rmi%aa o'la&i%4 tio # o'la&i% #/a%"i8a =o ro)r#"i8a!, r#"tri&ti8a=o &o%"tri&ti8a! 7 #"ta&io%aria4

5.- Tio Pa)oa. R#r#"#%ta (%a o'la&i% ;o8#% &o% #l#8aa %atalia 7 mortalia, or lo 9(#&(#%ta &o% m(&0o" #+#&ti8o" #% #a#" ;8#%#" 7 (%a <ria &o%ti%(a # i%i8i(o" or #+(%&i%,or lo 9(# o&o" a&&##% a la" &o0ort#" "(#rior#" 7 la ir:mi# &(lmi%a #% (%a (%ta a+ilaa. E"&ara&t#r$"ti&a # a$"#" "('#"arrollao" o # la E(roa r#i%("trial.




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2.- Tio B(l'o o Ur%a. ># trata # (%a o'la&i% #% ro&#"o # #%8#;#&imi#%to4 #l &o%trol 8ol(%tario# la %atalia ro8o&a #l #"tr#&0ami#%to # la 'a"#, al ti#mo 9(# (%a #l#8aa #"#ra%1a # 8ia

0a&# 9(# "# ma%t#%)a% &o% 8alor#" #l#8ao" la" &o0ort#" # a(lto" 7 8i#;o". E" &ara&t#r$"ti&a #la" "o&i#a#" m:" a8a%1aa", #"#&ialm#%t# # lo" a$"#" 8i#;o" # E(roa.

.- Tio Cama%a. ># a #% "o&i#a#" #9(ili'raa" #%tr# %a&imi#%to" 7 #+(%&io%#", t$i&a #"o&i#a#" #% la" 9(# &a"i too" lo" 9(# %a&#% ti#%#% a"#)(raa "( 8ia 0a"ta la 8#;#1 7 a*% %o0a% (#"to #% r:&ti&a #l &o%trol 8ol(%tario # %a&imi#%to".

La #8ol(&i% %ormal "#)(ia or '(#% %*m#ro # a$"#" #(ro#o" a lo lar)o # "( 0i"toria 0a "io #la"o #"# (%a ir:mi# &o% +orma # a)oa a (%a # &ama%a, ara a&a'ar &a"i "i#mr# #% otra&o% +orma # (r%a.

E/i"t#%, a#m:", otro" o" mo#lo" # #r+il ro(&io" or ro&#"o" a;#%o" a la i%:mi&a i%t#r%a# (%a "o&i#a, or lo 9(# (##% a+#&tar a &(al9(i#r # lo" tio" a%t#rior#"4

.- Tio A" # Pi9(#. R#+l#;a a (% )r(o 0(ma%o 9(# 0a a#&io (%a &at:"tro+# %at(ral o (%a)(#rra, 9(# 0a 8a&iao la" #a#" &#%tral#", #ro 9(# #"(<" 0a r#a%(ao (%a #mo)ra+$a%ormal, &o% (%a %ota'l# r#&(#ra&i% # la %atalia &o%t#%ia (ra%t# #l #r$oo &r$ti&o.

.- Tio #% O&0o. Proio # "o&i#a#" a+#&taa" or #mi)ra&i%, &o% r#(&&i% # i%i8i(o"a(lto" ;8#%#", lo 9(# a "( 8#1 m#rma tam'i<% la" %(#8a" )#%#ra&io%#", ro(&i<%o"# (% o'l##"tr#&0ami#%to # la ir:mi#.

2.- La &omo"i&i% "o&ioro+#"io%al

A )ra%#" ra")o", or$amo" i"ti%)(ir "o&i#a#" &o% i+#r#%&ia&i% ro+#"io%al #"&a"a 7"o&i#a#" &o% i+#r#%&ia&i% ro+#"io%al m(&0o m:" mar&aa, lo 9(# %o" ll#8ar$a # 0#&0o a (%a

i8i"i% #%tr# "o&i#a#" a)raria" 7 "o&i#a#" i%("trial#" o o"ti%("trial#".

La i8i"i% +(%am#%talm#%t# "#ara a la" #r"o%a" 9(# ro(&#% 7 a la" 9(# %o lo 0a&#%, #" #&ir,a la o'la&i% a&ti8a 7 a"i8a # (%a "o&i#a.

A )ra%#" ra")o", "# &o%"i#ra a&ti8a a a9(#lla #r"o%a 9(# #;#r&# 0a'it(alm#%t# (%a ro+#"i% oa7(a #% #lla a (% mi#m'ro # la +amilia, a(%9(# #"ta a&ti8ia "#a i%t#rr(mia t#moralm#%t# or(%a #%+#rm#a o or #l aro. E" #&ir, "# trata # m#ir la +(#r1a # tra'a;o # (% a$", 9(# #% )ra%m#ia 8#%r: #t#rmi%aa or "( i"tri'(&i% # #a#" =#"#&ialm#%t#, #l or&#%ta;# # #r"o%a"#%tr# 5- ao"!, #ro tam'i<% or otro" +a&tor#" &omo "( &omo"i&i% or "#/o" o "(" &o"t(m'r#""o&ial#".

Lo" %o a&ti8o", o i%a&ti8o", "#)*% la E%&(#"ta # Po'la&i% A&ti8a #"aola, &omr#%#% a lo"

"i)(i#%t#" &ol#&ti8o"4

('ilao" o r#tirao".

E"&olar#" 7 #"t(ia%t#".

M#%or#" %o #"&olari1ao".

P#r"o%a" #i&aa" a la'or#" #l 0o)ar.




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I%&aa&itao" ara tra'a;ar.

P#r"o%a" %o o&(aa" 9(# %o '("&a% #ml#o.

Otra" "it(a&io%#" =r#%ti"ta", a7(a" +amiliar#" 9(# %o al&a%1a% (% m$%imo 0orario # tra'a;o,a"i"t#%&ia '#%<+i&a...!

La ma%#ra # &o%"i#rar #l tra'a;o +#m#%i%o 7 la i%&orora&i% o %o # la m(;#r al m#r&ao #tra'a;o ti#%#% (%a imorta%&ia #"#%&ial. Por #;#mlo, %o "# &o%"i#ra ro(&ti8a a la m(;#r 9(#tra'a;a too #l $a #% "( &a"a al &(iao # la +amilia, %i "(#l# i%&l(ir"# &omo a&ti8a" a m(&0a"m(;#r#" &am#"i%a", #"# a o&(ar"# # '(#% %*m#ro # la'or#" a)raria". E% la" "o&i#a#"i%("triali1aa" #l tra'a;o +#m#%i%o ma%ti#%# #l#8aa" i+#r#%&ia" #% +(%&i% # la #a 7 #l #"tao&i8il4 +(#rt# o&(a&i% #% la" #a#" m:" ;8#%#" 7 #%tr# la" "olt#ra" 7 #"&#%"o # a&ti8iar#la&io%ao &o% la" #a#" # mat#r%ia. No o'"ta%t#, lo" +a&tor#" 9(# i%+l(7#% #% #l tra'a;o+#m#%i%o "o% m(7 %(m#ro"o"4 or #;#mlo, #l tra'a;o +#m#%i%o #" m(&0o ma7or 7 m:" &o%ti%(ao

#% #l "#&tor # lo" "#r8i&io" =7 l)i&am#%t#, #% a9(#lla" "o&i#a#" t#r&iari1aa"! 7 #/i"t#% m(&0a"ro+#"io%#" 9(# 0a% io +#mi%i1:%o"#, &omo la #%"#a%1a.

La" m#%talia#" "o&ial#" 7 la" ori#%ta&io%#" ol$ti&a" tam'i<% i%+l(7#% #% la i%&orora&i% o %o #la m(;#r al m#r&ao # tra'a;o. Lo" )o'i#r%o" m:" &o%"#r8aor#" o a9(#llo" 9(# a+ro%ta%"it(a&io%#" )ra8#" # &ri"i" o aro #"#ar$a% 9(# la m(;#r #rma%#&i#"# #% #l 0o)ar, mi#%tra" 9(#otro", &omo lo" a%ti)(o" )o'i#r%o" &om(%i"ta" # la E(roa Ori#%tal, +a&ilita'a% "( i%&orora&i%&o% )(ar#r$a" i%+a%til#" o &om#or#" &ol#&ti8o".

A#m:", la o'la&i% a&ti8a ##%# tam'i<% #l or&#%ta;# # a(lto" 7 #l a#la%to o r#tra"o #la" #a#" # ;('ila&i%.

Otra" mati1a&io%#" %#&#"aria" a la 0ora # #+i%ir la o'la&i% a&ti8a #" 9(# &omr#%# ta%to a la

o'la&i% o&(aa =7 a*% #%tro # #"ta la o&(aa #% "#%tio #"tri&to 7 la a&ti8a mar)i%al! 7 laaraa =#% la 9(# a "( 8#1 "(#l#% &o%"i#rar"# 8aria" &at#)or$a"!. A#m:", #l %*m#ro # (#"to" #tra'a;o %o &oi%&i# %i &o% #l # #r"o%a" a&ti8a" %i &o% #l # o&(ao".

Para m#ir la o'la&i% a&ti8a "# ti#%#% #% &(a%ta (%a "#ri# # ta"a" # $%i&#", #%tr# lo" 9(# #l+(%am#%tal #" la ta"a # a&ti8ia =o ta"a )lo'al # a&ti8ia!4

Po'la&i% a&ti8a

Ta"a # a&ti8ia ------------------------ . 566

Po'la&i% total

Tam'i<% "o% imorta%t#" la" ta"a" # a&ti8ia or "#/o4

Po'la&i% a&ti8a ma"&(li%a

Ta"a # a&ti8ia ma"&(li%a -------------------------------------- . 566

Po'la&i% total ma"&(li%a

Po'la&i% a&ti8a +#m#%i%a






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P#"# a too #llo, la" "#m#;a%1a" #%tr# al)(%o" o+i&io" i%&l(io" #% #l mi"mo "#&tor #" r:&ti&am#%t#%(la. Por #;#mlo, #% #l "#&tor t#r&iario "# i%&l(ir$a% #"# #l *ltimo &riao al r#"i#%t# # (% a$".

A&t(alm#%t#, i%&l("o "# ti#%# a i"ti%)(ir (% "#&tor t#r&iario "(#rior =o &(at#r%ario!, 9(# r#(%ir$a aro+#"io%#" "o+i"ti&aa" 7 o&o r#la&io%aa" &o% lo" ro&#"o" ir#&tam#%t# ro(&ti8o".

A#m:", #% la" *ltima" <&aa" la" #"ta$"ti&a" i%t#%ta% &om'i%ar lo" tio" # #ml#o &o% "(imorta%&ia aar#%t# o "o&ial. >(r)#% # #"ta +orma la" llamaa" &at#)or$a" "o&ioro+#"io%al#", 9(#i"ti%)(#% a o'r#ro" 7 #ml#ao" # #;#&(ti8o" ( alto" &ar)o". A"$, la Co%+#r#%&ia # E"ta$"ti&o"E(ro#o" # 5F6 &la"i+i& a lo" a&ti8o" #% &(atro )r(o"4 lo" #ml#aor#", lo" a(t%omo", lo"a"alariao" 7 lo" tra'a;aor#" +amiliar#" %o r#m(%#rao". Ho7 #" &om*% #%&o%trar &la"i+i&a&io%#"m:" &oml#;a".

A #"&ala m(%ial, la" i+#r#%&ia" #%tr# lo" i"ti%to" a$"#" #% +(%&i% # la i"tri'(&i% # "(o'la&i% a&ti8a or "#&tor#" #&o%mi&o" "o% #%orm#". Tal 8#1 "#a #l or&#%ta;# # a&ti8o" #% laa)ri&(lt(ra #l ato m:" &laram#%t# i+#r#%&iaor4 #% la ma7or art# # a$"#" #"arrollao", m#%o"# (% 56 # lo" a&ti8o" "# #i&a% a #ml#o" rimario" or #l &o%trario, la ma7or$a # lo" a$"#""('#"arrollao" m:" o'r#" "(#ra% amliam#%t# #l 6 D# &(al9(i#r +orma, 0o7 #l "#&torr#tro&## #% toa" la" %a&io%#", i%&l("o #% #l T#r&#r M(%o, )ra&ia" al a(m#%to # la ro(&ti8ia7 al atra&ti8o # otro" tra'a;o".

El "#&tor "#&(%ario, or #l &o%trario, 0a io i%&r#m#%t:%o"# #% lo" a$"#" o'r#" 7 mo#r:%o"# 7#"&#%i#%o #% la" "o&i#a#" llamaa" 0o7 o"ti%("trial#". La roia #"tr(&t(ra i%t#r%a #l"#&tor 8ar$a &o% #l #"arrollo4 al ri%&iio "# &omo%# # i%("tria" alim#%taria", t#/til#" 7 mi%#ra",&o% m(&0a ma%o # o'ra 7 o&o &aital, ara ar a"o "#)(iam#%t# a i%("tria" %#&#"itaa" #ma%o # o'ra &(ali+i&aa, +(#rt#" &aital#" 7 m(&0a i%8#"ti)a&i%. Lo" a$"#" m:" o#ro"o" "#r#"#r8a% la" tar#a" # )#"ti%, i%8#"ti)a&i% 7 alta t#&%olo)$a 7 tra%"+i#r#% a lo" m:" atra"ao" la"9(# %#&#"ita% m(&0a ma%o # o'ra o tar#a" # mo%ta;#. Ho7 la" #mr#"a" m(lti%a&io%al#" o'ti#%#%m(&0o" ro(&to" i%("trial#" #% a$"#" # 'a;o" "alario" 7 a'(%a%t# ma%o # o'ra.

El "#&tor t#r&iario, m:" &oml#;o 9(# lo" a%t#rior#", i%&r#m#%ta "( imorta%&ia la'oral &o%+orm#&r#&# #l #"arrollo 7 la i%("triali1a&i%, "i% 9(# 0a"ta la +#&0a ar#1&a 0a'#r al&a%1ao "( l$mit#. E%EE.UU. r#r#"#%ta'a #l 5 #l #ml#o #% 5J26, #l #% 5F66, #l #% 5F 7 "i)(#a(m#%ta%o #% la a&t(alia. E% #l T#r&#r M(%o tam'i<% #"t: #% #/a%"i%, ta%to or #l #"arrollo#l aarato #"tatal 7 la '(ro&ra&ia &omo or #l +(#rt# aro 7 "('#ml#o #% la" &i(a#", 9(# 0a&#a(m#%tar #l %*m#ro # #"to" #ml#o", a(%9(# aol#1&a% # (%a m(7 'a;a ro(&ti8ia.

'! El aro

El aro #" (% +a&tor r#8#laor # la" #"i)(ala#" #"a&ial#" 7 r#)io%al#" 7 tra(&# +(#rt#"#"a;("t#" #%tr# la o+#rta 7 la #ma%a. A(%9(# "# 0a'l# # aro &o7(%t(ral, #"tr(&t(ral,#"ta&io%ario o &$&li&o, lo" &o%&#to" # #ml#o, "('#ml#o 7 aro %o #"t:% &laram#%t# #+i%io" %i"i9(i#ra #% lo" a$"#" #"arrollao", 9(# tam'i<% lo "(+r#%4 la +ro%t#ra 9(# "#ara a la #r"o%a 9(#

ti#%# (%a o&(a&i% # la 9(# %o la ti#%# %o "i#mr# #" %$tia, #"#&ialm#%t# #% lo" a$"#""('#"arrollao", o%# %o #/i"t# i"ti%&i% &lara #%tr# #l tra'a;o +amiliar 7 #l m#r&ao # tra'a;o 7#"t: m(7 )#%#rali1aa la +i)(ra #l "('#ml#o.

>#)*% la O.I.T. @#/i"t# "('#ml#o &(a%o #r"o%a" ro8i"ta" # #ml#o %o tra'a;a% or ti#mo%ormal 7 or$a% 7 #"#ar$a% 0a&#rlo, o &(a%o "(" i%)r#"o" o "( r#%imi#%to "# 8#r$a% a(m#%tao""i tra'a;a"#% #% m#;or#" &o%i&io%#" # ro(&&i% o &am'iara% # ro(&&i%@.

.- El %i8#l # i%"tr(&&i%




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El ro'l#ma # la #(&a&i% #"t: i%t#rr#la&io%ao &o% #l #l #"arrollo4 la mala "it(a&i% #&o%mi&a# m(&0o" a$"#" i%+l(7# #% "(" 'a;o" %i8#l#" #(&ati8o" 7 #"to", a "( 8#1, "o% (% o'"t:&(lo

imorta%t# ara #l #"#)(#.

La )#o)ra+$a #l "('#"arrollo &oi%&i# &o% la # la i)%ora%&ia4 #l a%al+a'#to #" tam'i<% #l #oralim#%tao, #l # "al( m:" +r:)il, #l m:" mar)i%ao, a9(#l al 9(# "# #/lota &o% m:" +a&ilia. P#"#a lo" )ra%#" a8a%&#" &i#%t$+i&o" 7 t#&%ol)i&o" o"t#rior#" a lo" ao" "#"#%ta, #l %*m#ro #a%al+a'#to" 0a a(m#%tao a #"&ala m(%ial.

E% &a"i too #l m(%o #"arrollao la ta"a # al+a'#ti1a&i% # a(lto" #" "(#rior al FJPr:&ti&am#%t#, too #l m(%o #"t: al+a'#ti1ao #"# 0a&# ao", "al8o (%a mi%or$a m(7 i+$&il #i%"tr(ir. Otro )r(o # a$"#" 0a r#ali1ao (% )ra% #"+(#r1o r#&i#%t# ara i+(%ir la i%"tr(&&i% 7 "("ta"a" a&t(al#" "(#ra% #l J6, &a"o # m(&0o" #"tao" lati%oam#ri&a%o" 7 al)(%o #(ro#o.?i%alm#%t#, (%a )ra% art# # %a&io%#" "('#"arrollaa" %o al&a%1a% #"ta" &i+ra". La UNE>CO&al&(la 9(# &a"i la mita # la o'la&i% a(lta #l m(%o #" a%al+a'#ta.

El a%al+a'#ti"mo #" ma7or #% la" 1o%a" r(ral#" 9(# #% la" (r'a%a" 7 #% la m(;#r 9(# #% #l 0om'r#.La OM> &al&(la 9(# o" t#r&io" # lo" a%al+a'#to" "o% m(;#r#". UNE>CO 7 UNICE? &al&(la% 9(##% lo" a$"#" #% #"arrollo "lo la mita # lo" %io" 9(# %a&#% or: al+a'#ti1ar"# 7 9(# "lo #l6 # lo" 9(# a&(#% a la #"&(#la a&a'ar:% lo" #"t(io" rimario". A#m:", lo" )a"to" ara#"&olari1a&i% "o% m(7 i%+#rior#" a lo" 9(# "# #"ti%a% a #llo #% lo" a$"#" ri&o" 7 #/i"t# (%a +(#rt#&ar#%&ia # ro+#"or#" 7 # m#io".

VII.-EL CRECIMIENTO DE LA POBLACIN

5.- La tra%"i&i% #mo)r:+i&a

La tra%"i&i% #mo)r:+i&a #" #l ro&#"o m#ia%t# #l &(al (%a o'la&i% a"a # (%a "it(a&i% #

#l#8ao" $%i&#" # mortalia 7 %atalia a otra &ara&t#ri1aa or ta"a" 'a;a".

># &o%"i#ra% tr#" )ra%#" #taa"4

5 La r#i%("trial o a%ti)(a, a%t#rior a la r#8ol(&i% #mo)r:+i&a, &ara&t#ri1aa or alto" $%i&#" #%atalia 7 mortalia. El &r#&imi#%to %at(ral #ra m(7 #9(#o, # i%&l("o %#)ati8o #% o&a"io%#",#'io a &ri"i" # "(#rmortalia =0am'r(%a", #i#mia", )(#rra"...!

2 La tra%"i&i%, #% la 9(# "# ro(&#% lo" &am'io" +(%am#%tal#". D#%tro # #lla" "# i+#r#%&ia"tr#" #taa"4

La i%i&ial, #% la 9(# #mi#1a #l #"&#%"o # la mortalia.

La i%t#rm#ia, #% la 9(# &o%ti%*a #l #"&#%"o # la mortalia #ro la %atalia tam'i<% &omi#%1a a#"&#%#r. La i+#r#%&ia #%tr# am'o" $%i&#" #" m:/ima 7 #l &r#&imi#%to 8#)#tati8o #" ma7or 9(#%(%&a.

La +i%al, #% la 9(# la mortalia 7a #" 'a;a 7 #"&i#%# m(7 l#%tam#%t#, mi#%tra" 9(# la %ataliar#tro&## &o% )ra% i%t#%"ia.

La #8ol(&io%aa o mo#r%a, &ara&t#ri1aa or (% &r#&imi#%to m(7 mo#rao o #"ta%&ao, &o%%atalia 7 mortalia m(7 r#(&ia".




[Año

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>o'r# #"ta 8#r"i% &l:"i&a, lo" a8a%&#" # la D#mo)ra+$a Hi"tri&a 0a% mati1ao al)(%a" &(#"tio%#". A"$, la %atalia trai&io%al # E(roa o&&i#%tal %o #ra ta% #l#8aa #'io "o'r# too a lo"

matrimo%io" tar$o" 7 al alto )rao # &#li'ato +#m#%i%o.

Otro a"#&to i"&(ti'l# #" la imorta%&ia +(%am#%tal atri'(ia a lo" +a&tor#" #&o%mi&o"4 0o7 "#i#%"a 9(# tam'i<% 0a% i%t#r8#%io otro" +a&tor#" &(lt(ral#" o "o&ial#", &omo "# &omr(#'a&omara%o lo" &a"o" # ?ra%&ia =m:" r#&o1 #% #l #"&#%"o # %atalia! # I%)lat#rra =io%#ra #la r#8ol(&i% i%("trial!.

2.- La #/lo"i% #mo)r:+i&a

El &r#&imi#%to a&#l#rao # la o'la&i% 9(# (ra%t# la "#)(%a mita #l "i)lo XX 0a &ara&t#ri1aola #8ol(&i% #mo)r:+i&a #l T#r&#r M(%o, &o% ma%t#%imi#%to # #l#8aa" ta"a" # %atalia 7#"&#%"o rai$"imo # la mortalia, 0a r#&i'io #l %om'r# # #/lo"i% #mo)r:+i&a.

E/i"t#% al)(%a" i+#r#%&ia" "i)%i+i&ati8a" #%tr# la #8ol(&i% #mo)r:+i&a #l T#r&#r M(%o 7 latra%"i&i% #mo)r:+i&a 8i8ia or lo" a$"#" ri&o", 9(# o%# #% (a la &aa&ia # a9(#llo" ara&o%trolar #+i&a1m#%t# (% &r#&imi#%to i%&o%trolao # "( %*m#ro # 0a'ita%t#" 7 &o%"#)(ir (%#"&#%"o # la" ta"a" 8ital#" "imilar al lo)rao #% #l m(%o #"arrollao.

E% &(a%to a mortalia "# &o%"tata 9(# lo" a$"#" "('#"arrollao" ti#%#% al +i%al #l ro&#"o ta"a"m:" 'a;a" 9(# lo" #"arrollao" #'io a "( #"tr(&t(ra # #a#" m:" ;o8#%, #'io alma%t#%imi#%to # %i8#l#" # +#&(%ia #l#8ao" #% lo" rim#ro" mom#%to" # la tra%"i&i%. E% lo"a$"#" #"arrollao" #l i%i&io #l #&li8# %o "# #'i ta%to a lo" a8a%&#" # la m#i&i%a &omo a lam#;ora # alim#%ta&i% 7 # la" &o%i&io%#" 0i)i<%i&a" &o%"#)(ia" #"# #l "i)lo XVIII #% &am'io,#% #l T#r&#r M(%o #l #"&#%"o "# ro(&# )ra&ia" a lo" a8a%&#" m<i&o" # i%##%i#%t#m#%t# #lro)r#"o #&o%mi&o.

Tam'i<% #/i"t#% i+#r#%&ia" #% &(a%to a la %atalia4 la" ta"a" # lo" a$"#" "('#"arrollao" ali%i&iar la tra%"i&i% #ra% m:" #l#8aa" 9(# #% lo" a$"#" #(ro#o" # la <o&a r#i%("trial. Por #l&o%trario, la" o"i'ilia#" # #"&#%"o r:io "o% ma7or#" =#l al 26 or mil, or #;#mlo, #%m#%o" # 26 ao"!.

A#m:", #l &r#&imi#%to #mo)r:+i&o #(ro#o &o%t &o% la 8:l8(la # #"&aa 9(# "(("o la#mi)ra&i% tra%"o&#:%i&a 9(# o"i'ilit #l o'lami#%to 'la%&o # lo" a$"#" %(#8o" =EE.UU.,Ca%a:, Ar)#%ti%a, A("tralia...! Ho7 lo" a$"#" # ll#)aa o'"ta&(li1a% lo" #"la1ami#%to", or lo9(# lo" a$"#" o'r#" #'#% r#"ol8#r "( &r#&imi#%to #mo)r:+i&o &a"i *%i&am#%t# a #"&ala %a&io%al,lo 9(# o'li)a a (%a ma7or i%t#r8#%&i% # lo" o#r#" *'li&o" #% #l &o%trol # la %atalia.

Lo" ato" m:" r#&i#%t#" #m(#"tra% 9(#, #% m(&0o" a$"#" #l T#r&#r M(%o ="al8o #% al)(%a"1o%a" #l A+ri&a N#)ra 7 al)*% otro a$" m(7 &o%&r#to!, la ma7or rai#1 #% la i"mi%(&i% # la

mortalia #mi#1a a "#r &om#%"aa &o% (% #"&#%"o tam'i<% m(7 r:io # la %atalia. Ello"i)%i+i&ar$a (%a +a"# # tra%"i&i% m:" i%t#%"a, &o% ma7or#" #"#9(ili'rio" #% la" ta"a" #ro tam'i<%# m#%or (ra&i% t#moral.

># "(o%# 9(# #% la" r/ima" <&aa" #"&#%#r: la ta"a # &r#&imi#%to a%(al. >i lo" a$"#" ri&o"al&a%1aro% "(" ma7or#" ta"a" # &r#&imi#%to #% #l 9(i%9(#%io 5F-6, lo" a$"#" o'r#" lo 0ar:% a&omi#%1o" #l "i)lo XXI4 #l T#r&#r M(%o &o%tar: #%to%&#" &o% m:" # la" &(atro 9(i%ta" art#" #la o'la&i% m(%ial. A+ri&a "#r: #l t#rritorio &o% ma7or &r#&imi#%to #mo)r:+i&o, "#)(ia # Am<ri&aLati%a. Lo" a$"#" #"arrollao" "(o%r:% (% or&#%ta;# r#(&io 7 &aa 8#1 m#%or # la o'la&i%#l la%#ta.






[Año

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a"i"t#%&ial#" al "#r8i&io # #"to" *ltimo". La &o%"tr(&&i% # r#"i#%&ia", la" #mr#"a" iri)ia" alao7o omi&iliario, #l i%&r#m#%to # lo" "#r8i&io" m<i&o", am<% # &o%"tit(ir (%a %#&#"ia,

"(o%#% la aari&i% # (% %(#8o "#&tor #&o%mi&o 7 (% i%&r#m#%to # lo" )a"to" "o&ial#".

El #%8#;#&imi#%to "i)%i+i&a tam'i<% (% i%&r#m#%to %ota'l# # la" #r"o%a" "ola". E% la ro8i%&ia # Ali&a%t#, o%# #% 5FJ "lo #l , # la o'la&i% 8i8$a "ola, #"# or&#%ta;# "# i%&r#m#%ta'a0a"ta #l 26,5 #%tr# lo" ma7or#" # 6 ao", &o% (%a ma7or i%&i#%&ia #%tr# la" m(;#r#" 7 lo"m(%i&iio" m:" #9(#o".

VIII.- LA POBLACIN S LO> RECUR>O>4 DOCTRINA> S POLÍTICA> DEMOGR?ICA>

El #"t(io # la r#la&i% #%tr# la o'la&i% 7 lo" r#&(r"o" &o%"tit(7# (%a # la" &(#"tio%#" #"#%&ial#"# %(#"tra <o&a. E"t# i%t#r<" #"t: r#la&io%ao &o% la )ra8#a # o" 0#&0o" a&t(al#"4 #l +(#rt#&r#&imi#%to #mo)r:+i&o #l T#r&#r M(%o 7 #l 9(# (%a art# "("ta%&ial # "(" 0a'ita%t#" a#1&a#l 0am'r# o la "('alim#%ta&i%.

R#&(r"o, #% "#%tio amlio, #" (% &o%&#to 9(# al(# a &(al9(i#r &o"a 9(# (#a "ati"+a&#r (%a%#&#"ia 0(ma%a. Ca'# i"ti%)(ir #%tr# r#&(r"o" 0(ma%o" =tra'a;o, &r#a&io%#" i%t#l#&t(al#" omat#rial#"! 7 r#&(r"o" %at(ral#", 9(# (##% "#r r#%o8a'l#" o %o. La &o%"i#ra&i% o %o # (%ro(&to # la %at(ral#1a &omo r#&(r"o ##%#r: #l %i8#l &(lt(ral 7 t#&%ol)i&o # (%a#t#rmi%aa "o&i#a. A(%9(# #" i+$&il 0a&#r (%a r#la&i% o';#ti8a # r#&(r"o" 7 %#&#"ia#"0(ma%a" #% la" *ltima" <&aa" 7a &o%tamo" &o% (%a amlia i%+orma&i% #"ta$"ti&a "o'r##+i&i#%&ia" 7 la)(%a", 9(# #rmit#% #"ta'l#&#r (% a%orama # la" )ra%#" #"i)(ala#"0(ma%a".

5.- La )#o)ra+$a #l 0am'r#

La ro(&&i% # alim#%to" &r#&i #% lo" ao" "#t#%ta a (% ritmo m#io a%(al #l 2,, #ro lo"

a$"#" m:" #"arrollao" &r#&i#ro% m:" ari"a 9(# lo" #l T#r&#r M(%o, #% #"#&ial "i %o"r#+#rimo" a ro(&&i% #r &:ita.

La "it(a&i% #" #"#&ialm#%t# (ra #% lo" #%omi%ao" a$"#" m#%o" a#la%tao" =#% A"ia, A+)a%i"t:%, Ba%)la#"0, B0(t:%, Lao", Mali8a", Mali8a", N#al 7 S#m#% #% A+ri&a, Alto Volta,B#%i%, Bo"ta%a, B(r(%i, Ca'o V#r#, Comor#", C0a, Etio$a, Gam'ia, G(i%#a, G(i%#a Bi""a(,L#"ot0o, Malai, Mal$, Ni)#r, R#*'li&a C#%troa+ri&a%a, Ta%1a%ia, R(a%a, >omalia, >(:% 7U)a%a #% Am<ri&a, Hait$! #% #llo" la ro(&&i% "lo &r#&i #l 2,2, lo 9(# r#r#"#%t (% -6.#r &:ita. El &o%;(%to # A+ri&a ti#%# 0o7 (%a i"o%i'ilia # alim#%to" #r &:ita i%+#rior a 5F6.

D#%tro #l T#r&#r M(%o #/i"t# (%a )ra% i8#r"ia # "it(a&io%#" %a&io%al#". Ha7 a$"#" 9(#ti#%#% (% rom#io # ro(&&i% # alim#%to" m(7 "(#rior a la m#ia m(%ial, &omo Ar)#%ti%a oTaila%ia!, otro" &o% (%a ro(&&i% "imilar a la m#ia m(%ial, &omo C0i%a, Bra"il, Colom'ia,

T(r9($a o Ir:% (% t#r&#r )r(o &o% (%a ro(&&i% 'a;a 7 #"ta'ili1aa, &omo I%ia, M<;i&o oPa9(i"t:% 7 (% *ltimo 'lo9(# &o% a$"#" #% lo" 9(# la ro(&&i% 0a i"mi%(io, &o% a$"#" &omoNi)#ria, E)ito, Ba%)la#"0, Kair#, Etio$a o E)ito.

El i%&r#m#%to # la ro(&&i% alim#%ti&ia "# #'# a la o't#%&i% # ma7or#" r#%imi#%to" #%&i#rto" &(lti8o" 7 a la amlia&i% # la ti#rra &(lti8aa. D#"(<" # la II G(#rra M(%ial 0a 0a'io (%aa(t<%ti&a r#8ol(&i% t#&%ol)i&a a)raria, &o% m#;ora )#%<ti&a # la%ta", ("o # 8ari#a#" # altor#%imi#%to, l(&0a &o%tra la" la)a" o ("o &r#&i#%t# # +#rtili1a%t#" 7 ma9(i%aria. E% lo" a$"#" #%#"arrollo "( i%tro(&&i% 0a "io m:" l#%ta # irr#)(lar, #'io al &o"t# 9(# "(o%# "( i%tro(&&i%.






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El &r#&imi#%to # lo" r#&(r"o" %o #ma%a (% a(m#%to #9(i8al#%t# # la ro(&&i% a)raria, (#"#/i"t#% <ria" #% toa" la" #taa" #l "i"t#ma alim#%tario =ro(&&i%, i"tri'(&i% 7 &o%"(mo!

#ro i%&r#m#%tar la ro(&&i% "i)(# "i#%o imr#"&i%i'l#, 'i#% a(m#%ta%o la "(#r+i&i# #i&aaal &(lti8o o 'i#% i%&r#m#%ta%o la ro(&ti8ia. La rim#ra o&i%, 9(# or$a ll#)ar a m(ltili&ar oro" la "(#r+i&i# &(lti8aa, %o r#"(ltar$a "(+i&i#%t# la "#)(%a #" i%#8ita'l#.

I%&r#m#%tar la ro(&ti8ia #/i)ir$a #ml#o # "#milla" # alto r#%imi#%to, i%&r#m#%to # la(tili1a&i% # a'o%o, m(ltili&a&i% # la ma9(i%aria, ("o m:" ra&io%al #l a)(a. La a)ri&(lt(ra'iol)i&a #" (% l(;o # lo" a$"#" ri&o" #l a(m#%to r#8i"i'l# #l ("o # a'o%o la%t#ai%&o%8#%i#%t#" &omo la &o%tami%a&i% 7 #l r#&io # "( ("o. R#"(ltar$a tam'i<% imr#"&i%i'l# #li%&r#m#%to # la "(#r+i&i# r#)aa, aro8#&0a%o r#&(r"o" 0o7 i%#/lotao" 7 la #&o%om$a #% #l&o%"(mo. El ("o # la m#&a%i1a&i% &r#ar$a ro'l#ma" #% lo" a$"#" &o% ma7or r#"i%#mo)r:+i&a, (#" or$a #"tr(ir (#"to" # tra'a;o.

C(al9(i#ra # la" m#;ora" t<&%i&a" a(%taa" r#9(i#r# i%#ro, a8a%&#" #(&ati8o" 7tra%"+orma&io%#" "o&ial#" ara ali&ar"#.

2.-Lo" r#&(r"o" #%#r)<ti&o"

El m(%o &o%"(m# a&t(alm#%t# (%a &a%tia # #%#r)$a tr#" 8#&#" "(#rior a la # 5F6, a(%9(##"# 5F =rim#ra &ri"i" llamaa @#l #trl#o@! #l &r#&imi#%to "# 0a ral#%ti1ao #% )ra% m#ia.

A&t(alm#%t#, m:" #l F #l &o%"(mo "i)(# ##%i#%o # la" #%#r)$a" +"il#" la" %(#8a"#%#r)$a", la" &o%"i#raa" r#%o8a'l#", "lo al&a%1ar:% (% ("o ra1o%a'l# &(a%o "# r#(1&a% lo"&o"t#" # ro(&&i%, "(o%)a% (% 8#ra#ro a0orro #%#r)<ti&o o (#a% "#r (tili1aa" &omo la"trai&io%al#".

La o&i% %(&l#ar i8i# a lo" &i(aa%o". Lo" artiario" i&#% 9(# #" imr#"&i%i'l# ara ma%t#%#rlo" %i8#l#" # &o%"(mo a&t(al#", 9(# #" la *%i&a &aa1 # "("tit(ir a &orto la1o al #trl#o 7 9(# #"'arata 7 "#)(ra. Lo" #tra&tor#" oi%a% 9(# la "#)(ria # la" &#%tral#" #" limitaa, 9(# %o"i#mr# "# &(ml#% lo" r#9(i"ito" # "#)(ria, or9(# "(o%#% (% &o"t# #&o%mi&o, 9(# la#limi%a&i% # lo" r#"i(o" %o #"t: r#"(#lta "ati"+a&toriam#%t# 7 9(# la roli+#ra&i% # &#%tral#"(## )#%#rar (% a(t<%ti&o t#rrori"mo raia&ti8o.

La i"tri'(&i% #"a&ial # la ro(&&i% 7 #l &o%"(mo # #%#r)$a #l m(%o #"t: ro+(%am#%t##"#9(ili'raa4 #% 5FJ, A+ri&a &o%"(m$a 2J # or #r"o%a, A"ia 2, E(roa 2.J6, la a%ti)(aUR>> .6 7 lo" EE.UU. .J5 =ara (%a m#ia m(%ial # 5.25 #!.

A#m:", ta%to lo" a$"#" ri&o" &omo lo" o'r#" "# i+#r#%&ia% #% &(a%to a "( ta"a # i%##%#%&ia#%#r)<ti&a. Por #;#mlo, #%tr# lo" #"arrollao" lo" a$"#" # )ra% im#%"i% &omo Ca%a:,EE.UU., R("ia 7 A("tralia ti#%#% r#&(r"o" #%orm#" 7 ro(&&io%#" &(a%tio"a" #ro la ma7or$a #a$"#" #(ro#o" 7 otro" &omo a% ti#%#% (%a #"&a"a ta"a # i%##%#%&ia 7 #'#% imortar&a%tia#" #%orm#" # #%#r)$a. E%tr# lo" a$"#" #l T#r&#r M(%o, #/i"t#% m(&0o" 9(# ro(&#%m(&0a m:" #%#r)$a 9(# la 9(# &o%"(m#% =a$"#" :ra'#", >(:+ri&a, M</i&o! 7 otro" 9(# a#%a"ro(&#% 7 &o%"(m#% m(7 o&a.

La i"o%i'ilia +(t(ra # lo" r#&(r"o" #%#r)<ti&o" 8ar$a %ota'l#m#%t#4 mi#%tra" 9(# #l &ar'% )o1a# +a8ora'l#" #r"#&ti8a" a lar)o la1o, #l #trl#o or$a a)otar"# #% tr#i%ta ao" # "#)(ir #lritmo a&t(al. U%a" r#"#r8a" #% tor%o a 6 ao" i"o%r$a #l )a" %at(ral 7 #l (ra%io (tili1ao ara la#%#r)$a # +i"i%. E%orm#" #/#&tati8a" "o'r# "( ("o #%#r)<ti&o #/i"t#% #% tor%o a la +("i% %(&l#ar&o%trolaa 7 a la #%#r)$a "olar, a(%9(# toa8$a &ar#&#% # r#"(ltao" &o%&r#to" "(+i&i#%t#".






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#% toa" la" +a"#" #l &i&lo ro(&ti8o # i%&r#m#%tar la #+i&a&ia # ("o ta%to "o&ial &omot#&%ol)i&am#%t#.

.- La" o&tri%a" #mo)r:+i&a"

Lo" #"t(io" # o'la&i% "i#mr# 0a% 8alorao la" 8#%ta;a" # i%&o%8#%i#%t#" #l &r#&imi#%to, #%+(%&i% # ra1o%#" # &ar:&t#r #mo)r:+i&o, #&o%mi&o, "o&ial, r#li)io"o, ol$ti&o o militar. La"o&tri%a" "# (##% a)r(ar #% o" )ra%#" &at#)or$a"4 la" otimi"ta", 9(# i#%"a% 9(# #l&r#&imi#%to #" '(#%o 7 #"#a'l# or9(# #"tim(la la #&o%om$a 7 #" o"iti8o ara la "o&i#a, 7 la"#"imi"ta", 9(# &r##% 9(# (% &r#&imi#%to "i% l$mit#" &o%(&# al a)otami#%to # lo" r#&(r"o" 7&omrom#t# #l 'i#%#"tar #&o%mi&o 7 la &alia # 8ia.

La" t#or$a" m#r&a%tili"ta" #l "i)lo XVI &o%"i#ra'a% 9(# (%a o'la&i% )ra%# 7 &r#&i#%t# #ra'#%#+i&io"a or9(# a(m#%ta'a #l o#r ol$ti&o, #&o%mi&o 7 militar #l #"tao %a&io%al.

Co%tra #"ta o&tri%a "# al1 T.R.Malt0(" =5-5J!, &(7a imorta%&ia #/&#&io%al #/li&a 9(##"# #%to%&#" la" a&tit(#" #"imi"ta" "#a% &ali+i&aa" # malt0("ia%a" 7 la" otimi"ta" #a%timalt0("ia%a". La o'ra &(m'r# # Malt0(" #" #l E%"a7o "o'r# #l ri%&iio # la o'la&i%,('li&ao or rim#ra 8#1 #% 5FJ, a(%9(# &o% o&(m#%ta&i% #"&a"a 7 to%o ol<mi&o 7 a%+l#tario.La #i&i% # 5J6 #" 7a (% tra'a;o m:" ri)(ro"o 7 o&(m#%tao.

Lo" o"t(lao" # lo" 9(# art# Malt0(" "o% 9(# #l alim#%to #" %#&#"ario ara la #/i"t#%&ia #l0om'r# 7 9(# lo" "#r#" 0(ma%o" o"##% (% im(l"o %at(ral # r#ro(&&i%. El ro'l#ma #" 9(# lo"0om'r#" ti#%#% a m(ltili&ar"# m:" #ri"a 9(# la" "('"i"t#%&ia", lo &(al &o%"tit(7# la &a("a # "(mi"#ria. A+irma 9(#, "i %o "# 8# +r#%aa or %i%)*% o'"t:&(lo, la o'la&i% &r#&# #% ro)r#"i%)#om<tri&a 7 lo" r#&(r"o" "lo #% ro)r#"i% aritm<ti&a.

Malt0(" i#%"a 9(# #/i"t#% (%o" o'"t:&(lo" 9(# +r#%a% #l &r#&imi#%to. El im#im#%to ri%&ial #" la

+alta # alim#%to", #ro %o a&t*a # +orma i%m#iata, "al8o #% la" 0am'r#" a)(a". Lo" otro" "o% la&o%ti%#%&ia moral, #l 8i&io 7 lo" i%+ort(%io". La &o%ti%#%&ia moral la +orma% la a'"ti%#%&ia #lmatrimo%io, la" (%io%#" tar$a" 7 la &a"tia +(#ra # <l. E%tr# lo" 8i&io" &ita #l li'#rti%a;#, la"a"io%#" &o%tra %at(ra o #l a(lt#rio. Lo" i%+ort(%io" "o% la &o%"#&(#%&ia i%#8ita'l# # la" l#7#" # la%at(ral#1a.

Malt0(" &o%"i#ra 9(# la &o%ti%#%&ia moral &o%"tit(7# #l ro&#imi#%to 8:lio ara r#)(lar lao'la&i%. E" &o%trario a lo" matrimo%io" r#&o&#", #"#&ialm#%t# #%tr# 9(i#%#" &(#%ta% &o% m#%o"m#io", 7 r#&0a1a la" +orma" # &o%tra&#&i%.

Lo" &r$ti&o" # Malt0(" 0a% "#alao 9(# #l &r#&imi#%to "im(lt:%#o # la o'la&i% 7 la ro"#ria#&o%mi&a # E(roa (ra%t# #l "i)lo XIX #" la m#;or r(#'a # la i%(tilia # "( t#or$a, #ro 0a"io #% #l "i)lo XX &(a%o "# 0a (#"to # ma%i+i#"to #l #"#9(ili'rio #%tr# o'la&i% 7 r#&(r"o".

La &r$ti&a mar/i"ta a&("a a Malt0(" # #+#%#r lo" i%t#r#"#" # la %o'l#1a t#rrat#%i#%t# 7 la'(r)(#"$a m:" r#a&&io%aria, #% #trim#%to # la" &la"#" tra'a;aora", 9(# "o% la" 9(# #'#% r#(&ir#l &r#&imi#%to #mo)r:+i&o )#%#ral. Malt0(" +(# artiario # a'olir la" l#7#" # o'r#", a+irma'a9(# la a"i"t#%&ia "o&ial #'$a ir a&omaaa "i#mr# # al)o # 8#r)W#%1a 7 &(#"tio%a'a la #%tr#)a# alim#%to" a lo" a"ilo". P#ro, or otra art#, Malt0(" #%"a'a 9(# la" &la"#" tra'a;aora" ali8iar$a%"( o'r#1a +i;a%o l$mit#" a la #"&#%#%&ia.

El "o&iali"mo, ta%to #l (ti&o &omo #l mar/i"ta, r#&0a1 la" i#a" # Malt0(" "o'r# la" "ol(&io%#"ara ali8iar la mi"#ria # la" &la"#" tra'a;aora". ?r#%t# a la" m#ia" # &o%ti%#%&ia moral




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ro("i#ro% m#ia" ol$ti&a" 7 "o&ial#" ara &om'atir la o'r#1a, 9(# %o ##%$a # l#7#"%at(ral#" "i%o # (%a mala or)a%i1a&i% # la "o&i#a &aitali"ta. >lo (%a "o&i#a "o&iali"ta, &o%

(% r#arto ;("to # la ri9(#1a, #8itar$a #l #"#9(ili'rio #%tr# o'la&i% 7 r#&(r"o". E/i"t$a (%a&o%+ia%1a ilimitaa #% la a'(%a%&ia # la %at(ral#1a 7 (%a +# &i#)a #% #l ro)r#"o t#&%ol)i&o 7&i#%t$+i&o &omo m#io # a(m#%tar lo" alim#%to" 7 lo" r#&(r"o". E% #l "i)lo XX, m(&0o" a$"#""o&iali"ta", or i8#r"a" ra1o%#", 0a% aotao (%a ol$ti&a # la%i+i&a&i% +amiliar.

La" o&tri%a" %a&io%ali"ta" r#&(#ra% la" &r##%&ia" m#r&a%tili"ta", a(%9(# # +orma m:" 8iol#%ta.Too" lo" a(tor#" %a&io%ali"ta" #ra% artiario" #l &r#&imi#%to # la o'la&i% # "(" a$"#" 7 8#$a%&o% r#o&(a&i% #l &r#&imi#%to # "(" 8#&i%o". E"ta" t#%#%&ia" "# #"arrolla% "o'r# too #% la

Al#ma%ia # G(ill#rmo II =5JJJ-5F5J!, &o% #l &(lto a la ra1a al#ma%a 7 la r#i8i%i&a&i% #l #"a&io8ital, 7 #% la ?ra%&ia o"t#rior a la #rrota # 5J6. Lo" a(tor#" im#riali"ta", %a&io%ali"ta" a&<rrimo"&a"i "i#mr#, #%"a'a% 9(# (%a "alia a#&(aa al &r#&imi#%to #mo)r:+i&o #ra la a9(i"i&i% #&olo%ia" a la" 9(# (i#"# #mi)rar la o'la&i% #/&##%t#, 9(# "#)(ir$a or ta%to 8i%&(laa a lam#troli.

Tam'i<% #% a9(#llo" ao" la I)l#"ia &atli&a "# ali%# &o% o"t(ra" &laram#%t# o(la&io%i"ta", #%(%a l$%#a 9(# arti#%o # la #%&$&li&a @>7lla'(" Error(m@=5J! # P$o IX ll#) 0a"ta la @H(ma%a#Vita#@=5FJ! # Pa'lo VI. Otra" i)l#"ia" &ri"tia%a", &omo la a%)li&a%a #% la &o%+#r#%&ia # Lam'#t0# 5F6J, tam'i<% #%(%&iaro% la &a$a # %atalia.

E% la "#)(%a mita #l XIX &omi#%1a% a aar#&#r lo" mo8imi#%to" %#omalt0("ia%o", 9(# i+i#r#%# Malt0(" #% (% (%to #"#%&ial4 la ami"i% 7 romo&i% #l &o%trol # %a&imi#%to". E%tro%&a &o%#l (tilitari"mo, or "( #+#%"a #l #r#&0o # la )#%t# a '("&ar "( roia +#li&ia, 7 &o% #l&al8i%i"mo, or "( 8i"i% #"imi"ta #l 0om'r# 7 #l or8#%ir # la 0(ma%ia. A +i%al#" # "i)lo, lo"mo8imi#%to" +#mi%i"ta" ll#8aro% #"ta t#or$a a la #+#%"a # la i)(ala # "#/o" 7 # la#ma%&ia&i% # la m(;#r. E%tr# #l +i% # la Gra% G(#rra 7 la &ri"i" # 5F2F #/i"ti la &r##%&ia # 9(##l m(%o #"ta'a o'lao #% #/&#"o 7 9(# la #%"a E(roa ##%$a #l a'a"t#&imi#%to #/t#r%o, lo9(# 0iot#&a'a "( 'i#%#"tar #l aro # lo" rim#ro" ao" tr#i%ta a7( a i+(%ir #"ta" i#a".

E% lo" ao" tr#i%ta, la" %(#8a" i#olo)$a" totalitaria" &o%"i#raro% 9(# la &a$a # la %atalia #rama%i+#"ta&i% # la #&a#%&ia %a&io%al 7 la r#la&io%a'a% &o% #l #&li8# #l r#"ti)io %a&io%al, la#&a#%&ia #&o%mi&a, la "('ori%a&i% # la ra1a 'la%&a # i%&l("o la #/ti%&i% # la &i8ili1a&i%o&&i#%tal. Na&i#ro% &o% #l +a"&i"mo italia%o, ll#)aro% a "( ao)#o #% la Al#ma%ia %a1i # i%+l(7#ro%,

;(%to &o% la" o&tri%a" # la I)l#"ia Catli&a, #% #l +ra%9(i"mo #"aol.

A&t(alm#%t# &o%8i8#% o" o"i&io%#" &o%traria"4 lo" otimi"ta" &o%"i#ra% #l &r#&imi#%to o'la&io%al'(#%o 7 #"#a'l#, or9(# #"tim(la la r#%o8a&i% t<&%i&a 7 #l &am'io "o&ial, 7 i#%"a% 9(# 0a7"(+i&i#%t#" r#&(r"o" ara ma%t#%#r (%a o'la&i% m(&0o m:" %(m#ro"a. Lo" #"imi"ta" i#%"a%9(# la #/a%"i% #mo)r:+i&a #" (% ro'l#ma 9(# la 0(ma%ia #'# #t#%#r (#", #% &a"o&o%trario, "# a)otar:% lo" r#&(r"o", i%&l("o lo" 0(ma%o" ara #8itar #l 0am'r# "lo "ir8#% ri)(ro"a"ol$ti&a" # &o%trol # %atalia. Otro" a(tor#", m:" mo#rao", i#%"a% 9(# #l #"#9(ili'rio a&t(al

%o (## "ol(&io%ar"# "lo # +orma #mo)r:+i&a =&o%trolar #l &r#&imi#%to! o #&o%mi&a =a(m#%tarla ri9(#1a 7 r#artirla m:" ;("tam#%t#! "i%o 9(# #'#% &om'i%ar"# am'a" "ol(&io%#".

.- Pol$ti&a" #mo)r:+i&a" ro%atali"ta" 7 a%ti%atali"ta"

U%a ol$ti&a # o'la&i% #" (% &o%;(%to # m#ia" 9(# (% )o'i#r%o aota ara o't#%#r (%o"#t#rmi%ao" r#"(ltao" #mo)r:+i&o", 9(# #'#% t#%#r otra" &o%"#&(#%&ia" ol$ti&a", #&o%mi&a"o "o&ial#". El E"tao (## i%+l(ir #% m(&0a" 8aria'l#" #mo)r:+i&a" =mi)ra&io%#", i"tri'(&i%,mortalia!, #ro #" #% la %atalia o%# 0a i%+l(io m:", trata%o # +a8or#&#r o limitar #l&r#&imi#%to # la o'la&i%.




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a! Pol$ti&a" ro%atali"ta"

U%a ol$ti&a %atali"ta i%&l(7# )#%#ralm#%t# o" tio" # m#ia"4 la" &o%"i"t#%t#" #% ro0i'ir olimitar #l ("o # m<too" ara &o%trolar la +#&(%ia, 7 la" 9(# rom(#8#% la %atalia &o%i%&#%ti8o" #&o%mi&o" o (%a roa)a%a +a8ora'l# 0a&ia la" +amilia" %(m#ro"a". La" ol$ti&a" m:"#/l$&ita" # #"t# tio +(#ro% la" # lo" #"tao" +a"&i"ta" # lo" ao" tr#i%ta.

La ol$ti&a #mo)r:+i&a %a1i t#%$a (%a r#o&(a&i% %atali"ta 7 ra&ial4 %o trata'a "lo # 0a&#r &r#&#ra la o'la&i% "i%o # a+irmar la ra1a aria, #"#%&ia mi"ma # la o&tri%a %a1i. Para #llo "#"(rimi#ro% lo" a'orto" 7 la i%+orma&i% "o'r# m<too" a%ti&o%&#ti8o" "# &r#aro% im(#"to"#"#&ial#" ara lo" "olt#ro" a(lto" "# i#ro% r<"tamo" a matrimo%io" ;8#%#" 7 r#+#r#%&ia #% la8i8i#%a a la" +amilia" %(m#ro"a" "# ro0i'i#ro% lo" matrimo%io" mi/to" &o% #r"o%a" # al)(%a"ra1a" 7 "# #"t#rili1 a #r"o%a" &o% #%+#rm#a#" 0#r#itaria" o "$9(i&a". La ta"a # %ataliaa" #l 5,o #% 5F al 5F, #% 5FF, a(%9(# "# #'i a lo" rim#ro" %a&imi#%to", t#%io" m:"r#&o1m#%t#, %o al a(m#%to #l %*m#ro # #"&#%i#%t#".

E% la Italia +a"&i"ta, #"# 5F2, la #mi)ra&i% +(# "#8#ram#%t# limitaa 7 la %atalia romo8ia &o%m#ia" "imilar#" a la" %a1i"4 "# a&a' #l &o%trol # %atalia 7 #l a'orto, "# #"al#%t +i"&alm#%t##l &#li'ato 7 la" +amilia" #9(#a", "# i#ro% r#mio" 7 "('"iio" a la" +amilia" %(m#ro"a" 7 "# ior#+#r#%&ia #% (#"to" *'li&o" a lo" &a"ao" &o% 0i;o".

E% E"aa "# aotaro% m#ia" ro%atali"ta" &o% la ll#)aa #l +ra%9(i"mo. Pro%to "# ro0i'i #la'orto, #l i8or&io 7 la 8#%ta # i%+orma&i% # m<too" a%ti&o%&#ti8o". E"to "# a&oma &o% (%aol$ti&a # rot#&&i% +amiliar 'a"aa #% "('"iio", l("#" 7 r#mio". La %atalia "# ma%t(8o altam:" or la" m#ia" (%iti8a" 7 la a&&i% &(lt(ral # (% &atoli&i"mo o+i&ial 9(# or la &(a%t$a # la"a7(a".

Tam'i<% al)(%o" a$"#" #mo&r:ti&o" aotaro% m#ia" ro%atali"ta", "o'r# too ?ra%&ia, 9(# #%5F26 ro0i'i #l a'ort, la 8#%ta # a%ti&o%&#ti8o" 7 la roa)a%a "o'r# &o%trol # %atalia.

A#m:", o+r#&i i%&#%ti8o" +i%a%&i#ro" a lo" matrimo%io".

E% lo" ao" "#"#%ta, lo" a$"#" "o&iali"ta" # la E(roa Ori#%tal tam'i<% i"#aro% m#ia"ro%atali"ta" a%t# la" 'a;a" ta"a" # %atalia. E% )#%#ral, "# r#"tri%)i la l#7 #l a'orto,#/tr#maam#%t# li'#ral, a "((#"to" "imilar#" a lo" #"aol#" # a0ora. El #"#o # a(m#%tar lao'la&i% r#"#ta%o la li'#rta # lo" i%i8i(o" 0i1o 9(# "# r#+or1ara% la" a7(a" +amiliar#"4amlia&i% # lo" #rmi"o" # mat#r%ia, tra'a;o a ti#mo ar&ial # la" mar#" &o% 0i;o"#9(#o", )(ar#r$a" 7 #"&(#la" i%+a%til#", la" #")ra8a&io%#" +i"&al#", ;('ila&i% a%ti&iaa amar#" &o% (% &i#rto %*m#ro # 0i;o"...

Tam'i<% #% E(roa O&&i#%tal lo" )o'i#r%o" ra&ti&a% la llamaa ol$ti&a # la" o" li'#rta#"4 "#&o%&##% +a&ilia#" ara #l &o%trol # %atalia, #ro "# i%&#%ti8a la a7(a a la" +amilia". E"ta"a7(a" 8ar$a% m(&0o # (%o" a$"#" a otro"4 "o% +(#rt#" #% ?ra%&ia 7 Al#ma%ia 7 #"&a"a" 7 # %(la#+i&a&ia #% Port()al, Gr#&ia o E"aa.

Ha% #/i"tio ol$ti&a" ro%atali"ta" #% 1o%a" #l T#r&#r M(%o, o%# tra" la #"&olo%i1a&i%al)(%o" #"tao" &o%"i#raro% 9(# #l &r#&imi#%to #mo)r:+i&o #ra '#%#+i&io"o ara "(" t#rritorio" o,al m#%o", %ai# "# atr#8i a roo%#r (%a ol$ti&a # &o%trol. El &a"o # C0i%a Po(lar #" #l m:"&laro4 Mao a+irm 9(# #l %*m#ro &o%"tit($a la +(#r1a #l (#'lo &0i%o 7 9(# #l &o%trol # %atalia#ra (%a +orma # #/t#rmi%arlo #"# 5F #l r<)im#% 8ariar$a 'r("&am#%t# #"ta ol$ti&a.

'! Pol$ti&a" a%ti%atali"ta"




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A(%9(# "o% &ara&t#r$"ti&a" #l T#r&#r M(%o, tam'i<% al)(%a" %a&io%#" #"arrollaa" 0a% aotao#% al)*% mom#%to r#&i#%t# ol$ti&a" # #"t# tio. E" #l &a"o # a%. E"t# a$" #/#rim#%t #"#

lo" ao" tr#i%ta 0a"ta la II G(#rra M(%ial (%a ol$ti&a %a&io%ali"ta # im#riali"ta, +(#rt#m#%t#o(la&io%i"ta4 #"# 5F5 la 8#%ta # ro(&to" a%ti&o%&#ti8o" +(# "#8#ram#%t# &o%trolaa, #%5F6 "# limit #l r#&(r"o al a'orto. D#"(<" # la )(#rra, &o% la #rrota, la #r#"i% #&o%mi&a 7 lar#atria&i% # "#i" millo%#" # #r"o%a", "# ro(;o (% &am'io # ol$ti&a, &#%traa #% la#rmi"i8ia m:" a'"ol(ta #l a'orto, r:&ti&am#%t# )rat(ito4 a &omi#%1o" # lo" &i%&(#%ta, #l 6# lo" %a&imi#%to" #8itao" lo #ra or #l a'orto, 7 "lo #l 6 or m<too" a%ti&o%&#ti8o". Por #"o,#% 5F2 #l )o'i#r%o la%1 (% ro)rama # la%i+i&a&i% 'a"ao #% lo" m<too" a%ti&o%&#ti8o". No#/i"t$a tamo&o %i%)*% tio # a7(a +amiliar. Por #"o, la %atalia #"&#%i #"# #l , o #%5F al 5,5 #% 5F5. >lo #"# 5F2 "# &o%&#i#ro% a7(a" +amiliar#", a artir #l t#r&#r 0i;o 7ara +amilia" &o% #"&a"o" r#&(r"o".

El rim#r a$" t#r&#rm(%i"ta 9(# #"ta'l#&i (% ro)rama # la%i+i&a&i% +amiliar t#%#%t# a r#(&irla +#&(%ia +(# la I%ia, #% 5F2. L(#)o 8i%i#ro% otro" m(&0o", "o'r# too #"(<" # 9(# lo"ato" #mo)r:+i&o" # la ONU #% lo" ao" "#"#%ta r#8#lara% 9(# m(&0o" a$"#" o'r#" #"ta'a%

t#%i#%o &r#&imi#%to" #mo)r:+i&o" &aa&#" # im#ir #l #"#)(# # la #&o%om$a %a&io%al. E"to"ro)rama" "# ("i#ro% #% r:&ti&a &(a%o "# #m#1 a i"o%#r # a%ti&o%&#ti8o" oral#" 7i"o"iti8o" i%tra(t#ri%o", #ro ro%to "# &omro' 9(# "( i"o%i'ilia %o #ra &o%i&i% "(+i&i#%t#ara r#(&ir la %atalia4 m(&0a" ar#;a", or m(&0o" m#io" # 9(# i"o%)a%, %o limita% "(%*m#ro # 0i;o" "i %o #%&(#%tra% ra1o%#" &o%8#%i#%t#" ara #llo. Al mi"mo ti#mo, "# &omro' 9(#la" ra1o%#" ara t#%#r (%a #"&#%#%&ia %(m#ro"a #ra% m*ltil#"4 "#)(ria #% la 8#;#1, a7(aara #l tra'a;o, &(mlimi#%to # r#&#to" r#li)io"o", r(#'a # 8irilia... Para la" &i+ra"ma&ro#&o%mi&a", la" ta"a" # %atalia alta" #%traa% +(#rt#" &o"to" #% alim#%ta&i% 7 #(&a&i%# %(#8o" "#r#" #ro ara la" +amilia", lo" &o"to" "o% m:" r#(&io" 7 lo" 0i;o" (##% "(o%#r'#%#+i&io" a &orto o m#io la1o.

La ol$ti&a a%ti%atali"ta i%i&ial +(# &(#"tio%aa #% la Co%+#r#%&ia # B(&ar#"t # 5F. Lo" a$"#" #lT#r&#r M(%o a&("aro% a lo" #"arrollao" # i%"i"tir m:" #% la" "ol(&io%#" #mo)r:+i&a" 9(# #% la"

#&o%mi&a" ara r#"ol8#r #l #"a;("t# #%tr# la o'la&i% 7 lo" r#&(r"o". A+irmaro% 9(# la" ol$ti&a"%o #'$a% #mr#%#r"# ai"laam#%t# "i%o i%t#)raa" #% ro)rama" m:" amlio" # #"arrollo#&o%mi&o 7 "o&ial, (#" la #l#8aa +#&(%ia # #"to" a$"#" %o #" la &a("a #l "('#"arrollo"i%o "( &o%"#&(#%&ia +(%am#%tal.

Lo" a&t(al#" ro)rama" # la%i+i&a&i% +amiliar r#"#%ta% &am'io" "i)%i+i&ati8o" "o'r# la" rim#ra"#/#ri#%&ia"4

53 ># i%"i"t# #% la r#+orma # la" #"tr(&t(ra" "o&io#&o%mi&a" &omo m#io ara r#(&ir la+#&(%ia4 m#;orar la &o%i&i% # la m(;#r +a&ilit:%ol# #l a&&#"o a la #(&a&i% 7 al #ml#o, o#"ta'l#&#r "i"t#ma" # "#)(ria ara la 8#;#1.

23 Trata% # &o%8#%&#r a la o'la&i% # la imorta%&ia "o&ial #l #"&#%"o # la +#&(%ia 7

ro&lama% la" 8#%ta;a" 9(# ara lo" i%i8i(o" 7 la "o&i#a r#r#"#%ta% la" +amilia" r#(&ia".

3 Di"#a% #"trat#)ia" ali&a'l#" #% m#io" r(ral#", #% o'la&io%#" 9(# %o &omr#%#% or#r(#'a% #l #ml#o # tal#" m<too".

C0i%a # I%ia, aart# # "#r lo" a$"#" m:" o'lao" #l la%#ta, "o% #;#mlo" # "o&i#a#" o%##l &r#&imi#%to #mo)r:+i&o ro8o&a'a o ro8o&a ro'l#ma" alim#%ti&io" 7 o%# la" ol$ti&a"#mo)r:+i&a", # tio &o#r&iti8o, "# i%i&iaro% t#mra%am#%t#.




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C0i%a #" #l #;#mlo m:" &laro # a$" # )ra%#" im#%"io%#" o%# (%a ol$ti&a a%ti%atali"ta 0alo)rao r#"(ltao" #"#&ta&(lar#". P#"# a ol$ti&a" r#8ia" 8a&ila%t#" # i%&l("o o(la&io%i"ta",

#"# 5FF "# #"ta'l#&# (%a ol$ti&a malt0("ia%i"ta 8i%&(laa #% aari#%&ia &o% #l #"arrollo #l"i"t#ma "o&iali"ta4 la%i+i&a&i% #mo)r:+i&a, rot#&&i% # la" mar#" 7 lo" 0i;o", r#(&&i% # lamortalia i%+a%til, i)(ala # 0om'r#" 7 m(;#r#"... ># i%i&ia la #(&a&i% ara #l &o%trol 7 "#i%t#)ra la la%i+i&a&i% +amiliar #% lo" i"#%"ario" # la" &om(%a" r(ral#". Toa" la" t<&%i&a" "o%8:lia" 7 ali&aa"4 i"o"iti8o" i%tra(t#ri%o", $lora", #"t#rili1a&i%, a'orto ="o% lo" &r#aor#" #lm<too # a"ira&i%! &o% #rmi"o la'oral, matrimo%io" tar$o". La #"t#rili1a&i%, a(%9(# li'r#, "#a&o%"#;a # i%&#%ti8a #% lo" matrimo%io" 9(# 7a ti#%#% o" 0i;o". ?i%alm#%t#, "# ll#) a a&o%"#;ar #l0i;o *%i&o &omo tamao +amiliar i#al, a(%9(# "i% </ito #/&#"i8o.

I%ia #" #l &a"o # ol$ti&a # &o%trol m:" rai&al #mr#%ia #% (% a$" &o% li'#rta#" *'li&a". A(%9(# la" a&&io%#" "# i%i&iaro% a ri%&iio" # lo" &i%&(#%ta +(# (ra%t# #l )o'i#r%o # I%iraGa%0i &(a%o "# ll#) a la" m#ia" m:" rai&al#". A%t#" 7a "# 0a'$a% r#ali1ao 8a"#&tom$a" #%"#ri# ra&ti&aa" #% &amo" # #"t#rili1a&i% a &am'io # #9(#a" &a%tia#" # i%#ro. La #al#)al ara &o%tra#r matrimo%io "# #l#8. Lo" +(%&io%ario" +##ral#" &o% tr#" o m:" 0i;o" #ra%

o'li)ao" a la #"t#rili1a&i% o o$a% #r#r &i#rta" 8#%ta;a". I%&l("o "# &0a%ta;#o a +amilia" o'r#"&o% la o"i'l# r#tiraa # la a"i"t#%&ia m<i&a o alim#%ti&ia, "i #l ar# r#0("a'a la 8a"#&tom$a. E%5F "# #"t#rili1 a "#i" millo%#" # #r"o%a". Toa" #"ta" m#ia", 9(# &o%tri'(7#ro% a la #rrota#l#&toral # la "#ora Ga%0i, %o +(#ro% &aa&#" # r#(&ir "i)%i+i&ati8am#%t# la %atalia # (%a$" 9(# #% 5FF6 ma%t#%$a (%a ta"a #l 6 or mil.

M</i&o4 )#o)ra+$a

GEOGRA?ÍA ?Í>ICA

5. DENOMINACIN

E% la <o&a r#&olom'i%a +(# llamao T#%o&0titl:%, a la ll#)aa # lo" #"aol#" "# l# llamVirr#i%ato # la N(#8a E"aa 7 a artir # la I%##%#%&ia "# l# llam M</i&o. E" &om*% #&irl#tam'i<% R#*'li&a M#/i&a%a, a(%9(# "( %om'r# o+i&ial #" E"tao" U%io" M#/i&a%o", "#)*%%(#"tra Co%"tit(&i% # 5F5.

2. >ITUACIN EN EL MUNDO

M</i&o "# 0alla #% #l Co%ti%#%t# Am#ri&a%o, #%tr# lo" 0#mi"+#rio" Nort# 7 O&&i#%tal, or9(# "#lo&ali1a al %ort# #l E&(aor 7 al o#"t# #l M#riia%o # Gr##%i&0. La" &oor#%aa" #/tr#ma" #la$" "o%4

23 # latit( %ort# ara Al)oo%#", B.C.

53 2 # latit( %ort# ara la #"#m'o&a(ra #l R$o >(&0iat#.

55J3 26 # lo%)it( o#"t# ara la &o"ta o&&i#%tal # la I"la # G(aal(#.




[Año

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J3 2 # lo%)it( o#"t# ara #l #/tr#mo "(r # la I"la M(;#r#".

2.5 KONA> TYRMICA>

Ca"i #% la art# m#ia, #l a$" #"t: i8iio or #l Tri&o # C:%&#r, #l &(al "#ara #l t#rritorio%a&io%al #% o" 1o%a" t<rmi&a"4 (%a t#mlaa al %ort# 7 otra troi&al al "(r.

. >ITUACIN EN AMYRICA

El t#rritorio %a&io%al "# ('i&a #% #l "(r # Am<ri&a #l Nort# 7 al %ort# # Am<ri&a C#%tral. E"ta"

r#)io%#" #"t:% i8iia" or la >i#rra Vol&:%i&a Tra%"8#r"al. Co%8#%&io%alm#%t# Am<ri&a 0a "ioi8iia #% Am<ri&a #l Nort#, Am<ri&a C#%tral 7 Am<ri&a #l >(r. M#/i&o )#o)r:+i&am#%t#, "# 0allaart# #% Am<ri&a #l Nort# 7 art# #% Am<ri&a C#%tral %o o'"ta%t#, ol$ti&am#%t#, #rt#%#&# a

Am<ri&a #l Nort#, ;(%to &o% Ca%a: 7 E"tao" U%io" # Am<ri&a.

. LIMITE> DE MYXICO

M</i&o limita &o% tr#" a$"#" 7 o" o&<a%o". Lo" a$"#" "o%4 E.U.A. =Nort#!, G(at#mala 7 B#li&#=>(r#"t#!, lo" mar#" 9(# 'aa% %(#"tra" &o"ta" "o% #l O&<a%o Atla%ti&o =Gol+o # M</i&o 7 Mar #la" A%tilla"! al E"t# #l O&<a%o Pa&$+i&o al >(r 7 al O#"t#.

. ?RONTERA> DE MYXICO

Co% E"tao" U%io" la" +ro%t#ra" "# +i;aro% m#ia%t# lo" Tratao" # G(aal(# Hial)o =5JJ! 7 #l# la M#"illa =5J!. E"ta +ro%t#ra ti#%# (%a lo%)it( # ,55 m. D# <"to" 2,65 &orr#"o%#% alR$o Bra8o o Gra%# #l Nort# 7 #l r#"to &orr#"o%# a 2J mo;o%#ra". La" +ro%t#ra" %at(ral#" #%#"ta r#)i% "o% lo" R$o" Bra8o, Gila 7 Colorao 7 la" arti+i&ial#" la" mar&a% lo" aral#lo" 23 , 53 # latit( %ort# 7 lo" m#riia%o" 5553 7 56J3 52 # lo%)it( o#"t#.

Co% G(at#mala la +ro%t#ra ti#%# F2 m., # lo" &(al#" J &orr#"o%#% al R$o >(&0iat# 7 66 a lo"R$o" C0i;o7 7 U"(ma&i%ta. A#m:" # #"ta" +ro%t#ra" %at(ral#" 0a7 otra" &omo #l Vol&:% Ta&a%: 7lo" C#rro" B(#%a8i"ta # I/'(l. El r#"to # la +ro%t#ra #"t: #t#rmi%ao or mo;o%#ra", la" &(al#"

r#r#"#%ta% a lo" aral#lo" 53 2 , 53 7 53 F # latit( %ort# 7 a lo" m#riia%o" F53 7 JF3 F #lo%)it( o#"t#. E"to" tratao" +ro%t#ri1o" "# +irmaro% #l 2 # "#ti#m'r# # 5JJ2 7 #l 56 # a'ril #5JF. Co% B#li&# 0a7 (%a #/t#%"i% +ro%t#ri1a # 5 m., # lo" &(al#" 5J &orr#"o%#% al R$oHo%o 7 al Arro7o A1(l, &omo +ro%t#ra" %at(ral#", al i)(al 9(# #l Ca7o Am'#r)ri", #l E"tr#&0o #Ba&alar C0i&o, la I"la Al'i% 7 #l >alto # Car'(tt. La" +ro%t#ra" arti+i&ial#" "o% lo" aral#lo" 53 F,5J3 2, 5J3 56 7 5J3 F # latit( %ort# 7 lo" m#riia%o" JJ3 2 7 JJ3 5J # lo%)it( o#"t#. Lo" l$mit#"# #"ta +ro%t#ra "# +i;aro% &o% #l Tratao # la Ci(a # M</i&o, +irmao #%tr# I%)lat#rra 7 M</i&o #lJ # (lio # 5JF.




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. EXTEN>IN TERRITORIAL

A&t(alm#%t#, #l t#rritorio %a&io%al #" # 5,FJ, 265 m2. E% #"ta &i+ra "# &omr#%#%, 5,F2, JJm2 # "(#r+i&i# &o%ti%#%tal 7 , m2 # "(#r+i&i# i%"(lar.

La #/t#%"i% # M</i&o 0a 8ariao a lo lar)o # "( 0i"toria4 al t<rmi%o # la omi%a&i% #"aola #la$" t#%$a m:" # ,666,666 # m2. Al o't#%#r la i%##%#%&ia # E"aa, M</i&o &r#&i &o% laa%#/i% # C#%troam<ri&a, la &(al "# "#ar #% 5J22 #% 5J "# i%##%i1 T#/a" # M</i&o 7 "#(%i a E.U.A #% 5JJ #rimo" a +a8or # #"t# a$" Ari1o%a, Alta Cali+or%ia 7 N(#8o M</i&oZ, #%o&0o ao" #rimo" 2,26, 666 m2. E% 5J or #l Tratao # la M#"illa #rimo" 5F,666 m"2m:"Z

. LITORALE> DE MYXICO

La lo%)it( # la" &o"ta" # la R#*'li&a M#/i&a%a #" # F,F6 m. D# #llo" , 5 &orr#"o%#% alO&<a%o Pa&$+i&o 7 2, al O&<a%o Atl:%ti&o.

J. PROVINCIA> ?I>IOGR?ICA>

a! P#%$%"(la # Ba;a Cali+or%ia. Co%ti#%# la" >i#rra" # la Gi)a%ta 7 >a% P#ro M:rtir. Al Nor#"t#&orr# #l R$o Colorao.

'! Lla%(ra Co"t#ra #l Noro#"t#. ># 0alla #% lo" E"tao" # >o%ora, >i%aloa 7 Na7arit. Lo" R$o" m:"imorta%t#" "o% Altar, >o%ora, ?(#rt# 7 Ma7o.

&! >i#rra Mar# Ori#%tal. ># #/ti#%# #%tr# la Lla%(ra Co"t#ra #l Gol+o # M</i&o 7 la A%tila%i&i#M#/i&a%a. >(" ma7or#" alt(ra" "o% #l P#rot# =,2J6 m! 7 #l Pi&o # Ori1a'a=, m!.

! >i#rra Mar# O&&i#%tal. ># ('i&a #%tr# la Lla%(ra Co"t#ra #l Noro#"t# 7 la A%tila%i&i#M#/i&a%a. Lo" r$o" 9(# &orr#% or la Lla%(ra Co"t#ra #l Noro#"t# %a&#% #% #"ta >i#rra.

#! >i#rra Mar# #l >(r. ># #/ti#%# a lo lar)o # la" &o"ta" #l O&<a%o Pa&$+i&o, #"# Colima aOa/a&a. ># "it*a +r#%t# a la Tri%&0#ra # M</i&o, ro+(%a +o"a o&#:%i&a aral#la a la &o"ta.

+! >i#rra Vol&:%i&a Tra%"8#r"al. Va #l Gol+o # M</i&o al O&<a%o Pa&$+i&o, &o% (%a lo%)it( #F66m. Ti#%# (%a "#ri# # 8ol&a%#", #%tr# lo" 9(# +i)(ra% #l Poo&at<#tl =,6m!, #l I1ta&&$0(atl=,2m! 7 #l N#8ao # Tol(&a =,Jm!. A lo lar)o # #lla 0a7 o 0('o la)o", la &(#%&a m:"imorta%t# #" la #l Vall# # M</i&o, o%# "# lo&ali1a #l Di"trito ?##ral.






[Año

]

5

AGUA>CALIENTE>

AGUA>CALIENTE>

,5

6.

2

BAA CALI?. NORTE

MEXICALI

F,F25

.

BAA CALI?. >UR

LA PAK

,

.

CAMPECHE

CAMPECHE

6,J52

2.

COAHUILA

>ALTILLO

5F,FJ2

.

COLIMA

COLIMA

,5F5

6.




[Año

]

CHIAPA>

TUXTLA GUTIYRREK

,255

.J

J

CHIHUAHUA

CHIHUAHUA

2,FJ

52.

F

DI>TRITO ?ED.

CIUDAD DE MYXICO

5,F

6.5

56

DURANGO

DURANGO

52,5J5

.

55

GUANAUATO

GUANAUATO

6,F5 5.

52

GUERRERO

CHILPANCINGO

,2J5




[Año

]

.

5

HIDALGO

PACHUCA

26,J5

5.5

5

ALI>CO

GUADALAARA

J6,J

.5

5

MEXICO

TOLUCA

25,

5.5

5

MICHOACN

MORELIA

F,F2J

.5

5

MORELO>

CUERNAVACA ,F6

6.2

5J

NASARIT

TEPIC




[Año

]

2,FF

5.

5F

NUEVO LEN

MONTERRES

,F2

.

26

OAXACA

OAXACA

F,F2

.J

25

PUEBLA

PUEBLA

,F62

5.

22

[UERYTARO

[UERETARO

55,F

6.

2

[UINTANA ROO CHETUMAL

6,252

2.

2

>AN LUI> POTO>I








[Año

]

># r#+i#r# al %*m#ro total # 0a'ita%t#" # (% l()ar. La o'la&i% #l a$" &r#&# a&#l#raam#%t# "i

#"t# ritmo # &r#&imi#%to "# ma%ti#%# o"i'l#m#%t# #% #l ao 2666 la o'la&i% "(#r# lo" 556millo%#", toa 8#1 9(# "# #"tima 9(# &aa mi%(to %a&#% aro/imaam#%t# &i%&o %io". La o'la&i%# (% a$" &r#&# &(a%o #l %*m#ro # %a&imi#%to" =%atalia! #" ma7or 9(# #l %*m#ro ##+(%&io%#" =mortalia!.

Tam'i<% &r#&# la o'la&i% # (% a$" -o i"mi%(7#- or lo" mo8imi#%to" mi)ratorio". Lo" i%i8i(o"9(# a'a%o%a% "( a$" "# llama% #mi)ra%t#" 7 &(a%o ll#)a% a otro t#rritorio "o% llamao"i%mi)ra%t#". La o'la&i% a'"ol(ta # (% a$", (#", &o%"i#ra #l total # lo" 0a'ita%t#", "i%"#ararlo" or #a o or "#/o.

. POBLACION RELATIVA

La #%"ia # o'la&i% o o'la&i% r#lati8a #" #l %*m#ro # 0a'ita%t#" 9(# 0a7 #% (% m2. Para&o%o&#r #"t# %*m#ro #" %#&#"ario t#%#r o" ato"4 #l total # 0a'ita%t#" o o'la&i% a'"ol(ta 7 la#/t#%"i% t#rritorial #% m2.

. POBLACIN RURAL S POBLACIN URBANA

La" lo&alia#" (r'a%a" 7 r(ral#" i+i#r#% or #l %*m#ro # 0a'ita%t#" 9(# ti#%#%, or la" a&ti8ia#"#&o%mi&a" 9(# r#ali1a% 7 or lo" "#r8i&io" &o% 9(# &(#%ta%. >i ti#%#% m#%o" # 2,66 0a'ita%t#","# #%omi%a% lo&alia#" r(ral#" "i ti#%#% m:" # 2,66 0a'ita%t#", "o% lo&alia#" (r'a%a". E"ta"#'#% &o%tar, a#m:" &o% too" lo" "#r8i&io"4 a)(a ota'l#, l(1 #l<&tri&a, t#l<+o%oZ

La" lo&alia#" r(ral#" &ar#&#% # "#r8i&io" 7 "( ri%&ial a&ti8ia #&o%mi&a #" la a)ri&(lt(ra 7o la)a%a#r$a #% &am'io, la o'la&i% (r'a%a tra'a;a #% la i%("tria, &om#r&io, tra%"ort#" 7 "#r8i&io".

. ?ACTORE> [UE IN?LUSEN EN LA DI>TRIBUCIN DE LA POBLACIN EN MEXICO

La #"i)(al i"tri'(&i% # la o'la&i% "# r#la&io%a &o% +a&tor#" +$"i&o" 7 "o&ial#". La o'la&i%'("&a #"ta'l#&#r"# #% &o%i&io%#" +$"i&a" +a8ora'l#". La" 1o%a" &o% &lima t#mlao o troi&al, "i%#/&#"i8a" 8aria&io%#" # t#m#rat(ra o #ma"iao ll(8io"o la" la%i&i#" &o% '(#%o" "(#lo" la"orilla" # lo" r$o", "o% l()ar#" o%# la o'la&i% "# 0a #"ta'l#&io. E"ta" &o%i&io%#" "# "ati"+a&#%

#% #l &#%tro #l a$", #% la art# o&&i#%tal 7 #% V#ra&r(1. La" r#)io%#" # &lima "#&o, &o% o&oa)(a 7 la" 1o%a" troi&al#" #/&#"i8am#%t# 0*m#a" # i%0"ia" "o% o&o o'laa", &o% la" :ria"lla%(ra" #l %ort# #l a$" 7 al)(%a" art#" m(7 0*m#a" 7 &:lia" # Ta'a"&o 7 C0iaa".

E%tr# lo" +a&tor#" "o&ial#" 9(# i%+l(7#% #% la i"tri'(&i% # la o'la&i% +i)(ra% lo" #&o%mi&o" 7 lo"ol$ti&o". La )ra% #%"ia # o'la&i% 9(# 0a7 #% #l &#%tro #l a$" "# #'# %o "lo a la"&o%i&io%#" +$"i&a" +a8ora'l#", "i%o tam'i<% a la #/i"t#%&ia # +(#%t#" # tra'a;o or #l #"arrollo #la i%("tria 7 #l &om#r&io. Ha7 r#)io%#" &o% +a&tor#" +^"i&o" #"+a8ora'l#" #ro la #/lota&i% #r#&(r"o" %at(ral#" )#%#ra &#%tro" i%("trial#" 9(# atra#% a la o'la&i% &omo #% Mo%t#rr#7. La"






[Año

]

M#/i&ali. El Clima =+a&tor +$"i&o! #" &ali#%t# 7 "#&o, &o% ll(8ia" #"&a"a" #% #l ao, la 8#)#ta&i% #"#"<rti&a 7 #"t#aria, lo" "(#lo" =+a&tor +$"i&o! "o% &:l&i&o". E% Na7arit #l &lima #" troi&al 0*m#o 7

ori)i%a "(#lo" amarillo" 7 ro;o", 0a7 8#)#ta&i% # "a'a%a. Al %oro#"t# # Ba;a Cali+or%ia #l &lima #"t#mlao, &o% ll(8ia" #% i%8i#r%o, a9($ "# &(lti8a% &$tri&o", 8i 7 oli8o.

'! Po'la&i%. La #%"ia # o'la&i% #" 'a;a. La" &i(a#" m:" imorta%t#" "o%4 E%"#%aa,M#/i&ali, La Pa1, Ti;(a%a =B.C.! Ci(a O'r#)%, H#rmo"illo, G(a7ma", No)al#", >a% L(i" R$oColorao =>o%.! C(lia&:%, Lo" Mo&0i", G(a"a8# =>i%.! >a%tia)o I/&(i%tla, T#i& 7 T(/a% =Na7.! Ha7'la%&o" m#"ti1o" # i%$)#%a". Lo" m#"ti1o" +orma% #l F # la o'la&i%, lo" i%$)#%a" #l 2 7 lo"'la%&o" #l 5. Lo" ri%&ial#" )r(o" i%$)#%a" "o%4 &ora", 0i&0ol#", t##0(a%o" =Na7arit!, ma7o"=>i%aloa 7 >o%ora!, 7a9(i" =>o%ora!, "#ri" =>o%ora!, :a)o" =>o%ora! 7 &(&(:" =Ba;a Cali+or%ia!.

&! A&ti8ia#" ro(&ti8a". E% #"t# r#%)l% +i)(ra% la a)ri&(lt(ra =al)o%, tri)o, &:rtamo, ma$1, &aa# a1*&ar, arro1, ta'a&o, 8i&, oli8o, :til#"Z!la #"&a =&r("t:&#o" 7 mol("&o"!. Lo" ri%&ial#"

&#%tro" #"9(#ro" "o% Ma1atl:%, Toolo'amo, G(a7ma", La Pa1 7 E%"#%aa!, la )a%a#r$a =8a&a",&a'allo", (#r&o" 7 &a'ra"! 7 la #/lota&i% +or#"tal =i%o" 7 #%&i%o"!. A(%aa a #"ta" a&ti8ia#"aar#&# la i%("tria =#/tra&ti8a-mi%#r$a 7 # tra%"+orma&i%!.

! M#io" # tra%"ort# 7 &om(%i&a&i%. Ha7 +#rro&arril#" 7 &arr#t#ra"4 #l +#rro&arril C0i0(a0(a-Pa&$+i&o, #l # >o%ora-Ba;a Cali+or%ia 7 #l #l Pa&$+i&o la &arr#t#ra M</i&o-No)al#" 7 laTra%"#%i%"(lar 0a7 (#rto" # &a'ota;# =Lor#to, P(#rto P#a"&o! 7 # alt(ra =Toolo'amo,G(a7ma"! "# &(#%ta &o% "#r8i&io # tra%"'oraor#" =Ma1atl:%-La Pa1, P(#rto Vallarta-Ca'o >a%L(&a"! "# ti#%#% a#ro(#rto" %a&io%al#" # i%t#r%a&io%al#".

2. KONA PACÍ?ICO >UR

a! U'i&a&i%. Ti#%# (%a #/t#%"i% # 22, m2. Comr#%# lo" E"tao" # G(#rr#ro, Oa/a&a 7C0iaa". Limita al %ort# &o% la" 1o%a" C#%tro O&&i#%t#, C#%tro >(r 7 #l Gol+o # M</i&o al #"t#&oli%a &o% G(at#mala al "(r 7 o#"t# limita &o% #l O&<a%o Pa&$+i&o.

'! Lo" +a&tor#" +$"i&o". El r#li#8# #" a&&i#%tao, lo 9(# 0a'la # a&ti8ia#" t#&t%i&a" 7 8ol&:%i&a".E"to" &o%8i#rt#% a la 1o%a #% la ma7or r#)i% "$"mi&a #l a$". La >i#rra Mar# #l >(r &orr#aral#la a la &o"ta #l Pa&$+i&o, #"# #l R$o Bal"a" 0a"ta #l I"tmo # T#0(a%t##& ori)i%a%olla%(ra", a&a%tilao" 7 'a0$a", &omo la # A&a(l&o 7 P(#rto E"&o%io. E% Oa/a&a la "i#rra #"ta#ro"io%aa #% la art# mi/t#&a #%tr# la >i#rra Vol&:%i&a Tra%"8#r"al 7 la >i#rra Mar# #l >(r, #"t:la D#r#"i% #l Bal"a" al %ort# # Oa/a&a 0a7 (%a rolo%)a&i% # la >i#rra Mar# Ori#%tal, i&0arolo%)a&i% #" llamaa >i#rra Mi/# 7 >i#rra # (:r#1. E% C0iaa" 0a7 o" "i"t#ma" mo%tao"o"4

la >i#rra #l Nort# 7 la >i#rra Mar#, #%tr# #lla" #"t:% la M#"#ta C#%tral 7 la D#r#"i% C#%tral #C0iaa", or la 9(# &orr# #l R$o Gra%# o R$o Gri;al8a.

La ma7or art# # lo" r$o" 9(# r#&orr#% #"ta 1o%a "o% ;8#%#". Lo" m:" imorta%t#" "o%4 Bal"a",T#al&at##&, Paa)a7o, Om#t##& =G(#rr#ro!, V#r#, Ato7a&, T#0(a%t##& =Oa/a&a!, Gri;al8a,U"(ma&i%ta 7 >(&0iat# =C0iaa"!. Ha7 r#"a" ara o't#%#r #%#r)$a #l<&tri&a #% #l Bal"a",T#0(a%t##& 7 Gri;al8a. E% la" &o"ta", #% la D#r#"i% #l Bal"a" 7 #% la # C0iaa", #l &ima #"troi&al, &o% (%a #"ta&i% "#&a 7 otra ll(8io"a lo" "(#lo" "o% ro;o" 7 amarillo", #% la r#)i%la&a%o%a # C0iaa" 0a7 'o"9(# troi&al #% lo" 8all#" 7 m#"#ta" #l &lima #" t#mlao, &o% ll(8ia"




[Año

]

#% 8#ra%o #l "(#lo #" # ra#ra -+<rtil- #% la" mo%taa" #l &lima #" t#mlao ll(8io"o #% laD#r#"i% #l Bal"a" 7 #% la Mi/t#&a #l &lima #" &:lio 7 "#&oZ

&! Po'la&i%. E"ta 1o%a ti#%# )ra% o'la&i% r(ral. La" &i(a#" m:" imorta%t#" "o%4 A&a(l&o,C0ila%&i%)o, I)(ala, Ta/&o, Ki0(ata%#;o =G(#rr#ro!, Oa/a&a, >ali%a Cr(1, (&0it:% =Oa/a&a!,Taa&0(la, T(/tla, >a% Cri"to'al 7 V#%("tia%o Carra%1a =C0iaa"!. E"ta Ko%a ti#%# (% #l#8ao $%i&## o'la&i% i%$)#%a, lo" )r(o" m:" r#r#"#%tati8o" "o%4 tlaa%#&a", mi/t#&a", am(1)o"=G(#rr#ro!, 1aot#&a", mi/t#&a", mi/#", 1o9(#", &0o%tal#" =Oa/a&a!, t1#ltal#", t1ot1il#" 7 &0ol#"=C0iaa"!.

! A&ti8ia#" ro(&ti8a". La" ri%&ial#" a&ti8ia#" "o% la a)ri&(lt(ra # t#moral o # ri#)o=a;o%;ol$, &aa # a1*&ar, ma$1, &ora, &a+<!, la )a%a#r$a =8a&a", (#r&o", o8i%o 7 &ari%o!, la #"&a=":'alo, li"a, ti'(r%, &amar%, )(a&0i%a%)o!, la #/lota&i% +or#"tal =i%o, #%&i%o, &ao'a, &#ro! 7 lai%("tria, 9(# #" m(7 #9(#a =#/tra&&i%-mi%#r$a- 7 tra%"+orma&i%- t#/til, or+#'r#r$a-!. El t(ri"mo 7a

&o'ra imorta%&ia.

#! Com(%i&a&io%#". E/i"t#% &arr#t#ra" # imorta%&ia4 A&a(l&o-M</i&o, la &arr#t#ra &o"t#ra #G(#rr#ro, la &arr#t#ra a%am#ri&a%a =M</i&o-Oa/a&a-C0iaa"!, la &arr#t#ra &o"t#ra # Oa/a&a 7C0iaa" la" 8$a" +<rr#a" "o% #"&a"a"4 M</i&o-Bal"a" =Gro.!, M</i&o - Oa/a&a Coat1a&oal&o"->ali%aCr(1 #/i"t#% l$%#a" a<r#a" #%tr# M</i&o 7 la" &aital#" # lo" E"tao" A&a(l&o 7 Ki0(ata%#;o&(#%ta% &o% a#ro(#rto" i%t#r%a&io%al#".

. KONA NORTE

a! >it(a&i%. La +orma% lo" E"tao" # C0i0(a0(a, Coa0(ila, D(ra%)o, Ka&at#&a" 7 >a% L(i" Poto"$.Ti#%# (%a "(#r+i&i# # ,2 m2. Limita al %ort# &o% E.U.A., al #"t# &o% la >i#rra Mar# Ori#%tal,al "(r &o% la" >i#rra" Tra%"8#r"al#" # Ka&at#&a" 7 >a% L(i" Poto"$ 7 al O#"t# &o% la >i#rra Mar#O&&i#%tal.

'! ?a&tor#" +$"i&o". Al %ort# # la Altila%i&i# M#/i&a%a #"t: la Pla%i&i# >#t#%trio%al. La" 1o%a" m:""#&a" 7 # m#%or alt(ra "o% #l Bol"% # Maim$ 7 #l >alao # >a% L(i". La >i#rra Mar#Oo&&i#%tal #" (% o'"t:&(lo 0a&ia #l Pa&$+i&o. >i#rra Tara0(mara, >i#rra # T##0(a%#" 7 C(m'r#"#l Gato "o% #%omi%a&io%#" lo&al#" # la >i#rra Mar# O&&i#%tal, #% la Tara0(mara "# 0alla lama7or #l#8a&i%4 C#rro Mo0i%#ra =,66m!. E% la >i#rra Mar# Ori#%tal 0a7 "#rra%$a" "o'r#"ali#%t#",&omo la" >#rra%$a" #l B(rro 7 la >i#rra # la Gloria. Ha7 o&a a)(a, lo" r$o" #"#m'o&a% #%la)(%a" o #% #l R$o Bra8o, &omo #l Co%&0o" =C0i0(a0(a!, 7 #l >alao =Coa0(ila!. E% la)(%a"#"#m'o&a% #l Ca"a" Gra%#", >a%ta Mar$a 7 Carm#% =C0i0(a0(a!, la" la)(%a" 9(# lo" r#&i'#% "o%

G(1m:%, >a%ta Mar$a 7 Pato", r#"#&ti8am#%t#. Lo" R$o" Na1a" 7 A)(a%a8al =D(ra%)o 7 Ka&at#&a"!#"#m'o&a% #% la" La)(%a" # Ma7r:% 7 Vi#1&a, a0ora lo" r#&i'# la Pr#"a L:1aro C:r#%a", arar#)ar la r#)i% # la La)(%a =Coa0(ila 7 D(ra%)!. E% >a% L(i" Poto"$ r#"alta #l R$o V#r#.

E% #l %ort# #l &lima #" "#&o, 0a7 r#)io%#" &o% &lima "#&o #"t#ario 7 otra" &o% &lima "#&o #"<rti&olo" 8#ra%o" "o% &ali#%t#" 7 "#&o" 7 lo" i%8i#r%o" m(7 +r$o". Lo" "(#lo" "o% rio". Ha7 a"ti1al#" 7/#r+ita", #% la mo%taa #l &lima #" 0*m#o 7 la 8#)#ta&i% #" # &o%$+#ra".




[Año

]

&! Po'la&i%. La #%"ia # o'la&i% #" 'a;a. La" &i(a#" m:" imorta%t#" "o%4 Ci(a (:r#1,C0i0(a0(a, Hial)o #l Parral, D#li&ia" =C0i0(a(a!, >altillo, Torr#%, Mo%&lo8a =Coa0(ila!, D(ra%)o,

Gm#1 Pala&io, L#ro =D(ra%)o!, Ka&at#&a", ?r#"%illo, #r#1 =Ka&at#&a"!, >a% L(i" Poto"$, Ci(aVall#" 7 E'a%o =>a% L(i" Poto"$!. Lo" )r(o" i%$)#%a" "o%4 tara0(mara", t##0(a%o" =C0i0(a0(a 7D(ra%)o!, Otomi#" 7 0(a"t#&o" =>a% L(i" Poto"$!.

! A&ti8ia#" ro(&ti8a". ># ra&ti&a la a)ri&(lt(ra # ri#)o 7 # t#moral =tri)o, ma$1, al+al+a,al)o%, +ri;ol, (8a, #ra, ma%1a%a, 0i)o, (ra1%o!, la )a%a#r$a =8a&(%a, or&i%a, &a'allar, a"%al,la%ar, &ari%a!, la #/lota&i% +or#"tal =i/tl#, &a%#lilla, i%o, #%&i%o, o7am#l!, la i%("tria =#/tra&ti8a-oro, lata, lomo, 1i%&, 'arita 7 # tra%"+orma&i% -8i%o", alim#%to", m(#'l#"-!.

#! Com(%i&a&io%#". La" rim#ra" &arr#t#ra" 7 8$a" +<rr#a" "# 0i&i#ro% 0a&ia E.U.A. #"(<" 0a&ia #l&#%tro 7 a lo )#%#ral #l a$"4 M</i&o-Ci(a (:r#1, M</i&o-Pi#ra" N#)ra", M</i&o-N(#8o Lar#o&o% la" Ko%a" Noro#"t# 7 Nor#"t# "# (%# &o% la" &arr#t#ra" a Matamoro" 7 a Ma1atl:% la" &aital#"

# lo" E"tao" "# (%#% &o% r#)io%#" i%("trial#"4 Mo%&lo8a->altillo 7 Torr#%-Ma1atl:% #l +#rro&arril#" M</i&o-Ci(a (:r#1 7 M</i&o-Pi#ra" N#)ra".

. KONA CENTRO-OCCIDENTE

a! >it(a&i%. La +orma% lo" E"tao" # A)(a"a&ali#%t#", ali"&o, G(a%a;(ato, Colima 7 Mi&0oa&:%. Al%ort# limita &o% la >i#rra # Ka&at#&a", al #"t# &o% la Ko%a C#%tro, al "(r &o% la Ko%a Pa&$+i&o >(r 7al o#"t# &o% #l O&<a%o Pa&$+i&o. >( "(#r+i&i# #" # 5J5,F5 m2, #9(i8al#%t# al F #l t#rritorio%a&io%al.

'! ?a&tor#" +$"i&o". ># &ara&t#ri1a or la aari&i% # ro&a" 8ol&:%i&a" #l &#%o1oi&o #"ta 1o%a#rt#%#&# a la m#"#ta &#%tral o # A%:0(a&. Ha7 m*ltil#" "#rra%$a" 7 la%i&i#" &o% &o%"i#ra'l##%"ia # o'la&i% 7 or lo '#%i)%o # la" &o%i&io%#" +$"i&a".

El r#li#8# # #"ta 1o%a lo mar&a la >i#rra # Ka&at#&a", 9(# toma i+#r#%t#" %om'r#" la >i#rraVol&:%i&a Tra%"8#r"al 7 la >i#rra Mar# #l >(r. Al #%trar a ali"&o, la >i#rra # Ka&at#&a" "# llama>i#rra # Bolao", >i#rra # Ara%a 7 >i#rra # T#atitl:%, a #"t# &o%;(%to "# l# llama Lo" Alto" #ali"&o. E% G(a%a;(ato "# #%omi%a >i#rra Gora 7 >i#rra # G(a%a;(ato, am'a" "# #/ti#%#% orlo" 8all#" # Dolor#" Hial)o 7 All#%#. E% #l &#%tro # la 1o%a 0a7 a&ti8ia 8ol&:%i&a, +(#%t#"t#rmal#", ma%a%tial#" m#i&i%al#" lo" ri%&ial#" 8ol&a%#" "o%4 [(i%&#o, Ta%&$taro, Pari&(t$%,Vol&:% # ?(#)o # Colima 7 N#8ao # Colima. E%tr# la >i#rra Vol&:%i&a Tra%"8#r"al 7 la >i#rraMar# #l >(r, "# ('i&a la #r#"i% #l Bal"a".

La 0irolo)$a # la 1o%a &(#%ta &o% 8ario" r$o", #l m:" imorta%t# #" #l L#rma->a%tia)o, 9(# %a&# #%la m#"#ta # Tol(&a 7 #"#m'o&a #% C0aala, la)o 9(# +orma a "( 8#1 #l r$o >a%tia)o. Lo" a+l(#%t#"#l L#rma->a%tia)o "o% lo" r$o" T(r'io La;a, (&0iila 7 V#r#. Otro" r$o" "o'r#"ali#%t#" "o% Arm#r$a,

Am#&a 7 T#alt##&, a+l(#%t# #l r$o Bal"a". Ha7 #r#"io%#" o&(aa" or la)o"4 C(it1#o,P:t1&(aro, Kira0(#%, >a7(la, Kaotl:% 7 Atoto%il&o.

Lo" &lima" "o% 8aria'l#", #ro r#omi%a #l t#mlao &o% ll(8ia" #% 8#ra%o, lo" "(#lo" 9(# ori)i%a%a #"t# &lima "o% &a"tao", &o% 8#)#ta&i% %at(ral # a"to" 7 ar'("to" al %ort# # la 1o%a 7 #% la




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#r#"i% #l Bal"a" #l &lima #" "#&o, lo" "(#lo" "o% %#)ro" 7 &a"tao", &o% ar'("to" 7 &a&t(" #%la" 1o%a" &o"t#ra", #l &lima #" troi&al, &o% ll(8ia" too #l ao la 8#)#ta&i% #" ar'or#a4 i%o",

#%&i%o", ro'l#" 7 o7am#l#". Lo" "(#lo" # la 1o%a "o% roi&io" ara la a)ri&(lt(ra.

&! Po'la&i%. La %atalia #" #l#8aa 7 la mortalia 'a;a. E"to la 0a&# (%a # la" 1o%a" m:"o'laa" #l a$". La" &i(a#" m:" imorta%t#" "o%4 A)(a"&ali#%t#", Cal8illo, Ri%&% # Ramo"=A)(a"&ali#%t#"!, G(aala;ara, Tla9(#a9(#, Kaoa%, Ci(a G(1m:% =ali"&o!, >alama%&a,G(a%a;(ato, C#la7a, Ira(ato, L#% =G(a%a;(ato!, Ma%1a%illo, Colima =Colima!, Mor#lia, Kamora,Ur(aa%, Kit:&(aro 7 L:1aro C:r#%a" =Mi&0oa&:%!. E"ta 1o%a ti#%# (% alto )rao # o'la&i%m#"ti1a, lo" i%$)#%a" "o% #l .J # la o'la&i% total # la 1o%a. E% Mi&0oa&:% "# lo&ali1a #l ma7or%*m#ro # 0a'ita%t#" i%$)#%a" # la 1o%a. Otro" )r(o" i%$)#%a" "o% lo" &ora" 7 0(i&0ol#" =%ort## ali"&o!, Na0(a" =%ort# # G(a%a;(ato 7 "(r#"t# # ali"&o! 7 otom$#" =&#%tro # ali"&o!.

! A&ti8ia#" ro(&ti8a". Pr#omi%a la a)ri&(lt(ra # t#moral, #ro #% ali"&o 7 G(a%a;(ato 0a7

a)ri&(lt(ra # ri#)o "# #ml#a% +#rtili1a%t#", "#milla" m#;oraa" 7 ma9(i%aria a)r$&ola arai%&r#m#%tar la ro(&ti8ia. E"ta 1o%a +(# llamaa \#l )ra%#ro # M</i&o] or la )ra% ro(&&i% #&#r#al#" ali"&o "o'r#"al# or "( ro(&&i% # ma$1, )ar'a%1o 7 a8#%a tam'i<% "# &(lti8a%&#'aa, tri)o, +ri;ol, &0$&0aro, 0a'a, ;itomat#, &0il#, &#'olla, +r#"a 7 m#l%. E% al)(%a" r#)io%#" "#ro(&# (ra1%o, &0a'a&a%o, lima, l:ta%o, &o&o, ma%)o 7 a)(a&at# A)(a"&ali#%t#" ro(&# (8a 7)(a7a'a Colima #"ta&a or "( alta ro(&&i% # lim% ara o't#%#r a&#it# &om#"ti'l#, "# &(lti8aa;o%;ol$ 7 )ira"ol.

La )a%a#r$a #" (%a a&ti8ia r#l#8a%t# # la 1o%a, "# (tili1a% a"to" %at(ral#" 7 al+al+a. El )a%ao'o8i%o r#"alta #% ali"&o 7 G(a%a;(ato. A#m:" #l )a%ao, ;#r"#7 7 &#'*, 0a7 )a%ao &riollo. E%>a0(a7o 7 i9(ila%, Mi&0oa&:%, #"t: la &(#%ta l#&0#ra m:" imorta%t# # la r#)i%. La #/lota&i%+or#"tal "# a &o% ma7or %otori#a #% ali"&o 7 Mi&0oa&:%, o%# "# &orta% i%o", #%&i%o",o7am#l#", &#ro ro;o 7 arota, lo" o" *ltimo" #% Colima.

La #"&a #" +r(&t$+#ra #% ali"&o, Colima 7 Mi&0oa&:%. ># o'ti#%# tort()a, )(a&0i%a%)o, mo;arra,&amar%Z El t(ri"mo #" r"#ro #% Barra # Na8ia 7 P(#rto Vallarta, ali"&o, 7 C(7(tl:% 7Ma%1a%illo, Colima.

La i%("tria mi%#ra -oro 7 lata- #" #"&a"a. La 1o%a #" ri&a #% 0i#rro -ali"&o, Mi&0oa&:% 7 Colima- .E% P#a Coloraa, Colima, #"t: la ri%&ial r#"#r8a #l a$". Tam'i<% la ro(&&i% # "al #"imorta%t# #% Colima la i%("tria # tra%"+orma&i% #" tra"&#%#%t# #% G(aala;ara. Ha7 a#m:",#ma&aora" # +r(ta" 7 l#)(m'r#" =Kamora, Ira(ato, Villa)r:%!, +:'ri&a" # &al1ao =L#% 7G(aala;ara!, &(rti(r$a" =Mi&0oa&:%!, i%("tria" 9($mi&a" =C#la7a, G(a%a;(ato!, art#"a%$a"Z E"ta1o%a #&o%mi&a #" # la" m:" &om(%i&aa" #l a$"4 0a7 &arr#t#ra", 8$a" +<rr#a", a#ro(#rto",

&orr#o", t#l<)ra+o", t#l<+o%o", #mi"ora" # raio 7 t#l#8i"i%Z

. KONA CENTRO >UR

a! >it(a&i% )#o)r:+i&a. La +orma% lo" E"tao" # [(#r<taro, Hial)o, M</i&o, Tla/&ala, P(#'la,Mor#lo" 7 #l Di"trito ?##ral. Al %ort#, limita &o% la >i#rra Mar# Ori#%tal al "(r &o% la 1o%a Pa&$+i&o>(r al #"t#, &o% la >i#rra Mar# Ori#%tal 7 al o#"t#, &o% la Ko%a C#%tro O&&i#%t#. Ti#%# (%a"(#r+i&i# # F,F m"2., #" #&ir, "lo #l .2 #l t#rritorio %a&io%al.




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'! ?a&tor#" +$"i&o". La 1o%a # #"t(io #"t: #%&la8aa #% la M#"#ta C#%tral o # A%:0(a&, &(#%ta

&o% alto" 8all#", #ro"io%ao", &omo #l # Tol(&a, # M</i&o, # Tla/&ala, # P(#'la 7 # lo" lla%o"# A:%, a#m:" #l 8all# # T#0(a&:%. La >i#rra Mar# Ori#%tal "#ara #"ta 1o%a # la lla%(ra&o"t#ra #l Gol+o, El Pi&o # Ori1a'a o Citlalt<#tl (%# #"ta "i#rra &o% la >i#rra Vol&:%i&aTra%"8#r"al, #% la 9(# "# #%&(#%tra% lo" 8ol&a%#" la Mali%&0#, #l Poo&at<#tl, #l I1ta&&$0(alt 7 #lN#8ao # Tol(&a. Al)(%a" #r#"io%#" ori)i%aro% la)o", &omo #l # T#/o&o-#"aar#&io- 7 #l #Xo&0imil&o.

E% #l r#%)l% 0irol)i&o, #%&o%tramo" #l "i"t#ma Mo&t#1(ma-P:%(&o, 9(# #"#m'o&a #% #l Gol+o# M</i&o. Al)(%o" a+l(#%t#" #l Mo&t#1(ma "o%4 El E/tora7, #l Ama;a&, #l Claro, #l T#moral 7Tam($%. E% Mor#lo", #l r$o m:" imorta%t# #" #l Ama&(1a&, 9(# 8i#rt# "(" a)(a" #% #l r$o M#"&alaa+l(#%t# #l Bal"a" #% Tla/&ala r#"alta% #l r$o Ka0(aa% 7 #l Ato7a&, #rt#%#&i#%t#" a la &(#%ta #lBal"a", 9(# #"#m'o&a #% #l Pa&$+i&o. Vario" r$o" o'la%o" "o% &a(&#" # lo" r$o" 8#ra&r(1a%o",9(# #"#m'o&a% #% #l Gol+o # M</i&o, &omo #l N#&a/a 9(# "# ori)i%a #% #l r$o Na(tla. La" la)(%a"# T#9(#"9(it#%)o, #% Mor#lo" 7 # Al&0i&0i&a, #% P(#'la, "o% # la" m:" 8i"itaa" or lo" t(ri"ta"%a&io%al#" 7 #/tra%;#ro".

Lo" &lima" # #"ta 1o%a "o% 8ariao"4 #% lo" "i"t#ma" mo%tao"o", #l &lima #" t#mlao, &o% ll(8ia"too #l ao, 9(# #rmit#% #l &r#&imi#%to # i%o" 7 #%&i%o" la ma7or art# # la m#"#ta ti#%# &limat#mlao, &o% ll(8ia" #% 8#ra%o, 0a7 a"to", 7#r'a" 7 ar'("to" #% [(#r<taro, Hial)o, P(#'la 7Tla/&ala #l &lima #" "#&o 7 "( 8#)#ta&i% #" # &a&t:&#a" 7 ar'("to" #"i%o"o" #% Mor#lo" 7 art## P(#'la 7 M</i&o #l &ima #" troi&al 7 r#omi%a% :r'ol#" troi&al#".

&! Po'la&i%. ># trata # la 1o%a m:" o'laa #l a$". E% [(#r<taro 7 Tla/&ala la %atalia #"ma7or. La mi)ra&i% 0a&ia #l D.?. 7 :r#a m#troolita%a, i%&i# %otoriam#%t# #% #l i%&r#m#%to # la

o'la&i%. La Ci(a # M</i&o ti#%# la ma7or #%"ia # o'la&i% # toa" la" 1o%a")#o#&o%mi&a" #l a$", or #"o #" llamaa \la &i(a m:" )ra%# #l m(%o], #% #lla "# #%&(#%trala &o%&#%tra&i% m:" #l#8aa #l a$" # la i%("tria, &om#r&io, a&ti8ia#" ol$ti&a", +i%a%&i#ra" 7&(lt(ral#". (%to a la Ci(a # M</i&o, "# 0a% #"arrollao, 0a"ta &o%+(%ir"# &o% #lla, Ci(aN#1a0(al&7otl, E&at##&, Tlal%#a%tla 7 Na(&ala% #%tr# otra" &i(a#" #l E"tao # M</i&o. E%[(#r<taro "o% imorta%t#" >a% (a% #l R$o 7 T#9(i"9(iaa% #% Hial)o, Pa&0()a, T(la%&i%)o 7

Aa% #% M</i&o, Tol(&a 7 C(a(titl:% #% Tla/&ala, Tla/&ala, Ai1a&o 7 H(ama%tla #% P(#'la,P(#'la, >a% Mart$% T#/m#l(&a% 7 Atli/&o 7 #% Mor#lo", C(#r%a8a&a, C(a(tla 7 Co&o7o&.

Lo" )r(o" <t%i&o" # la 1o%a r#r#"#%ta% (% .2 # la o'la&i% total. E% Hial)o, M</i&o 7P(#'la #"t: #l ma7or %*m#ro # i%$)#%a"4 lo" otom$#" #"t:% #% [(#r<taro, Hial)o 7 M</i&o lo"%a0(a" #"t:% #% Mor#lo", P(#'la, Tla/&ala 7 D.?., lo" ma1a0(a" #"t:% #% M</i&o, #% Tla/&ala, lo"tla/&alt#&a" rimiti8o". Pr#omi%a #l a%al+a'#ti"mo.

! A&ti8ia#" ro(&ti8a". ># &(lti8a ma$1, &#'aa, tri)o, +ri;ol 7 al+al+a. E% P(#'la 7 Mor#lo", &o%&lima &:lio, "# ro(&# arro1 7 &aa # a1*&ar. Mor#lo" ro(&# #% arti&(lar lim%, )(a7a'a,ma%)o, "a%$a 7 m#l% P(#'la, ma%1a%a, &0a'a&a%o, %ara%;a 7 #r% [(#r<taro, 8i 7 +r#"aHial)o, ma)(#7 7 %oal [(#r<taro, Tla/&ala # Hial)o, &ol, l#&0()a 7 r:'a%o #% #l D.?., laa)ri&(lt(ra, "i% "#r imorta%t#, "# a #% Xo&0imil&o 7 Mila Alta.




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La &r$a # )a%ao 'o8i%o 7 or&i%o #" imorta%t# #% la 1o%a "# 0a i%&r#m#%tao la a8i&(lt(ra #%P(#'la 7 [(#r<taro "# 0a% #"arrollao &(#%&a" l#&0#ra" #% Tla/&ala "# &r$a% &a'allo" 7 toro" #

liia.

R#"to" # ri9(#1a +or#"tal #rma%#&#% #% M</i&o 7 P(#'la, o%# a*% "# #/lota%, i%o, #%&i%o 7o7am#l ara ro(&ir a#l. E% P(#'la "# #/lota% #"#&i#" %o mo#ra'l#" &omo la imi#%ta 7 #l'ar'a"&o.

La i%("tria #/tra&ti8a "# a &o% la #/lota&i% # ma%)a%#"o, oro 7 lata #% Hial)o m#r&(rio, #%[(#r<taro. La i%("tria # tra%"+orma&i%, #" %otoria #% #l D.?., Na(&ala%, Tlal%#a%tla 7C(a(titl:%. ># 0a% #"ta'l#&io &orr#or#" i%("trial#" #% [(#r<taro, P(#'la, Tol(&a, Ci(a a""o 7Ci(a >a0a)*%, #% Hial)o. E% #l D.?. 0a7 too tio # ro(&&i% #% P(#'la 7 C(#r%a8a&aro"#ra la i%("tria 8iti8i%$&ola 7 l:&t#a.

E" la 1o%a m#;or &om(%i&aa #l a$"4 0a7 '(#%a" &arr#t#ra" 7 8$a" +<rr#a", &orr#o", t#l<)ra+o",t#l<+o%o", t<l#/, raio, t#l#8i"i%, r#%"a.

. KONA NORE>TE

a! >it(a&i% )#o)r:+i&a. La i%t#)ra% N(#8o L#% 7 Tama(lia". Limita al %ort# &o% U>A al #"t# &o% #lGol+o # M</i&o al "(r, &o% #l Gol+o # M</i&o 7 >a% L(i" Poto"$ 7 a o#"t#, &o% la >i#rra Mar#O&&i#%tal. >( #/t#%"i% #" # 5,6J m"2, #"to #", (% . #l t#rritorio %a&io%al.

'! ?a&tor#" +$"i&o". La >i#rra Mar# Ori#%tal r#&orr# la r#)i% #% ir#&&i% %oro#"t#-"(r#"t#. E%N(#8o L#% r#&i'# lo" %om'r#" # >i#rra # Lama1o", >i#rra E"i%a1o # Am'ro"io, >i#rra Mi%a"Vi#;a" 7 >i#rra # la" Mitra", &#r&a # Mo%t#rr#7. E% lo" l$mit#" # Tama(lia" 7 N(#8o L#% ti#%#la" ma7or#" alt(ra"4 P#a N#8aa 7 Borrao. E% Tama(lia", la >i#rra Mar# Ori#%tal #" llamaa>i#rra # >a% Carlo", >i#rra # B(#%a Vi"ta, >i#rra # Tama(lia" 7 >i#rra # la" M#"a".

El r$o m:" "i)%i+i&ati8o #" #l Bra8o o Gra%#, 9(# mar&a la +ro%t#ra %at(ral &o% E.U.A. Tam'i<% #"imorta%t# la r#"a ?al&% #% Tama(lia". Lo" r$o" >alao, >a'i%a" 7 >a% (a% # N(#8o L#%#"#m'o&a% #% #l Bra8o. Otro" r$o" # Tama(lia" "o% >a% ?#r%a%o, >oto la Mari%a 7 Tam#"$, <"t#i8i# al E"tao &o% V#ra&r(1 7 "# (%# al P:%(&o.

El Clima #" "#&o #"t#ario, &o% o&a" ll(8ia" #% #l ao lo" 8#ra%o" "o% m(7 &:lio" 7 lo" i%8i#r%o"

m(7 +r$o". La 8#)#ta&i% #" # matorral#" #"i%o"o" 7 a"ti1al#". E% la >i#rra Mar# Ori#%tal #l&lima #" t#mlao, &o% 8#)#ta&i% # i%o 7 #%&i%o. Al "(r # Tama(lia", #l &lima #" troi&al &o%ll(8ia" #% 8#ra%o. La 8#)#ta&i% #" # "a'a%a, &o% a"to 7 :r'ol#" #"a&iao".

&! Po'la&i%. E% #"ta 1o%a 0a7 #l $%i&# # mortalia m:" 'a;o. La" &i(a#" m:" imorta%t#" "o%4Mo%t#rr#7, G(aal(#, >a% Ni&ol:" # lo" Gar1a, Li%ar#" 7 Mo%t#mor#lo" #% N(#8o L#% 7 Ci(aVi&toria, Tami&o, Ci(a Ma#ro, R#7%o"a, N(#8o Lar#o, Matamoro" 7 Ci(a Ma%t# #%Tama(lia". Lo" )r(o" <t%i&o" "o% #"&a"o", "olo 0a7 &0i&0im#&a" 7 0(a"t#&o". E"ta :r#a ti#%# #lm#%or $%i&# # a%al+a'#ti"mo.








[Año

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# lo%)it( 7 alt(ra rom#io # 566m. El litoral #" 'a;o 7 ar#%o"o al #"t# # la #%$%"(la 0a7'a%&o" # &oral#" 9(# i+i&(lta% la #%traa a la" 'a0$a".

Ca"i %o 0a7 r$o" "(#r+i&ial#", #l mat#rial &ali1o a'"or'# #l a)(a 7 "# +orma% r$o" "('t#rr:%#o"&(a%o la &ir&(la&i% "('t#rr:%#a #l a)(a #" i%t#%"a "# +orma% &(#8a" 7 al #rr(m'ar"# "( t#&0o"# +orma% lo" &#%ot#". E"to" 7 la" "art#%#;a"- &a8ia#" ro&o"a" o%# "# alma&#%a la ll(8ia #8#ra%o- "o% la" r#"#r8a" a&($+#ra" # la r#)i%.

E% Cam#&0#, &(7o "(#lo %o #" &ali1o, &orr#% lo" r$o" Ca%#laria, >a% P#ro 7 Pali1aa 7 #%tr#B#li&# 7 [(i%ta%a Roo #"t: #l r$o Ho%o.

El &lima #% S(&at:% #" &:lio. Ll(#8# #% 8#ra%o, otoo # i%8i#r%o #% #l "(r, la" t#m#rat(ra" "o%m:" #l#8aa" 7 la" ll(8ia" "# i"tri'(7#% #% #l ao la 8#)#ta&i% #" 8aria'l# #% #l %ort#, ll(#8#

m#%o" 7 0a7 a"to", :r'ol#" 7 ar'("to" #"a&iao", m:" al "(r ll(#8# m#%o" 7 la 8#)#ta&i% #""#l8:ti&a, &o% &ao'a, &#ro ro;o, 0#l#&0o" 7 #%r#a#ra".

&! Po'la&i%. El &r#&imi#%to # la o'la&i% #" alto 7 la mortalia i%+a%til #" r#(&ia. Lo" &#%tro" #atra&&i% "o% &i(a #l Carm#%, Cam#&0#, M<ria 7 Ca%&*%. La" ri%&ial#" &i(a#" "o%4Cam#&0#, Ci(a #l Carm#%, Cali%i, H#&#l&0a:% 7T#%a'o #% Cam#&0# M<ria, Pro)r#"o,T#a/ # Al8aro O'r#)%, Mot(l # ?#li# Carrillo P(#rto 7 Ti&(l #% S(&at:% C0#t(mal, Co1(m#l 7Ca%&*% #% [(i%ta%a Roo.

El )r(o i%$)#%a m:" r#r#"#%tati8o #" #l ma7a, 9(# 0a'la% #"aol 7 "( iioma &omo "#)(%al#%)(a.

! A&ti8ia#" ro(&ti8a". ># ra&ti&a la a)ri&(lt(ra # t#moral r*"ti&a. E% #l %ort# # la #%$%"(la"# &(lti8a 0#%#9(#% 7 #% Cam#9(#, ma$1 7 +ri;ol. Tam'i<% 0a7 ro(&&i% # ia, &o&o, l:ta%o 7ma%)o #% [(i%ta%a Roo 0a7 &(lti8o" # a;o%;ol$ 7 &a&a0(at#.

La )a%a#r$a #"t: o&o #"arrollaa, 0a7 #"#&i#" &riolla" la ai&(lt(ra "# 0a #"arrollao%ota'l#m#%t#.

La" 1o%a" 'o"&o"a" # la r#)i% "# lo&ali1a% #% Cam#&0# 7 [(i%ta%a Roo, o%# "# #/lota% la&ao'a 7 #l &#ro ro;o.

La #"&a #" imorta%t$"ima #% Cam#&0#, 7a 9(# "# o'ti#%# &amar%, (lo, &(r8i%a, "i#rra, &a1%7 tort()a. E% [(i%ta%a Roo 7 S(&at:% la a&ti8ia #" i%tra%"&#%#%t#. Lo" (#rto" ri%&ial#" "o%4Ci(a #l Carm#%, Cam#&0#, C0amot% 7 Pro)r#"o.

E% [(i%ta%a Roo 7 S(&at:% 0a7 i%("tria #/tra&ti8a 7 la # tra%"+orma&i% "# i%i&ia #% S(&at:%. Laa&ti8ia i%("trial m:" "o'r#"ali#%t# "# r#ali1a #% Ci(a #l Carm#%, o%# 0a7 #ma&aora" #mari"&o" 7 #"&ao". Tam'i<% #/i"t#% a"#rra#ro", 7 (%a (ri+i&aora # mi#l. ># &(#%ta &o%+#rro&arril#", &arr#t#ra", &orr#o", t#l<)ra+o", t#l<+o%o" 7 a#ro(#rto".






[Año

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! ?a&ilita #l a&to 0(ma%o. A9($ #"t: #l #+#&to # la 8irt(. [(i#% la o"## ti#%# ma7or +a&ilia araa&t(ar 'i#% lo 0a&# &o% a)rao 7, a#m:" (## r#ali1ar a&to" 9(#, "i% #lla, "#ria imo"i'l#.

D# too lo &(al "(r)# la "i)(i#%t# #+i%i&i% # la 8irt(4 E" (%a &(alia #"ta'l# 7 a9(iria 9(#+a&ilita #l a&to 0o%#"to. Ari"tt#l#" #+i%$a la 8irt( &omo (% 0:'ito '(#%o.

LA> PRINCIPALE> VIRTUDE>.

La" 8irt(#" (##% "#r %at(ral#" =r(#%&ia, ;("ti&ia, +ortal#1a 7 t#mla%1a! o "o'r#%at(ral#" =+#,#"#ra%1a 7 &aria!, "#)*% 9(# &orr#"o%a% al %i8#l 0(ma%o o #"t<% or #%&ima # la"&aa&ia#" roia" # la %at(ral#1a #l 0om'r#. Tam'i<% "# i8i#% #% i%t#l#&t(al#" =r(#%&ia,&i#%&ia, art#, "a'i(r$a # i%t(i&i%! 7 moral#" =r(#%&ia, ;("ti&ia, +ortal#1a 7 t#mla%1a!, "#)*% 9(#r#"ia% #% lo" a#tito" o #% la i%t#li)#%&ia.

P#ro, "o'r# too, la 8irt(#" moral#" 0a&#% al 0om'r# '(#%o. No #" o"i'l# ("arla" mal. E% &am'io,

la" 8irt(#" i%t#l#&t(al#" "lo 0a&#% '(#%o al 0om'r# #% &i#rto a"#&to, 7, #% al)(%o" &a"o", or$a%#"tar #% &o%tra #l 8alor moral. >olam#%t# la r(#%&ia #" al mi"mo ti#mo i%t#l#&t(al 7 moral.

Pr(#%&ia. E" la 8irt( # la ra1%, or la 9(# #l 0om'r# "a'# lo 9(# 0a7 9(# 0a&#r o #8itar #% #lmom#%to r#"#%t#.

El 0om'r# r(#%t# ti#%# (%a atit( #"#&ial ara ar"# &(#%ta # la" &ir&(%"ta%&ia" &o%&r#ta" 9(#lo a+#&ta%, 7 9(# (##% i%+l(ir #% "(" #&i"io%#" li'r#" El r(#%t# "# "a'# aro8#&0ar # la"#/#ri#%&ia" a"aa". S, a&#r&a #l +(t(ro, "a'# r#8#r 7 ro8##r. >a'# a&t(ar &o% rai#1 &(a%ola" &ir&(%"ta%&ia" lo am#rita% 7, #% otro" &a"o", "# tomar: "( ti#mo ara m#itar 7 #l#)ir&o%&i#%1(am#%t#.

("ti&ia. Co%"i"t# #% ar a &aa (%o lo 9(# l# &orr#"o%#. U%a #r"o%a 9(#, # (% moo

&o%"ta%t#, r#"#ta lo" #r#&0o" a;#%o" 7 l# a a &aa (%o lo 9(# l# #'#, ti#%# la 8irt( # la ;("ti&ia.

># (## &o%"i#rar tr#" &la"#" ri%&ial#" # ;("ti&ia4 &o%m(tati8a, i"tri'(ti8a 7 l#)al o "o&ial.

># llama ;("ti&ia &o%m(tati8a la 9(# ri)# la" r#la&io%#" #%tr# #r"o%a" arti&(lar#". Por #;#mlo4 (%&om#r&ia%t# &(ml# +i#lm#%t# (% &o%trato # &omra8#%ta. El ro'o, la m#%tira, la &al(m%ia, la i%;(ria,#l 0omi&iio, lo" malo" trato", 8a% #% &o%tra # la ;("ti&ia, #% &(a%to 9(# 8iola% lo" #r#&0o" a;#%o".

La ;("ti&ia i"tri'(ti8a ri)# la" r#la&io%#" #%tr# la "o&i#a 7 #l "*'ito. [(#a a &ar)o # lo")o'#r%a%t#", 9(i#%#" #'#% i"tri'(ir lo" '#%#+i&io" 7 la" &ar)a" # la "o&i#a, #%tr# lo" i+#r#%t#""*'ito", or #;#mlo4 lo" im(#"to".

La ;("ti&ia l#)al o "o&ial ri)# la" r#la&io%#" #l i%i8i(o &o% r#"#&to a la "o&i#a. E" la 8ol(%ta #a&t(ar #% at#%&i% al 'i#% &om*%. Ti#%# imorta%t#" ali&a&io%#" #% #l t#rr#%o #&o%mi&o, tal &omo"# #"t(iar: #% (% &a$t(lo o"t#rior.

?ortal#1a. E" la +irm#1a #l alma, &aa1 # 8#%&#r la" i+i&(lta#" roia" # la 8ia.

El 0om'r# &o% +ortal#1a ti#%# +a&ilia ara "o'r#o%#r"# a lo" o'"t:&(lo" 7 #%alia#" 9(# "##%&(#%tra% a lo lar)o # la 8ia #" #r"#8#ra%t# 7 a&i#%t# ti#%# )ra%#1a # alma=ma)%a%imia!.




[Año

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># oo%# a la t#m#ria 7 a la &o'ar$a. E" &o%traria a la timi#1, a la #"#"#ra&i% 7 a la am'i&i%#/a)#raa.

T#mla%1a. E" la 8irt( &(7o o';#to &o%"i"t# #% mo#rar lo" la&#r#" "#%"i'l#".

P(## tomar la +orma # "o'ri#a, #% lo 9(# "# r#+i#r# al )("to or lo" alim#%to" 7 la '#'ia o 'i#%,"# llama &a"tia, &(a%o mo#ra #l i%"ti%to "#/(al.

La 0(mila #" tam'i<% (%a +orma # t#mla%1a, (#"to 9(# mo#ra #l )("to #/&#"i8o or la roia+ama 7 )loria.

E% +i%, 9(i#% a8a%1a #% la o"#"i% # #"ta" 8irt(#" #"ta r#ali1a%o #% "$ mi"mo #l 8alor moral, tal&omo 0a 9(#ao #+i%io4 la tra"&#%#%talia # la #r"o%a. E+#&ti8am#%t#4 &o% la r(#%&iaa9(i#r# "( i%t#li)#%&ia #l &o%o&imi#%to r:&ti&o 7 &o%&r#to #l &ami%o 9(# #'# "#)(ir4 tra"&i#%##l or#% # lo" 0#&0o". Co% la ;("ti&ia r#ali1a #l or#% moral =# #r#&0o! #% "(" r#la&io%#" &o% lo"

#m:". Co% la +ortal#1a "ort#a la" i+i&(lta#". S &o% la t#mla%1a "# aarta #l &ami%o +:&il"()#rio or lo" a#tito" "#%"i'l#". E% (%a ala'ra, la" 8irt(#" #l#8a% al 0om'r# m:" all: # lo&om*%, l# a% al "(;#to (%a a(t<%ti&a #r"o%alia, i)%a # amira&i% 7 # #lo)io, la *%i&a 9(#(## llamar"# '(#%a, # (% moo l#%o 7 a#&(ao. La morali1a&i% #l i%i8i(o "lo "# (##lo)rar a 'a"# # la" 8irt(#" #r"o%al#"4

• V#ra&ia.

E" la &(alia roia # a9(#lla" #r"o%a" 9(# "a'#% #/r#"ar"# &o% la +irm# &o%8i&&i% # 9(# lo9(# i&#% %o (## "#r +(#%t# # #%)ao", (#" lo 0a% i%8#"ti)ao 7 r#+l#/io%ao &o% "(mo&(iao. >i &om#t# #rror, <"t# %o "# #'# al olo o la mala +#, "i%o "iml#m#%t# a la" limita&io%#"%at(ral#" #l &o%o&imi#%to 0(ma%o, 7 9(# or ta%to #"tar:% "i#mr# i"(#"ta" a &orr#)ir.

>o"t#%#r la 8#ra a*% #% m#io # la" "it(a&io%#" m:" &omrom#tia", #% la" 9(# 8a # or m#iola roia "#)(ria #r"o%al, #" m(#"tra # )ra% 8alor 7 #%t#r#1a moral#".

La 8#ra&ia moral #" i"ti%ta a la 8#ra #% "#%tio )%o"#ol)i&o, #ro la" #r"o%a" 8#ra&#" 0a&#%(% )ra% ("o # la 8#ra, l# ro+#"a% (% "i%&#ro &(lto.

• Tol#ra%&ia.

E" #l r#"#to 7 &o%"i#ra&i% 9(# %o" m#r#&#% la" i#a" o a&t(a&io%#" # lo" #m:", a #"ar #lr#&0a1o 9(# "i%tamo" or "#r &o%traria" a %(#"tra +orma # "#r 7 # #%"ar. E"t: +i%&aa #% #lr#"#to a la #r"o%a 7 #% la &omr#%"i% # %(#"tra" limita&io%#". Al r#&o%o&#r 9(# %o "omo"o"##or#" # la 8#ra a'"ol(ta #'#mo" #rmitir la ma%i+#"ta&i% # i#a" i"ti%ta", or "#rtam'i<% i"ti%to" lo" (%to" # 8i"ta, # la +orma&i% &(lt(ral 7 la" &o"t(m'r#" #%tr# lo" 0om'r#".

Too #"to #%tro # lo" l$mit#" o"i'l#" #l r#"#to m(t(o, (#" "i <"to" "# rom#% la tol#ra%&ia %oti#%# #%to%&#" or 9(< "o"t#%#r"#, "o'r# too &(a%o #" #mo"tra'l# #l #rror # la art# &o%traria.

• Bo%a.

E" la 8irt( moral or #/&#l#%&ia, #l 8alor m:" alto # la &o%(&ta, 9(# "# &o%+(%# i%&l("o &o% #lmi"mo &o%&#to # 8irt(. ># #+i%# &a"i i)(al 9(# <"ta &omo la #t#rmi%a&i% # la 8ol(%ta ara




[Año

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0a&#r #l 'i#% a lo" #m:". >i #l 'i#% #" #l +i% #"#%&ial # la moral, #%to%&#" la 'o%a #" la 8irt("(r#ma #l a&to moral, la m#ta i#al # la morali1a&i% #l i%i8i(o.

D#'#mo" i"ti%)(ir (% mati1 # i+#r#%&ia m(7 imorta%t# #%tr# la '#%#8ol#%&ia o '#%i)%ia, 9(#"o% #ri8a&io%#" # la 'o%a, 7 la 'o%a #% "#%tio #"tri&to, &aa1 # &o%8#rtir #l &(mlimi#%to#l 'i#% #% (%a o'li)a&i% a(toim(#"ta or la roia 8ol(%ta. Lo" &o%&#to" #ri8ao" imli&a%(%a a&tit( m:" 'i#% a"i8a, m(7 tol#ra%t#, # "oortar &o% )ra% r#"i)%a&i% #l ao 9(# otro"(#a% &a("amo".

Toa" la" 8irt(#" ma%ti#%#% #%tr# "$ $%timo" #%la&#", #ro la 'o%a #" ta% amlia 9(# &or%o%i%)(%a #%8(#l8# a la" r#"ta%t#" #% (% too (%itario.

A%t# #l ro'l#ma m(7 i"&(tio # "i #l 0om'r# #" '(#%o o malo or %at(ral#1a, %o" a8o&amo" a&r##r #% "( 'o%a, 7 9(# "( mala #" m:" 'i#% #l ro(&to # la" +r("tra&io%#" # i%;("ti&ia" 9(#0a "(+rio a lo lar)o # "( #/i"t#%&ia. El 0om'r# '(#%o 0a # "#r li'r#, r#"o%"a'l#, (#o # "("

ala'ra" 7 a&&io%#", &o% #%"ami#%to" #l#8ao" 7 i"(#"to" a &o%"tr(ir "( 8ia &o% altr(i"mo,)#%#ro"ia, tol#ra%&ia, "oliaria, 7 #m:" 8irt(#".

• ("ti&ia.

E" la 8irt( moral 9(# 0a&# r#+#r#%&ia al or#%, i)(ala 7 armo%$a 9(# #'#% r#8al#&#r #% #l0om'r#, #% "( o'l# im#%"i% "o&ial # i%i8i(al.

E% &(a%to al i%i8i(o, la ;("ti&ia #/r#"a ="#)*% Plat%! #l a#&(ao #9(ili'rio 7 armo%$a #%tr# la"+a&(lta#" #l alma 9(#a%o "('ori%aa" a la ra1% la 8ol(%ta 7 la "#%"i'ilia. E% &(a%to al "#r"o&ial, la ;("ti&ia ro&(ra i%t#)rar #% (% or#% #"ta'l#, arm%i&o # i)(alitario la" r#la&io%#"i%t#r0(ma%a" &o% #l +i% # o't#%#r #l 'i#% &om*%.

La ;("ti&ia #" la a"ira&i% m:/ima #l #r#&0o, la i#a 9(# #'# i%"irarlo &o%"ta%t#m#%t#. A(%9(#ti#%# (% +(%am#%to <ti&o # )ra% tra"&#%#%&ia, #l l()ar o%# m#;or "# a"i#%ta #" #% #l # la"r#la&io%#" "o&ial#" r#)(laa" or #l #r#&0o. E"to "# #'# a la roia %at(ral#1a # la ;("ti&ia, 9(#o"## #% %(#"tro ti#mo (%a &o%%ota&i% m:" "o&ial 9(# i%i8i(al, m:" o"iti8a 9(# m#ta+$"i&a.

La ;("ti&ia %at(ral ti#%# a la #9(ia =lo m#"(rao! &omo (%o # "(" ri%&iio" ':"i&o".

La ;("ti&ia, #ri8aa #l #r#&0o o"iti8o, "# #%&(#%tra la"maa #% lo" i"ti%to" or#%ami#%to"l#)al#" rom(l)ao" or #l o#r *'li&o. E"ta #" la ;("ti&ia "o&ial o l#)al, 9(# ara m(&0o" #" la

;("ti&ia roiam#%t# i&0a.

La ;("ti&ia l#)al "# i8i# #% )#%#ral o arti&(lar, @"#)*% 9(# &o%"i#r# lo" a&to" 0(ma%o" #%r#la&i% &o% lo 9(# #/i)# la &o%"#r8a&i% # la (%ia "o&ial 7 #l 'i#% &om*%, o #% r#la&i% &o% lo

9(# &orr#"o%# a lo" arti&(lar#" #%tr# "$ o +r#%t# a la &om(%ia. La rim#ra r#)(la lo" #r#&0o"# la "o&i#a 7 la "#)(%a lo" #r#&0o" # lo" arti&(lar#"@.

E"ta *ltima "# "('i8i# #% i"tri'(ti8a 7 #% &o%m(tati8a.

La ;("ti&ia i"tri'(ti8a, "#)*% la &<l#'r# #+i%i&i% # Ulia%o &omo4 @la 8ol(%ta &o%"ta%t# 7 #r#t(a# ar a &aa (%o lo "(7o@, #"tima, ar#&ia, o i"ti%)(# "#)*% la l#7 o lo" ri%&iio" # la #9(ia, lo9(# a &aa (%o l# &orr#"o%#.








[Año

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roia". >#ria m(7 lar)a la #%(m#ra&i% # a&&io%#" "oliaria" #l E"tao, #ro %o #'#mo" ol8iar9(# la "oliaria #" #"#%&ialm#%t# r#&$ro&a 7, or ta%to, #% too" #"to" a"(%to" 9(#a iml$&ita a

"( 8#1 la r#"(#"ta 7 arti&ia&i% 9(# moralm#%t# #"tamo" o'li)ao" a ar.

_ ?ilo"o+$a

La +ilo"o+$a %o (## #%t#%#r"# "lo &omo (%a r#a&&i% #"o%t:%#a o %at(ral # lo" 0om'r#". Por%at(ral#1a, #l 0om'r# ti#%# la &(rio"ia # "a'#r. E"ta &(rio"ia or "a'#r %o #" or "$ mi"ma+ilo"+i&a, &omo tamo&o lo "o% la" r#)(%ta" i%+a%til#", %i lo #ra la &(rio"ia, 9(# (i#ra#/#rim#%tar (% A("traloit0#&(" &(a%o "al$a # la &(#8a.

Lo" or$)#%#" # la +ilo"o+$a o&&i#%tal "# r#mo%ta% a la Gr#&ia &l:"i&a. Etimol)i&am#%t#, la ala'ra+ilo"o+$a, a&(aa or lo" )ri#)o", "i)%i+i&a amor a la "a'i(r$a. D# a&(#ro &o% Ni&ola A''a)%a%o, laala'ra +ilo"o+$a aar#&# &omo %om'r# # (%a i%a)a&i%

No "# #%&(#%tra toa8$a #% Hom#ro %i #% H#"$oo. A lo" "i#t#" "a'io" "# l#" llama "o+i"ta", 7 "o+i"ta"# llama'a a Pit:)ora". H#rooto ("a la ala'ra #% "( "i)%i+i&ao #timol)i&o &(a%o 0a&# #&ir alr#7 Cr#"o iri)i<%o"# a >ol%4 @H# o$o 0a'lar # lo" 8ia;#" 9(# +ilo"o+a%o 0a" #mr#%io ara8#r m(&0o" a$"#"@. S T(&$i#" 0a&# #&ir a P#ri&l#" # "$ mi"mo 7 # lo" at#%i#%"#"4 @Amamo" lo'#llo &o% "#%&ill#1 7 +ilo"o+amo" "i% timi#1@. A9($ #l 8o&a'lo %o "# r#+i#r# a (%a i"&ili%a #"#&$+i&a.=A''a)%a%o, Ni&ola4 Hi"toria # la ?ilo"o+$a., Bar&#lo%a, Mo%ta%#r 7 >imo%, 5F, :). .!

>#)*% Ci&#r%, 9(i#% (" or rim#ra 8#1 la ala'ra +ilo"o+$a +(# Pit:)ora". Yl &omara'a la 8ia &o%lo" +#"t#;o" # Olimia #% lo" 9(# al)(%o" #ra% %#)o&ia%t#", otro" "lo i'a% ara &o%&(r"ar, otro"or i8#rtir"# 7 otro" or &(rio"ia. A #"to" *ltimo" lo" llam +il"o+o". Otra +(#%t# #l ori)#% # laala'ra +il"o+o i%i&a 9(# H#r:&lito, al r#+#rir"# a lo" i%a)aor#", lo" llama'a +il"o+o".

E" %#&#"ario 9(# lo" 0om'r#" +il"o+o" "#a% '(#%o" i%a)aor#" # m(&0a" &o"a" =I'i., :). !.

I%a)a&i% +(# #l rim#r "i)%i+i&ao # +ilo"o+$a, 9(# 0a&$a art# # (% "a'#r #%&ami%ao a (%ar#%#r m:" all: # la" aari#%&ia". Por "( art#, Plat% l# a'a la #%omi%a&i% # +ilo"o+$a al&o%;(%to # i"&ili%a" tal#" &omo la G#om#tr$a, la m*"i&a, 7 otra" 9(# "# #%&ami%a'a% a "( +(%&i%ro#<(ti&a. La +ilo"o+$a "# &o%trao%$a a la "o+$a `m(7 roia # la" #ia#"`, 7 tam'i<% a la/a, 8al# #&ir, a la m#ra oi%i% #l 8(l)o.

?ilo"o+$a &omo a&tit(. Co%&#to" r:&ti&o"

La i%t#r8#%&i% )#%ial # >&rat#" #% la 0i"toria #l #%"ami#%to o&&i#%tal &o%"i"t# #% &omr#%#rlo 9(# #"ta'a "(&#i#%o 7 "#)(iam#%t# #+i%ir "(" &o%"#&(#%&ia". Co% <l &om#%1 #l #r$oo&o%o&io &omo la il("tra&i% 0#l<%i&a.






[Año

]

E/i"t#% i"ti%to" moo" # @0a&#r +ilo"o+$a@. La llamaa +ilo"o+$a &o%ti%#%tal i+i#r# # la +ilo"o+$aa%al$ti&a #% #% &mo +ilo"o+a%. Ril"o+o" # i"ti%ta" &orri#%t#" %i#)a% 9(i1:" #l moo # 0a&#r

+ilo"o+$a 9(# %o "#a #l "(7o 7 a+irmar:% 9(# @lo otro@ %o #" +ilo"o+$a.

La" i8#r"a" &orri#%t#" # +ilo"o+$a &o%ti%#%tal ati#%#% a la 0i"toria # la ?ilo"o+$a 7 ialo)a% &o% latrai&i%. Por #;#mlo, lo" +il"o+o" &o%ti%#%tal#" #"t(ia% a Ari"tt#l#", a%t, H#)#l o Ni#t1"&0# 7,arti#%o # #"a trai&i% =o &o%;(%to # trai&io%#"!, 0a&#% r#+l#/io%#", roo%i#%o 8i"io%#" #lm(%o o #l #%"ami#%to. La +ilo"o+$a &o%ti%#%tal "# 0a&# "o'r# too #% a$"#" &omo Al#ma%ia o?ra%&ia, a(%9(# #% lo" E"tao" U%io" #/i"t# (%a +(#rt# t#%#%&ia #% #"ta trai&i%. Lo" t#ma"&om(%#" # la ?ilo"o+$a &o%ti%#%tal "o% la #i"t#molo)$a, la Hi"toria # la ?ilo"o+$a, la Yti&a 7 laE"t<ti&a, or &itar al)(%o".

La ?ilo"o+$a a%al$ti&a %a&# &o% Gottlo' ?r#)# a +i%al#" #l >i)lo XIX. Di&0a &orri#%t# ti#%# la ma7or$a# "(" "#)(ior#" #% Gra% Br#taa, lo" E"tao" U%io" 7 A("tralia, a(%9(# 0o7 #% $a #/i"t#%

imorta%t#" )r(o" # +il"o+o" a%al$ti&o" #% E"aa, ?ra%&ia, Italia 7 otro" a$"#". La ?ilo"o+$aa%al$ti&a, trai&io%alm#%t#, "# 0a o&(ao # t#ma" &omo la ?ilo"o+$a # la" mat#m:ti&a", la?ilo"o+$a # la Ci#%&ia o Ei"t#molo)$a, la ?ilo"o+$a # la m#%t#, la L)i&a, la ?ilo"o+$a #l l#%)(a;# 7,#% al)(%o" &a"o", Yti&a. U%a &ara&t#r$"ti&a "o'r#"ali#%t# #" 9(# lo" +il"o+o" # #"ta &orri#%t#a&#ta% (%a" r#)la" #l ;(#)o &om(%#" ara too". U% #;#mlo a7(ar: a &omr#%#r #"to. E% la?ilo"o+$a #l l#%)(a;#, #%tro # la &orri#%t# a%al$ti&a, 0o7 #% $a too" a&#ta% 9(# la T#or$a # lar#+#r#%&ia ir#&ta #" la t#or$a omi%a%t# a la 0ora # #/li&ar #l ro'l#ma #l "i)%i+i&ao. Lo"+il"o+o" 9(# ata&a% #"ta t#or$a omi%a%t# lo 0a&#% ar)(m#%ta%o +allo" #% i&0a t#or$a, &omo or#;#mlo, #l ro'l#ma # lo" %om'r#" 8a&$o" =#mt7 %am#"!. Lo" +il"o+o" a%al$ti&o" %o "lo a&#ta%(%o" m<too" &om(%#", "i%o 9(# ('li&a% #% la" mi"ma" r#8i"ta" =or #;. Mi%, Et0i&", #t&.!. E%#+i%iti8a, la ?ilo"o+$a a%al$ti&a ti#%# m(&0o 9(# 8#r &o% lo" m<too" &i#%t$+i&o".

?ilo"o+$a # la %at(ral#1a

E% toa la rim#ra #taa # la +ilo"o+$a a%ti)(a, 0a"ta a%t#" # lo" "o+i"ta", #l ro'l#ma &#%tral #9(# "# o&(a% lo" +il"o+o" #" la %at(ral#1a or #"o, Ari"tt#l#" 0a'r$a # llamarlo" lo" +$"i&o", lo"i%8#"ti)aor#" # la %at(ral#1a. Lo 9(# i"ti%)(# a #"to" rim#ro" +il"o+o" # otro" i%t#%to"a%t#rior#" or #/li&ar #l ori)#% #l &o"mo" +(# 9(# "( #/li&a&i% la +(%a% "o'r# (% ri%&iio%at(ral, 7 %o "o'r# (% ri%&iio m:)i&am#%t# r#8#lao, m$ti&o o r#li)io"o, &omo "# 0a'$a 0#&0o 0a"ta#%to%&#". Co% #llo" %a&# la &o%8i&&i% # 9(# #" o"i'l# &o%o&#r la r#alia or m#io # la ra1%=&o%8i&&i% 9(# "# ma%ti#%# 0a"ta %(#"tro" $a"!,

P#ro ara Ari"tt#l#", #l (%i8#r"o #ra *%i&o, #"+<ri&o, #r+#&to, +i%ito #% #l #"a&io, #ro %o #% #lti#mo, &aa (%a # "(" r#)io%#" ti#%# "(" roia" l#7#". E"to #" (%o # lo" ar)(m#%to" #% 9(# la+ilo"o+$a # la %at(ral#1a #l r#%a&imi#%to #"mi#%t# #%+r#%t:%o"# a la I)l#"ia or 9(# #llo" &r#$a%9(# #l (%i8#r"o #ra i%+i%ito 7 a(to"(+i&i#%t# #% o%# la ti#rra %o o&(a o"i&i% ri8il#)iaa al)(%a.

A#m:" #llo" #+#%$a% la o"i&i% #l >ol &omo #l &#%tro #l (%i8#r"o =0#lio&#%tri"mo! 7 %o a lati#rra #% #l &#%tro # #"t# &omo "(o%$a #l Ari"tot#li"mo m#i#8al =)#o&#%tri"mo!.

U%o # lo" 9(# #+#%$a% #"ta o"i&i% #ra Giora%%o Br(%o. Yl #ra #l rim#r a%t#$"ta 7 &r#$a 9(#Dio" #ra too #l (%i8#r"o 7 %o (%a #r"o%alia. P#%"aor %#olat%i&o 7 rai&alm#%t#a%tiari"tot<li&o, &o%&i'# (% (%i8#r"o i%+i%ito, (%o # i%m8il, 9(# a%ti&ia la &o%&#&i% # la "("ta%&ia*%i&a. Co%"i#ra Dio" &omo &a("a i%t#r%a # lo" +#%m#%o" # la %at(ral#1a 7 ma%ti#%# (%a 8i"i%0#lio&<%tri&a #l (%i8#r"o. A+irma la #/i"t#%&ia # m*ltil#" "i"t#ma" "olar#" 9(# "(r)#% 7




[Año

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#"aar#&#% #% #"# (%i8#r"o 9(# "# #"arrolla &omo (% \or)a%i"mo 8i8o], a%imao or #l alma #lm(%o.

Otro +il"o+o # la %at(ral#1a #" >i%o1a. Para >i%o1a la 'a"# # too "( #%"ami#%to l)i&o #" la&a("a "(i, #" #&ir, (%a r#alia 9(# #" ori)#% # "$ mi"ma 7 a la 8#1 # toa" la" &o"a", 9(# ti#%#or #llo (%a #/i"t#%&ia i%##%i#%t#. E"ta @"("ta%&ia@ #", or ta%to, #9(i8al#%t# a Dio", #" #&ir,a9(#llo 9(# #/i"t# or "$ mi"mo 7 &r#aor # toa r#alia 9(# #", a la 8#1, Yl mi"mo. Dio" 7 #lm(%o, #"to #", "( &r#a&i%, "o% i<%ti&o", a%o l()ar a (% a%t#$"mo. Yl tam'i<% &o%&i'# (%(%i8#r"o i%+i%ito # i%m8il #% o%# Dio" #" la &a("a # too. >i%o1a a+irma la #/i"t#%&ia # (%a"ola "("ta%&ia, a9(#llo 9(# %o %#&#"ita otra &o"a ara #/i"tir. E"ta #+i%i&i% "olo &orr#"o%#r$a a(%a "("ta%&ia i%+i%ita, >i%o1a llama a #"to Dio" o la %at(ral#1a =D#(" "i8# %at(ra!.

Galil#o 7 #l#r tam'i<% arti&iaro% #% #"t# il#ma #l (%i8#r"o 7 # la ti#rra &omo &#%tro #l(%i8#r"o, aorta%o #% )ra% m#ia &o% "(" t#or$a" 7 #/#rim#%to" "o'r# la" l(%a" # *it#r, #l

mo8imi#%to # lo" la%#ta", la" +a"#" # V#%(" 7 #l t#l#"&oio, a la +ilo"o+$a # la %at(ral#1a, 7a 9(##llo" a+irma'a% #l 0#lio&#%tri"mo 9(# &r#$a% #"to" +il"o+o".

El alma #l m(%o

Para la +ilo"o+$a # la %at(ral#1a #"ta #/r#"i% #" m(7 imorta%t#. ># 0a ("ao la #/r#"i% alma#l m(%o ara #"i)%ar la totalia #l (%i8#r"o &o%&#'io &omo or)a%i"mo, o la +ormab # #"t#(%i8#r"o. La i#a # (% alma #l m(%o "(r)i t#mra%am#%t# #% la +ilo"o+$a )ri#)a., la "(o"i&i%# 9(# too #"t: #%tr#la1ao ll#8 a al)(%o" a amitir (% alma #% #l m(%o. La #/li&a&i% lat%i&a#l ori)#% #l alma #l m(%o "# #'i a la o'"#r8a&i% # la %at(ral#1a 7 %o # al)o m$ti&o. >#)*%al)(%o" a(tor#", #l &(#ro #l m(%o #"t: #%8(#lto or "( alma #ro, a la 8#1, #l alma #l (%i8#r"o"# 0alla #% &aa (%a # la" &o"a" # <"t#, %o ar&ial 7 +ra)m#%tariam#%t#, "i%o # (% moo total 7&oml#to.

Lo" #'at#" 0a'io" #% la" #"&(#la" +ilo"+i&a" a%ti)(a", #'at#" 9(#, 'a;o i"ti%ta +orma, "#r#ro(&#% #% too" a9(#llo" mom#%to" # la 0i"toria #l #%"ami#%to #% 9(# lo or):%i&o#"la1ab a lo m#&:%i&o, "# &#%traro% arti&(larm#%t# #% lo" #"toi&o" 7 lo" %#olat%i&o". U%o"&o%&#'$a%, #% #+#&to, #"ta alma #l m(%o # (% moo m(7 &#r&a%o a lo mat#rial #l &ororali"mo# lo" #"toi&o" %o o$a #;ar # i%+l(ir "o'r# "( i#a #l alma &"mi&a.

E% #+#&to, "i #l m(%o #" (% "#r 8i8i#%t#, ra&io%al, a%imao # i%t#li)#%t# #% #l "#%tio # (%a"("ta%&ia a%imaa otaa # "#%"a&i%b #"ta t#%r$a (%a m(#rt#. Otro", #% &am'io, i#%ti+i&a'a%#"ta alma #l m(%o &o% la ra1% o 'i#% 0a&$a% # #lla, &omo lo" %#olat%i&o", (%a # la"0i"ta"i" # la (%ia "(r#ma. El alma #l m(%o 9(#a'a #%to%&#" #"li)aa # #"ta (%iaa(%9(# #"tri&tam#%t# "('ori%aa a #lla, %o o$a tamo&o &o%+(%ir"# &o% la (%ia rim#ra.

El alma #l m(%o 9(#a'a #%to%&#" #"li)aa # #"ta (%ia a(%9(# #"tri&tam#%t# "('ori%aa a#lla, %o o$a tamo&o &o%+(%ir"# &o% la (%ia rim#ra. La &o%+("i% #l alma #l (%i8#r"o &o% #lrim#r ri%&iio #", #% &am'io, roia # la" t#%#%&ia" 9(# or$a% &ali+i&ar"# # a%t#$"moor)a%ol)i&ob. D#"# #l mom#%to #% 9(# "# %i#)a, &o%"&i#%t# o i%&o%"&i#%t#m#%t#, latra"&#%#%&ia #l rim#r ri%&iio, aar#&# #l alma #l m(%o &omo lo 9(# r#li)a la totalia #l(%i8#r"o, &omo lo 9(# #/r#"a #"ta mi"ma totalia, o &omo la roia totalia #% &(a%to *%i&ar#alia #/i"t#%t#.










[Año

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+i)(ra" ri%&ial#" #l #%"ami#%to &ri"tia%o 7 &atli&o 9(# m:" 0a% i%+l(io #% la &(lt(ra 0a% "io A)("t$% # Hio%a 7 Tom:" # A9(i%o. La &ara&t#r$"ti&a ri%&ial # #"t# #r$oo +(# la

"('ori%a&i% #l #%"ami#%to +ilo"+i&o a la T#olo)$a &atli&a, o%i#%o toa la &(lt(ra 0(ma%a al"#r8i&io #l &atoli&i"mo 7 # la I)l#"ia.

El #r$oo # la ?ilo"o+$a mo#r%a "# i%a()(ra &o% D#"&art#" #% #l "i)lo XVI 7 "# &#%tra, "o'r# too,#% la r#+l#/i% "o'r# #l &o%o&imi#%to 7 "o'r# #l "#r 0(ma%o. La r#8ol(&i% &i#%t$+i&a 9(# roi&i laaari&i% # la +ilo"o+$a mo#r%a 7 9(# 8a #"# #l "i)lo XV al XVII +(# (%o # lo" im(l"o"r#%o8aor#" m:" imorta%t#" # la 0i"toria &(lt(ral # O&&i#%t# 7 # toa la H(ma%ia. Otro #lo" mo8imi#%to" +ilo"+i&o" m:" imorta%t#" +(# la Il("tra&i% # lo" "i)lo" XVII 7 XVIII #% E(roa.Lo" +il"o+o" il("trao" 9(# m:" &o%tri'(7#ro% a la #8ol(&i% +ilo"+i&a # O&&i#%t# +(#ro% H(m# 7a%t, 9(# "it(aro% #l #"+(#r1o # la ra1% 0(ma%a #%tro # lo" l$mit#" #l #miri"mo 7 #lra&io%ali"mo.

Lo" or$)#%#">i #%t#%#mo" +ilo"o+$a #% "( a&#&i% #timol)i&a # amor or #l "a'#r, #%to%&#" #" altam#%t#ro'a'l# 9(# too" lo" "#r#" 0(ma%o" "#a% +il"o+o", #% #l "#%tio # 9(# too" %o" la%t#amo" la")ra%#" r#)(%ta" "o'r# la 8ia. >i% #m'ar)o, la +ilo"o+$a #%t#%ia &omo (% &o%;(%to # #"&(#la" o# #%"ami#%to" m:" o m#%o" a'"tra&to", #%&(#%tra l()ar #% 8aria" r#)io%#" 7 &(lt(ra" i"ti%ta". D##"ta ma%#ra, #% a%ti)(a C0i%a #"ta&a% la" +i)(ra" # Co%+(&io, Lao T1( 7 M#%&io, mi#%tra" 9(# #%la I%ia "o% imorta%t#" B(a 7 Ma0a8ira. A%t#" # #llo, (## &o%"i#rar"# a la a"trolo)$a'a'il%i&a &omo (%a #"&(#la +ilo"+i&a, #% ta%to #" (%a "(#rt# # r#"(#"ta a la %at(ral#1a #lU%i8#r"o. Tam'i<% #/i"t# (%a &i#rta 8#%a +ilo"+i&a #% &i#rto" #"&rito" 0#'r#o", &omo or #;#mlo #%#l Li'ro #l E&l#"ia"t<", #% la Bi'lia. c0a7 9(# r##"&ri'irlod

El m(%o )ri#)o a%t#rior a la aari&i% # la +ilo"o+$a 8i8$a i%"talao #% la a&tit( m$ti&a. A tra8<" #

lo" mito" #l 0om'r# &o%"#)($a ar (%a #/li&a&i% a lo" i"ti%to" a&o%t#&imi#%to" # "( 8ia. Sa(%9(# lo" io"#" "o% ar'itrario" #% "( &o%(&ta, "# (##% &o%trolar m#ia%t# rito" 7 l#)aria".

El )ra% a&o%t#&imi#%to #"irit(al 9(# i%i&ia% lo" )ri#)o" #%tr# lo" "i)lo" VII-VI a. C. &o%"i"t# #%i%t#%tar "(#rar #"ta +orma # #"tar a%t# #l m(%o &o% otra +orma r#8ol(&io%aria 9(# a(#"ta or lara1% &omo #l i%"tr(m#%to # &o%o&imi#%to 7 # omi%io # la r#alia.

No o'"ta%t# %o 0a7 9(# &r##r 9(# la a&tit( m$ti&a %o #"aar#&# &oml#tam#%t# a artir # #"ta+#&0a, m:" 'i#% o&(rr# 9(# "o% (%a" o&a" #r"o%a" la" 9(# 8i8#% #% #l %(#8o 7 r#8ol(&io%ariomoo # #%"ar, 7 9(# <"t# o&o a o&o "# 8a 0a&i#%o m:" (%i8#r"al. A*% m:" la a&tit( m$ti&atoa8$a %o 0a #"aar#&io #% %(#"tra <o&a.

A"$, (#", +r#%t# a la #/li&a&i% m$ti&a #l m(%o aar#&# #% #l ao 2 a. # C. la a&tit( ra&io%al.

Lo" )ri#)o" #"&('r#% 9(# la" &o"a" #l m(%o #"t:% or#%aa" "i)(i#%o l#7#". El m(%o #" (%CO>MO>, %o (% Cao", or lo 9(# (% &(#ro %o "# ma%i+i#"ta rim#ro # (%a ma%#ra 7 l(#)o # otra&oml#tam#%t# i"ti%ta, "i%o 9(# #% "( ma%i+#"ta&i% 0a7 &i#rto or#%, "#)*% "( E"#%&ia oNat(ral#1a.






[Año

]

A. Mo8imi#%to "o+i"ta4 #"&#ti&i"mo 7 r#lati8i"mo

5. Prot:)ora" # A'#ra =J-56 a. C.!

2. Gor)ia" # L#o%ti%i =J-J6 a. C.!

B. >&rat#" =F-FF a. C.!4 i%t#l#&t(ali"mo moral 7 o';#ti8i"mo

III. ?ILO>O?ÍA GLOBALIKADORA S >I>TEMTICA4 r#o&(a&i% or too" lo" t#ma" +ilo"+i&o",or la r#alia #% "( &o%;(%to =IV a. C.!

A. Plat% =2- a. C.!4 la" I#a" 7 #l &o%o&imi#%to o';#ti8o

B. Ari"tt#l#" =J-22 a. C.!4 la P07"i" #(#mo%i"mo

IV. ?ILO>O?ÍA HELENÍ>TICA4 r#o&(a&i% or lo" t#ma" moral#", '*"9(#a # la ma%#ra # "#r+#li1 =+i%al#" #l "i)lo IV al "i)lo II a. C.!

A. E"toi&i"mo4 la 8irt( &omo 'i#% "(r#mo la aat$a

K#%% # Citio =5-25 a. C.!

B. Ei&(r#$"mo4 0#o%i"mo

Ei&(ro # >amo" =5-26 a. C.!

C. E"&#ti&i"mo4 #"&#ti&i"mo

Pirr% # Eli" =-2 a. C.!

?ilo"o+$a &l:"i&a

?ilo"o+$a &orr#"o%i#%t# al llamao >i)lo # P#ri&l#", mom#%to #% 9(# #"ta i"&ili%a ll#)a a "(m:/imo ao)#o #% #l m(%o )ri#)o.

>&rat#"




[Año

]

Plat% =r#ali"ta 7 +(%aor # la A&a#mia!

Ari"tt#l#" =+(%aor #l Li&#o!

?ilo"o+$a 0#l#%$"ti&a

Tam'i<% llamaa al#;a%ri%a o o"ari"tot<li&a. ># trata # la +ilo"o+$a 9(# +lor#&# (ra%t# #l P#r$oo0#l#%$"ti&o.

A&a<mi&o" Co%ti%(aor#" # la A&a#mia lat%i&a.

P#riat<ti&o" Co%ti%(aor#" #l Li&#o ari"tot<li&o.

T#o+ra"to

E"trat% # Lam"a&o

Ari"to/#%o

>atiro

E(#mo # Roa"

A%ro%i&o # Roa"

E"toi&o" =a%ti)(a 7 m#ia E"toa!

K#%% # Citio =+(%aor #l #"toi&i"mo #% la E"toa!

Ari"t% # [($o"

Cl#a%t#"

Cri"io




[Año

]

Pa%#&io

Po"io%io

Ei&*r#o"

Ei&(ro =+(%aor #l #i&(r#$"mo #% #l ar$% 7 tam'i<% atomi"ta!

E"&<ti&o"

Pirr% =+(%aor #l #"&#ti&i"mo!

>#/to Em$ri&o

C$%i&o"

Di)#%#" # >i%o# =+(%aor #l &i%i"mo!

Crat#" # T#'a"

Hiar9($a

M#)ar#%"#" o M#):ri&o"

Cir#%ai&o"

Ari"tio # Cir#%#

H#l#%i"mo ;($o

?il% # Al#;a%r$a

Via &o%t#mlati8a




[Año

]

N#olato%i"mo

Ploti%o

?ilo"o+$a roma%a

>i 'i#% la #/i"t#%&ia # #"ta #%omi%a&i% #" a*% t#ma # #'at# #%tr# lo" #r(ito" =&+. Pi#rr#Grimal4 @fE/i"t# (%a ?ilo"o+$a roma%ag@!, lo &i#rto #" 9(# #%tr# lo" roma%o" #"ta'a% m(7 i+(%ia"la" i#a" #l #"toi&i"mo, #l #i&(r#$"mo 7 # lo" a&a<mi&o". D# 0#&0o, m(&0o" #%"aor#" # #"t##r$oo #ra% m:" 'i#% #&l<&ti&o". El &a"o arai)m:ti&o, #% #"t# "#%tio, #" Ci&#r%.

E"toi&o" =%(#8a o tar$a E"toa!

><%#&a

Mar&o A(r#lio

Ei&t#to

Ci&#r% =ar&ialm#%t#!

Ei&*r#o"

L(&r#&io

A&a<mi&o"

Ci&#r% =ar&ialm#%t#!

Bo#&io

?ilo"o+$a m#i#8al

E% la m#ia #% 9(# #l #%"ami#%to m#i#8al #"ta'a omi%ao or la ?# &ri"tia%a, la ?ilo"o+$ai#r# "( a%ti)(a a(to%om$a 7 #8i#%# a%&illa T0#olo)ia#, 8al# #&ir, a"a a #"tar "('ori%aa a laT#olo)$a.








[Año

]

Mo%tai)%#

Ra&io%ali"mo

D#"&art#" 7 #l &art#"ia%i"mo =tam'i<% i%%ati"ta"!

>i%o1a =tam'i<% a%t#$"ta mo%i"ta!

L#i'%i1 =tam'i<% otimi"ta!

Pa"&al

h#itar

Emiri"mo

Lo&#

H(m#

Morali"ta" +ra%&#"#"

Il("tra&i%

Voltair#

Mo%t#"9(i#(

Ro(""#a(

h#itarI#ali"mo

B#r#l#7

a%t

?i&0t#

>&0#lli%)

H#)#l




[Año

]

>&0o#%0a(#r =tam'i<% #"imi"ta!

Utilitari"mo

B#%t0am

Mill

Irra&io%ali"mo

A#m:" # "( a&tit( irra&io%ali"ta, #"to" +il"o+o" ti#%#% #% &om*% "( r#'#li% &o%tra la" +orma"a&a<mi&a" # 0a&#r +ilo"o+$a, 8al# #&ir, a la ma%#ra # a%t o H#)#l, or #;#mlo.

i#r#)aar

>&0o#%0a(#r =i"&(ti'l#, al i)(al 9(# "( 8ol(%tari"mo!

Mai%lj%#r =#"imi"ta!

Mat#riali"mo 0i"tri&o

Mar/

?ilo"o+$a &o%t#mor:%#a

?ilo"o+$a a%al$ti&a

R(""#ll

Car%a

itt)#%"t#i%

ri#

Na)#l

P(t%am




[Año

]

Rort7

C$r&(lo # Vi#%a

E"&(#la # B#rl$%

h#itar

?ilo"o+$a &o%ti%#%tal

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?ilo"o+$a o"mo#r%a Ba;o #"ta &at#)or$a &a#% too" a9(#llo" +il"o+o" 9(# l# 0a% ao ori)#% a lao"mo#r%ia.

Ni#t1"&0#

D#l#(1#

D#rria =#&o%"tr(&&io%i"ta!












[Año

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(%a "ola #"&ala # )raa&i% 7 r#+#r#%&ia. La t#or$a mo#r%a #l 8alor aml$a #l 0ori1o%t# &i#%t$+i&o7 a)ra%a #l &amo # lo" #"t(io" #&o%mi&o".

GRECIA S ROMA =PRIMERA> MANI?E>TACIONE>!

La" &(#"tio%#" #&o%mi&a" 0a% r#o&(ao a m(&0o" i%t#l#&t(al#" a lo lar)o # lo" "i)lo". E% laa%ti)(a Gr#&ia, Ari"tt#l#" 7 Plat% i"#rtaro% "o'r# lo" ro'l#ma" r#lati8o" a la ri9(#1a, la roi#a7 #l &om#r&io. D(ra%t# la #a m#ia r#omi%aro% la" i#a" # la I)l#"ia &atli&a ao"tli&aroma%a, "# im("o #l D#r#&0o &a%%i&o, 9(# &o%#%a'a la ("(ra =#l &o'ro # i%t#r#"#" a'("i8o" a&am'io # #+#&ti8o! 7 &o%"i#ra'a 9(# #l &om#r&io #ra (%a a&ti8ia i%+#rior a la a)ri&(lt(ra.

La #&o%om$a, &omo &i#%&ia mo#r%a i%##%i#%t# # la +ilo"o+$a 7 # la ol$ti&a, ata # la('li&a&i% # la o'ra I%8#"ti)a&i% "o'r# la %at(ral#1a 7 &a("a" # la ri9(#1a # la" %a&io%#"

=5!, #l +il"o+o 7 #&o%omi"ta #"&o&<" Aam >mit0. El m#r&a%tili"mo 7 la" #"#&(la&io%#" # lo"+i"i&rata" r#&#i#ro% a la #&o%om$a &l:"i&a # >mit0 7 "(" "#)(ior#" #l "i)lo XIX.

MANI?E>TACIONE> E>COL>TICA> DE LA EDAD MEDIA.

B(#%o ao a 9(# #% &(al9(i#r <o&a # %(#"tra 0i"toria "# 0a ao la E&o%om$a, "# (## #&ir9(# #% la #a m#ia, tam'i<% 0('o #&o%om$a, ta%to #% la art#"a%$a #% lo" )ra%#" im#rio", aart##"ta'a% la a)ri&(lt(ra, la mo%#a 9(# "i %o t(8o "( m#;or arti&ia&i%, tam'i<% #/i"ti, #" #&ir la#&o%om$a #% la #a m#ia #/i"ti # (%a ma%#ra r(ral #ro #/i"ti.

El &r#&imi#%to #mo)r:+i&o a artir #l "i)lo XI a'"t#&i a la 8ia (% &r#&imi#%to # la ma%o # o'ra 7ro(&&i% 9(# #"arrollo #l &om#r&io #%tr# la" &i(a#", %a&i #l "i"t#ma 'a%&ario, "# iml#m#%ta%al)(%a" i%("tria".

Tom:" # A9(i%o #la'or m(&0o" #%"a7o" (ra%t# #"ta <o&a 9(# 0a'la% a&#r&a # la &orr#&ta(tili1a&i% # la roi#a ri8aa, "# 0a'la # (% "i"t#ma # r#&io" ;("to" , too #"to #;a <l #%8ario" #%"a7o" # lo" 9(# o#mo" %om'rar \>(mma T0#olo)i&a 7 >(mma Co%tra]

Lo" #%"aor#" #&o%mi&o" # #"ta <o&a &o%#%a% la ("(ra 7 &o%&#%tra% "( at#%&i% #% latra%"+orma&i% # i%"tit(&io%#" m#i#8al#", r#&lama% "alario" ;("to" 7 &o%#%a% rai&alm#%t# la"ra&ti&a" &om#r&ial#" 8i&io"a".

MERCANTILI>MO

El #"arrollo # lo" mo#r%o" %a&io%ali"mo" a lo lar)o #l "i)lo XVI #"8i la at#%&i% # lo"#%"aor#" # la <o&a 0a&ia &mo i%&r#m#%tar la ri9(#1a 7 #l o#r # la" %a&io%#" E"tao. Laol$ti&a #&o%mi&a 9(# im#ra'a #% a9(#lla <o&a, #l m#r&a%tili"mo, +om#%ta'a #la(toa'a"t#&imi#%to # la" %a&io%#". E"ta o&tri%a #&o%mi&a im#r #% I%)lat#rra 7 #% #l r#"to #E(roa o&&i#%tal #"# #l "i)lo XVI 0a"ta #l "i)lo XVIII.




[Año

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Lo" m#r&a%tili"ta" &o%"i#ra'a% 9(# la ri9(#1a # (%a %a&i% ##%$a # la &a%tia # oro 7 lata

9(# t(8i#"#. Aart# # la" mi%a" # oro 7 lata #"&('i#rta" or E"aa #% #l N(#8o M(%o, (%a%a&i% "lo o$a a(m#%tar "(" r#"#r8a" # #"to" m#tal#" r#&io"o" 8#%i#%o m:" ro(&to" aotro" a$"#" # lo" 9(# &omra'a # #llo". El &o%"#)(ir (%a 'ala%1a # a)o" &o% "alo o"iti8oimli&a'a 9(# lo" #m:" a$"#" t#%$a% 9(# a)ar la i+#r#%&ia &o% oro 7 lata.

Lo" m#r&a%tili"ta" a'a% or "#%tao 9(# "( a$" #"tar$a "i#mr# #% )(#rra &o% otro", or#ar:%o"# ara la r/ima &o%ti#%a. >i t#%$a% oro 7 lata, lo" iri)#%t#" or$a% a)ar am#r&#%ario" ara &om'atir, &omo 0i1o #l r#7 or)# III # I%)lat#rra (ra%t# la )(#rra # laI%##%#%&ia #"tao(%i#%"#. E% &a"o # %#&#"ia, #l mo%ar&a tam'i<% or$a &omrar arma",(%i+orm#" 7 &omia ara lo" "olao".

E"ta r#o&(a&i% m#r&a%tili"ta or a&(m(lar m#tal#" r#&io"o" tam'i<% a+#&ta'a a la ol$ti&ai%t#r%a. Era imr#"&i%i'l# 9(# lo" "alario" +(#ra% 'a;o" 7 9(# la o'la&i% &r#&i#"#. U%a o'la&i%%(m#ro"a 7 mal a)aa ro(&ir$a m(&0o" 'i#%#" a (% r#&io lo "(+i&i#%t# 'a;o &omo ara o#r8#%#rlo" #% #l #/t#rior. ># o'li)a'a a la )#%t# a tra'a;ar ;or%aa" lar)a", 7 "# &o%"i#ra'a (%#"il+arro #l &o%"(mo # t<, )i%#'ra, la1o", 8ola%t#" o t#;io" # "#a. D# #"ta +ilo"o+$a tam'i<% "##(&$a 9(#, &(a%to a%t#" #m#1ara% a tra'a;ar lo" %io", m#;or ara #l a$". U% a(tor m#r&a%tili"tat#%$a (% la% ara lo" %io" # lo" o'r#"4 @&(a%o #"to" %io" ti#%#% &(atro ao", 0a7 9(# ll#8arlo"al a"ilo ara o'r#" # la r#)i%, o%# "# l#" #%"#ar: a l##r (ra%t# o" 0ora" al $a, 7 "# l#"t#%r: tra'a;a%o #l r#"to #l $a #% la" tar#a" 9(# m#;or "# a;("t#% a "( #a, +(#r1a 7 &aa&ia@.

Como &o%&l("ico% #"ta o&tri%a ':"i&am#%t# &o%"i"t$a #% 9(# #l E"tao #'ia #;#r&#r (% +<rr#o&o%trol "o'r# la i%("tria 7 #l &om#r&io ara a(m#%tar #l o#r # la %a&i% al lo)rar 9(# la"#/orta&io%#" "(#r#% #% 8alor a la" imorta&io%#".. Lo" ri8il#)io" +r#%t# a la &om(%ia 7 al #"tao

i#ro% a"o a 9(# la" or)a%i1a&io%#" # &om#r&ia%t#" # i+#r#%t#" &la"#" +(#ra% la" 9(##"arrollara% a la" %a&io%#". E% lo" a$"#" "# #"arrollaro% 'rot#" # %a&io%ali"mo #/tr#mo", #"toll#8o a )ra%#" &am'io" ol$ti&o" 7 "o&ial#". El o#r #&o%mi&o # (%a %a&i% #ra &al&(lao #% la&a%tia # oro, lata 7 #m:" m#tal#" r#&io"o" 9(# t#%ia #% "(" ar&a". El m#r&a%tili"mo t(8o )ra%</ito al #"tim(lar #l &r#&imi#%to # la i%("tria, #ro tam'i<% ro8o& +(#rt#" r#a&&io%#" #% &o%tra #"(" o"t(lao". La (tili1a&i% # la" &olo%ia" &omo ro8##ora" # r#&(r"o" 7 "( #/&l("i% # lo"&ir&(ito" &om#r&ial#" i#ro% l()ar, #%tr# otra" ra1o%#", a a&o%t#&imi#%to" &omo la )(#rra # laI%##%#%&ia #"tao(%i#%"#, or9(# lo" &olo%o" r#t#%$a% o't#%#r &o% li'#rta "( roio'i#%#"tar #&o%mi&o. E% I%)lat#rra #l i%t#l#&t(al m:" imorta%t# +(# G#rar # Mal7%#" 7 #% ?ra%&ia+(# Col'#rt 9(i#% +(# mi%i"tro # +i%a%1a" # L(i" XIV.

LIBERALI>MO

E>CUELA ?I>IOCRATA4

E"ta o&tri%a #&o%mi&a #"t(8o #% 'o)a #% ?ra%&ia (ra%t# la "#)(%a mita #l "i)lo XVIII 7 "(r)i&omo (%a r#a&&i% a%t# la" ol$ti&a" r#"tri&ti8a" #l m#r&a%tili"mo. El +(%aor # la #"&(#la,?ra%oi" [(#"%a7, #ra m<i&o # &a'#&#ra #% la &ort# #l r#7 L(i" XV. >( li'ro m:" &o%o&io,Ta'l#a( <&o%omi9(# =C(aro #&o%mi&o, 5J!, i%t#%ta'a #"ta'l#&#r lo" +l(;o" # i%)r#"o" #% (%a




[Año

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#&o%om$a, a%ti&i:%o"# a la &o%ta'ilia %a&io%al, &r#aa #% #l "i)lo XX. >#)*% lo" +i"i&rata", toala ri9(#1a #ra )#%#raa or la a)ri&(lt(ra )ra&ia" al &om#r&io, #"ta ri9(#1a a"a'a # lo"

a)ri&(ltor#" al r#"to # la "o&i#a. Lo" +i"i&rata" #ra% artiario" #l li'r# &om#r&io 7 #l lai""#1-+air# =o&tri%a 9(# #+i#%# 9(# lo" )o'i#r%o" %o #'#% i%t#r8#%ir #% la #&o%om$a!. Tam'i<%"o"t#%$a% 9(# lo" i%)r#"o" #l E"tao t#%$a% 9(# ro8#%ir # (% *%i&o im(#"to 9(# #'$a )ra8ar alo" roi#tario" # la ti#rra, 9(# #ra% &o%"i#rao" &omo la &la"# #"t<ril. Aam >mit0 &o%o&i a lo"ri%&ial#" +i"i&rata" 7 #"&ri'i "o'r# "(" o&tri%a", &a"i "i#mr# # +orma o"iti8a

E"ta o&tri%a +(# la rim#ra 9(# ali& #l m<too &i#%t$+i&o a la #&o%om$a. Otro" +i"i&rata"#"ta&ao" +(#ro% Pi#rr# >am(#l ( Po%t # N#mo(r" 7 Vi&tor Ri9(#ti. Lo" +i"i&rata" "# oo%$a% ala o&tri%a #&o%mi&a im#ra%t# 0a"ta #%to%&#", #l m#r&a%tili"mo, or lo 9(# r#)(laro% #l &om#r&ioi%t#r%a&io%al ara #8itar la "alia #l a$" # la" r#"#r8a" # oro 7 lata. Lo" +i"i&rata", 9(# &r#$a%#% la #/i"t#%&ia # (%a l#7 %at(ral, #+#%$a% (%a ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a # lai""#1-+air# =o # %oi%t#r8#%&i% *'li&a #% la #&o%om$a! 9(# "#)*% #llo" ro(&ir$a # +orma %at(ral (%a "o&i#ar"#ra 7 8irt(o"a, 7 9(# or ta%to #ra +a8ora'l# al li'r#&am'io. Tam'i<% #+#%$a% 9(# la

a)ri&(lt(ra #ra #l *%i&o "#&tor ro(&ti8o &aa1 # &r#ar ri9(#1a, mi#%tra" 9(# #l &om#r&io 7 lai%("tria ta% "lo #rmit$a% la i"tri'(&i% # #"ta ri9(#1a lo" +i"i&rata" #"ta'a% #% &o%tra # la"ol$ti&a" # &om#r&io i%t#r%a&io%al m#r&a%tili"ta", +a8or#&#ora" #l rot#&&io%i"mo.

Lo" +i"i&rata" al&a%1aro% "( ma7or i%+l(#%&ia ol$ti&a &(a%o A%%# Ro'#rt a&9(#" To(r)ot, (%o #"(" artiario", +(# %om'rao mi%i"tro # E&o%om$a #% ?ra%&ia #% 5.

E>CUELA CLA>ICA

Como &(#ro # t#or$a #&o%mi&a &o0#r#%t#, la #&o%om$a &l:"i&a art# # lo" #"&rito" # >mit0 7&o%ti%*a &o% la o'ra # lo" #&o%omi"ta" 'rit:%i&o" T0oma" Ro'#rt Malt0(" 7 Da8i Ri&aro 7&(lmi%a &o% la "$%t#"i" # o0% >t(art Mill, i"&$(lo # Ri&aro. A(%9(# #ra% +r#&(#%t#" la"i8#r)#%&ia" #%tr# lo" #&o%omi"ta" &l:"i&o" 9(# 0('o #% lo" ao" 9(# 8a% #"# la ('li&a&i%# I%8#"ti)a&i% "o'r# la %at(ral#1a 7 &a("a" # la ri9(#1a # la" %a&io%#" # >mit0 =5!, 0a"talo" Pri%&iio" # #&o%om$a ol$ti&a # Mill =5JJ!, lo" #&o%omi"ta" #rt#%#&i#%t#" a #"ta #"&(#la&oi%&i$a% #% lo" &o%&#to" ri%&ial#". Too" #+#%$a% la roi#a ri8aa, lo" m#r&ao" 7&r#$a%, &omo #&$a Mill, 9(# @"lo a tra8<" #l ri%&iio # la &om#t#%&ia ti#%# la #&o%om$a ol$ti&a(%a r#t#%"i% # "#r &i#%&ia@. Comart$a% la #"&o%+ia%1a # >mit0 0a&ia lo" )o'i#r%o", 7 "( +#&i#)a #% #l o#r #l #)o$"mo 7 "( +amo"a @ma%o i%8i"i'l#@, 9(# 0a&$a o"i'l# 9(# #l 'i#%#"tar "o&ial"# al&a%1ara m#ia%t# la '*"9(#a i%i8i(al #l i%t#r<" #r"o%al. Lo" &l:"i&o" o't(8i#ro% #Ri&aro #l &o%&#to # r#%imi#%to" #&r#&i#%t#", 9(# a+irma 9(# a m#ia 9(# "# a(m#%ta la+(#r1a # tra'a;o 7 #l &aital 9(# "# (tili1a ara la'rar la ti#rra, i"mi%(7#% lo" r#%imi#%to" o, &omo#&$a Ri&aro, @"(#raa &i#rta #taa, %o m(7 a8a%1aa, #l ro)r#"o # la a)ri&(lt(ra i"mi%(7# #(%a +orma a(lati%a@.

El al&a%&# # la &i#%&ia #&o%mi&a "# amli # ma%#ra &o%"i#ra'l# &(a%o >mit0 "('ra7 #la#l #l &o%"(mo "o'r# #l # la ro(&&i%. >mit0 &o%+ia'a #% 9(# #ra o"i'l# a(m#%tar #l %i8#l)#%#ral # 8ia #l &o%;(%to # la &om(%ia. D#+#%$a 9(# #ra #"#%&ial #rmitir 9(# lo" i%i8i(o"i%t#%tara% al&a%1ar "( roio 'i#%#"tar &omo m#io ara a(m#%tar la ro"#ria # toa la"o&i#a.




[Año

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E% #l lao o(#"to, Malt0(", #% "( &o%o&io # i%+l(7#%t# E%"a7o "o'r# #l ri%&iio # la o'la&i%=5FJ!, la%t#a'a la %ota #"imi"ta a la #"&(#la &l:"i&a, al a+irmar 9(# la" #"#ra%1a" # ma7or

ro"#ria "# #"&ollar$a% &o%tra la ro&a # (% #/&#"i8o &r#&imi#%to # la o'la&i%. >#)*% Malt0(",lo" alim#%to" "lo a(m#%ta'a% a#&(:%o"# a (%a ro)r#"i% aritm<ti&a =2---J-56, #t&.!, mi#%tra"9(# la o'la&i% "# (li&a'a &aa )#%#ra&i% =2--J-5-2, #t&.!, "al8o 9(# #"ta t#%#%&ia "#&o%trolara, o or la %at(ral#1a o or la roia r(#%&ia # la #"#&i#. Malt0(" "o"t#%$a 9(# #l&o%trol %at(ral #ra o"iti8o4 @El o#r # la o'la&i% #" ta% "(#rior al o#r # la ti#rra ara#rmitir la "('"i"t#%&ia #l 0om'r#, 9(# la m(#rt# r#mat(ra ti#%# 9(#, +r#%ar 0a"ta &i#rto (%to #l&r#&imi#%to #l "#r 0(ma%o@. E"t# ro&#imi#%to # +r#%ar #l &r#&imi#%to #ra% la" )(#rra", la"#i#mia", la #"t#, la" la)a", lo" 8i&io" 0(ma%o" 7 la" 0am'r(%a", 9(# "# &om'i%a'a% ara&o%trolar #l 8ol(m#% # la o'la&i% m(%ial 7 limitarlo a la o+#rta # alim#%to".

La *%i&a +orma # #"&aar a #"t# im#rati8o # la 0(ma%ia 7 # lo" 0orror#" # (% &o%trol o"iti8o# la %at(ral#1a, #ra la limita&i% 8ol(%taria #l &r#&imi#%to # la o'la&i%, %o m#ia%t# (% &o%trol# %atalia, &o%trario a la" &o%8i&&io%#" r#li)io"a" # Malt0(", "i%o r#tra"a%o la #a ara

&a"ar"#, r#(&i#%o a"$ #l 8ol(m#% # la" +amilia". La" o&tri%a" #"imi"ta" # #"t# a(tor &l:"i&oi#ro% a la #&o%om$a #l "o'r#%om'r# # &i#%&ia l*)('r#.

Lo" Pri%&iio" # #&o%om$a ol$ti&a # Mill &o%"tit(7#ro% #l &#%tro # #"ta &i#%&ia 0a"ta +i%al#" #l"i)lo XIX. A(%9(# Mill a&#ta'a la" t#or$a" # "(" r##&#"or#" &l:"i&o", &o%+ia'a m:" #% lao"i'ilia # #(&ar a la &la"# o'r#ra ara 9(# limita"# "( r#ro(&&i% # lo 9(# lo 0a&$a% Ri&aro7 Malt0(". A#m:", Mill #ra (% r#+ormi"ta 9(# 9(#r$a )ra8ar &o% +(#r1a la" 0#r#%&ia", # i%&l("o#rmitir 9(# #l )o'i#r%o a"(mi#ra (% ma7or rota)o%i"mo a la 0ora # rot#)#r a lo" %io" 7 a lo"tra'a;aor#". ?(# m(7 &r$ti&o &o% la" r:&ti&a" 9(# #"arrolla'a% la" #mr#"a" 7 +a8or#&$a la )#"ti%&oo#rati8a # la" +:'ri&a", or art# # lo" tra'a;aor#". Mill r#r#"#%ta (% (#%t# #%tr# la#&o%om$a &l:"i&a #l lai""#1-+air# 7 #l E"tao # 'i#%#"tar.

Lo" #&o%omi"ta" &l:"i&o" a&#ta'a% la L#7 # >a7 "o'r# lo" m#r&ao", +(%aa or #l #&o%omi"ta+ra%&<" #a% Bati"t# >a7. E"ta l#7 "o"ti#%# 9(# #l ri#")o # (% #"#ml#o ma"i8o #% (%a #&o%om$a&om#titi8a #" #"r#&ia'l#, or9(# la o+#rta &r#a "( roia #ma%a, limitaa or la &a%tia #ma%o # o'ra 7 lo" r#&(r"o" %at(ral#" i"o%i'l#" ara ro(&ir. Caa a(m#%to # la ro(&&i%a(m#%ta lo" "alario" 7 lo" #m:" i%)r#"o" 9(# "# %#&#"ita% ara o#r &omrar #"a &a%tiaai&io%al ro(&ia

A9(ci (%a 'r#8# r#"#a "o'r# "(" ri%&ial#" #/o"itor#"4

El ri%&ial #/o%#%t# # #"ta o&tri%a +(# Aam >mit0 9(i#% #" llamao #l ar# # la #&o%om$a.E% "( li'ro \La Ri9(#1a D# La" Na&io%#"] =5!. Lo" o"t(lao" m:" #"ta&a'l#" "# 'a"a% #% #l

li'#rali"mo #&o%mi&o #" #&ir4

Proi#a ri8aa, li'#rta #r"o%al, i%i&iati8a 7 &o%trol i%i8i(al 7 &aa&ia #mr#"arial.

R#la&i% Dir#&ta #%tr# la i8i"i% #l tra'a;o 7 i%"i"t#%&ia #l m#r&ao.

R#la&i% ir#&ta #%tr# la #"#&iali1a&i% #l tra'a;o 7 la amlia&i% #l m#r&ao.






[Año

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"# &o%"tr($a &omo #"tao-%a&io%al 7 +ortal#&$a "( #&o%om$a i%("trial "o'r# la 'a"# # "( m#r&ao(%i+i&ao. E% "( aorta&i% >&0moll#r r#&o)$a la trai&i% #l 0i"tori&i"mo al#m:% 9(# 0a'$a%

r#r#"#%tao a%t#" Ro"&0#r, Hil#'ra% 7 %i#". D#"# (% (%to # 8i"ta t#ri&o, #% #l 0i"tori&i"mo"# +(%$a% la trai&i% o"iti8i"ta 7 #l m<too i%(&ti8o, &omo r#+l#;o #l &ami%o a%ao or la"&i#%&ia" "o&ial#" #% #l "i)lo XIX, &o% #l %a&io%ali"mo )#rma%o 9(# r#&(rr$a a la 0i"toria, al #"t(io#l a"ao, ara ar +(#r1a ol$ti&a a "( ro7#&to "o&ial.

El ri%&ial #"+(#r1o # lo" 0i"tori&i"ta" al#ma%a" "# ori#%t a la r#&oila&i% # i%+orma&i%#&o%mi&a # &ar:&t#r 0i"tri&a, #/&l(7#%o &(al9(i#r (tili1a&i% #/l$&ita # r#&(r"o" t#ri&o"r#8io". U%a a&tit( 0a'it(al #%tr# #llo" #ra la #"&o%+ia%1a 0a&ia la t#or$a. Po"t(la'a la i#a # 9(##l &*m(lo # o'"#r8a&io%#" #"&riti8a" a*%, a +i%al#" "i)lo XIX, %o 0a'r$a "io "(+i&i#%t#m#%t#a'(%a%t# &omo ara +orm(lar )#%#rali1a&io%#" +ia'l#". Era %#&#"ario #%to%&#" a8a%1ar or #taa",ro&#i#%o rim#ro a la o'"#r8a&i% #m$ri&a, ara i%(&ir #"# la r#alia la" l#&&io%#" 9(# la0i"toria o+r#&$a ara #l +(t(ro. P#ro, #% %i%)*% &a"o #"ta" o'"#r8a&io%#" #'$a% t#%#r a la+orm(la&i% # @l#7#"@ "o&ial#" i%+ali'l#" 9(# &r#ara% (% mar&o t#ri&o )#%#ral ara la #&o%om$a, 7a

9(#, "#)*% a+irma'a%, #l #;#r&i&io # la li'#rta 0(ma%a im#$a ro%o"ti&ar #l &omortami#%to#&o%mi&o # la" #r"o%a".

E"ta rim#ra +orm(la&i% # ri%&iio" al#;a'a a lo" 0i"tori&i"ta" al#ma%#" # lo" #&o%omi"ta"&l:"i&o". No &omart$a% &o% Mar/ "( 8i"i% &la"i"ta # la "o&i#a 7 la &o%&#&i% #l E"tao 9(# "##ri8a'a # <"ta, 7 a lo" %#o&l:"i&o" l# &riti&a'a% "(" o"t(ra" 9(# #/a&#r'a'a% #l i%i8i(ali"mo,mo"tr:%o"# i%"#%"i'l#" 0a&ia la &omo%#%t# "o&ial # la #&o%om$a. Para #llo" #l +o&o # i%t#r<" #la 0i"toria #"ta'a #% la @%a&i%@, r#r#"#%ta&i% a'"tra&ta # lo" i%t#r#"#" &ol#&ti8o" # la0(ma%ia, m:" all: #l #&o%omi&i"mo 9(# a%ima'a al i%i8i(o 9(# "lo "# mo8$a or "( i%t#r<"#r"o%al 7 # la" i8i"io%#" # &la"# 9(# #'ilita'a% a la %a&i%. El &omortami#%to #&o%mi&o #la" #r"o%a", #%to%&#", aar#&$a im(l"ao %o *%i&am#%t# or la am'i&i% i%i8i(al o #l i%t#r<"#r"o%al or a&(m(lar, "i%o 9(# r#&o%o&$a% la #/i"t#%&ia # m(ltit( # +a&tor#" 9(# im(l"a'a% #l&omortami#%to #&o%mi&o # lo" i%i8i(o", :%ol# &a'ia a la i%+l(#%&ia # lo" #l#m#%to"ol$ti&o" #%tro # la ra&io%alia #&o%mi&a. La #&o%om$a %o "# #/li&a'a or "i mi"ma, "i%o #%+(%&i% # lo" i%t#r#"#" &ol#&ti8o" r#r#"#%tao" or la %a&i%.

>( r#o&(a&i% or la" i%"tit(&io%#" "# i#%ti+i&a'a or #%&ima # too #% #l i%t#r<" 9(# mo"tra'a%or #l E"tao. M(&0o" # "(" #"t(io" # 0i"toria #&o%mi&a t#%$a% &omo t#ma # a%:li"i" la ol$ti&a#&o%mi&a #l )o'i#r%o 7 "(" &o%"#&(#&%ia" "o'r# la ro"#ria #&o%mi&a 7 la or)a%i1a&i%ol$ti&a # Al#ma%ia. E% #l +o%o, #l E"tao #ra #%t#%io &omo la i%"tit(&i% i%t#rm#iariai%i"#%"a'l# #%tr# lo" i%i8i(o" 7 la %a&i%, # all$ la imorta%&ia 9(# "# l# otor) a la ol$ti&a#&o%mi&a m:" 9(# a la (ra t#or$a #&o%mi&a.

El l#)ao #l 0i"tori&i"mo al#m:%, 8i"to #% (%a #r"#&ti8a # lar)o la1o, "# (## r#"(mir #% la

imorta%&ia 9(# l# atri'(7#ro% a la" #&(liaria#" # &aa (#'lo 7 a "(" &am'ia%t#" &o"t(m'r#"#&o%mi&a", #"ta&a%o 9(# %o "# (##% &omr#%#r &orr#&tam#%t# la" i%"tit(&io%#" #&o%mi&a"# (% a$" "i% r#&(rrir a "( 0i"toria 7 al %i8#l # ro)r#"o #&o%mi&o 7 "o&ial al&a%1ao.

El +i%al # la #ra # i%+l(#%&ia # la #"&(#la 0i"tri&a +(# #l r#"(ltao # (% &am'io # <o&a. LaPrim#ra G(#rra M(%ial a&t( &omo (% m#)a a&o%t#&imi#%to 0i"tri&o 9(# i8ii a lo" "i)lo" XIX 7XX #% o" <o&a" m(7 i+#r#%t#". ># (## 0a'lar, "i% t#mor a #9(i8o&ar"#, # (% a%t#" 7 (%#"(<" # la )(#rra # 5F5 a 5F5J. La )(#rra tra;o la #&a#%&ia # Al#ma%ia 7 &o% #llo lam#%)(a # "( i%+l(#%&ia #&o%mi&a # i%t#l#&t(al or al m#%o" (%a <&aa #ro la )(#rra tam'i<%






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># 0a'$a 0#&0o (%a "i#m'r# +r(&t$+#ra 7 la ti#rra 0a'$a 9(#ao a'o%aa. Lo" 0i"tori&i"ta" al#ma%#"7 lo" i%"tit(&io%ali"ta" %ort#am#ri&a%o" 8i)ori1aro% la 0i"toria #&o%mi&a 7 r#&lama'a% (% "itio #% #l

(%i8#r"o # la" t#or$a" #&o%mi&a" &o% i#a" roia". Ci#rtam#%t# 9(# #l i%"tit(&io%ali"mo#&o%mi&o %o 0a'$a al&a%1ao #l )rao # +ormali1a&i% t#ri&a #l a%:li"i" %#o&l:"i&o, #ro "("r#)(%ta" "#)(ir$a% "i#%o (% ro'l#ma "o'r# la m#"a # tra'a;o # m(&0o" #&o%omi"ta".

E>CUELA >OCIALI>TA

Lo" ri%&ial#" #/o"itor#" # #"ta o&tri%a "o% arl Mar/ 7 ?ri#ri&0 E%)#l"

MARXI>MO

D#%tro # "( "i"t#ma # la%i+i&a&i% &#%tral Carlo" Mar/ #% "( li'ro \El Caital] =5J! "# #"ta&a#%tr# 8aria" la" tr#" t#or$a" m:" imorta%t#", #"ta" "o%4

T#or$a #l 8alor 7 lo" "alario"4 E"ta aa or la &a%tia # ma%o # o'ra iml#m#%taa #% #lmi"mo. Por lo ta%to la r#m(%#ra&i% or #"t# tra'a;o #'# "#r m:" alta 9(# otro" +a&tor#" #ro(&&i%.

T#or$a # la l("8al$a4 E" #l ro'o 9(# r#ali1a #l #mr#"ario al %o r#m(%#rar a#&(aam#%t# altra'a;aor. Gra&ia" a #"a l("8al$a (## a&(m(lar 'i#%#" # &aital a(m#%ta%o #l #"#9(ili'rio"o&ial #%tr# &aitali"ta" 7 a"alariao".

T#or$a # la l(&0a # &la"#"4 La &aa&ia #l o'r#ro ara ma%i+#"tar "( i%&o%+ormi"mo a%o i%i&ioa lo" "i%i&ato".

>INTE>I> NEOCLA>ICA

La #&o%om$a &l:"i&a art$a #l "((#"to # #"&a"#1, &omo lo m(#"tra la l#7 # r#%imi#%to"#&r#&i#%t#" 7 la o&tri%a malt0("ia%a "o'r# la o'la&i%. A artir # la <&aa # 5J6, lo"#&o%omi"ta" %#o&l:"i&o" &omo illiam >ta%l#7 #8o%" #% Gra% Br#taa, L<o% alra" #% ?ra%&ia, 7arl M#%)#r #% A("tria, imrimi#ro% (% )iro a la #&o%om$a, a'a%o%aro% la" limita&io%#" # la o+#rtaara &#%trar"# #% la i%t#rr#ta&i% # la" r#+#r#%&ia" # lo" &o%"(mior#" #% t<rmi%o" "i&ol)i&o".

Al +i;ar"# #% #l #"t(io # la (tilia o "ati"+a&&i% o't#%ia &o% la *ltima (%ia, o (%ia mar)i%al,

&o%"(mia, lo" %#o&l:"i&o" #/li&a'a% la +orma&i% # lo" r#&io", %o #% +(%&i% # la &a%tia #tra'a;o %#&#"aria ara ro(&ir lo" 'i#%#", &omo #% la" t#or$a" # Ri&aro 7 # Mar/, "i%o #% +(%&i%# la i%t#%"ia # la r#+#r#%&ia # lo" &o%"(mior#" #% o't#%#r (%a (%ia ai&io%al # (%#t#rmi%ao ro(&to.

El #&o%omi"ta 'rit:%i&o Al+r# Mar"0all, #% "( o'ra ma#"tra, Pri%&iio" # E&o%om$a =5JF6!,#/li&a'a la #ma%a a artir #l ri%&iio # (tilia mar)i%al, 7 la o+#rta a artir #l &o"t# mar)i%al=&o"t# # ro(&ir la *ltima (%ia!. E% lo" m#r&ao" &om#titi8o", la" r#+#r#%&ia" # lo"&o%"(mior#" 0a&ia lo" 'i#%#" m:" 'arato" 7 la # lo" ro(&tor#" 0a&ia lo" m:" &aro", "#






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#ma%a a)r#)aa, #" #&ir, #l )a"to total # lo" &o%"(mior#", lo" i%8#r"or#" 7 la" i%"tit(&io%#"*'li&a". C(a%o la #ma%a a)r#)aa #" i%"(+i&i#%t#, #&$a #7%#", la" 8#%ta" i"mi%(7#% 7 "#

i#r#% (#"to" # tra'a;o &(a%o la #ma%a a)r#)aa #" alta 7 &r#&#, la #&o%om$a ro"#ra.

A artir # #"ta" o" a+irma&io%#" )#%<ri&a", "(r)i (%a o#ro"a t#or$a 9(# #rmit$a #/li&ar #l&omortami#%to #&o%mi&o. E"ta i%t#rr#ta&i% &o%"tit(7# la 'a"# # la ma&ro#&o%om$a&o%t#mor:%#a. P(#"to 9(# la &a%tia # 'i#%#" 9(# (## a9(irir (% &o%"(mior #"t: limitaaor lo" i%)r#"o" 9(# <"t# #r&i'#, lo" &o%"(mior#" %o (##% "#r r#"o%"a'l#" # lo" alti'a;o" #l&i&lo #&o%mi&o. Por lo ta%to, la" +(#r1a" motora" # la #&o%om$a "o% lo" i%8#r"or#" =lo"#mr#"ario"! 7 lo" )o'i#r%o". D(ra%t# (%a r#&#"i%, 7 tam'i<% (ra%t# (%a #r#"i% #&o%mi&a,0a7 9(# +om#%tar la i%8#r"i% ri8aa o, #% "( #+#&to, a(m#%tar #l )a"to *'li&o. >i lo 9(# "#ro(&# #" (%a li)#ra &o%tra&&i%, 0a7 9(# +a&ilitar la &o%&#"i% # &r<ito" 7 r#(&ir lo" tio" #i%t#r<" ="("trato +(%am#%tal # la ol$ti&a mo%#taria!, ara #"tim(lar la i%8#r"i% ri8aa 7r#"ta'l#&#r la #ma%a a)r#)aa, a(m#%t:%ola # +orma 9(# "# (#a al&a%1ar #l l#%o #ml#o.>i la &o%tra&&i% # la #&o%om$a #" )ra%#, 0a'r: 9(# i%&(rrir #% <+i&it r#"((#"tario", i%8irti#%o

#% o'ra" *'li&a" o &o%&#i#%o "('8#%&io%#" a +o%o #rio a lo" &ol#&ti8o" m:" #r;(i&ao".

?UNDADORE> DE LA ECONOMIA POLITICA

D#"(<" # la r#8ol(&i% +ra%&#"a (%a "#ri# # &am'i#" #"tr(&t(ral#" a+#&taro% a lo 9(# 8#%r$a a"#r #l mo#lo #&o%mi&o aotao or lo" a$"#" # o&&i#%t#. (%to &o% #"to 8i%o la r#8ol(&i%i%("trial. D# #"to" o" #l#m#%to" o#mo" t#%#r rim#ro a Aam >mit0 #% I%)lat#rra # 9(i#% 7a0a'lamo" 7 a T(r)ot #% ?ra%&ia. E"t# (ltimo &omo i%t#%#%t# #l Limo("i% m#;oro, 0i1o &o%"tr(irma)%$+i&o" &ami%o", m#;oro la 0am'r(%a ma%t#%i#%o la li'r# &ir&(la&i% # lo" )ra%o" 7 tra%"+ormoal (#'lo # Limo("i% ll#)a%o a "#r (% (#'lo ro"#ro #%tro # la ?ra%&ia o'r#. D#"(<" 8i%oN#&#r 9(i#% lo)ro or 8#1 rim#ro a'rir lo" m#r&ao" # ?ra%&ia 0a&ia #l #/t#rior al 0a&#r (% tratao&o% I%)lat#rra #% 5J, #"to "# llamo #l tratao +ra%&o-i%)l#"

Tam'i<% t#%#mo" a Al+r# Mar"0all 9(i#% #"ta'l#&i lo" ar:m#tro" # la o+#rta 7 la #ma%a&r#a%o 7a (%a r#la&i% m(&0o m:" ir#&ta #%tr# #l m#r&ao 7 lo" &o%"(mior#" 7 la 8#1 #l #"tao.?i%alm#%t# #"ta Mar/ 9(i#% #"# otro (%to # 8i"ta #/("o "( "i"t#ma &om(%i"ta 9(# i%+l(7om(&0o m:" tar# a L#%i% ara la &r#a&i% # (% mo#lo &om(%i"ta #% la U%i% >o8i<ti&a #% 5F5.

POLÍTICA ECONMICA

Pol$ti&a #&o%mi&a, a9(#lla" m#ia" 9(# toma (% Go'i#r%o ara i%+l(ir #% la mar&0a # (%a#&o%om$a. Al)(%a" m#ia", &omo #l r#"((#"to, a+#&ta% a toa" la" :r#a" # la #&o%om$a 7

&o%"tit(7#% ol$ti&a" # tio ma&ro#&o%mi&o otra" a+#&ta% #% #/&l("i8a a (% "#&tor #"#&$+i&o,&omo or #;#mlo, la a)ri&(lt(ra 7 &o%"tit(7#% ol$ti&a" # tio mi&ro#&o%mi&o. Lo" o" tio" #m#ia" "# i%+l(7#% #%tr# "$, (#"to 9(# &(al9(i#r #&i"i% 9(# &am'i# toa la #&o%om$a t#%r:#+#&to" "o'r# la" i"ti%ta" art#", 7 a9(#lla ol$ti&a 9(# a+#&t# "lo a (% "#&tor imli&ar:r##r&("io%#" "o'r# #l &o%;(%to.

La" ol$ti&a" # &ort# mi&ro#&o%mi&o "o% ta% 8ariaa" 9(# r#"(lta imo"i'l# m#%&io%arla" toa".P(##% #"tar iri)ia" a (% "#&tor, a (%a i%("tria, a (% ro(&to o a 8aria" :r#a" # la a&ti8ia#&o%mi&a. Por #;#mlo, (%a ol$ti&a mi&ro#&o%mi&a (## "#r la %a&io%ali1a&i% o la ri8ati1a&i%




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# lo" +#rro&arril#", la ro0i'i&i% # #/ortar &(#ro o #l &i#rr# # la" ti#%a" lo" omi%)o". Tam'i<%+orma% art# # la ol$ti&a mi&ro#&o%mi&a la r#)(la&i% #l m#r&ao # tra'a;o =&omo, or #;#mlo,

o'li)ar a 9(# "# #"ta'l#1&a i)(ala "alarial #%tr# "#/o"!, #l #9(ili'rio #%tr# la ro(&&i% 7 8#%ta #&i#rto" ro(&to", &omo or #;#mlo la" m#i&i%a", o la or#%a&i% # i"ti%ta" a&ti8ia#", &omo #l#"ito # i%#ro #% lo" 'a%&o". Al)(%a" ol$ti&a" mi&ro#&o%mi&a" r#t#%#% r#)lam#%tar #l+(%&io%ami#%to # la #&o%om$a, otra" 8a% #%&ami%aa" a +a8or#&#r a &i#rto" "#&tor#" o a&ti8ia#"#"#&$+i&a". E/i"t#% +(#rt#" 8$%&(lo" #%tr# la" i"ti%ta" ol$ti&a" "o&ial#", #% #"#&ial la" 9(# a+#&ta%a la #(&a&i% o a la "a%ia *'li&a, 9(# r#t#%#% m#;orar la "al(, #l %i8#l #(&ati8o 7 laro(&ti8ia # la" #r"o%a". E% )#%#ral, la" ol$ti&a" mi&ro#&o%mi&a" &r#a% #l mar&o l#)al #% #l9(# #'#% o#rar lo" i"ti%to" m#r&ao", or9(# # lo &o%trario la" +(#r1a" # la &om#t#%&ia)#%#rar$a% )ra8#" i%;("ti&ia" # tio "o&ial.

El al&a%&# # la ol$ti&a ma&ro#&o%mi&a ##%# #l "i"t#ma #&o%mi&o #/i"t#%t#, #l mar&o l#)al#l a$" 7 #l tio # i%"tit(&io%#". El "i"t#ma (## "#r &aitali"ta o &om(%i"ta, (## tratar"# #(%a #&o%om$a # m#r&ao o (%a #&o%om$a la%i+i&aa, r#i%("trial o i%("triali1aa. Tam'i<%

#/i"t#% imorta%t#" i"&r#a%&ia" #%tr# lo" #&o%omi"ta" "o'r# #l )rao # i%t#r8#%&i% #l Go'i#r%o. Al)(%o" #+i#%#% la ol$ti&a #l lai""#1-+air# =@#;ar 0a&#r@! 7 &o%+$a% #% #l '(#% +(%&io%ami#%to #la" +(#r1a" #l m#r&ao al #"ta&ar la mala )#"ti% #l "#&tor *'li&o. Otro" &o%"i#ra% 9(# #lGo'i#r%o (## &('rir la" #+i&i#%&ia" #l m#r&ao. Para <"to", la ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a #'# #limi%arla" +l(&t(a&io%#", r#(&ir #l #"#ml#o, +om#%tar (% r:io &r#&imi#%to #&o%mi&o, m#;orar la&alia 7 #l ot#%&ial ro(&ti8o, r#(&ir #l o#r mo%ool$"ti&o # la" )ra%#" #mr#"a" 7 rot#)#r#l m#io am'i#%t#. C(a%to m:" #8i#%t# "# 0a&# 9(# lo" m#r&ao" ti#%#% #+#&to" o"iti8o" 7%#)ati8o" "o'r# la #&o%om$a, ma7or #" la r#"i% ara 9(# lo" Go'i#r%o" a&t*#% m#ia%t# (%aol$ti&a #&o%mi&a 9(# &orri;a la" #+i&i#%&ia" # lo" m#r&ao".

>i% #m'ar)o, la ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a (## r#"(ltar &o%traro(&#%t# "i #l ia)%"ti&o # lo"ro'l#ma" #&o%mi&o" #" #rr%#o o "i #l i"#o # la ol$ti&a a ali&ar %o #" #l a#&(ao alro'l#ma 9(# "# r#t#%# r#"ol8#r. Por #;#mlo, la ol$ti&a # #ml#o art# # (%a "#ri# #"((#"to" "o'r# la" &a("a" #l #"#ml#o 9(# "# #"&o%o&$a% 0a"ta 9(# o0% Ma7%ar #7%#"a+irm 9(# <"ta" rai&a'a% #% (%a i%"(+i&i#%&ia # la #ma%a. La "ol(&i%, a artir # #"t#"((#"to, &o%"i"t$a #% a(m#%tar #l o#r a9(i"iti8o o, &(a%o #l %i8#l # #ml#o "# a&#r&a'a all#%o #ml#o, r#(&irlo. D# i)(al +orma, la ol$ti&a # &o%trol # la i%+la&i% ##%# # lo""((#"to" 9(# "# #"ta'l#1&a% "o'r# lo" +a&tor#" &a("a%t#" #l a(m#%to # lo" r#&io", 7 #"to"&a"o" "#r:% i"ti%to" "#)*% la 0it#"i" 9(# "# &o%"i#r#4 # Milto% ?ri#ma%, "#)*% la &(al lai%+la&i% "# #'# a (% &r#&imi#%to #/&#"i8o # la o+#rta mo%#taria, #" #&ir, # la &a%tia # i%#ro#% &ir&(la&i%, o lo 9(# #" lo mi"mo, la 0it#"i" mo%#tari"ta o "i la 9(# "# &o%"i#ra #" la 9(##+i#%# 9(# la &a("a # la i%+la&i% #" #l #/&#"o # #ma%a, #l alto %i8#l # #ml#o o #l #l#8aor#&io # la" mat#ria" rima". Ca"i toa la t#or$a #&o%mi&a i%t#%ta #mo"trar la" 8irt(#" # lallamaa ma%o i%8i"i'l# 9(# iri)# #l +(%&io%ami#%to # lo" m#r&ao" ara #"(<" a%ali1ar lo" +allo"#l m#r&ao 7 la" m#ia" # ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a 9(# (##% "ol(&io%ar tal#" &o%+li&to".

La ol$ti&a ma&ro#&o%mi&a m:" imorta%t# #" la 9(# i%t#%ta +i;ar la #ma%a, al a&t(ar "o'r# lar#"i% 9(# "# #ri8a # lo" r#&(r"o" # la &om(%ia #;#r&# #l &o%trol #l o#r a9(i"iti8o, 7 orta%to, # la #ma%a, 9(# or lo )#%#ral "# r#)(la m#ia%t# la ol$ti&a mo%#taria 7 m#ia" +i"&al#".D#"# #l (%to # 8i"ta mo%#tari"ta "# &o%trola% lo" tio" # i%t#r<" 9(# &o'ra% lo" 'a%&o" D#"# #l(%to # 8i"ta mo%#tari"ta "# &o%trola% lo" tio" # i%t#r<" 9(# &o'ra% lo" 'a%&o" 7 la &a%tia #&r<ito 9(# (##% &o%&##r tam'i<% "# r#)(la la ta"a # &r#&imi#%to # la &a%tia # i%#ro #%&ir&(la&i%. E% al)(%o" &a"o" #"ta" a&&io%#" "# &oml#m#%ta% r#"tri%)i#%o la" &o%i&io%#" # la"&omra" a la1o", alar)a%o o r#(&i#%o lo" la1o" # amorti1a&i%. D#"# #l (%to # 8i"ta +i"&al,#l Go'i#r%o (## 8ariar "( "i"t#ma imo"iti8o o la &a%tia # im(#"to" 9(# &o'ra ara +a8or#&#r




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(%a" a&ti8ia#" 7 +r#%ar otra", 7a "#a% lo" )a"to" # &o%"(mo o #l %i8#l # i%8#r"i%. O tam'i<%(## r#(&ir =o a(m#%tar! "( roio %i8#l # )a"to" &o% #l +i%, # %(#8o, # 8ariar #l %i8#l #

#ma%a. Co% toa" #"ta" m#ia" #l Go'i#r%o moi+i&a la #"tr(&t(ra #l m#r&ao, al &am'iar #l+(%&io%ami#%to #l mi"mo "i% r#)(lar "(" +(#r1a". El Go'i#r%o (## i%t#r8#%ir ir#&tam#%t#r#)(la%o #l %i8#l # #ma%a #+#&ti8a m#ia%t# #l ra&io%ami#%to, la &o%&#"i% # li&#%&ia" olimita%o #l %i8#l # &o%"(mo (## tam'i<% r#)(lar #l ro&#"o ro(&ti8o rom(l)a%o i"ti%ta"l#7#", o'li)a%o a lo" #mr#"ario" a at#%#r &i#rta" r#i8i%i&a&io%#" # lo" tra'a;aor#", r#)(la%olo" r#9(i"ito" 9(# #'#% &(mlir lo" ro(&to" #"ti%ao" al &o%"(mo, o ro(&to" +i%al#", o&o%trola%o lo" a&(#ro" #%tr# i"ti%ta" #mr#"a". E"ta" i%t#r8#%&io%#" (##% i%+l(ir #% toa laa&ti8ia #&o%mi&a, &omo &(a%o "# limita la (ra&i% # la ;or%aa la'oral, o (##% i%+l(ir #% (%a*%i&a i%("tria o a&ti8ia, #% &(7o &a"o "# tratar$a # (%a ol$ti&a mi&ro#&o%mi&a 7 %oma&ro#&o%mi&a.

E% ti#mo" # )(#rra, o #% la" #&o%om$a" &om(%i"ta" o la%i+i&aa", la ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a #" m:""#8#ra 7 la i%t#r8#%&i% )('#r%am#%tal m(&0o ma7or. La ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a &o%"i"t#, #% #"t# &a"o,

#% la%i+i&ar # ma%#ra &#%trali1aa too lo &o%&#r%i#%t# al ro&#"o # ro(&&i%, #% l()ar # #;ar9(# "#a% lo" tra'a;aor#" 7 lo" &o%"(mior#" lo" 9(# #"ta'l#1&a% "(" r#+#r#%&ia" #% lo" m#r&ao",&o%8irti#%o lo" r#&io" #% i%i&aor#" # #"ta" t#%#%&ia".

A(%9(# &a"i toa la ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a la i"#a #l Go'i#r%o, al)(%o" a"#&to" ##%#% # otra"i%"tit(&io%#". Por #;#mlo, la #"ta'ilia # r#&io" 7 #l &o%trol # la o+#rta mo%#taria "o% o" tio"# m#ia" 9(# ##%#% # la a(toria mo%#taria, #" #&ir, #l 'a%&o &#%tral. A#m:", #l </ito9(# t#%)a la ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a %o #" al)o 9(# ##%a *%i&am#%t# # la a&&i% #l )o'i#r%o, "i%o9(# ##%# #% )ra% m#ia # la" r#a&&io%#" # lo" a)#%t#" #&o%mi&o", # "( &omortami#%to 7# la &o%+ia%1a 9(# t#%)a% #% la ami%i"tra&i%, al)o 9(# #l )o'i#r%o mi"mo %o (## &o%trolar, 7m#%o" a &orto la1o. El ima&to # la ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a tam'i<% ##%# # la &(ali+i&a&i% 7 #l%i8#l # &o%o&imi#%to # la" #r"o%a" 9(# roo%)a% la" i"ti%ta" m#ia". P(#"to 9(# #l i"#o #la ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a ##%# #l tra'a;o # m(&0a" #r"o%a", mi%i"t#rio" # i%"tit(&io%#", #"imr#"&i%i'l# 9(# #/i"ta (%a '(#%a &oori%a&i% #%tr# #llo".

El ro'l#ma # la &oori%a&i% &o'ra #"#&ial imorta%&ia &(a%o la ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a a+#&ta a la"r#la&io%#" i%t#r%a&io%al#". E% la" r#la&io%#" #%tr# o" a$"#" 0a7 9(# &o%t#mlar i"ti%ta" +a&#ta"(#"to 9(# i%t#r8i#%#% 8ario" +a&tor#" #&o%mi&o" &omo lo" tio" # &am'io, lo" ara%&#l#", la"r#la&io%#" 9(# "# r#+l#;a% #% la 'ala%1a # a)o", la i%8#r"i%, #l &om#r&io, ro'l#ma" # o'l#imo"i&i%, la" l#7#" "o'r# roi#a i%t#l#&t(al, #t&. U% &am'io #% &(al9(i#ra # #"to" +a&tor#""(o%r: r##r&("io%#" "o'r# la #&o%om$a %a&io%al 9(# (##% "#r # la m:/ima imorta%&ia, orlo 9(# #" %#&#"ario &oori%ar lo" i"ti%to" a"#&to" # la ol$ti&a %a&io%al 7 la ol$ti&a i%t#r%a&io%al.La #&o%om$a m(%ial #"t: &aa 8#1 m:" i%t#rr#la&io%aa =&omo o&(rr# #% la U%i% E(ro#a 7 #%otra" :r#a" # i%t#)ra&i% o &oo#ra&i% #&o%mi&a!, la i%8#r"i% 7 lo" mo8imi#%to" # &aital "o%&aa 8#1 ma7or#", or lo 9(# la" r#"tri&&io%#" i%t#r%a" `#'io a lo" &o%i&io%ami#%to" #l

m#r&ao` "o% tam'i<% m:" #t#rmi%a%t#". E% #"t# :m'ito la" #&i"io%#" # &ar:&t#r )#%#ral "#8#% a+#&taa" # i%+l(7#% a "( 8#1 #% too" lo" r#%#" # la" r#"#&ti8a" #&o%om$a" %a&io%al#".Co% #"t# +i% lo" ol$ti&o" # too #l m(%o "# r#*%#% &aa 8#1 &o% m:" +r#&(#%&ia. E"ta" r#(%io%#",#/&#&io%al#" a%t#" # la II G(#rra M(%ial, "# &o%8o&a% a0ora # (% moo r#)(lar, 7a "#a #%i%"tit(&io%#" i%t#r%a&io%al#", &omo #% #l "#%o # la U%i% E(ro#a, la Or)a%i1a&i% ara laCoo#ra&i% 7 #l D#"arrollo E&o%mi&o =OCDE!, #l ?o%o Mo%#tario I%t#r%a&io%al =?MI!, #l Ba%&oM(%ial =BM! 7 la Or)a%i1a&i% M(%ial #l Com#r&io =OMC!, o #% la" #%omi%aa" &(m'r#" ##+#" # E"tao # lo" a$"#" m:" i%("triali1ao" =&omo or #;#mlo, la &(m'r# # lo" "i#t#)ra%#"! o la" r#(%io%#" # ;#+#" # E"tao r#)io%al#" &omo la" #l M#r&o"(r. La ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a(## &oori%ar"# #% #"ta" i%"tit(&io%#" o #% la" i"ti%ta" &(m'r#", o%# "# (##% tomar




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m#ia" #% &o%tra # a9(#llo" a$"#" 9(# %o &o%"i)a% a;("tar "(" ol$ti&a" a lo" a&(#ro" tomao"#% lo" i"ti%to" #%&(#%tro". La #r"#&ti8a # la &r#a&i% # (%a U%i% E&o%mi&a 7 Mo%#taria 7 #

(% *%i&o Ba%&o C#%tral E(ro#o aml$a la" o"i'ilia#" # 9(# "# &o%"i)a i"#ar (%a *%i&aol$ti&a mo%#taria 9(# a+#&t# a too" lo" a$"#" mi#m'ro" # la U%i% E(ro#a.

E/i"t#% +(#rt#" i"&r#a%&ia" r#"#&to a &(:l #'# "#r #l &ar:&t#r # la ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a f#'#i"#ar"# (%a ol$ti&a #&o%mi&a a(tom:ti&a o, or #l &o%trario, #" m#;or i"#ar (%a ol$ti&a#&o%mi&a i"&r#&io%al #% +(%&i% # lo" +a&tor#" 9(# la &o%i&io%a%g Al)(%o" #/#rto" #% lamat#ria #+i#%#% 9(# 0a7 9(# lo)rar #l #9(ili'rio r#"((#"tario o, al m#%o", limitar lo" <+i&it. Otro"roo%#% 9(# #l 'a%&o &#%tral #"ta'l#1&a (% l$mit# a la ta"a # &r#&imi#%to # la o+#rta mo%#taria.Otro" #"#&iali"ta" #+i#%#% 9(# #l #"#ml#o #'# ma%t#%#r"# or #'a;o # #t#rmi%aoor&#%ta;# # la o'la&i% a&ti8a. Toa" #"ta" r#&om#%a&io%#" %o "lo r#+l#;a% (%a +alta #&o%+ia%1a #% la &la"# ol$ti&a 9(# #&i# la" i"ti%ta" m#ia" 9(# "# 0a% # ali&ar #% #"t# :r#a,"i%o 9(# a#m:" atri'(7# a la" a(toria#" #&o%mi&a" la ot#"ta # &o%trolar # +orma ilimitaai"ti%to" a"#&to" # la #&o%om$a.

A artir # la <&aa # 5F6 la ol$ti&a ma&ro#&o%mi&a 0a &am'iao # +orma r:"ti&a. E/i"t# (%at#%#%&ia a limitar #l a#l # lo" Go'i#r%o" 7 a r#(&ir #l o#r #l E"tao, "o'r# too #% lo 9(#&o%&i#r%# a "( &aa&ia # )a"to &aa 8#1 #" ma7or #l #"&#ti&i"mo #/i"t#%t# "o'r# la &aa&ia# la ami%i"tra&i% #"tatal ara )#"tio%ar # (% moo a#&(ao la a&ti8ia #&o%mi&a 7 la&o%+ia%1a #% #l &o%trol # la #ma%a &omo m#io ara #"ta'ili1ar #l %i8#l # #ml#o #" a*% m#%or.># "('ra7a la %#&#"ia # a&t(ar #% la "i)(i#%t# ir#&&i%4 a(m#%to # la &om#t#%&ia, i%&#%ti8o# la i%%o8a&i% 7 # la" #mr#"a", romo8#r #l atra&ti8o #/t#rior # la #&o%om$a %a&io%al araatra#r la i%8#r"i% #/tra%;#ra 7, "o'r# too, i%t#%tar m#;orar la #(&a&i% 7 #l %i8#l # +orma&i% #lo" tra'a;aor#". El a%ti)(o a&(#ro #% tor%o a la &aa&ia #l &o%trol # la #ma%a ara i%+l(ir"o'r# la a&ti8ia #&o%mi&a 0a #"aar#&io, 7 "# 8(#l8# a r#i8i%i&ar la i#a, a%t#rior a la II G(#rraM(%ial, # 9(# #" m:" #+#&ti8o tratar # a&t(ar "o'r# la o+#rta.

_ >o&iolo)$a

># (## #%t#%#r a la "o&iolo)$a , &omo la &i#%&ia 9(# #"t(ia #l #"arrollo, la #"tr(&t(ra 7 la+(%&i% # la "o&i#a. Lo" "o&ilo)o" a%ali1a% la" +orma" #% 9(# la" #"tr(&t(ra" "o&ial#", la"i%"tit(&io%#" =&la"#, +amilia, &om(%ia 7 o#r! 7 lo" ro'l#ma" # $%ol# "o&ial =#lito! i%+l(7#% #%la "o&i#a.

La "o&iolo)$a "# 'a"a #% la i#a # 9(# lo" "#r#" 0(ma%o" %o a&t*a% # a&(#ro a "(" roia"#&i"io%#" i%i8i(al#", "i%o 'a;o i%+l(#%&ia" &(lt(ral#" # 0i"tri&a" 7 "#)*% lo" #"#o" 7#/#&tati8a" # la &om(%ia #% la" 9(# 8i8#%.

Por lo ta%to, #l &o%&#to ':"i&o # "o&iolo)$a #" la i%t#ra&&i% "o&ial &omo (%to # artia ara&(al9(i#r r#la&i% #% (%a "o&i#a. La "o&iolo)$a 9(# #"t(ia lo" #tall#" # la" i%t#ra&&io%#" # la8ia &otiia%a r#&i'# #l %om'r# # mi&ro"o&iolo)$a 7 al 9(# "# o&(a # lo" atro%#" # r#la&i%#%tr# "#&tor#" "o&ial#" ma" amlio" =#l E"tao, la #&o%om$a # i%&l("o la" r#la&io%#" i%t#r%a&io%al#"!r#&i'# #l %om'r# # ma&ro"o&iolo)ia.

ORIGENE>.




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La rim#ra #+i%i&i% # "o&iolo)$a +(# ro(#"ta or #l +ilo"o+o +ra%&<" A()("to Comt#, #% 5FJ,

a&(o #"t# t#rmi%o ara #"&ri'ir "( &o%&#to # (%a %(#8a &i#%&ia 9(# #"&('rir$a (%a" l#7#" arala "o&i#a ar#&ia" a la" # la %at(ral#1a, ali&a%o lo" mi"mo" m<too" # i%8#"ti)a&i% 9(# la"&i#%&ia" +$"i&a". D#%tro # lo" &o%"i#rao" +(%aor#" # #"ta i"&ili%a "# (##% %otar H#'#rt>#%&#r, arl Mar/, #l &o%# # >ai%t->imo%, Al#/i" # To&9(#8ill# 7 a o0% >t(art Mill.

DE>ARROLLO.

Ha"ta +i%al#" #l "i)lo XIX la "o&iolo)$a %o &om#%1 a "#r r#&o%o&ia &omo i"&ili%a a&a<mi&a. E%?ra%&ia, Ymil# D(r0#im, 0#r##ro i%t#l#&t(al # >ai%t->imo% 7 Comt#, &om#%1 a #%"#ar"o&iolo)$a #% la" (%i8#r"ia#" # B(r#o" 7 Pari". D(r0#im, +(%aor # la rim#ra #"&(#la ##%"ami#%to "o&iol)i&o, #"ta&a'a la r#alia i%##%i#%t#m#%t# # lo" 0#&0o" "o&ial#"=i%##%i#%t#" # lo" atri'(to" "i&ol)i&o" # la" #r"o%a"! # i%t#%ta'a #"&('rir la" r#la&io%#"#%tr# #llo". D(r0#im 7 "(" "#)(ior#" #"t(iaro% amliam#%t# la" "o&i#a#" %o i%("triali1aa" #+orma "imilar a &omo, ma" a#la%t#, lo 0ar$a% lo" a%trolo)o" "o&ial#".

E% Al#ma%ia la "o&iolo)$a +(# r#&o%o&ia +ormalm#%t# &omo i"&ili%a a&a<mi&a )ra&ia" a lo"#"+(#r1o" # Ma/ #'#r 7 G#or) >imm#l, la "o&iolo)$a al#ma%a "# 'a"o #% (%a amlia #r(i&i%0i"tri&a mo(laa or la i%+l(#%&ia #l mar/i"mo. E% Gra% Br#taa, ma" or #l &o%trario, "(+ri (%a#8ol(&i% l#%ta la #"&(#la 'rit:%i&a, &om'i%a'a #l i%t#r<" or #l &am'io "o&ial #8ol(ti8o a )ra%#"&ala =E"tao # Bi#%#"tar!.

E% la "#)(%a mita #l "i)lo XX, la "o&iolo)$a #mi#1a a #"t(iar #t#rmi%ao" +#%m#%o" "o&ial#"&omo #l #lito, la" #"a8#%#%&ia" matrimo%ial#" 7 la a&(lt(ra&i% # lo" i%mi)ra%t#".

El &#%tro ma" imorta%t# #l #"t(io # la "o&iolo)$a a%t#" # la II )(#rra m(%ial +(# la U%i8#r"ia# C0i&a)o all$ #l +ilo"o+o G#or)# H#'#rt M#a, #"ta&a #% "(" tra'a;o" la i%+l(#%&ia # la m#%t#, #l7o 7 la "o&i#a #% la" a&&io%#" # i%t#ra&&io%#" 0(ma%a" =#%+o9(# #l i%t#ra&&io%i"mo "im'li&o!. El"o&ilo)o Tal&ott Par"o%" "# &#%tra #% #l #"t(io # la a&&i% "o&ial. E% la U%i8#r"ia # Col(m'ia,#l "o&ilo)o Ro'#rt M#rto% i%t#%to 8i%&(lar la t#or$a &o% (%a ri)(ro"a i%8#"ti)a&i% #m$ri&a #r#&oila&i% # ato".

AREA> DE LA >OCIOLOGÍA.

La "o&iolo)$a a'ar&a i"ti%to" 7 8ariao" &amo" o :r#a", #%tro # lo" &(al#" o#mo" m#%&io%ar4

#l matrimo%io 7 la +amilia

la #"i)(ala "o&ial

la #"trati+i&a&i% "o&ial

la" &om(%ia#" (r'a%a"

la" or)a%i1a&io%#" +ormal#"




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)#ro%tolo)ia

la "o&iolo)$a #l "#/o

lo" #"t#r#otio" "#/(al#"

"o&iolo)$a #l #r#&0o

"o&iolo)$a ami%i"trati8a

# la r#li)i%

# la #(&a&i%

#l #;#r&ito

# la" o&(a&io%#" 7 # la" ro+#"io%#"

la m#i&i%a

'iolo)$a

# lo" m#io" # &om(%i&a&i%

# lo" #ort#"

#t&.

E% "$%t#"i", la "o&iolo)$a "# #%&ar)a #l #"t(io # &a"i too" lo" #"trato" &o%+ormao" or la"o&i#a 7 "( i%t#ra&&i% "o&ial #% #llo", toma%o m(#"tra" # &aa "#&tor ara la "('i8i"i% # "(mat#ria.

METODO> DE INVE>TIGACIN.

O'"#r8a&i% Dir#&ta.- i%+orma&i% a tra8<" # la o'"#r8a&i% arti&ia%t#, #" #&ir, +orma%o art##l )r(o #"t(iao o &o%+ia%o #% i%+orma%t#" "#l#&&io%ao" #l )r(o.




[Año

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M<too" C(a%titati8o".- #%)lo'a la r#&oila&i% # )ra% 8ol(m#% # ato" #"ta$"ti&o" #"&riti8o" 7

la (tili1a&i% # t<&%i&a" # m(#"tr#o, mo#lo" mat#m:ti&o" a8a%1ao" 7 "im(la&io%#" i%+orm:ti&a"# ro&#"o" "o&ial#".

E%&(#"ta".- imli&a la r#&oila&i% 7 #l a%:li"i" # la" r#"(#"ta" # )ra%#" )r(o" # #r"o%a", atra8<" # "o%#o" 7 &(#"tio%ario" i"#ao" ara &o%o&#r "(" oi%io%#", a&tit(#" 7 "#%timi#%to"0a&ia (% t#ma #t#rmi%ao.

NUEVA> TENDENCIA>.

A artir # la <&aa #l 6, la "o&iolo)$a "# o(lari1o &o%"i#ra'l#m#%t# #% E(roa 7 E"tao"

U%io". A#m:" # la i8#r"i+i&a&i% # t#or$a", "(r)i#ro% %(#8a" "('ar#a", &omo la "o&iolo)$a #l)#%#ro o # lo" #"t#r#otio" "#/(al#", im(l"aa #"#&ialm#%t# or lo" mo8imi#%to" +#mi%i"ta" 79(# #%)lo'a #l a%:li"i" # rol# 7 #"i)(ala#" "o&ial#" "#)*% #l "#/o, #l #"t(io # la" #mo&io%#" 7#l #%8#;#&imi#%to. ># r#8itali1aro% "('ar#a" ma" a%ti)(a" &omo la "o&iolo)$a 0i"tri&a 7 &omaraa,la "o&iolo)$a ali&aa 7 la "o&iolo)$a ol$ti&a. Lo" "o&ilo)o" ali&a% "(" &o%o&imi#%to" #% "( tra'a;o&omo a"i"t#%t#", la%i+i&aor#", #(&aor#", i%8#"ti)aor#" 7 )#"tor#" #% la ami%i"tra&i% lo&al 7%a&io%al, #% or)a%i1a&io%#" %o l(&rati8a" 7 #% #mr#"a" ri8aa", #"#&ialm#%t# #% la" :r#a" #mar#ti%), ('li&ia, "#)(ro", r#&(r"o" 0(ma%o" 7 a%:li"i" or)a%i1ati8o.

Lo" "o&ilo)o" i%t#r#"ao" #% #l #"t(io # lo" +#%m#%o" "o&ial#" 0a% i%t#%"i+i&ao #l ("o ta%to #lo" m<too" # i%8#"ti)a&i% trai&io%al#" a"o&iao" &o% otra" i"&ili%a" = a%:li"i" # mat#rial0i"tri&o, or #;#mlo!, &omo # la" ma" "o+i"ti&aa" t<&%i&a" mat#m:ti&a" 7 #"ta$"ti&a". El#"arrollo # lo" or#%aor#" 7 # otro" i"o"iti8o" ara ma%#;ar a alma&#%ar i%+orma&i%, 0a

+a&ilitao 0o7 #% $a #l ro&#"ami#%to # lo" ato" "o&iol)i&o".

Ca'# #"ta&ar al)(%o" t#ma" ma" #"t(iao" or la "o&iolo)$a t#ma" # &o%o&imi#%to )#%#ral 7ri%&iio" ':"i&o" #l t#rr#%o "o&ial #%tr# #llo" #"t:%4

LA COHE>IN DE LO> GRUPO>.

La ala'ra &o0#"i% "i)%i+i&a la +(#r1a 9(# ma%ti#%# (%ia" la" art#" # (% too, "#a, la (%i% #lo" i%i8i(o" #l )r(o. E" (% &amo # +(#r1a" 9(# ti#%# or #+#&to ma%t#%#r ;(%to" a lo"mi#m'ro" # (% )r(o 7 r#"i"tir &o%tra la" +(#r1a" # la i")r#)a&i%. Para #llo "# (##% i"ti%)(ir

o" +a&tor#"4

E/tr$%"#&o" #ri8ao" #l am'i#%t# o &o%tor%o #% 9(# #l )r(o #"arrolla "( ro&#"o 9(# i%+l(7#%"o'r# #l )r(o 8aria'l#.

I%tr$%"#&o" roio" #l )r(o &omo tal, "# (##% a)r(ar #% o" &at#)or$a"4




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+a&tor#" # or#% "o&io-a+#&ti8o".

+a&tor#" # or#% "o&io-o#rati8o".

E% #"t# tra'a;o, "# toma m(7 #% &(#%ta lo" i+#r#%t#" tio" # &omortami#%to #%tro # la"o&i#a4

#l &omortami#%to &o%+orm#

#l &omortami#%to i"&o%+orm#

#l &omortami#%to a(t%omo

#l &omortami#%to "(mi"o

#l &omortami#%to #"8iao

CONTROL >OCIAL.

Tomao #"# #l (%to # 8i"ta #l i%i8i(o "o&ial i%i&a 9(# la "o&i#a #" la 9(# %o" #(&a ara

"(" +i%#". D#"# #l (%to # 8i"ta "o&ial #" la "o&i#a 9(i#% %o" i%i&a #l &ami%o &orr#&to.

El &o%trol "o&ial &omo omi%io # "i mi"mo "i)%i+i&a 9(# #l i%i8i(o #" lo 9(# #", (%a #r"o%alia&o%&i#%t# o i%i8i(al, #%8(#lta, #% la m#ia #% 9(# "# #" mi#m'ro # la "o&i#a, #% #l ro&#"o #la #/#ri#%&ia 7 la a&ti8ia 7, or #llo, &o% (%a &o%(&ta "o&ialm#%t# &o%trolaa.

Cla"i+i&a&i% # %orma".-

(%i8#r"al#"

#"#&ialia#"

alt#r%ati8a"

CA>TA>.




[Año

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U%a "o&i#a #"ta "om#tia al r<)im#% # &a"ta" "i #"ta i8iia #% (% )ra% %(m#ro # )r(o"0#r#itariam#%t# #"#&iali1ao", ;#r:r9(i&am#%t# "(#r(#"to" 7 m(t(am#%t# o(#"to".

>(" ri%&ial#" &ara&t#r#" "o%4

#"#&iali1a&i% 0#r#itaria

or)a%i1a&i% ;#r:r9(i&a

r#(l"i% r#&iro&a

>( &la"i+i&a&i%, a(%9(# #m$ri&a, #" la "i)(i#%t#4

%o'l#1a

m#r&a#r#"

art#"a%o"

"i#r8o"

#"&la8o"

CLA>E> >OCIALE>.

R#r#"#%ta% #% )#%#ral, (% &o%;(%to # &ara&t#r#" mat#rial#" # i%mat#rial#" 9(# "ir8#% arai"ti%)(irla"4

M#io "o&io )#o)r:+i&o # r#+#r#%&ia (r'a%o 7 r(ral.

La +(%&i% 9(# #"#m#a% "(" mi#m'ro".

Lo" 8alor#" #&o%mi&o".

El tio # #/i"t#%&ia mat#rial.




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El "#%timi#%to # la a)r(a&i% # 9(# +orma art#.

La #(&a&i% 7 ro+#"i% # "(" mi#m'ro".

Lo" 8alor#" #"irit(al#" 7 &(lt(ral#".

El r#"ti)io.

?orma&i% # la" &la"#" "o&ial#".

_ Yti&a

Yti&a =)ri#)o npq lat$% mo" h&o"t(m'r#! Rama # la +ilo"o+$a 9(# #"t(ia lo" +(%am#%to" # lo9(# "# &o%"i#ra '(#%o, #'io o moralm#%t# &orr#&to. Tam'i<% (## #+i%ir"# &omo #l "a'#ra&#r&a # (%a a#&(aa )#"ti% # la li'#rta.

E" m#%#"t#r i+#r#%&iar #%tr# lo" t<rmi%o" <ti&a 7 moral. A(%9(# +r#&(#%t#m#%t# "o% tomao"&omo "i%%imo", "# r#+i#r# #l #ml#o #l 8o&a'lo moral ara #"i)%ar #l &o%;(%to # 8alor#",%orma" 7 &o"t(m'r#" # (% i%i8i(o o )r(o 0(ma%o #t#rmi%ao. ># r#"#r8a la ala'ra <ti&a, #%&am'io, ara al(ir al i%t#%to ra&io%al =8al# #&ir, +ilo"+i&o! # +(%am#%tar la moral #%t#%ia #%&(a%to +#%m#%o # la moralia o #t0o". E% otra" ala'ra"4 la <ti&a #" (%a t#mati1a&i% #l #t0o",#" #l ro7#&to # &r#ar (%a moral ra&io%al, (%i8#r"ali1a'l# 7, #% &o%"#&(#%&ia, tra%"&(lt(ral.

Por "( art#, (%a "#%t#%&ia <ti&a, ;(i&io moral o #&lara&i% %ormati8a #" (%a a+irma&i% 9(#

&o%t#%r: t<rmi%o" tal#" &omo malo, '(#%o, &orr#&to, i%&orr#&to, o'li)atorio, #rmitio, #t&.C(a%o "# #ml#a% "#%t#%&ia" <ti&a" "# #"t: 8alora%o moralm#%t# a #r"o%a", "it(a&io%#", &o"a"o a&&io%#". D# #"t# moo, "# #"t: #"ta'l#&i#%o ;(i&io" moral#" &(a%o, or #;#mlo, "# i&#4 @E"#ol$ti&o #" &orr(to@, @E"# 0om'r# #" imr#"#%ta'l#@, @>( r#"#%&ia #" loa'l#@, #t&. E% #"ta"#&lara&io%#" aar#&#% lo" t<rmi%o" &orr(to, imr#"#%ta'l# 7 loa'l# 9(# imli&a% 8alora&io%#"# tio moral.

La <ti&a "# "('i8i#, a "( 8#1, #% i+#r#%t#" rama"4

Yti&a %ormati8a o T#or$a #4

Lo" 8alor#" moral#" =a/iolo)$a moral!

La '(#%a 8ia o 8ia +#li1 =#(#mo%olo)$a!

El #'#r, la" %orma" moral#" o la &o%(&ta =#o%tolo)$a!




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Yti&a ali&aa, &omo "#r4

La 'io<ti&a

La <ti&a 0a&#r

M#ta<ti&a

La <ti&a #l "i)lo XX 0a &o%o&io aort#" imorta%t$"imo" or art# # %(m#ro"o" a(tor#".

Eti&a4Ci#%&ia A(/iliar # la +ilo"o+$a &(7o o';#to # #"t(io #" la &o%(&ta moral #l i%i8i(o 7#"ta'l#&# la i+#r#%&ia #%tr# #l 'i#% 7 #l mal 'a"ao #% lo" 8alor#" (%i8#r"al#"

No&io%#" r#limi%ar#"

Al #"t(iar la t#m:ti&a # la moral, ro%to #"&('rimo" la #/i"t#%&ia # (% tio arti&(lar # 8alor#",#%omi%ao" 8alor#" moral#". Lo" &(al#" o"##% i%m#%"a imorta%&ia, (#" "( aari&i% imli&a(%a i+#r#%&ia rai&al #%tr# #l a&t(ar #l 0om'r# 7 #l # lo" #m:" "#r#" a%imao".

E" o"i'l# #"ta'l#&#r 9(# la &o%&i#%&ia moral, la li'#rta 7 la r#"o%"a'ilia "# tra%"+orma% #% #l+(%am#%to ':"i&o 7 %#&#"ario # la 8ia 0(ma%a.Too #llo, or "((#"to #% (% am'i#%t# "o&ial,9(# #" #l *%i&o roi&io ara la r#ali1a&i% #l 0om'r#. E" #&ir, "# o%# #% #8i#%&ia 9(# lo"8alor#" "o% #"#%&ial#" ara #l 0om'r# 7 "( 8ia, la &(al #"arrolla ;(%to a otra" li'#rta#". ># 0a&#imr#"&i%i'l# #%to%&#" &o%o&#r 7 &omr#%#r lo" +(%am#%to" # la 8i%&(la&i% 9(# "(r)# #%tr#8ia 0(ma%a, 8alor#" 7 "o&i#a. E"a ar(a tar#a, 7 # ro'l#m:ti&a &r#&i#%t#, #" a"(mia or (%ai"&ili%a +ilo"+i&a, #%omi%aa Eti&a.

La Eti&a '("&a #"&('rir, &lari+i&ar 7 &omr#%#r la" r#la&io%#" 9(# "# #"ta'l#&#% #%tr# #l a&t(ar0(ma%o, lo" 8alor#" 7 la" %orma" moral#" 9(# "# )#"ta% 7 #"arrolla% #% la 8ia "o&ial.

D#"# 9(# #l 0om'r# "# a)r(a #% "o&i#a#" t(8o la %#&#"ia # #"arrollar (%a "#ri# # r#)la"9(# l# #rmiti#ra% r#)(lar "( &o%(&ta +r#%t# a lo" otro" mi#m'ro" # la &om(%ia. D# ma%#ra 9(#la moral #" (%a &o%"ta%t# # la 8ia 0(ma%a. Lo" 0om'r#" %o (##% 8i8ir "i% %orma" 7 8alor#". E"or #"to 9(# "# 0a &ara&t#ri1ao al 0om'r# &omo (% @a%imal <ti&o@. >lo #l 0om'r# (## iri)ir"#0a&ia #l +(t(ro. >lo <l (## +ormar"# (%a i#a # (% #"tao # &o"a" m:" #"#a'l# 7 o%#r l(#)o




[Año

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lo" m#io" %#&#"ario" ara ll#8arlo a la r#alia. El 0om'r# (## rot#"tar, ir al aro, ma%i+#"tar"#o "('l#8ar"#, &o% (%a 8i"i% # (% #"tao # &o"a" 9(# #'i#ra "#r. Lo" #m:" a%imal#" "lo

(##% mor#r, araar, )ol#ar o 0(ir "i#mr# #% (% #t#r%o r#"#%t#s. >i "# r#"&i%# # #"t#a"#&to # la #/#ri#%&ia 0(ma%a 9(# #" lo moral, "# t#%r: (%a ima)#% 9(# #" 'a"ta%t# i%&oml#tao +ra)m#%taria #l 0om'r# 7 "( &(lt(ra.

La Eti&a %o" il("tra a&#r&a #l or9(< # la &o%(&ta moral. Lo" ro'l#ma" 9(# la Eti&a #"t(ia "o%a9(#llo" 9(# "# "("&ita% too" lo" $a", #% la 8ia &otiia%a, #% la 8ia #"&olar, #% la a&ti8iaro+#"io%al, #t&. Pro'l#ma" &omo4 f9(< &omortami#%to #" '(#%o 7 &(:l malog, f"# #" li'r# arar#ali1ar tal o &(al a&&i%g, f9(i<% %o" o'li)a a r#ali1ar #"ta a&&i%g, #%tr# #"ta" o" a&&io%#", f&(:l"# #'# #l#)irg, #t&.

E% (% r#"(m#% r#limi%ar, o#mo" ar#&iar 9(# la imorta%&ia # la Eti&a %a&# or "(r#o&(a&i% ri%&ial, 9(# %o" ata# ir#&tam#%t#4 la a&ti8ia 0(ma%a, #% ta%to a&ti8ia r#)iaor ri%&iio" a;#%o" a la #t#rmi%a&i% 7 %#&#"ia 9(# #/i"t# #% #l r#"to # lo" "#r#" 9(# (#'la%la ti#rra. Pri%&iio" 9(# 0#mo" # #%omi%ar 8alor#" moral#".

II D#+i%i&i% #timol)i&a # la <ti&a

5.- La ala'ra Eti&a ro&## #l 8o&a'lo #t0o" 9(# o"## al)(%o" "i)%i+i&ao" +(%am#%tal#"4

El m:" a%ti)(o # #llo" +(# r#"i#%&ia, moraa, o l()ar o%# "# 0a'ita. ># (" rimariam#%t# #%o#"$a, 7 0a&$a r#+#r#%&ia a lo" l()ar#" o%# 8i8#% o &r$a% lo" a%imal#", a lo" l()ar#" 0a'it(al#" oroio" # #llo", "(" mari)(#ra" 7 "#&tor#" # alim#%ta&i%.






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III E"tr(&t(ra a%trool)i&a # la moralia

U%a # la" ma%#ra" # #/r#"ar )r:+i&am#%t# la trama # r#la&io%#" 9(# "# a% #%tr# lo" ACTO>,LO> HABITO>, EL MODO DE >ER, #t&. #l "#r 0(ma%o, 9(# &o%+orma% la #"tr(&t(ra # lamoralia, or$a "#r (%a +i)(ra &o%&<%tri&a o%#, ma%t#%i#%o (% or#% or &aa", lo" %*m#ro"5, 2, , r#r#"#%t#% lo" #"trato" "i)(i#%t#", #;a%o #l %*m#ro 5 al &#%tro, &omo %*&l#o )#%#raor4

. Lo" ACTO>

. Lo" HABITO>

2. El MODO DE >ER - CARACTER - MORADA- PER>ONALIDAD

5. El SO INTIMO, LIBRE 7 PER>ONAL.

. Lo" ACTO> "o% la #/r#"i% # lo" H:'ito", 'rota% # lo" H:'ito" a "( 8#1, "o% lo" 9(# &r#a% lo"H:'ito".

. Lo" H:'ito" "o% #%)#%rao" or la r##ti&i% # a&to". Lo" H:'ito" &(ml#% (%a +(%"i% (al4

Por (%a art#, &r#a% a(ta" &o%(&t(al#" 9(#, #% #l +o%o, ar#&#% a(tomati1ar al 0om'r# or #llo#" i%#8ita'l# o'"#r8ar (% #;o # m#&a%i&i"mo 9(# &o%i&io%a la li'#rta 7 (## &r#ar (%a malla #&o%(&ta" 9(# "# or$a &ara&t#ri1ar &omo r(ti%a.

Por otro lao, "i 'i#% #" &i#rto 9(# ti#%#% la t#%#%&ia a m#&a%i1ar o r(ti%i1ar la" &o%(&ta" #l0om'r#, (##% tam'i<% r#r#"#%tar, or lo mi"mo, (%a a7(a o ao7o, #% #l "#%tio # 9(# ala(tomati1ar la" a&&io%#" m:" tri8ial#" o a&&#"oria", %#&#"aria" ara la "o'r#8i8#%&ia =a "a'#r4




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0:'ito" # r#"o%"a'ilia #% #l tra'a;o, #% #l #"t(io, #t&.!, #rmit#% al 0om'r# 9(#ar m:" li'r#ara lo 9(# "#a imorta%t#4 #%"ar, &r#ar, #t&.

2. El MODO DE >ER - CARACTER - MORADA- PER>ONALIDAD4 El &ar:&t#r #" la "$%t#"i" # lo"H:'ito" 7 A&to", 9(# al +ra)(ar"# o "#im#%tar"#, +orma%, a "( 8#1, #l &ar:&t#r o moo # "#r.

5. El So P#r"o%al, $%timo, #" la #"+#ra # la li'#rta #"irit(al #% o%# "# )#"ta% a9(#lla"r#"(#"ta" 9(# (##%, "i a"$ "# #"tima, "altar"# lo" 0:'ito" 7 #l moo # "#r, ara a&t(ar 'i#% omal. E" #l l()ar #% o%# )#rmi%a% la" a&&io%#" 7 a&tit(#" %(#8a", "#)*% la r#"i% #l m#ioi%t#rior =&o%&i#%&ia moral! o m#io #/t#rior ="o&i#a, &o"t(m'r#", #t&.!. E% #l +o%o, a9($ #" o%#"# m(#"tra #% toa "( ro+(%ia la &oml#;ia #l "#r 0(ma%o.

Do" #r"#&ti8a", or ta%to, "o% o"i'l#" "o'r# %(#"tro 7o. Ba;o (%a #r"#&ti8a &#%tr$#ta 8#mo"&mo %(#"tro" ACTO> "# 8a% "#im#%ta%o #% HABITO> 9(#, #"tr(&t(rao" $%timam#%t#, %o"0a&#% ll#)ar a "#r a9(#llo 9(# 0a&#mo" o 0i&imo". Ba;o (%a #r"#&ti8a &#%tr$+()a, or #l &o%trario,8#r#mo" &mo %(#"tro &ar:&t#r, %(#"tra #r"o%alia moral o moo # "#r a9(irio o "#)(%a%at(ral#1a, i%t#%ta ma%i+#"tar"# al #/t#rior or m#io # a&to" li'r#m#%t# #l#)io", a #"ala" o #%&o%tra m(&0a" 8#&#" #l #t#rmi%i"mo o a(tomati"mo im(#"to o roi&iao or lo" HABITO>.

A"$ (#", ara &oml#tar #l )r:+i&o &o% 9(# 0#mo" r#t#%io r#r#"#%tar lo" tr#" %i8#l#" # la 8iamoral, #'#mo" i'(;ar (% &(arto &$r&(lo &o%&<%tri&o #%tro #l m:" #9(#o, #l #l &ar:&t#r. >#r$a#l &$r&(lo #l SO, #l E>PIRITU LIBRE, &aa1 #% (% mom#%to ao # la 8ia, # r#mo%tar"# 7"altar "o'r# la 'arr#ra #l &ar:&t#r 7 # lo" 0:'ito" 7 al(m'rar (% a&to a'"ol(tam#%t# %(#8o, ori)i%al,i%#t#rmi%ao4 li'r#.

La o"i'ilia # a&to" &omo #l arr##%timi#%to 7 la &o%8#r"i% %o t#%r$a% otra #/li&a&i% 9(# lao"i'ilia # #"&aar al #t#rmi%i"mo # la "#)(%a %at(ral#1a.

IV D#+i%i&i% # la <ti&a or "( o';#to # #"t(io




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T#%i#%o #% &(#%ta 9(# a &aa &i#%&ia l# &orr#"o%# (% o';#to # #"t(io arti&(lar 7 r#&o%o&i#%o

#l o"i'l# &ar:&t#r &i#%t$+i&o # la Eti&a, "( o';#to # #"t(io 7a lo 0#mo" m#%&io%ao al a+irmar laimorta%&ia # lo" 8alor#" moral#", lo" &(al#" #"t:% &ir&(%"&rito" a la Moral. E" #%to%&#", la Moral #lo';#to o t#ma # #"t(io # la Eti&a. P#ro &omo la Moral ti#%# (% &ar:&t#r 0(ma%o 7 "o&ial, (##amliar"# #"ta #+i%i&i%. A"$ t#%#mo" 9(#4 La Eti&a #" la i"&ili%a +ilo"+i&a 9(# #"t(ia #l&omortami#%to moral #l 0om'r# #% "o&i#a.

La Eti&a %#&#"ita # la Moral ara "a&ar "(" &o%&l("io%#", ara #/li&arla, ara #la'orar "("0it#"i" 7 t#or$a", #ro #llo %o "i)%i+i&a 9(# la tar#a # la Eti&a &o%"i"ta #% i%8#%tar o &r#ar la Moral.

La Moral #%to%&#", #" &o%"("ta%&ial al "#r #l 0om'r# #% la m#ia #% 9(# <"t# #" (% "#r a&ti8o,9(# #"li#)a "( 8ol(%ta #% la r#alia %at(ral 7 "o&ial, #% +orma &o%"&i#%t#, li'r# 7, or lo ta%to,r#"o%"a'l#. D# a9($ "# "i)(# 9(# "lo #l 0om'r# #" (% "#r moral, ao 9(# #% la r#aliai%+ra0(ma%a "lo #/i"t# la %#&#"ia 7 #l #t#rmi%i"mo # la" &o%(&ta" i%"ti%ti8a".

A0ora 'i#%, la Eti&a "# i%t#r#"a or #"t# a&t(ar 0(ma%o #"# (% (%to # 8i"ta #/&l("i8o 7 #"#%&ial4la &o%(&ta 0(ma%a #% ta%to #" r#)ia, ori#%taa # i%"iraa or 8alor#", #% ta%to a&t*a "#)*% lo"#;#" ;("toi%;("to, #'ioi%#'io, #t&.

E/i"tir #" a&t(ar. El 0om'r# #" a%t# too a&&i%. E"to #" al)o +(%am#%tal #% la Eti&a 9(# #"t(iar#&i"am#%t# la a&&i% 0(ma%a #% &(a%to tal =#" #&ir, li'r#!. E% r#alia, &a"i &(al9(i#r a&&i%0(ma%a li'r# #", # or "$, moral =&atalo)a'l# #% t<rmi%o" # '(#%oo malo!. Al)(%a" # #"ta"a&&io%#" ro'a'l#m#%t#, la ma7or$a- ar#&#% +l(ir # (% moo &a"i #"o%t:%#o 7 %at(ral4 #"to7tra'a;a%o, m# r#la&io%o &o% lo" #m:" 7 lo" r#"#to...%o 0a7 #"+(#r1o aar#%t#, %i "#%"a&i% #l(&0a o t#%"i%. E% &am'io, #% otro" mom#%to", la a&&i% #" oloro"a4 0a7 9(# 8#%&#r&o%trai&&io%#" #/t#rior#" 7 "# 8i8# (% &o%+li&to i%t#rior. E" r#&i"am#%t# #% lo" &o%+li&to" &(a%o "#0a&# m:" #8i#%t# #l &ar:&t#r 0(ma%o 7 moral # %(#"tra a&&i%.

Como "# (## ar#&iar, la a&&i% 0(ma%a #% ta%to 0(ma%a #" &oml#;$"ima. El #t#rmi%i"mo

8i)#%t# ara la r#alia %at(ral, la%t#a (% #"a+$o ara #l 0om'r# #% "( 8ia #r"o%al 7 "o&ial. Al#"&('rir 9(# %aa #"t: #"&rito #% &(a%to al #"ti%o, a "( #"ti%o arti&(lar, 7 9(# #" ortaor #(%a &o%&i#%&ia 9(# l# 0a&# r#&o%o&#r "( roia li'#rta, "(r)# #l #"&o%&i#rto, la (a, #l t#mor, laa%)("tia 7 a%t# #l #rror, la &(la 7 #l r#morimi#%to. ># r#)(%ta #%to%&#", f9(< #" lo 9(# #'o0a&#rg, f9(< %o #'o 0a&#rg, for 9(<g, #t&. A9($ "# 0a&# r#"#%t# #l Co%+li&to, #% o%# "#tra"l(&# #l &ar:&t#r moral 7 0(ma%o 9(# i%t#r#"a a la Eti&a




[Año

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M(%o &o%t#mor:%#o

_ Hito" o a&o%t#&imi#%to", ol$ti&o", #&o%mi&o", "o&ial#" 7 &(lt(ral#"

D#"# #l (%to # 8i"ta mat#m:ti&o #l "i)lo XX &omr#%# lo" ao" 5F65-2666 am'o" i%&l(io". Noo'"ta%t#, #l ("o o(lar l# 0a ao #l "i)%i+i&ao # lo" ao" 5F66-5FFF.

El "i)lo XX "# 0a &ara&t#ri1ao or lo" a8a%&#" # la t#&%olo)$a, m#i&i%a 7 &i#%&ia #% )#%#ral, #rotam'i<% or atro&ia#" 0(ma%a" tal#" &omo la" )(#rra", #l )#%o&iio 7 "i% 9(# "# 0a7a% r#"(#ltola" i+#r#%&ia" #&o%mi&a" #%tr# a$"#". E% lo" *ltimo" ao" #l "i)lo 0a &om#%1ao (% +#%m#%ollamao )lo'ali1a&i%.

Ta"a" # mortalia

Mortalia i%+a%til

Ta"a" # #%+#rm#a

E"#ra%1a # 8ia

Ta"a" # mortalia or mat#r%ia>IDA

A&o%t#&imi#%to" r#l#8a%t#"

Ci#%&ia 7 T#&%olo)$a

Pro(&&i% i%("trial # too tio # ro(&to".

I%8#%&i% # m:9(i%a" 8olaora" m:" #"aa" 9(# #l air#.

V(#lo #"a&ial 7 at#rri1a;# #% la L(%a

I%8#%&i% #l tra%"i"tor, #l &ir&(ito i%t#)rao, # la l(1 la"#r, # lo" or#%aor#" 7 # i%t#r%#t.

D#"arrollo # la raio 7 # la t#l#8i"i%.

T#or$a # la r#lati8ia 7 #l mo#lo &o"mol)i&o #l Bi) Ba%).

M#&:%i&a &(:%ti&a 7 +$"i&a # art$&(la".

Arma" %(&l#ar#".

A%ti'iti&o", a%ti&o%&#ti8o", tra"la%t# # r)a%o", &lo%a&i%.

D#"&('rimi#%to #l ADN, #"arrollo # la 'iolo)$a mol#&(lar.

G(#rra" 7 ol$ti&a

Prim#ra G(#rra M(%ial

?(%a&i% # la >o&i#a # Na&io%#"

G(#rra &i8il #"aola

>#)(%a G(#rra M(%ial

Holo&a("to

G(#rra # Cor#a

Na&imi#%to 7 o&a"o # a$"#" "o&iali"ta".

G(#rra +r$a

G(#rra # Vi#t%am




[Año

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G(#rra # Ori#%t# M#io

Comi#%1o #l r#&o%o&imi#%to # lo" #r#&0o" # la" m(;#r#".

?i% #l &olo%iali"mo

Co%"tit(&i% # la Or)a%i1a&i% # la" Na&io%#" U%ia" 7 la D#&lara&i% U%i8#r"al # lo" D#r#&0o"H(ma%o"

Art#

Art# a'"tra&to

Art# &o%&#t(al

C('i"mo

Daa$"mo

?(t(ri"mo

Mi%imali"mo

Mo#r%i"mo

Art# o

Po"timr#"io%i"mo

Po"tmo#r%i"mo

R#ali"mo

>(rr#ali"mo

C(lt(ra

?(%&io%ali"mo #% #l i"#o.

E/i"t#%&iali"mo

Ro& a% roll

Ci%#

El "i)lo "# i%i&ia #% m#io # )ra%#" a#la%to" t#&%olo)i&o", #%tr# lo" &(al#" #l a(tom8il o&(a (%l()ar #"ta&ao. E% Am#ri&a H#%r7 ?or a#la%t (%a 8#ra#ra r#8ol(&i% #% #l "i"t#ma #ro(&&i% i%("tria 9(# ("o a r(#'a &o% la +a'ri&a&i% # "( Mo#lo T.

E% 5F6 la G(#rra r("o-;ao%#"a #%+r#%t al imara'l# im#rio #l "ol %a&i#%t# &o% #l #&a%#%t#im#rio # lo" Kar#" # R("ia. El +i% # la )(#rra io &omo 8#%&#or a a% ara la "orr#"a #lm(%o o&&i#%tal. La %a&i% a"iati&a "# &o%8irti # +a&to #% (%a %(#8a ot#%&ia # &ara&t#rm(%ial.

El im#rio al#ma% o >#)(%o R#i&0, &om#%"o a +or;ar"# #% tor%o a Pr("ia # (%a ma%#ra &lara#"# #l #l r#i%ao # ?##ri&o II #l Gra%#, &o%"olia%o"# # ma%#ra #+i%iti8a #% la" *ltima"#&aa" #l "i)lo XIX )ra&ia" #% #"#&ial al im(l"o ao or Otto 8o% Bi"mar&. E% lo" rim#ro"ao" #l "i)lo XX la "it(&i% # Al#ma%ia #%tro # E(roa 0a'ia al&a%1ao (%a o"i&i% #ma"iao&r(&ial ara lo" i%#tr#"#" # la" #ma" ot#%&ia". E"#&ialm#%t# Gra% Br#taa 7 ?ra%&ia 8#ia%am#%1ao" m(&0o" # "(" i%t#r#"#", lo 9(# la" ll#8o a "("&ri'ir la llamaa E%t#%t# &orial#, 7 #"9(# #l #"arrollo i%("trial 7 militar # Al#ma%ia "# r#"#%ta'a i+i&il # i)(alar or #l &o%;(%to # la"#ma" %a&io%#" # E(roa. A#ma" #"t# im#t( # Pr("ia +(# lo 9(# ll#8o a la Ca"a # A("tria a#r#r ro)r#"i8am#%t# "( #"tat(" # ot#%&ia &o%ti%#%tal.




[Año

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E% 5F5 lo" i%t#r#"#" # la" ot#%&ia" m(%ial#" #m(;aro% a la 0(ma%ia a (%a %(#8a im#%"i%# &o%+li&to, la Prim#ra G(#rra M(%ial, 9(# a(%9(# "# i%i&i &omo (% &o%+li&to #(ro#o t#rmi%

a'"or'i#%o a la" ri%&ial#" %a&io%#" #l m(%o. La &o%+ro%ta&i% "# i%i&i tra" #l a"#"i%ato #lar&0i(9(# ?ra%&i"&o ?#r%a%o #% >ara;#8o. Lo" )ra%#" #r#or#" al &a'o # lo" &(atro ao" #%9(# "# #"arroll la )(#rra +(#ro% lo" im#rio" # A("tria, 9(# #ri tal i"ti%&i% ara "i#mr#, 7 #lim#rio R("o, &(7a mo%ar9($a +(# #/t#rmi%aa =la +amilia r#al +(# #;#&(taa! ar ar a"o a (%%(#8o "i"t#ma # )o'i#r%o, #l Bol&0#8i9(#, li#rao or L#%i%.

EEUU "# &o%8irti #% ot#%&ia m(%ial # rim#r or#% al i)(al 9(# a%, &(7a rima&$a #% A"ia 7a%ai# i"&(t$a. Al#ma%ia #ri "( #9(#o im#rio &olo%ial, #ro a(% a"$ lo)r ma%t#%#r "(i%+ra#"tr(&t(ra %a&io%al. ?(# #l &a"o &o%trario al # ?ra%&ia, 9(# "# "(o%$a 0a'$a r#"(ltao8i&torio"a #% la )(#rra.

Gra% Br#taa, a(%9(# m#%o" a+#&taa 9(# ?ra%&ia, tam'i<% 8io r#tro&##r "( r#"ti)io 7 # r##%t#"# #%&o%tr #% &o%i&i% # i)(ala &o% EEUU, a$" "o'r# #l 9(# 0a&ia m#%o" # (% "i)lo a*%t#%$a la r#t#%"i% # 8ol8#rlo a i%t#)rar #%tro # "(" &olo%ia".

Por "( art# #l iloto al#m:% Ma%+r# 8o% Ri&0t0o+#% +(# #l i&o%o # la )(#rra.

Tra" #l +i%al # la Prim#ra G(#rra M(%ial, "# i%"tit(7 la >o&i#a # Na&io%#", 9(# %a&i &o% #l +i%# #8itar 9(# (% &o%+li&to # #"a ma)%it( 8ol8i#"# a r##tir"#.

El Im#rio R("o a"a a "#r la UR>>, 9(# &o% la i#olo)ia mar/i"ta # L#%i%, "# &o%8i#rt# #% larim#ra %a&i% #l m(%o )o'#r%aa or #l @rol#tariao@.

EEUU ro"i)(i "( r:io #"arrollo #&o%mi&o 9(# "# 8io #rt(r'ao, "i% #m'ar)o, or la @)ra%#r#"i%@ # 5F2F. Ar)#%ti%a, 9(# 0a'$a "(mi%i"trao )ra% &a%tia # m#r&a%&ia" a E(roa(ra%t# la )(#rra, "# tra%"+orma'a r:iam#%t# 7 0a'$a al&a%1ao la i"ti%&i% # "#r (%o # lo"

a$"#" m:" ri&o" #l m(%o.

Al#ma%ia, a"+i/iaa or la" o%#ro"a" i"o"i&io%#" #l Tratao # V#r"all#", t#%$a "( "i"t#ma+i%a&i#ro #% la &ri"i" m:" )ra%# 9(# &o%o&i #"# "i)lo, mi#%tra" trata'a # lo)rar (%a #"ta'ilia#mo&r:ti&a &o% la R#*'li&a # #imar # la 9(# Pa(l 8o% Hi%#%'(r) #ra r#"i#%t#. La "it(a&i%#% ?ra%&ia %o #ra m(&0o m#;or, lo 9(# roi&i #l #"&o%t#%to "o&ial 9(# "# tra(&ir$a #% (%ai%#"ta'ilia ol$ti&a #rma%#%t#.

a% #/t#%$a "( r#"#%&ia #% A"ia. Prim#ro "# ao#r # Cor#a 7 l(#)o "# a%#/ ( o&(r#)io%#" #%t#ra" # &0i%a. A#m:" #l Im#rio ao%<" "# ao#r # la" &olo%ia" 9(# Al#ma%iat#%$a #% #l Pa&$+i&o.

El &r#&i#%t# #"&o%t#%to # lo" al#ma%#" 0i1o 9(# Aol+ Hitl#r tomara #l &o%trol #l a$" #% 5F &o%(% ao7o # la o'la&i% "i% r#&##%t#". Al#ma%ia #; # lao la R#*'li&a # #imar 7 "#&o%8irti #% (% #"tao totalitario al i)(al 9(# la Italia # B#%ito M(""oli%i.

Al#ma%ia "# #"arrolla %(#8am#%t#, la #&o%om$a "# r#la%1a &o% #l im(l"o 9(# l# a la i%("tria 7 lai%8#r"i% #l #"tao #% i%+ra#"tr(&t(ra".

El Im#rio ao%<" "# &o%"olia'a #% A"ia, a+#&ta%o lo" i%t#r#"#" # E(roa 7 EEUU,#"#&ialm#%t# #% #l a&$+i&o. a% &r#a (% @Im#rio t$t#r#@ #% C0i%a 'a;o #l %om'r# # Ma%&0((o.




[Año

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Gra% Br#taa ma%t(8o "( "i"t#ma ol$ti&o r:&ti&am#%t# i%alt#ra'l#, al &o%trario 9(# ?ra%&ia, 9(# %o

lo)r &o%"oliar (%a or)a%i1a&i% ol$ti&o-"o&ial +(#rt#.

R("ia, 9(# #%tr# ta%to "# 0a'$a tra%"+ormao #% la UR>>, +(# #"&#%ario # 0am'r(%a" #%<mi&a" 7(%a &o%"ta%t# l(&0a or #l o#r.

La G(#rra Ci8il E"aola #"a%)r a #"a %a&i%, la &o%8irti #% (% #"tao totalitario 7 "ir8i #r#:m'(lo a la )ra% )(#rra 9(# #"ta'a or 8#%ir #% #l &o%ti%#%t#.

La "it(a&i% #% #l r#"to #l m(%o %o "(+ri alt#ra&io%#" &o%"i#ra'l#".

E% EEUU #l r#"i#%t# ?ra%li% D#la%o Roo"#8#lt, li#r la r#&(#ra&i% #&o%mi&a #l a$" tra" la&ri"i" ro8o&aa or la )ra% #r#"i% # 5F2F.

>#)(%a G(#rra M(%ial mar& &omo %i%)*% otro a&o%t#&imi#%to a #"ta <&aa 7 al "i)lo #%)#%#ral. Al i)(al 9(# #% 5F5, la )(#rra "# #/t#%i a too #l m(%o, a(%9(# #"t# &o%+li&to +(#m(&0o m:" "a%)ri#%to 7 moi+i& #l m(%o # (%a ma%#ra m:" rai&al. E% 5F, al +i%al # la)(#rra, Al#ma%ia 0a'$a "(+rio #%orm#" <ria" 0(ma%a" 7 mat#rial#" al i)(al 9(# a%, "it(a&i%m(7 i+#r#%t# a la #l rim#r &o%+li&to m(%ial # 5F5.

>i 'i#% Al#ma%ia "(+ri la ma7or &a%tia # 'a;a" militar#", +(# la UR>> la 9(# "(+ri #l ma7or%*m#ro # 'a;a" &i8il#". Am<ri&a %o +(# #"&#%ario # #%+r#%tami#%to" "i)%i+i&ati8o" 7 lo" #"tao"lati%oam#ri&a%o" #"t(8i#ro% al mar)#% # la &o%+ro%ta&i%, a(% &(a%o # ma%#ra o+i&ial ao7aro% la&a("a # lo" aliao".

EEUU 7 la UR>> "# &o%8irti#ro% #% la" %(#8a" 7 *%i&a" ot#%&ia" #l m(%o. Toa" la" #m:"a%ti)(a" ot#%&ia" a"aro% a (% "#)(%o %i8#l.

La >o&i#a # Na&io%#" +(# r##mla1aa or la ONU, 9(# a i+#r#%&ia # la a%t#rior t(8o "( "###% N(#8a Sor 7 %o #% E(roa.

E% 5FJ, "# #"ta'l#&i +ormalm#%t# #l #"tao # I"ra#l )ra&ia" al r#"alo # Gra% Br#taa 7 lo"EEUU. E"ta %(#8a %a&i% #"ta'a &o%+ormaa %#tam#%t# # o'la&i% ;($a, 9(# #% "( ma7or$a #raro8#%i#%t# # E(roa, o%# 0a'$a% "(+rio #r"#&(&i% or art# # lo" %a1i".

La" o" +(#r1a" ri%&ial#" # C0i%a 9(# l(&0aro% &o%tra a%, 9(# +(# "( #%#mi)o &om*% (ra%t#la )(#rra, "# 8i#ro% #%+r#%taa" o&o #"(<" #% (%a )(#rra &i8il or #l &o%trol #l t#rritorio. El'a%o &om(%i"ta "# 8io ao7ao #&iiam#%t# or la UR>> 7 #l 'a%o %a&io%ali"ta #% aari#%&iar#"alao or EEUU +(# #rrotao 7 o'li)ao a r#&l(ir"# #% la i"la # ?ormo"a =a&t(al Tai:%!.

La I%ia &o%"i)(i "( i%##%#%&ia a tra8<" # la r#8ol(&i% a&i+i"ta # Mo0a%a" Ga%0i.




[Año

]

La UR>> 9(# 0a'$a "io aliaa # lo" a$"#" 9(# #rrotaro% a Al#ma%ia 7 la" #m:" %a&io%#" #lE;#, raiam#%t# "# 8i tra%"+ormaa #% #l @#%#mi)o # o&&i#%t#@ 7 #l m(%o 8i +ormar"# lo 9(#

"# &o%o&i &omo @G(#rra [email protected]&o #"(<" #l +i% #l &o%+li&to m(%ial, la )(#rra &i8il #% C0i%a, i #l tri(%+o # Mao K#o%)9(i#% i%"ta(r #% la art# &o%ti%#%tal # "( %a&i% (% r#)im#% totalitario # 'a"# Com(%i"ta,r#&o%o&io &omo R#*'li&a Po(lar C0i%a.

E% la <&aa # 5F6, la i"(ta #%tr# lo" o" %(#8o" #;#" m(%ial#", "# i%t#%"i+i& %ota'l#m#%t#&o% la )(#rra # Cor#a 7 la o"t#rior i8i"i% # a$" #% o" #"tao" i+#r#%t#". ># i%i&i (%a &arr#raarmam#%ti"ta "i% r#&##%t#" 9(# "# #/t#%#r$a #% la" "i)(i#%t#" <&aa", a"$ la UR>> 7 EEUU "#i%i&iaro% a la &arr#ra # (% ar"#%al &aa1 # #"tr(ir too #l la%#ta.

EEUU 8i (%a r#8ol(&i% &(lt(ral im(l"aa or #l r:io #"arrollo i%("trial 7 #l &o%"#&(#%t#

+#%m#%o # &o%"(mi"mo. Al#ma%ia 7 a% #/#rim#%taro% (%a "orr#%#%t# r#&(#ra&i%#&o%mi&a 9(# m#%o" # o" <&aa" #"(<" #l +i%al # la )(#rra, 0a'$a tra%"+ormao a am'o"a$"#" #% ot#%&ia" #&o%mi&a", "i 'i#% %o ol$ti&a" o militar#". Por lo ta%to a(%9(# ?ra%&ia 7 Gra%Br#taa t#%$a% (% ma7or #"o ol$ti&o, a% 7 Al#ma%ia, "(#ra'a% a lo" o" a$"#" #(ro#o" 9(#o't(8i#ro% la 8i&toria #% la "#)(%a )(#rra # i%&l("o "( r#"#%&ia #% #l &om#r&io i%t#r%a&io%al"(#ra'a a la # la UR>>.

U% ro&#"o # imorta%&ia &aital ara #l +(t(ro # E(roa 7 #l m(%o "# i%i&i &(a%o Ro'#rt>&0(ma% ro%(%&i la &#l#'r# #&lara&i% 9(# ll#8a "( %om'r# 7 9(# &o%"tit(7# #l #m'ri% # laa&t(al U%i% E(ro#a =UE!. La i%i&iati8a +(# im(l"aa tam'i<% or o%ra A#%a(#r, 9(i#% a la 8#1lo)r otar a Al#ma%ia # #"ta'ilia oliti&a

E% #l rim#r l("tro # #"t# #&#%io #l r<)im#% imla%tao #% C('a or ?i#l Ca"tro 7 #l C0#G(#8ara, #%tr# otro", ori#%t la ol$ti&a # "( a$" 0a&ia la UR>>, # la &(al a"o a "#r (%i%&o%i&io%al aliao #% #trim#%to # lo" i%t#r#"#" )#o#"trat<)i&o" # EEUU. La "it(a&i% t(8o "((%to ma" ram:ti&o #% la @Cri"i" # lo" mi"il#" # 5F2@ 9(# ll#8 a la 0(ma%ia a #"tar m:" &#r&a9(# %(%&a # (%a t#r&#ra )(#rra m(%ial, #ro 9(# (o #8itar"# )ra&ia" a la 8ol(%ta # Niitar("&0o8 7 o0% ?. #%%#7.

E"t# #&#%io tra;o &o%"i)o #l i%i&io # la )(#rra # Vi#t%am, &(7a" &o%"#&(#%&ia" "o&io&(lt(ral#"ir#&ta" a*% "# "i#%t#% a&t(alm#%t#.

La @&arr#ra #"a&ial@, i &omo 8#%&#or a lo" EEUU, 9(# lo)raro% &olo&ar al rim#r "#r 0(ma%o"o'r# la "(#r+i&i# l(%ar #% 5FF. E"to "# lo)r #% )ra% m#ia )ra&ia" al im(l"o ao or #lr#"i#%t# o0% ?. #%%#7, 9(i#% 0a'$a "io a"#"i%ao #% 5F #% o"&(ra" &ir&("ta%&ia" 9(#"(mi#ro% al (#'lo #"tao(%i#%"# #% la ma" ro+(%a &ri"i" # i#%tia 9(# 0a &o%o&io 0a"taa0ora.

E% E(roa "# &o%"olia% la" r#&o%&ilia&i% +ra%&o-al#ma%a, "o'r# la" 9(# #% )ra% m#ia "# 'a"ar$ala &o%"tr(&&i% # la U%i% E(ro#a =UE! 9(# "# 0a'$a i%i&iao #% la <&aa a%t#rior. Al#ma%ia "#a+ia%1a &omo t#r&#ra ot#%&ia #&o%mi&a m(%ial #tr:" # EEUU 7 a%. Gra% Br#taa, al i)(al9(# ?ra%&ia, i#r# r:&ti&am#%t# la totalia # "(" &olo%ia", #% (% ro&#"o 9(# "# i%i&i (%a 8#1+i%ali1aa la >#)(%a G(#rra M(%ial 7 9(# "# 8i r#&iitao #% )ra% m#ia tra" la i%##%#%&ia# Li'ia.






[Año

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># r#ali1a #% M</i&o la Coa M(%ial # ?*t'ol # 5FJ 7 #% la" tr(i'(%a" # lo" #"taio" "(r)# #l+#%m#%o &ol#&ti8o &o%o&io &omo @ola m#/i&a%a@. >(r)# al mi"mo ti#mo la &0i&a C0i9(iti'(m

&omo too (% I&o%o m#/i&a%o # #"ta <&aa.

E% 5FJF la UR>> 7 #l 'lo9(# "o8i#ti&o #% )#%#ral "# #%&(#%tra% m:" #'ilitao" 9(# %(%&a. E%%o8i#m'r# #l m(ro # B#rl$% 9(# #%&ar%a'a la i8i"i% # i&0a &i(a #"# #l +i% # la "#)(%a)(#rra m(%ial, +(# #molio or lo" roio" '#rli%#"#", a%o &o% #llo #l )ol# # )ra&ia a la #ra"o8i<ti&a.

El >IDA, &(7o rim#r &a"o &o%+irmao "# #t#&t #% 5FJ, "# r#"#%ta a%t# #l m(%o &omo (%a#i#mia # #%orm#" roor&io%#".

Pa$"#" a"i:ti&o" &omo Cor#a #l >(r, Taia% 7 >i%)a(r, #/#rim#%ta% (% r:io #"arrollo i%("trial

9(# %o "# #t#%r$a (ra%t# #l r#"to #l "i)lo.

El %ar&otr:+i&o #;#r&# (%a i%+l(#&ia #% la" "o&i#a#" # a$"#" lati%oam#ri&a%o", #% #"#&ial #%Colom'ia o%# Pa'lo E"&o'ar "# &o%8i#rt# #% (% 8#ra#ro o#r aral#lo al #l #"tao. La"it(a&i% #)#%#ra #% (% &o%+li&to tra%"%a&io%al 9(# i%8ol(&ra a EEUU, #% la llamaa @)(#rra &o%tra#l %ar&otr:+i&o@.

Lo" 8i#o;(#)o" "# 0a&#% &aa 8#1 m:" o(lar#" )ra&ia" al </ito # Ni%t#%o, 9(# or #%to%&#"r#8ol(&io%ar$a la i%("tria &o% "( 8i#o&o%"ola llamaa NE> &r#aa #% 5FJ, "al8a%o #"t# tio #m#r&ao #l )ra% o1o #% #l 9(# #"ta'a "(mio #'io a lo" +ra&a"o" # &oma$a" &omo Atari #%#l a"ao. Comi#%1a a #/t#%#r"#, # #"t# moo, (%a i%("tria 9(# #% la a&t(alia )#%#ra

'#%#+i&io" "(#rior#" a lo" #l &i%# o la lit#rat(ra. U%a %(#8a &(lt(ra, (%a %(#8a +orma # ar#%#r,i%t#ra&t(ar, #%"ar, #%tr#t#%#r"#.

La ma+ia i#r# )ra% o#r #l 9(# al)(%a 8#1 t(8o.

5FF6 E"ta <&aa io %a&imi#%to a (% %(#8o m(%o. Tra" la &a$a #l m(ro # B#rl$% "##"#%&a#% la #"i%t#)ra&i% # la UR>> a%o %a&imi#%to a %(#8o" #"tao" i%##%i#%t#" 7#rmiti#%o la r#+orma ol$ti&a #% la" %a&io%#" 9(# 0a'$a% #rma%#&io 'a;o "( i%+l(;o. D# #%tr##"ta" %a&io%#" "o'r#"alr$a la ?##ra&i% R("a, 9(# +(# li#raa or Bori" S#lt"i% (ra%t# too #l#r$oo.

Lo" E"tao" U%io" &o%o&#% 'a;o #l )o'i#r%o # Bill Cli%to% (% &r#&imi#%to #&o%mi&o "i%r#&##%t#". A#m:" la ami%i"tra&i% # Cli%to% r#"al %#)o&ia&io%#" #% Ori#%t# M#io 9(#ll#8aro% a 9(# #l &o%+li&to :ra'#-i"ra#l$ #"t(8i#ra m:" &#r&a 9(# %(%&a # r#"ol8#r"#, "i 'i#% %o ll#)

a &o%&r#tar"# (%a "ol(&i%.

La R#*'li&a Po(lar C0i%a #m#1 a 8#r lo" '#%#+i&io" # "( ol$ti&a # tra%"+orma&i% #&o%mi&ai%i&iaa a +i%al#" # lo" ao" 5F6, 9(# 0i&i#ro% 9(# #l a$" r#%(%&iara o&o a o&o a lo" ri%&iio"# la #&o%om$a &om(%i"ta a#%tr:%o"# &aa 8#1 m:" #% (%a #&o%om$a # m#r&ao, Caitali"mo.

El %a&imi#%to # la U%i% E(ro#a =UE! #% 5FF, io al m(%o (% %(#8o 'lo9(# ol$ti&o #&o%mi&o+(#rt# 9(# a(lati%am#%t# "# &olo& &omo (%a +(#r1a r#omi%a%t# #% E(roa.






[Año

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COCE? Comi"i% # Coo#ra&i% E&ol)i&a ?ro%t#ri1a

CONABIO Comi"i% Na&io%al ara #l U"o 7 Co%o&imi#%to # la Bioi8#r"ia

CONA?OR Comi"i% Na&io%al ?or#"tal

CONAGUA Comi"i% Na&io%al #l A)(a

CONANP Comi"i% Na&io%al # r#a" Nat(ral#" Prot#)ia"

COP" Co%tami%a%t#" Or):%i&o" P#r"i"t#%t#"

CR Coo#ra&i% R#)io%al

DGA?E Dir#&&i% G#%#ral A;(%ta # ?i%a%&iami#%to E"trat<)i&o

DGGIA Dir#&&i% G#%#ral # G#"ti% # I%+orm:ti&a Am'i#%tal

DGPAIR> Dir#&&i% G#%#ral # Pol$ti&a Am'i#%tal # I%t#)ra&i% R#)io%al 7 >#&torial

DGPE Dir#&&i% G#%#ral # Pla%#a&i% 7 E8al(a&i%

DGPP Dir#&&i% G#%#ral # Pro)rama&i% 7 Pr#"((#"to

DGV> Dir#&&i% G#%#ral # Via >il8#"tr#

ECO>UR El Col#)io # la ?ro%t#ra >(r

?ANP ?o%o ara la" r#a" Nat(ral#" Prot#)ia"

?IDA ?o%o I%t#r%a&io%al ara #l D#"arrollo A)r$&ola

?MAM ?o%o ara #l M#io Am'i#%t# M(%ial

?MCN ?o%o M#/i&a%o ara la Co%"#r8a&i% # la Nat(ral#1a

?MPM ?o%o M(%ial ara la Iml#m#%ta&i% #l Proto&olo # Mo%tr#al

?ONDEN ?o%o # D#"a"tr#" Nat(ral#"

IDE>MAC I%"tit(to ara #l D#"arrollo >("t#%ta'l# #% M#"oam<ri&a, A. C.




[Año

]

IEPAAC I%8#"ti)a&i% 7 E(&a&i% Po(lar A(to)#"ti8a, A. C.

IHN I%"tit(to # Hi"toria Nat(ral - C0iaa"

IMTA I%"tit(to M#/i&a%o # T#&%olo)$a #l A)(a

INE I%"tit(to Na&io%al # E&olo)$a

LGEEPA L#7 G#%#ral #l E9(ili'rio E&ol)i&o 7 la Prot#&&i% al Am'i#%t#

NA?IN Na&io%al ?i%a%&i#ra, >. N. C.

O?I Or)a%i"mo" ?i%a%&i#ro" I%t#r%a&io%al#"

OMC Or)a%i"mo M(%ial # Com#r&io

OMI Or)a%i"mo Mar$timo I%t#r%a&io%al

ONG Or)a%i1a&i% %o G('#r%am#%tal

ONU Or)a%i1a&i% # Na&io%#" U%ia"

ONUDI Or)a%i1a&i% # la" Na&io%#" U%ia" ara #l D#"arrollo I%("trial

PEMEX P#trl#o" M#/i&a%o"

PNUD Pro)rama # la" Na&io%#" U%ia" ara #l D#"arrollo

PNUMA Pro)rama # la" Na&io%#" U%ia" ara #l M#io Am'i#%t#

PRODER Pro)rama R#)io%al # D#"arrollo >("t#%ta'l#

PRO?EPA Pro&(ra(r$a ?##ral # Prot#&&i% al Am'i#%t#

>AO" >("ta%&ia" A)otaora" # la Caa # O1o%o




[Año

]

>ECTUR >#&r#tar$a # T(ri"mo

>EMARNAT >#&r#tar$a # m#io Am'i#%t# 7 R#&(r"o" Nat(ral#"

>ENER >#&r#tar$a # E%#r)$a

>RE >#&r#tar$a # R#la&io%#" E/t#rior#"

>HCP >#&r#taria # Ha&i#%a 7 Cr<ito P*'li&o

>IMEPRODE>O >i"t#ma M#troolita%o # Pro&#"ami#%to # D#"#&0o" >lio"

>>GPA >('"#&r#tar$a # G#"ti% ara la Prot#&&i% Am'i#%tal

>>PPA >('"#&r#tar$a # Pla%#a&i% 7 Pol$ti&a Am'i#%tal

TLCAN Tratao # Li'r# Com#r&io # Am<ri&a #l Nort#

UACH U%i8#r"ia A(t%oma C0ai%)o

UCAI U%ia Coori%aora # A"(%to" I%t#r%a&io%al#"

UE U%i% E(ro#a

APEC A"ia Pa&i+i& E&o%omi& Coo#ratio% M#&a%i"mo # Coo#ra&i% E&o%mi&a A"ia Pa&$+i&o

BCPR B(r#a( +or Cri"i" Pr#8#%tio% a% R#&o8#r7 =UNDP! Dir#&&i% # Pr#8#%&i% # Cri"i" 7 #R#&(#ra&i%

CEIT Co(%tri#" it0 #&o%omi#" i% tra%"itio% Pa$"#" &o% #&o%om$a" #% tra%"i&i%

CITE> Co%8#%tio% o% I%t#r%atio%al Tra# i% E%a%)#r# >#&i#" o+ il ?lora a% ?a(%aCo%8#%&i% "o'r# Com#r&io I%t#r%a&io%al # E"#&i#" Am#%a1aa" # ?a(%a 7 ?lora >il8#"tr#"

COP Co%+#r#%&# o+ t0# Parti#" Co%+#r#%&ia # la" Part#"




[Año

]

E%8>al E%8iro%m#%tal >trat#)i& A;("tm#%t Loa%" Pro)rama # A;("t# E"tr(&t(ral Am'i#%tal

EPOC E%8iro%m#%t Poli&7 Committ## Comit< # Pol$ti&a Am'i#%tal # la OCDE

?AO ?oo a% A)ri&(lt(r# Or)a%i1atio% o+ t0# U%it# Natio%" Or)a%i1a&i% # la" Na&io%#"U%ia" ara la A)ri&(lt(ra 7 la Alim#%ta&i%

GE? Glo'al E%8iro%m#%t ?a&ilit7 ?o%o M(%ial ara #l M#io Am'i#%t#

GHG Gr##%0o("# Ga"#" Ga"#" # E+#&to I%8#r%a#ro

GTK D#(t"&0# G#"#ll"&0a+t +(#r T#&0%i"&0# K("amm#%ar'#it A)#%&ia # Coo#ra&i% T<&%i&a Al#ma%a

IBRD I%t#r%atio%al Ba% +or R#&o%"tr(&tio% a% D#8#lom#%t Ba%&o I%t#r%a&io%al #R#&o%"tr(&&i% 7 ?om#%to

IDA I%t#r%atio%al D#8#lom#%t A""o&iatio% A"o&ia&i% I%t#r%a&io%al ara #l D#"arrollo

ID? I%t#r%atio%al D#8#lom#%t ?i%a%&# ?o%o # D#"arrollo I%"tit(&io%al

I?C I%t#r%atio%al ?i%a%&# Cororatio% Corora&i% ?i%a%&i#ra I%t#r%a&io%al

IM? I%t#r%atio%al Mo%#tar7 ?(% ?o%o Mo%#tario I%t#r%a&io%al

-Gr##% aa% Gr##% R#"o(r&#" A)#%&7 A)#%&ia # R#&(r"o" V#r#" #l a%

ICA aa% I%t#r%atio%al Coo#ratio% A)#%&7 A)#%&ia # Coo#ra&i% I%t#r%a&io%al #l a%

NA?TA Nort0 Am#ri&a% ?r## Tra# A)r##m#%t Tratao # Li'r# Com#r&io # Nort#am<ri&a

NACC Nort0 Am#ri&a% #tla%" Co%"#r8atio% Co(%&il Co%"#;o # Co%"#r8a&i% # H(m#al#"# Nort# Am<ri&a

NGO No%-)o8#r%m#%tal Or)a%i1atio% Or)a%i1a&io%#" %o G('#r%am#%tal#"








[Año

]

# i%+l(#%&ia 0(ma%a a 8#&#" "# (tili1a #l t<rmi%o &am'io &lim:ti&o a%troo)<%i&o. E" %#&#"arior#&al&ar 9(# &al#%tami#%to )lo'al 7 #+#&to i%8#r%a#ro %o "o% "i%%imo", m:" 'i#% "# &r## 9(# #l

#+#&to i%8#r%a#ro "#r$a la &a("a #l &al#%tami#%to )lo'al o'"#r8ao.

?r#&(#%t#m#%t# la i"&("i% "# &#%tra #% la t#m#rat(ra, #ro #l &al#%tami#%to )lo'al o &(al9(i#rtio # &am'io &lim:ti&o (##% imli&ar &am'io" #% otra" 8aria'l#"4 la" ll(8ia" )lo'al#" 7 "("atro%#", la &o'#rt(ra # %('#" 7 too" lo" #m:" #l#m#%to" #l "i"t#ma atmo"+<ri&o. La&oml#;ia #l ro'l#ma 7 "(" m*ltil#" i%t#ra&&io%#" 0a&#% 9(# la *%i&a ma%#ra o';#ti8a ##8al(ar "im(lt:%#am#%t# #"to" &am'io" "#a a tra8<" #l ("o # mo#lo" &om(ta&io%al#" 9(#i%t#%ta% "im(lar la +$"i&a # la atm"+#ra 7 #l o&<a%o.

El &(#ro m(lti)('#r%am#%tal 7 &i#%t$+i&o #%&ar)ao # "( a%:li"i" )lo'al #" #l IPCC ="i)la" #% i%)l<"#l I%t#r-Go8#r%m#%tal Pa%#l o% Climat# C0a%)# o Pa%#l I%t#r)('#r%am#%tal "o'r# #l Cam'ioClim:ti&o!. U%a # "(" l$%#a" # a&&i% m:" 8i"i'l#" #" #l Proto&olo # 7oto, 9(# rom(#8# (%a

r#(&&i% # #mi"io%#" &o%tami%a%t#" =ri%&ialm#%t# )a"#" # #+#&to i%8#r%a#ro! or art# # lo"a$"#" i%("triali1ao".

># #%omi%a a)(;#ro # o1o%o a la 1o%a # la atm"+#ra t#rr#"tr# %# "# ro(&#% r#(&&io%#"a%ormal#" # la &aa # o1o%o, +#%m#%o a%(al o'"#r8ao (ra%t# la rima8#ra #% la" r#)io%#"olar#" 7 9(# #" "#)(io # (%a r#&(#ra&i% (ra%t# #l 8#ra%o. >o'r# la A%t:rtia la <ria #o1o%o ll#)a al 6, mi#%tra" 9(# "o'r# #l rti&o ll#)a al 6. E"ta r#(&&i% "# #'#, "#)*% (%amlio &o%"#%"o &i#%t$+i&o, al a(m#%to # la &o%&#%tra&i% # &loro #% la #"trat"+#ra #'io a la"#mi"io%#" a%troo)<%i&a" # &om(#"to" &loro+l(oro&ar'o%ao" =C?C"!.

Dao 9(# la &aa # o1o%o #8ita #l a"o # la" o%a" # l(1 (ltra8iol#ta m:" ai%a", la i"mi%(&i%#/i"t#%t# #l o1o%o 7 la" ro7#&&io%#" +(t(ra" )#%#raro% tal r#o&(a&i% a %i8#l m(%ial, 9(# "#ll#) a (%a r:ia ao&i% # la ro0i'i&i% #l ("o # lo" C?C. ># #"#ra 9(#, "i #"ta" %orma" "#

ma%ti#%#%, alr##or #l ao 266, am'o" a)(;#ro" "# 0a7a% r#(&io.

El 8i#r%#" $a 5 # ma7o # 266, "ali #% lo" m#io" # &om(%i&a&i% 9(# lo" &i#%t$+i&o" 9(##"t(ia% #l a)(;#ro # o1o%o 0a'$a% #"&('i#rto 9(# <"t# "#)($a &r#&i#%o.

E% "#ti#m'r# # 5FJ 8ario" a$"#" +irmaro% #l Proto&olo # Mo%tr#al, #% #l 9(# "# &omrom#t$a% ar#(&ir a la mita la ro(&&i% # C?Cu" #% (% #rioo # 56 ao".

La "it(a&i%, 0o7, #" m:" alarma%t# # lo 9(# la #l *'li&o (#a #%"ar, or la 'a;a i%t#%"ia #aari&i% #% lo" m#io" ma"i8o" # &om(%i&a&i%, 7 #l a&(#ro %o 0a "io "(+i&i#%t# ara"ol(&io%arlo. Para al)(%o" #/#rto", la "ol(&i% a"a or la "(r#"i% # lo" C?C &am'i:%olo" &o%%(#8a" t#&%olo)$a" 7 la "(r#"i% # C?C # too" lo" ro&#"o" i%("trial#".

E/#rto" #% "al( m#ioam'i#%tal 7 &arilo)o" # la U%i8#r"ia # Cali+or%ia #l >(r =EE.UU!,a&a'a% # #mo"trar or rim#ra 8#1 lo 9(# 0a"ta a0ora #ra a#%a" (%a "o"#&0a4 la &o%tami%a&i%am'i#%tal # la" )ra%#" &i(a#" a+#&ta la "al( &ario8a"&(lar. ># &omro' 9(# #/i"t# (%ar#la&i% ir#&ta #%tr# #l a(m#%to # la" art$&(la" &o%tami%a%t#" #l air# # la &i(a, 7 #l#%)ro"ami#%to # la ar# i%t#r%a # la" art#ria" =la @$%tima m#ia@!, 9(# #" (% i%i&aor&omro'ao # at#ro"&l#ro"i".




[Año

]

El #+#&to #r"i"t#%t# # la &o%tami%a&i% #l air# r#"irao, #% (% ro&#"o "il#%&io"o # ao",

&o%(&# +i%alm#%t# al #"arrollo # a+#&&io%#" &ario8a"&(lar#" a)(a", &omo #l i%+arto. Al i%"irarart$&(la" am'i#%tal#" &o% (% i:m#tro m#%or # 2, mi&rm#tro", i%)r#"a% #% la" 8$a" r#"iratoria"m:" #9(#a" 7 l(#)o irrita% la" ar##" art#rial#". Lo" i%8#"ti)aor#" 0allaro% 9(# or &aaa(m#%to # 56 mi&ro)ramo" or m#tro &*'i&o # #"a" art$&(la", la alt#ra&i% # la ar# $%timam#ia # la" art#ria" a(m#%ta (% ,F or &i#%to. El 0(mo #l ta'a&o 7 #l 9(# #% )#%#ral ro8i#%# #lo" &ao" # #"&a# # lo" a(to" ro(&#% la mi"ma &a%tia # #"a" art$&(la". Norma" #"tri&ta"# air# limio &o%tri'(ir$a% a (%a m#;or "al( &o% #+#&to" #% )ra% #"&ala.

Por #"#rti+i&a&i% o #"#rti1a&i% "# #%ti#%# #l ro&#"o or #l 9(# (% t#rritorio 9(# %o o"## la"&o%i&io%#" &lim:ti&a" # lo" #"i#rto", t#rmi%a a9(iri#%o la" &ara&t#r$"ti&a" # <"to". E"to "(&##&omo r#"(ltao # la #"tr(&&i% # "( &('i#rta 8#)#tal 7 # la #ro"i% #l "(#lo. >#)*% ato" #lPro)rama # la" Na&io%#" U%ia" ara #l M#io Am'i#%t# =PNUMA!, #l # la "(#r+i&i# # lo"&o%ti%#%t#" (## &o%"i#rar"# &omo :r#a" #"<rti&a".

D#%tro # #"to" t#rritorio" "o'r#8i8#% millo%#" # #r"o%a" #% &o%i&io%#" # #r"i"t#%t# "#9($a 7#"&a"#1 # alim#%to". La #/a%"i% # #"to" #"i#rto" "# #'# ta%to a &a("a" %at(ral#" &omo0(ma%a".

La #+or#"ta&i% #" #l ro&#"o # #"aari&i% # ma"a" +or#"tal#" ='o"9(#"!, +(%am#%talm#%t#&a("aa or la a&ti8ia 0(ma%a.

La #+or#"ta&i% #"t: ir#&tam#%t# &a("aa or la a&&i% #l 0om'r# "o'r# la %at(ral#1a,ri%&ialm#%t# #'io a la" tala" r#ali1aa" or la i%("tria ma#r#ra, a"$ &omo ara la o't#%&i% #"(#lo ara &(lti8o" a)r$&ola".

E% lo" a$"#" m:" #"arrollao", "# ro(&#% otra" a)r#"io%#" &omo la ll(8ia :&ia 9(#&omrom#t#% la "(#r8i8#%&ia # lo" 'o"9(#", "it(a&i% 9(# "# r#t#%# &o%trolar m#ia%t# la#/i)#%&ia # r#9(i"ito" # &alia ara lo" &om'("ti'l#", &omo la limita&i% #l &o%t#%io # a1(+r#.

E% lo" a$"#" m#%o" #"arrollao", la" ma"a" 'o"&o"a" "# r#(&#% ao tra" ao, mi#%tra" 9(# #%lo" a$"#" i%("triali1ao" "# #"t:% r#&(#ra%o #'io a la" r#"io%#" "o&ial#", r#&o%8#rti<%o"#lo" 'o"9(#" #% atra&ti8o" t(r$"ti&o" 7 l()ar#" # #"ar&imi#%to.

>i% #m'ar)o, #'# t#%#r"# #% &(#%ta 9(# la" la%ta&io%#" # r#+or#"ta&i% %o "("tit(7#% #% %i%)*%&a"o al 'o"9(#, 7a 9(# <"t# #" (% #&o"i"t#ma 9(# tara <&aa" 7 #% al)(%o" &a"o" "i)lo" #%+ormar"#, &o%"tit(7#%o #l 'io-"i"t#ma timo # aro8#&0ami#%to # la l(1 "olar. E% &am'io lar#+or#"ta&i% #% #l m#;or # lo" &a"o" #" (% &o%;(%to # :r'ol#" "it(ao" "#)*% (%a "#ara&i%+i;aa arti+i&ialm#%t#, #%tr# lo" &(al#" "(r)# (%a 8#)#ta&i% 0#r':&#a o ar'("ti8a 9(# %o "(#l# ar"##% #l 'o"9(#. S #% #l #or # lo" &a"o", "# la%ta% :r'ol#" %o a(t&to%o" 9(# #% o&a"io%#" aa% #l"("trato, &omo o&(rr# #% m(&0a" la%ta&io%#" # i%o, a'#to o #(&alito.

U%a &o%"#&(#%&ia # la #+or#"ta&i% #" la #"aari&i% # "(mi#ro" # i/io # &ar'o%o,r#(&i<%o"# la &aa&ia #l m#io # a'"or'#r la" i%)#%t#" &a%tia#" # #"t# )a" &a("a%t# #l#+#&to i%8#r%a#ro, 7 a)ra8a%o #l ro'l#ma #l &al#%tami#%to )lo'al.




[Año

]

Como m#ia # &o%t#%&i%, i8#r"o" or)a%i"mo" i%t#r%a&io%al#" roo%#% la r#+or#"ta&i%, m#iaar&ialm#%t# a&#taa or lo" mo8imi#%to" #&olo)i"ta", al #%t#%#r <"to" 9(# #% la r#o'la&i%

#'# &o%"i#rar"# %o "lo la #limi%a&i% #l i/io # &ar'o%o, "i %o a#m:", la 'ioi8#r"ia # la1o%a a r#o'lar.

Ra1o%ami#%to 8#r'al

_ La &omr#%"i% # l#&t(ra.

Pro8i#%# #l 8o&a'lo lati%o \l#&t(m], 9(# #" #l "(i%o #l 8#r'o \l#)#r#] &(7o "#%tio rimario #"#l#)ir, "#l#&&io%ar. \E" la i%t#rr#ta&i% 7 "#l#&&i% # (% m#%"a;# 9(# "# 0a r#&i'io or #"&rito].

\La l#&t(ra %o" #rmit# #%trar #% &o%ta&to &o% otra" ma%#ra" # 8#r la 8ia, # &omr#%#r #l+#%m#%o # la ro(&&i% # #"arrollo, la 8ia #&o%mi&a o la ol$ti&a # (% (#'lo o %a&i%].

LEER4 La l#&t(ra #rmit# la &omr#%"i% 7 la i%t#rr#ta&i%

• La l#&t(ra #" imorta%t# or9(#4

A tra8<" # #lla "# a9(i#r# la ma7or$a # lo" &o%o&imi#%to".

E" la r:&ti&a # ma7or imorta%&ia #% #l #"t(io.

A(m#%ta %(#"tra &(lt(ra.

El </ito o #l +ra&a"o ##%# #% )ra% art# # la #+i&i#%&ia #% la l#&t(ra.

A tra8<" # #lla "# tra%"mit#% lo" &o%o&imi#%to" # (%a )#%#ra&i% a otra.

Proor&io%a i8#r"a" #mo&io%#".

La" l#&t(ra" "# &la"i+i&a% # a&(#ro a4

La +i%alia #l l#&tor, 7 a la %at(ral#1a # la l#&t(ra.

La" +i%alia#" #l l#&tor "#)*% lo" #"t(io"o" # #"t# &amo,r#(&#% a &(atro4

5.- A9(irir &o%o&imi#%to" "o'r# (%a mat#ria.

2.- Pro+(%i1ar o amliar lo" 9(# 7a "# ti#%#%.

.- Di"tra#r"# o a"ar (% rato a)raa'l#.

.- I%+l(ir #% la ma%#ra # #%"ar, "#%tir 7 9(#r#r.

D# a&(#ro a lo" +i%#" # "( %at(ral#1a la" l#&t(ra" "# &la"i+i&a% #%4

O D# #"t(io4




[Año

]

>( o';#ti8o #" ar#%#r &o% (% m<too ara (% &(r"o, (% #/am#%, #t&.

O E"tr(&t(ral o A%al$ti&a4

R#8i"i% )#%#ral, ara t#%#r (%a 8i"i% # la" art#" 7 &o%t#%io # (% li'ro.

O Di%:mi&a4

E" (%a r:&ti&a "i"t#m:ti&a # l#&t(ra r:ia 7 &omr#%"i8a.

O D# Co%"(lta4

>ir8# ara amliar lo" &o%o&imi#%to" a tra8<" #l i&&io%ario, #%&i&lo#ia 7 # otro" t#/to".

O D# I%+orma&i%4

Para &o%o&#r #l :r#a 9(# l# i%t#r#"a al l#&tor, or m#io # +oll#to", r#8i"ta" &i#%t$+i&a" o#"#&iali1aa", #rii&o", #%"a7o", #t&.

O D# I%8#"ti)a&i%4

># r#ali1a #% i+#r#%t#" li'ro" 7 mat#rial#" ara o't#%#r i%+orma&i% %#&#"aria ara #la'orar (%amo%o)ra+$a, #%"a7o, i%+orm#, t#"i", li'ro, #t&.

O D# R#&r#a&i%4

Para #"&a%"ar, or )o&# #"t<ti&o, '("&a%o #"tim(lar la ima)i%a&i%, la #mo&i%, la r#+l#/i%, #t&.

O Cr$ti&a o E8al(ati8a4

E% #lla "# i%t#rr#ta, "# 8alora #l &o%o&imi#%to, lo" ato" # i%+orma&io%#". E" (%a l#&t(ra r#+l#/i8a"o'r# la i%t#%&i% i#ol)i&a #l a(tor ara o#r 0a&#r (%a r#"#a o &om#%tario 7 a"$ #la'orar (%

;(i&io o aroiar"# # (%a %(#8a i#a.

• Otra &la"i+i&a&i% # la" l#&t(ra" #" la 9(# "# 0a&#, at#%i#%o a la +orma &omo "# r#ali1a lol#&t(ra4

O La L#&t(ra # Comr#%"i%4

Co%"i"t#, #% l##r ara &omr#%#r #l &o%t#%io #l #"&rito. >a'#r i"ti%)(ir4 lo +(%am#%tal, # loa&&#"orio lo" 0#&0o", # la" oi%io%#" lo &omro'ao, # lo i"&(ti'l# lo" ri%&iio", # la"ali&a&io%#" la" &a("a", # lo" #+#&to" la &o%i&i%, # lo &o%i&io%ao lo #/&l("i8o, # lo &om*%lo &o%8#r)#%t# # lo i8#r)#%t#.

O La L#&t(ra E"tr(&t(ral o A%al$ti&a4

Ti#%# or o';#to &o%o&#r #l li'ro 7 &la"i+i&arlo f[(# tio # li'ro #"g E/lo"i8o... ima)i%ati8o... #i8(l)a&i%... # &o%"(lta..., fE% 9(# art#" #"ta i8iiog, fC(al #" "( #"tr(&t(ra +ormalg f[(#




[Año

]

a"(%to tratag f[(# #" lo 9(# '("&a #/r#"arg, f[(# ro'l#ma" 9(i#r# mo"trar o "ol(&io%arg, fPor9(#g

O La L#&t(ra Cr#ati8a4

E/i)# (% l#&tor &aa1 # &r#ar ro7#&to" &oml#m#%tario" 8i%&(lao" &o% (%a o'ra, 9(# "#aol#mi"ta &omrom#tio, t#"ti)o r#"#%&ial &aa1 # #/r#"ar"# a ro"ito # la o'ra or m#ia #tra'a;o" #"&rito" &(7o r#9(i"ito &o%"i"t# #% "a'#r l##r a ro+(%ia.

O La L#&t(ra Di%:mi&a4

Co%"i"t# #% m#;orar #l r#%imi#%to #l l#&tor a +i% # 9(# #"t# (#a l##r ro8#&0o"am#%t# la ma7or&a%tia # i%+orma&i% #"&rita. E" #&ir, 9(# #"t# tio # l#&t(ra "# i"ti%)(# or o" &ara&t#r$"ti&a"&orr#la&io%aa"4 A(m#%tar la &omr#%"i% =la &aa&ia # &omr#%"i%! 7 a(m#%tar"im(lt:%#am#%t# la 8#lo&ia # la l#&t(ra.

RE[UI>ITO> DE LECTURA

Para #l lo)ro # (%a '(#%a l#&t(ra #'#mo" &('rir #t#rmi%ao" r#9(i"ito" &omo "o%4

• Moti8a&i%

• I%t#r<"

• At#%&i%

• Co%"ta%&ia

• [(# #l t#/to "#a # %(#"tro %i8#l

• Moti8a&i%4

Para i%i&iar la l#&t(ra &o% i"o"i&i% "# %#&#"ita 9(# ll#)(#mo" im(l"ao" or al)*% moti8o. Por#;#mlo la &(rio"ia or &o%o&#r #l #"tilo # al)*% a(tor.

• I%t#r<"4

U% #"t(ia%t# (## t#%#r i%t#r<" #% aro'ar (% #/am#% 7, "a'#r 9(# "( *%i&o r#&(r"o #" l##r

#t#rmi%aa o'ra. Har: #"to &o% m(7 '(#%a i"o"i&i%.

• At#%&i%4

U%a 8#1 9(# #l l#&tor #"ta 'i#% moti8ao # i%t#r#"ao "# a&#r&a a (% li'ro, #mr#%#r: la tar#a &o%toa at#%&i%, +i;a%o "( m#%t# #% #l &o%t#%io 7 #"arrollo # la o'ra 9(# &om#%1 a l##r &o% #l +i%# #8itar la i"#r"i% m#%tal.

• Co%"ta%&ia4




[Año

]

Para 9(# la l#&t(ra t#%)a </ito ##%#r: #l #m#rio 7 a"i(ia &o% 9(# la r#ali&#mo".

• El#)ir 'i#% #l t#/to 9(# 8amo" a l##r4

Por m:" 9(# 0a7a i"o"i&i% a l##r (% li'ro, "i #"t# "# #%&(#%tra m(7 or #%&ima # %(#"trar#ara&i% i%t#l#&t(al, "#r: imo"i'l# 9(# lo)r#mo" (%a '(#%a l#&t(ra. El #"&o%o&imi#%to # lo"t<rmi%o" 7 "it(a&io%#" 9(# #% #l "# ma%#;#%, 0ar: 9(# %o"otro" "olo 8#amo" +i)(rilla" # ti%ta, "i%&atar "( "i)%i+i&ao. E" i%i"#%"a'l# #l#)ir 'i#% lo 9(# "# l#a

TYCNICA> DE LECTURA

PRIMERA TYCNICA EXAMEN S REPA>O

E% &o%&l("i%, toa" la" t<&%i&a" "#ala% &ami%o" "imilar#" ara ll#)ar +i%alm#%t# a la "#l#&&i% #i#a" # i%t#rr#ta&i% #l m#%"a;#.

E"ta rim#ra t<&%i&a &omr#%# &(atro #taa"4

5! E/ami%#% #l li'ro-.

Co%"i"t# #% la o'"#r8a&i% a%or:mi&a #l li'ro ara +ormar%o" (%a oi%i% a&#r&a # "( &o%t#%io7 la ma%#ra # tratarlo. E"ta o'"#r8a&i% "# lo)ra l#7#%o la i%tro(&&i% o rolo)o, #l $%i&# )#%#ral7 al)(%o" :rra+o" # al)*% t#ma 9(# &o%o1&amo" m#;or.

2! ?orm(lar r#)(%ta"4

Co% 'a"# #% lo" Í%i&#", "('t$t(lo", #$)ra+o", #t&., la +i%alia #" &omro'ar "i la l#&t(ra r#"o%# o

%o a #"a" r#)(%ta".

! L##r4

># #'#r: aotar (%a o"i&i% a#&(aa. ># or:% "('ra7ar la" i#a" ri%&ial#" 7 &o%"(ltar la"ala'ra" # i+$&il &omr#%"i% #% #l i&&io%ario.

! R#a"ar4

># "()i#r# 9(# al t#rmi%ar &aa aartao o (%ia, #l l#&tor r#ita &o% "(" roia" ala'ra" #l&o%t#%io. >i lo 0a&# (## #"tar "#)(ro #9(# lo 0a a"imilao.

>EGUNDA TYCNICA LECTURA DE COMPREN>IN

E" a9(#lla 9(# #% (% t#/to =&i#%t$+i&o, t<&%i&o, #"&olar, #t&.! %o" #rmit# &atar #l &o%t#%io # #"t#,#" #&ir, "(" #%(%&iao" %(&l#ar#" 7 "(" ;#rar9($a" &o%&#t(al#".

Etimol)i&am#%t# Comr#%"i% "i)%i+i&a al&a%1ar o &atar al)o. Toa l#&t(ra #% "#%tio #"tri&to,#'i#ra "#r l#&t(ra # &omr#%"i%, 7a 9(# "( +i%alia #" #l "i)%i+i&ao # la" ala'ra" 9(##"&ri'#% lo" o';#to" o la" i#a". El l#&tor a(t#%ti&o #'# "#r &aa1 # tra(&ir a "(" t<rmi%o"&otiia%o" la #/#ri#%&ia 9(# l# #;o la l#&t(ra 7 r#latarla #% ala'ra" &omr#%"i'l#" ara #l 7 ara




[Año

]

la" #r"o%a" 9(# t#%)a% "( mi"mo %i8#l. E% la" o'ra" i%+ormati8a" lo ri%&ial #" #l &o%t#%io, #%ta%to 9(# #% la" #/r#"i8a" lo 9(# ma" imorta #" la +orma.

Pa"o" # la l#&t(ra # &omr#%"i%4

5! R#ali1ar (%a l#&t(ra )#%#ral #l t#/to.

2! Lo&ali1ar # i%8#"ti)ar lo" t<rmi%o" #"&o%o&io".

! >#alar la" ala'ra" &la8# 7 a%ali1ar la r#la&i% #%tr# #lla".

! E%(%&iar #l t#ma #% +orma 'r#8#, &lara 7 r#&i"#.

! ?orm(lar r#)(%ta" ara i#%ti+i&a&i% # la" i#a" ri%&ial#".

! R#"ol8#r #l &(#"tio%ario i%&l(7#%o la" r#)(%ta".

! Ela'orar #l r#"(m#% &o% 'a"# a la" r#"(#"ta".

Toa" la" t<&%i&a" ara (%a #+i&i#%t# l#&t(ra # &omr#%"i%, ti#%#% 9(# r#+#rir"# a la &ata&i% #lo" o" #l#m#%to" #l &o%t#%io. A9($ "()#rimo" la" "i)(i#%t#"4

a! ?orm(la&i% # r#)(%ta"4

Para &atar la i#a ri%&ial o #l #%(%&iao %(&l#ar # (% :rra+o, a7(a m(&0o la +orm(la&i% #r#)(%ta" a#&(aa". >i o#mo" ar r#"(#"ta a tal#" r#)(%ta", 0a'r#mo" &atao lo 9(# %o"i%t#r#"a'a # #"t# :rra+o, # #"a a)i%a, # #"# &ait(lo, #t&.

'! R#la&io%#" t#rmi%olo)i&a"4

El otro a"#&to #l &o%t#%io #" la ;#rar9($a #%tr# lo" &o%&#to". E% la t#rmi%olo)$a roia # (%t#/to -"o'r# too #% lo" &i#%t$+i&o" 7 #% lo" #"&olar#"- "# #%&(#%tra% 8ario" %i8#l#". E% rim#r %i8#l, o%i8#l ':"i&o, #"t:% lo" t<rmi%o" ara &(7a &omr#%"i% 'a"ta (%a #+i%i&i% o"t#%"i8a, #" #&irmo"trar lo" o';#to" a 9(# "# r#+i#r#. Ha'r: t<rmi%o" #% "#)(%o %i8#l, lo" &(al#", ara "#r&omr#%io", %#&#"ita% "#r #+i%io" r#&(rri#%o a lo" #l rim#r %i8#l. A"imi"mo, 0a'r: t<rmi%o"ma" &ar)ao" # "i)%i+i&ao, &(7a &omr#%"i% "olo >#rra o"i'l# r#&(rri#%o a la" "i)%i+i&a&io%#"# otro" t<rmi%o" # %i8#l#" a%t#rior#". Para o't#%#r (%a &omr#%"i% &oml#t# # (% t#/to, #l i#al"#rio ;#rar9(i1ar "(" &o%&#to" 0a&i#%o #/li&ita" lo" r#la&io%#" 9(# "# #%&(#%tra% #%tr# #llo".

EEMPLO

Di&# la +$"i&a4

=5! Pot#%&ia #" #l tra'a;o #+#&t(ao #% la (%ia # ti#mo.

=2! Tra'a;o #" #l #"la1ami#%to 9(# r#ali1a (% &(#ro or la a&&i% # (%a +(#r1a.

=! ?(#r1a #" toa &a("a &aa1 # ro(&ir (% mo8imi#%to o moi+i&arlo.




[Año

]

El &o%&#to =5! #" # &(arto %i8#l, or9(# ara #%t#%#rlo %#&#"itamo" \ti#mo] 9(# #" # %i8#l tr#".

El &o%&#to =2! #" # %i8#l tr#", 7a 9(# ara #%t#%#rlo %#&#"itamo" &o%o&#r \#"la1ami#%to] 7\&(#ro], 9(# "o% # %i8#l (%o 7 \+(#r1a], 9(# #" # %i8#l o".

El &o%&#to =! #" # %i8#l o" or9(# ara #%t#%#rlo %#&#"itamo" &o%o&#r \mo8imi#%to] 9(# #" #%i8#l (%o, I \t<rmi%o"], \&(#ro], \ti#mo], \mo8imi#%to] 7 \#"la1ami#%to] "o% # %i8#l (%o, or9(#ara &o%o&#r "( "i)%i+i&ao %o" 'a"ta &o% (%a #+i%i&i% o"t#%"i8a.

&! M#&a%i"mo" #/t#r%o"4

E/i"t#% al)(%o" a(/iliar#" ara la ali&a&i% # &(al9(i#r t<&%i&a # l#&t(ra, 9(# "# &o%o&#% &omom#&a%i"mo" #/t#r%o", or #;#mlo4

5! >('ra7ar a l:i1 al)(%a" +ra"#".

2! Tomar %ota #% al)*% &(a#r%o.

! Ha&#r r#"*m#%#" 7 "$%t#"i".

D# #"to" lo" ri%&ial#" "o% #l r#"(m#% 7 la "$%t#"i". Am'o" a(/iliar#" "o% (%a r(#'a oma%i+#"ta&i% #9(# #l "(;#to #+#&ti8am#%t# r#ali&< (%a l#&t(ra # &omr#%"i%. El r#"(m#%&o%"i"t# #% (% #/tra&to #l t#/to o :rra+o l#$o". El r#"(m#% #'# &o%t#%#r lo" #%(%&iao"%(&l#ar#", &o% la" roia" ala'ra" #l a(tor.

La "$%t#"i" #" (%a &ata&i% # m:" alto %i8#l 9(# #l r#"(m#% 7 &o%"i"t# #% o" a"o"4

5! Tra(&ir al l#%)(a;# roio #l &o%t#%io #l t#/to.

2! E/li&ar la" r#la&io%#" ;#r:r9(i&a" 9(# 0a7 #%tr# lo" t<rmi%o" o &o%&#to" # i&0o t#/to.

PAR?RA>I>.

Pro8i#%# # lo" 8o&a'lo"4 Para4 ;(%to, al lao #. P0ra"i"4 Lo&(&i%.

\La ar:+ra"i" "# &o%"i#ra (%a tra(&&i% 9(# imita #l t#/to ori)i%al #ro "i% r#ro(&irlo &o%#/a&tit(].

\La ar:+ra"i" #" (%a +orma # #"&oi+i&a&i% 9(# m(#"tra # ma%#ra o';#ti8a &omo "# 0a&omr#%io la i%+orma&i% roor&io%aa or (% t#/to].

E" la i%t#rr#ta&i% #r"o%al # (% t#/to.

PARA?RA>EAR4 Ha'ilia 9(# r#9(i#r# # )ra% &aa&ia # &omr#%"i% &omo l#&tor, (#"to9(#, &omr#%#r #l m#%"a;# # (% t#/to, #9(i8al# a r#ali1ar la mita #l ro&#"o &om(%i&ati8o, (#"la i%t#%&i% # 9(i#% #"&ri'# #" ro8o&ar (%a r#a&&i% # 9(i#% r#&i'# #l m#%"a;#.

Pa"o" ara r#ali1ar (%a ar:+ra"i"4




[Año

]

5.- L## &(iao"am#%t# #l t#/to

2.- Co%"(lta #% #l i&&io%ario la" ala'ra" 9(# %o 0a7a" #%t#%io.

.- I#%ti+i&a #l m#%"a;# #"#%&ial.

.- E"&ri'# la" ala'ra" &la8# #l t#/to 7 &:m'iala" or "(" "i%%imo".

.- R#a&ta #l 'orraor # la ar:+ra"i"

.- R#ali1a la r#a&&i% #+i%iti8a.

V#%ta;a" 9(# o+r#&# la ar:+ra"i" &omo +orma # #/r#"i%.

•

A7(a a #/li&ar 7 &omr#%#r m#;or #l m#%"a;# # (% t#/to.

• Co%tri'(7# a ar#%#r m:" a#&(aam#%t# la i%+orma&i% 9(# roor&io%a (% t#/to.

• Ma%i+i#"ta (%a +orma # r#"(#"ta or art# #l l#&tor.

• Co%(&# a (% m#;or #"arrollo # la" &aa&ia#" # #"t(io.

• Co%"tit(7# (% r#&(r"o *til ara la #la'ora&i% # +i&0a" # tra'a;o.

• Proi&ia la "#l#&&i% # (% 8o&a'(lario a#&(ao.

EERCICIO

TEXTO ORIGINAL4

DEMOGRA?ÍA

La #mo)ra+$a =#l )r. #mo", (#'lo 7 )ra0o, #"&ri'ir!, #" (%a imorta%t# i"&ili%a a(/iliar # laE&o%om$a 9(# ti#%# or 'a"# la #"ta$"ti&a # la o'la&i%. >i ara la Pol$ti&a E&o%mi&a #"imr#"&i%i'l# #l &o%o&imi#%to # lo" r#&(r"o" %at(ral#" 7 # lo" 'i#%#" # &aital i"o%i'l#", #"a(% ma" i%t#r#"a%t# "a'#r &o% 9(# ot#%&ial 0(ma%o "# &(#%ta 7 &omo #"ta &o%"tit(io. E% M</i&o,lo" C#%"o" G#%#ral#" # Po'la&i% "# l#8a%ta% &aa i#1 a%o" 7 &ata% i8#r"o" i%+orm#" "o'r# la"&ara&t#r$"ti&a" # lo" i%i8i(o", &omo "o%4 "#/o, #a, )rao # #"&olaria, alim#%ta&i%,

o&(a&i%, #"tao &i8il, #t&. ># 0a% r#ali1ao 0a"ta la +#&0a 56 &#%"o" # #"t# tio, #l r/imo "##+#&t(ara #% mar1o # 5FF6. La i%+orma&i% &#%"al "# r#"#%ta #% (% r#"(m#% )#%#ral, &o% ato")#%#ral#" 7 or #%tia#" +##rati8a". A#m:", "# ('li&a% #% 8ol*m#%#" #"#&ial#" ara &aa (%a# la" #%tia#" # la R#('li&a, &o% &i+ra" or m(%i&iio". La #la'ora&i% # #"ta$"ti&a"#rma%#%t#", #rmit# (tili1ar lo" ato" "o'r# la o'la&i% #l a$" #% lo" a%o" &#%"al#". =Q!

PAR?RA>I>

DEMOGRA?ÍA




[Año

]

La ala'ra D#mo)ra+$a, ro8i#%# #l )r. #mo", 9(# "i)%i+i&a

(#'lo 7 )ra0o, #"&ri'ir.

La D#mo)ra+$a #" (%a i"&ili%a a(/iliar # la E&o%om$a, 9(#

#rmit# &o%o&#r &o% 9(# ot#%&ial 0(ma%o "# &(#%ta 7 &omo

#"ta &o%"tit(io.

E% M</i&o lo" C#%"o" G#%#ral#" # Po'la&i% "# r#ali1a% &aa

i#1 a%o" 7 &ata% i8#r"o" i%+orm#" "o'r# la" &ara&t#r$"ti&a"

# la o'la&i%.

E"to" ato" "o% imorta%t#" ara la%#ar #l &r#&imi#%to #&o%mi&o #l a$".

RE>UMEN4

E" la #/o"i&i% r#(&ia # (% t#/to. E" i"ti%)(ir la" i#a" #"#%&ia-l#" # (% t#/to.

PA>O> PARA ELABORAR UN RE>UMEN4

5.- L##r4 R#ali&# (%a l#&t(ra )#%#ral 7 otra :rra+o ar :rra+o.

2.-Comr#%#r4 I%t#rr#ta &o% t( 8o&a'(lario #l T#/to.

.->#l#&&io%ar4 Di"ti%)(# la" i#a" #"#%&ial#".

.-E"&ri'ir4 E%la1a a#&(aam#%t# la" i#a".

.-Comarar4 R#8i"# 9(# #l %(#8o T#/to, i%&l(7a la" i#a" #l a(tor.

fPARA [UE >IRVE EL RE>UMENg

• Para &omr#%#r m#;or (% t#ma

•

Par# #"t(iar &o% ma7or +a&ilia (% t#ma, (% &ait(lo o (%a o'ra.

• Po#r #"tr(&t(rar (% #/am#%.

EEMPLO

TEXTO ORIGINAL4




[Año

]

\E" m(7 'o%ito 9(# la" #r"o%a" "# a7(#% #%tr# "i a7(# a "( &oma#ro. El a)ra#&#r: 9(#&omarta #l &ar)o #l matrimo%io, la" r#la&io%#", lo" #9(#o" #tall#" # la 8ia iaria, 7 l# #;#

ti#mo ara la" "it(a&io%#" 9(# 8#ra#ram#%t# %#&#"ita% la i%t#r8#%&i% ma"&(li%a. Por #;#mlo, #lm(%o #l a(tom8il %o #" ta% ri8ati8o #l 8ar% &omo ar#&# &ola'or#, "#ora, i%t#r#":%o"# or#l +(%&io%ami#%to #l &o&0#, lo mi"mo 9(# la" #r"o%a", #l a(tom8il %#&#"ita alim#%ta&i% 78#ri+i&a&io%#" #rii&a" ara o't#%#r # #l (% m#;or +(%&io%ami#%to. Por la" maa%a", r#8i"# #l%i8#l #l a)(a #l raiaor, &#r&ir#"# 9(# la r#"i% # la" lla%ta" #" &orr#&ta, o%)a #% mar&0a #la(to, #ro %o arra%9(# # i%m#iato, #"#r# (% mom#%to a 9(# la 'om'a #l a&#it# l('ri9(# lo"&omo%#%t#" 7, #"#&ialm#%t#, lo" 'ali%#" # la" (%t#r$a"].

RE>UMEN

\A7(# a "( &oma#ro, #l l# a)ra#&#r: 9(# &omarta la &ar)a #l matrimo%io, la" r#la&io%#", lo"#9(#o" #tall#" # la 8ia &otiia%a &ola'or#, "#ora, i%t#r#":%o"# or #l +(%&io%ami#%to #l&o&0#. Lo mi"mo 9(# la" #r"o%a", #l a(tom8il %#&#"ita alim#%ta&i% 7 8#ri+i&a&io%#" #rii&a"ara o't#%#r # #l (% m#;or +(%&io%ami#%to]

>ÍNTE>I>

La ala'ra "$%t#"i", ro8i#%# #l 8o&a'lo lati%o "7%t0#"i" Como"i&i%-(%i%.

\Como"i&i% # (% too or la r#(%i% # "(" art#"]

\E" #l &om#%io # al)(%o" a"#&to" # (% T#/to, %o # too", "olo # lo" ma" imorta%t#"]

\La "$%t#"i" %o #" #tallaa, #" )#%#ral]

\La "$%t#"i" "# #/r#"a &o% t( roio 8o&a'(lario]

Ela'ora&i% # (%a "$%t#"i"4

E"ta #" m(7 "#%&illa, "i)(# lo" "i)(i#%t#" a"o"4

• R#ali1a (%a l#&t(ra )#%#ral #l t#/to.

• Lo&ali1a la i#a ':"i&a # &aa :rra+o

• B("&a #% #l i&&io%ario la" ala'ra" # i+$&il "i)%i+i&ao

•

E%la1a la" i#a" ':"i&a" # &aa :rra+o =r#"(m#%!

• Cam'ia la" ala'ra" 9(# ("a #l a(tor or la" 9(# t* (tili1a". P(##" a)r#)ar (% &om#%tario.

EEMPLO

TEXTO ORIGINAL4

ELEMENTO> ARTÍ>TICO> DEL ARTE GTICO =. Ma%(#l Lo1a%o!




[Año

]

El art# )ti&o #% &(a%to a "(" #l#m#%to" ar9(it#&t%i&o", #" (%a #8ol(&i% #l rom:%i&o. La ala'ra)ti&o "#)*% Va"ari, la (tili1o or rim#ra 8#1 Ra+a#l >a%1io ara #"i)%ar #l #rioo art$"ti&o

a%t#rior al R#%a&imi#%to 7 )ti&o 8i%o a "i)%i+i&ar art# ':r'aro, a(%9(# &r##mo" 9(# # +ormai%t#%&io%aa 0('o (%a a"imila&i% # ito%)o 7 la ala'ra %o #'$a # "#r )ti&o, "i%o o<ti&o, 9(#9(i#r# #&ir m:)i&o, (#" #l art# o;i8al ar#&# (%a ar9(it#&t(ra ro(&ia or 8#ra#ro" ma)o".

El ar9(it#&to )ti&o i)%oro la l#7 # la )ra8#a 7 "( 8#ra#ra o'"#"i% +(# la 8#rti&alia. H('o (%8#ra#ro a+:% or la l(1 7 ro&(ro r#"&i%ir # lo" )r(#"o" m(ro" #l rom:%i&o 9(# t#%$a% 9(#"oortar la" #"aa" '8#a" # &a%o% ara #"to "# "ir8i # %(#8o" mat#rial#" &omo #l &#m#%to 7#l 0i#rro #" or #llo 9(# #l m(ro ll#)o a #r#r "( +(%&i% # "oort# 7 (o "#r "("tit(io or la"oli&roma" 8iri#ra". El ori)#% #l art# )ti&o #"ta #% ?ra%&ia 7 "# i%i&io #% lo" rim#ro" a%o" #l"i)lo XIII, a(%9(# "( ri%&ial &ara&t#r$"ti&a 9(# #" la '8#a o;i8al # &r(&#r$a 7a 0a'$a "io ("aaor lo" m("(lma%#" #"aol#". Lo" #l#m#%to" ':"i&o" # la ar9(it#&t(ra o;i8al "o% #l :r#a a(%tao7 la '8#a # &r(&#r$a #"ta a&(m(la lo" #m(;#" # #"o #% (% (%to #t#rmi%ao 7 &o% #llo#"aar#&#% lo" ma&i1o" m(ro" rom:%i&o" 9(# "#r:% "("tit(io" or amlio" 8a%o". P#ro #l #"o #"i"tri'(io #%tr# lo" ar'ota%t#" 7 lo" #"tri'o" 9(# r#mata% #% i%:&(lo".

La" '8#a" #"&a%"a% "o'r# ilar#" 9(# ti#%#% (% m(ro &#%tral # &ol(m%a" ao"aa" o'a9(#to%#" #l %(m#ro # &ol(m%a" ##%# #l %(m#ro # %#r8io" # la '8#a la" 8#%ta%a" o8a%o" #"t:% limitao" or (% ar&o o;i8al &o% #"'#lta" &ol(m%a" # +i%a tra&#r$a.

>ÍNTE>I>4

>#)*% la 0i"toria #l art#, #l ori)#% #l art# )ti&o +(# #% ?ra%&ia a ri%&iio #l "i)lo XIII. La ala'ra)ti&o la (tili1a or rim#ra 8#1 Ra+a#l >a%1io ara #"i)%ar #l #rioo a%t#rior al R#%a&imi#%to. Laar9(it#&t(ra )ti&a #ml#o #l &#m#%to 7 #l 0i#rro #% la" &o%"tr(&&io%#", "("tit(7#%o lo" m(ro" orl(mi%o"a" 8iri#ra" # &olor#". Lo" #l#m#%to" ar9(it#&t%i&o" ':"i&o" +(#ro% #l ar&o a(%tao 7 la'8#a # &r(&#r$a.

CUADRO >INPTICO

\E" la r#r#"#%ta&i% )ra+i&a, o';#ti8a 7 art#" #"#%&ial#" # (% too].

\E" (%a #"tr(&t(ra # la" art#" imorta%t#" # (% a"(%to].

PA>O> PARA ELABORAR EL CUADRO >INPTICO4

5.- R#ali1a (%a l#&t(ra )#%#ral #l T#/to

2.-Lo&ali1a lo" aartao" =t$t(lo", "('t$t(lo", i%i&io", #t&., ma" imorta%t#" #l t#ma.!

.-E"&ri'# la" i#a" ri%&ial#".

.-R#la&io%a lo" &o%t#%io".

.-Ela'ora #l #"9(#ma.

CONTENIDO DEL CUADRO >INPTICO4

El C(aro >i%ti&o &o%ti#%# (%a #%(m#ra&i%, (%a &la"i+i&a&i%, (%a i8i"i%.




[Año

]

VENTAA> DEL CUADRO >INPTICO4

• P#rmit# alma&#%ar )ra% &a%tia # i%+orma&i%.

• D#"i#rta t( &r#ati8ia.

• Po%# #% r:&ti&a t( &aa&ia ara i"&#r%ir

• ?a&ilita #l #"t(io.

EEMPLO

CLA>I?ICACIN DEL TEXTO =Ma%(#l M#i%a Car'allo!

\El T#/to #" too i"&(r"o #"&rito 9(# )iro alr##or # (% t#ma o a"(%to. El t#ma tratao or:#"tr(&t(rar"# # la "i)(i#%t# ma%#ra4 i%tro(&&i%, #"arrollo 7 &o%&l("i%. E% )#%#ral, lo" T#/to" "#&la"i+i&a% &omo lit#rario", &i#%t$+i&o" o i%+ormati8o"].

TEXTO> LITERARIO>

Lo" T#/to" lit#rario" "o% a9(#llo" #"&rito" #% 9(# #l a(tor #%ota #moti8ia &omo ro(&to # lar#alia #% 9(# 8i8#, a"$ &omo # "( i#olo)$a, # lo 9(# #r&i'# 7 "i#%t# #% #l mom#%to #% 9(##"&ri'# la o'ra.

El #"&ritor "# #/r#"a or m#ia # (% l#%)(a;# m#ta+ri&o 7 ri&o #% #/r#"i8ia.

Lo" T#/to" lit#rario" "o% "(';#ti8o" 7 &aa l#&tor i%t#rr#ta #"a" o'ra" #"# "( (%to # 8i"taarti&(lar.

Cla"i+i&a&i%4

Lo" T#/to" lit#rario" "# &la"i+i&a% &omo4 %arrati8o", ram:ti&o" o l$ri&o".

• T#/to" %arrati8o". E"ta" "o% &omo"i&io%#" #"&rita" #% ro"a. Co%ti#%#% (% r#lato "o'r#al)*% a&o%t#&imi#%to r#al o +i&ti&io, #"la1ao #% #l ti#mo 7 #% #l #"ao. E%tr# #"t# tio# T#/to #"ta&a% la %o8#la 7 #l &(#%to.

• T#/to" ram:ti&o". E"to" T#/to" o+r#&#% &omo a%orama #l &o%+li&to #%tr# o" o ma"#r"o%o#" #l #"arrollo # la o'ra #"ta #%&ami%ao a r#"#%tar &omo "# #"arrolla i&0o&o%+li&to 7 &(al #" "( #%la&#.

Lo" T#/to" ram:ti&o". E"t:% #"&rito" ara "#r r#r#"#%tao" 7 a% la i#a # 9(# lo"a&o%t#&imi#%to" #"t:% o&(rri#%o #% #"# mom#%to, a(% &(a%o "# trata # a&o%t#&imi#%to"a"ao" El r#lato lo 0a&#% ir#&tam#%t# lo" #r"o%o#".

Tra)#ia4 ># 0a'la # tra)#ia &(a%o #l #r"o%a;# ri%&ial r#"(lta #"tr(io +$"i&a o moralm#%t#.




[Año

]

Drama4 ># i&# 9(# (% o'ra #" ram:ti&a "i la "al8a&i% o #"tr(&&i% #l #r"o%a;# ##%# # #lmi"mo.

Com#ia4 C(a%o #% la o'ra r#omi%a (% +o%o li)#ro 7 ti#%# +i%al +#li1, "# i&# 9(# #" (%a &om#ia.

• T#/to L$ri&o4 E% #"to" T#/to" "# ma%i+i#"ta% "#%timi#%to" 7 #mo&io%#" (#"to" #% #l 7o #la(tor o #% 'o&a # (% #r"o%a;# #t#rmi%ao.

Cla"i+i&a&i%4

E%tr# lo" T#/to" l$ri&o" "# #%&(#%tra%4 0im%o", oa", #l#)$a" 7

&a%&io%#".

TEXTO> CIENTÍ?ICO>

Lo" T#/to" &i#%t$+i&o" #"arrolla% a ro+(%ia t#ma" a&#r&a # la %at(ral#1a, la "o&i#a 7 "("+#%m#%o" 7 ro&#"o" "o% r#"(ltao" # la" i%8#"ti)a&io%#" # 0om'r#" #"#&iali1ao" #% la"i8#r"a" :r#a" #l &o%o&imi#%to 0(ma%o.

Cla"i+i&a&i%4

Lo" T#/to" &i#%t$+i&o" "# &la"i+i&a% &omo4 &i#%t$+i&o", t#&%ol)i&o",

Di:&ti&o", # i8(l)a&i% o # &o%"(lta.

• Lo" T#/to" &i#%t$+i&o"4 Por lo )#%#ral, "o% #"#&iali"ta" 9(i#%#" #"&ri'#% #"t# tio # T#/to.>( l#%)(a;# #"ta ll#%o # t#&%i&i"mo 7 8a iri)io a lo" &i#%t$+i&o" # la" i+#r#%t#" rama" #l"a'#r.

• T#/to" t#&%ol)i&o"4 E"to" "# 'a"a% #% lo" T#/to" &i#%t$+i&o" 7 #/li&a% &omo "# ali&a% #%+orma r:&ti&a lo" #"&('rimi#%to" 7 #"t(io" r#ali1ao" or la &i#%&ia.

• T#/to" i:&ti&o"4 E"t# tio # T#/to" #/li&a%, #% +orma )ra(al, lo" &o%o&imi#%to"&i%<ti&o", ara 9(# (#a% a"imilar"# # a&(#ro &o% #l %i8#l a&a<mi&o # lo" #"t(ia%t#".

• T#/to" # i8(l)a&i%4 E% #"to" "# trata% lo" t#r%a" &i#%t$+i&o" #% (% %i8#l a&&#"i'l#, li)#ro 7am#%o ara too tio # l#&tor#".

• T#/to" # &o%"(lta4 E% #"to" "# r#"#%ta%, #% +orma or#%aa 7 #"#&iali1aa, lo"&o%o&imi#%to" #l "#r 0(ma%o.

TEXTO> IN?ORMATIVO>

Lo" T#/to" i%+ormati8o" "# i"ti%)(#% or ar la i%+orma&i% 7 #l #%;(i&iami#%to *'li&o, oort(%o 7#rii&o # lo" 0#&0o" # i%t#r<".

Cla"i+i&a&i%4




[Año

]

># (##% &la"i+i&ar &omo T#/to" %#tam#%t# i%+ormati8o" o T#/to" # &om#%tario" o 8alorati8o". La%oti&ia 7 #l r#orta;# &o%"tit(7#% (% #;#mlo # lo 9(# "o% lo" T#/to" i%+ormati8o", 7 "# &ara&t#ri1a%

or9(# &om(%i&a% a&o%t#&imi#%to" o "(&#"o" a&t(al#", "i% &om#%tarlo". Lo" T#/to" # &om#%tario"o 8alorati8o" "o%. &r%i&a, arti&(lo 7 #%tr#8i"ta #"to", a#m:" # i%+ormar "o'r# lo" 0#&0o" a&t(al#",o+r#&#% la oi%i% # 9(i#% lo #"&ri'#.

Narrati8o"4 CUENTO

NOVELA

Dram:ti&o"4 DRAMA

TRAGEDIA

COMEDIA

Lit#rario"

L$ri&o"4 HIMNO

ODA

ELEGÍA

CANCIN

Cla"i+i&a&i% #l t#/to

CIENTÍ?ICO>

TECNOLGICO>

DIDACTICO> DE DIVULGACIN

_ El #"ta'l#&imi#%to # r#la&io%#" #%tr# ala'ra" 7 +ra"#" "i%%ima" 7 a%t%ima"

_ El #"ta'l#&imi#%to # &oml#tami#%to" o i%t#rr#ta&io%#" # ra1o%ami#%to" l)i&o" 7 a%al)i&o"

_ La #la'ora&i% # i%+#r#%&ia" l)i&a" 7 "ilo)$"ti&a"

_ El #"ta'l#&imi#%to # r#la&io%#"4

` &a("a-&o%"#&(#%&ia






[Año

]

La" "(&#"io%#" 9(# %o ti#%#% #"t# l$mit# "# llama% i8#r)#%t#".

U%a "(&#"i% #" #"tri&tam#%t# &r#&i#%t# "i &aa t<rmi%o # la "(&#"i% #" ma7or 9(# #l a%t#rior

U%a "(&#"i% #" &r#&i#%t# "i &aa t<rmi%o #" i)(al o ma7or al a%t#rior

>imilar#" #+i%i&io%#" "# (tili1a% ara "(&#"io%#" #"tri&tam#%t# #&r#&i#%t#" 7 #&r#&i#%t#".

U%a "(&#"i% #" mo%to%a "i #" &r#&i#%t# o #&r#&i#%t#.

U%a "(&#"i% #" #"tri&tam#%t# mo%to%a "i #" #"tri&tam#%t# &r#&i#%t# o #"tri&tam#%t# #&r#&i#%t#.

U%a "(&#"i% "# i&# a&otaa "(#riorm#%t# or (% %*m#ro A, "i A s a%.

U%a "(&#"i% "# i&# a&otaa i%+#riorm#%t# A, "i A a%.

U%a "(&#"i% "# i&# a&otaa "i #"t: a&otaa "(#rior # i%+#riorm#%t#

Pro)r#"i% aritm<ti&a

E" (%a "(&#"i% # %*m#ro" #% la 9(# &aa t<rmi%o, #/&#to #l rim#ro, "# o'ti#%# "(ma%o ala%t#rior otro %*m#ro +i;o. E"t# %*m#ro +i;o "# llama i+#r#%&ia.

E" +:&il #mo"trar 9(# #l t<rmi%o )#%#ral #"4

a% a5 =%-5!

7 la "(ma # % t<rmi%o" #"4

> =a5 a%! . % 2

Mi ar# m# 0a &o%tao #"ta 0i"toria4 E% (% #9(#o (#'lo # Al#ma%ia =Br(%"i&!, (% ro+#"or&a"ti)a'a a "(" al(m%o" 0a&i<%ol#" "(mar %*m#ro" &o%"#&(ti8o" =or #;#mlo "(mar lo" 566rim#ro" %*m#ro" %at(ral#"!. Era (% (ro &a"ti)o, (#" 0a'$a 9(# 0a&#r m(&0a" "(ma" =5 2 , , 56, 56 5,...! 7 #ra +:&il #9(i8o&ar"#. P#ro... (%a 8#1, (%o # lo" %io" l# io la"ol(&i% #% (% ti#mo "orr#%#%t#, #l ro+#"or l# r#)(%t f&mo lo 0a" 0#&0og El %io l# i;o4 5




[Año

]

566 565, 2 FF 565, FJ 565,... "i#mr# "(ma 565 7 0a7 6 "(ma", #% total 6 Q 565 66.El ro+#"or 9(# ta% imr#"io%ao 9(# l# r#)al (% li'ro # Aritm<ti&a.

E"# %io t#%$a 56 ao" 7 "# llama'a Carl ?ri#ri&0 GaW". ?(# (%o # lo" ma" )ra%#" mat#m:ti&o"

Pro)r#"i% )#om<tri&a

E" (%a "(&#"i% # %*m#ro" #% la 9(# &aa t<rmi%o, #/&#to #l rim#ro, "# o'ti#%# m(ltili&a%o #la%t#rior or otro %*m#ro +i;o. E"t# %*m#ro +i;o "# llama ra1%.

E" +:&il #mo"trar 9(# #l t<rmi%o )#%#ral # (%a ro)r#"i% )#om<tri&a #"4

a% ar%-5

7 9(# la "(ma # % t<rmi%o" #"4

> =a%.r - a5! =r - 5!

La" ro)r#"io%#" )#om<tri&a" ti#%#% (%a roi#a i%t#r#"a%t#4 #l ro(&to # o" t<rmi%o"#9(ii"ta%t#" # lo" #/tr#mo" #" i)(al al ro(&to # lo" #/tr#mo".

?i% #l li'ro 7 # la )($a C#%#8al ara Ba&0ill#rato &oml#ta

Dr. Arma%o Ar<8alo H#r%:%#1



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