GUIDE TO LOW CARBON HEALTHCARE FACILITIES · 01 Guide to Low Carbon Healthcare Facilities. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT. Excessive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cause climate

GUIDE TO LOW CARBON HEALTHCARE FACILITIES

Practical Guide on Carbon Audit and Management

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT

Guide to Low Carbon Healthcare Facilities

Read on if you want to: ••••

•

cutyourenergybills;improvefacilityconditionsforpatientsandstaff;enhancetheefficiencyofwastemanagement;engageyourhealthcarebranchesonlowcarbonactions;andcontributetotheenvironment.

About this GuideClimate change posed an unprecedented global challenge for everyone. Hong Kong is committed to contributing to the solution by taking community-wide actions to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions.

Carbon audit is an effective process to understand and measure our carbon footprint and a first step to identify appropriate carbon reduction measures.

This guide introduces the know-how of carbon audit and sets out the major steps of conducting a basic carbon audit for healthcare facilities.

A wide range of measures are also illustrated to facilitate healthcare facilities management to reduce carbon emissions and to save operation cost.



The Paris Agreement adopted in the 21st session of the Conference

of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change is a crucial step in forging global efforts in combating

climate change. 195 countries have agreed to strive for the common

goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to

well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Countries

should also strive to achieve carbon neutrality (i.e. no net carbon

emissions to the atmosphere) by the second half of this century.

With the positive outcome of the Paris Agreement, Hong Kong must

ready itself for making greater efforts to combat climate change and

reduce our carbon emissions.

Conducting carbon audit is a common first step of action. It

helps assess the carbon performance and identify room for

emission reduction in an organization. It is a cornerstone for

saving energy as well as taking forward other low carbon and

green measures.

This series of Practical Guides on Carbon Audit and Management

outlines how an organisation can measure and manage its carbon

footprint, and provide practical guides and examples for reference

by the carbon audit practitioners and also the users of buildings and

facilities. With content tailor-made for nine different types of premises

and facilities, including offices, schools, swimming pools, community

halls, etc, these Guidebooks would stimulate the collaboration across

different sectors to drive Hong Kong’s low carbon transformation.

The more that we are aware of our impact, the more prepared we

can contribute to combating climate change. The Environment

Bureau will continue to facilitate the public and private sectors to

work together and to close the gap between awareness and action

to build a low-carbon economy and a greener future for Hong Kong.

Background



How to Reduce Carbon Emissions

Case Studies

Useful Resources

15

25

28

01

05

13

Background

Introduction

What is Carbon Audit

Checklist for Conducting Carbon Audit

Table of Content

Guide to Low Carbon Healthcare Facilities01ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT

Excessive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cause climate change. This poses the largest

threat ever to humankind worldwide. Governments and businesses around the world carry

out a wide array of initiatives to reduce GHG emissions to combat climate change. These

include advancing the use of renewable and cleaner energy sources, improving energy

efficiency and encouraging better energy and carbon management.

Carbon footprint refers to the total GHG emissions caused directly and indirectly by an

organisation’s activities. Carbon audit is a scientific means of quantifying an organisation’s

GHG emissions and a useful starting point for carbon management and reduction.

What is Carbon Audit?

It is the unit of measurement which al lows the six types ofGHG emissions goverKyoto Pr

ned under the a like-for

otocol to be compar-like basis red on

It can be derived by multiplying the

elative to CO2. emissions of each of by the its respective 100-year global

six GHG warming potential (GWP).

CARBON DIO(CO2-e)XIDE EQUIVALENT

In this chapter we explain what carbon audit is and the benefits of doing so for healthcare facilities

IntroductionCarbon Audit ?

CO2-e


Carbon Audit in Hong Kong

HK’s GHG Emissions by Sector in 2014*

90%Buildings

16%Transport

Waste and Others

HK’s Total GHG Emissions in 2014:

44,900 kilotonnes CO2-e HK’s Emission per Capita in 2014:

tonnes CO2-e

70%Electricity

* Provisional figures subject to revision

6.2

Hong Kong is a service economy with

limited energy-intensive manufacturing.

Near l y 70% of Hong Kong’s GHG

emissions are attributed to electricity

generation. Transport sector comes next

(~16%) and waste constitute ~5% of

total emissions.

Buildings, including healthcare facilities,

account for nearly 90% of electricity

consumption. According to a local study,

a general hospital spends over HK$55

million per year on energy.# If healthcare

fac i l i t i e s pursue bet te r e lec t r i c i t y

consumption management and improve

energy efficiency, this will not only cut

their energy costs, but also effectively

reduce Hong Kong’s overal l carbon

emissions.

# Kar-wai TONG, Kenneth Nai-kuen FONG, Community

Care in Hong Kong – Current Practices, Practice-research

Studies and Future Directions (Hong Kong, City

University of Hong Kong Press, 2014), p.138


To lead by example, the Government has:

•

•

•

•Rolledoutenergy-cum-carbonaudits formore than120

Government buildings and public facilities, including 7

healthcare facilities;

EncouragedmajorGovernmentbuildingstocarryoutregular

carbon audit to track the effectiveness of carbon reduction

efforts;

Conducteda“paperapproach”carbonauditexercise for

morethan40majorGovernmentbuildingsin2016/17;and

Launched theCarbonFootprintRepository (CFR) (www.

carbon-footprint.hk/) on15December 2014 for listed

companies to disclose their carbon footprint.

TheEnvironmentalProtectionDepartment(EPD)andtheElectricalandMechanicalServicesDepartment(EMSD)havedevisedasetof Carbon Audit Guidelines to facilitate healthcare facilities to calculate the GHG emissions from the operation and to identify areas of improvement.

Read the Guidelines at:https://www.climateready.gov.hk/page.php?id=56&lang=1

https://www.climateready.gov.hk/page.php?id=56&lang=1

http://www.carbon-footprint.hk


CO2

Managing and Reducing Your Carbon Footprint Can Bring About Many Advantages

Reduce Operational Cost

Raise Community Awareness

Improve Facility’s Environment

Meet Expectation of Staff and Patients

Demonstrate Environmental Responsibilities

Support Government’s Reduction Target


What is Carbon AuditIn this chapter we explain the major steps of conducting a carbon audit and the data needs to be collected by healthcare facilities for calculation

PHYSICAL BOUNDARYPhysical boundary refers to the physical area occupied by the

organisation which usually matches the site boundaries of the

healthcare facilities concerned.

OPERATIONAL BOUNDARYOperational boundary refers to the scope of emissions from activities

under the healthcare facilities’ operational control. There are 3

scopes (Scope 1, 2 and 3) in accordance with the Guidelines.

STEP I. Define Physical and Operational BoundariesAn important first step is to set clear and explicit physical and operational boundaries of your healthcare facility that is included in the carbon audit.

Themajorstepsinconductingacarbonaudit:

I. Define Physical andOperational Boundaries

II. Identify

Emission Sources

III. Data Collection

IV. Apply Emission Factors for Calculation

V. Report and Disclose


STEP II. Identify Emission Sources

SCOPE 1: DIRECT EMISSION AND REMOVALS

Stationary source combustion: e.g. Towngas heaters and boilers

Fugitive emissions from air conditioning/refrigerationsystems/

fire extinguishers

Newly planted trees that are able to reach at least 5 metres in height

(*RemovalSource)

Stationary source combustion: e.g. Emergency electricity generators

Mobile source combustion: e.g. vehicles for outreach service

*Basedontheemissionfactorsetout intheGuidelinestoAccountforandReportonGreenhouseGasEmissionsandRemovalsforBuildings(Commercial,Residentialor InstitutionalPurposes) inHongKongpublishedbytheEnvironmentalProtectionDepartment inFebruary2010(theCarbonAuditGuidelines),23kgcarbondioxidewillberemovedbyanewlyplantedtreethatcanreachatleast5minheightperyear.Newlyplantedtreesreferredtothosetreesplantedwithinthephysicalboundaryoftheauditedbuildings/premisesafterthebeginningstageofconstructionoftheconcernedbuildings/premises.Pleaserefertopage20oftheCarbonAuditGuidelinesfordetails.

5 metres


SCOPE 2: ENERGY INDIRECT EMISSIONS

SCOPE 3: OTHER INDIRECT EMISSIONS (Optional To Include)

Electricity purchased Towngas purchased

Paper waste disposal

Hired transportation for delivery of equipment, chemicals and

medicines procured

Fresh water consumption

Medical/chemicalwastedisposal

Sewage discharge

Healthcare FacilitiesEnergy Consumption

According to the Hong Kong

Energy End-use Data 2014, the

energy use of human health

segment was 5,563 terajoule

(4.6% of the whole commercial

sector), and the distributions are:

—

—

—

—

—

Hot Water & Refrigeration

(~37%);

Space Conditioning (~21%);

Lighting (~5%);

Office Equipment (~5%);

Others (e.g. Lifts) (~32%)

Food waste disposal


Electricitybills/meterreadings Towngasbills/meterreadings$ $

Paper purchase and recycling records

Water bills Hired transportation for passengers or for delivery of goods or services procured by the facility

STEP III. Data CollectionOnce the emission sources are identified, the healthcare facility should coordinate to collect and collate the following activity data associated

with these sources. Where any data is not available, estimations and assumptions would have to be made.

ACTIVITY DATA TO BE COLLECTEDSCOPE 1: DIRECT EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS

SCOPE 2: ENERGY INDIRECT EMISSIONS

SCOPE 3: OTHER INDIRECT EMISSIONS

Recordsofnumberoftreesplantedthatare able to reach at least 5 metres in height within the physical boundary of the healthcare facility

Mobile source combustion: vehicles for outreach service5 metres

Fuelconsumptionreceipts/records/meterreadings(e.g.Towngas,dieseloilorLPG)

Refrigerantandfireextinguisherpurchase,storage and disposal records


EMISSION FACTOR GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALA factor which identifies the per kilogram carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) arising from a particular activity.

Most of the emission factors are provided in the Carbon Audit Guidelines,oravailable inthe latestAnnualReports/SustainabilityReportsoftherespectiveorganisations.

The emission factor of electricity consumed is available from the SustainabilityReportsofCLPGroup1 or The Hongkong Electric Co. Ltd2, depending on where your healthcare facility is located.

For example, if the electricity consumption of a healthcare facility located in New Territories is 10,000kWh in 2014, the emission factorofCLP in2014 (i.e.0.64kgCO2-e/kWh)shouldbeused.[2014 GHG emission (tonnes CO2-e): =10,000 kWh (activity data) x 0.64kgCO2-e/kWh(emissionfactor)x1 (globalwarmingpotentialof CO2) = 6.4 tonnes CO2-e]

Global warming potential (GWP) is a quantified measure of the globally averaged relative radioactive forcing impacts of a particular GHG. Carbon dioxide was chosen as the reference gas and its GWP is set to 1.

TheGWPofthemajorGHGcoveredintheGuidelinesare:•••

carbondioxide(CO2): 1methane(CH4): 21nitrousoxide(N2O): 310

STEP IV. Apply Emission Factors for CalculationThe carbon footprint (measured in tonnes of CO2-e) is calculated by multiplying the activity data by the respective emission factor and the

global warming potential (GWP) of the respective GHG emitted:

CO2-e = Activity X Emission X Global Warming Data Factor Potential

Forstep-by-stepguidanceoncalculation,pleaserefertoAppendixA:ReportingTableTemplatesforCarbonEmission.

1.SustainabilityreportsofCLPGroup https://www.clpgroup.com/en/sustainability/sustainability-reports

2.SustainabilityreportsofTheHongkongElectricCo.Ltd. https://www.hkelectric.com/en/corporate-social-responsibility/sustainability-reports

https://www.clpgroup.com/en/sustainability/sustainability-reports

https://www.hkelectric.com/en/corporate-social-responsibility/sustainability-reports


CO2

CO2

Normalised Total Carbon Emissions(tonnes CO2-e per year per facility usage hour)

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0Facility A Facility B Facility C

1 tonne 1 tonne 1 tonne

Total Carbon Emissions(tonnes CO2-e per year)

3,500

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0Facility A

1,000 hours500 patients

Facility B

1,500 hours1,000 patients

Facility C

3,000 hours3,000 patients

1,000 tonnes

1,500 tonnes

3,000 tonnes

Normalised Total Carbon Emissions(tonnes CO2-e per year per patient)

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0Facility A Facility B Facility C

2 tonnes

1.5 tonnes

1 tonne

STEP V. Report and DiscloseCommunicating your carbon footprint helps engage your

stakeholders (staff, suppliers, patients and communities) about the

healthcare facility’s impact to climate change and motivate them to

take carbon reduction measures.

You can use an appropriate ratio indicator to represent the

healthcare facility’s carbon footprint in proportion to a defined

operational measuring unit, for example, GHG emissions per

outpatient/inpatientorGHGemissionsper facilityusagehourare

some ratio indicators applicable for healthcare units.

For more benchmarking references, please refer to Appendix B:

PerformanceIndicatorReferencesforEnergyConsumption.


Methodologiesfor quantifyingemissions and removals

Scope of the physical boundary and operational boundary, and reporting period

List of data sources and references

Comparison of the carbon emissions of the reporting year with those of the baseline year to verify effectiveness of carbon reduction measures taken

CO2-eCO

2-e

t

An audit report may include the following information:

For more details please refer to Appendix C: Sample Carbon Audit Report.

SEEK INDEPENDENT VERIFICATIONYou can add credibility to your audit report findings

through employing a qualified 3rd party to verify

whether the carbon audit process adheres to the

principles of relevance, completeness, consistency,

transparency and accuracy.

WAYS OF CARBON DISCLOSURE•

•

•

Communicatewith staff through internal

newsletter

Communicatewith suppliers and patients

through notice, posters and website

Forgovernmenthealthcare facilities,disclose

the carbon audit results and findings in the

Bureaux/Departments’ annual Environmental

PerformanceReport.

Breakdown of the carbon emissions in tCO2-e


Carbon Management Framework

PLAN STEP 1 Establishing a Carbon Management Policy• Demonstrate the commitment of

management of healthcare facility tocarbon management

• Set objectivesandtargetsforimprovement against the baseline

STEP 2 Establishing a Carbon Reduction Plan• Establish aplantoachievetheset

objectivesandtargets,which mayinclude better managementpractices, minor hardwareretrofitting, and engineeringimprovement works or retrofittingwith more energy efficientinstallationsupon“endoflife”ofexisting installations.

DO STEP 3 Implementing the Carbon Reduction Plan

CHECK STEP 4 Conducting Regular Carbon Audit• Set up systematicproceduresfor

monitoring of carbon emissionsand effectiveness of the reductionmeasures

• Make adjustmentswhenthehealthcare facilityis notprogressing well towards thereductionobjectives

ACT STEP 5 Maintaining the Carbon Reduction Plan•

•

Review audit findingsby the management of healthcare facility to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness for continual improvement Communicatereduction successwith staff, patients and communities

WHAT’S NEXT AFTER CARBON AUDIT? CARBON MANAGEMENTHealthcare facilities need good carbon management for continual improvement in carbon reduction. The ISO (the International

OrganisationforStandardisation)specifiesaPlan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA)managementframeworkto incorporatecarbonandenergy

management into daily organisation practices.

PLAN DO

CHECKACT


FACILITIES INFORMATION (ESSENTIAL INFORMATION)1 Isthefollowinginformation/dataavailable?

a) Gross Floor Area, m2

b) No. of staff

c) Facilitylayoutplanorfloorplantoshowowned/controllableindoor,outdoorandcommunalarea

d) No.ofoutpatients/inpatients

e) Facility usage hours recordSCOPE 1: DIRECT EMISSIONS AND REMOVALS

2 If there is any machine or equipment in the facility operated by fuel, is there any record of the type and

amountoffuelconsumedbythesemachinesorequipmentforthelast12months?3 If there is any facility-owned vehicle associated with the operation of the facility, is there any record of the

typeandamountoffuelconsumedbythesevehiclesforthelast12months?4 Any recordof type (i.e.HFC/PFC) andamountof refrigerants consumedby theair-conditioning/

refrigerationequipmentinthefacilityforthelast12months?5 Anyrecordofnewtreesplanted/removedfromthefacility?(Onlyapplytotreesthatcangrowtallerthan

5m in height)

Checklist for Conducting Carbon AuditTo gauge the readiness of a healthcare facility for conducting carbon audit, the management and/or administrator can complete the below checklist for quick assessment and start gathering the information as listed to facilitate an effective carbon audit process.

Yes / No/ Not Applicable


SCOPE 2: ENERGY INDIRECT EMISSIONS6 Anyelectricitybillofthefacilityforthelast12months?

7 AnyTowngasbillofthefacilityforthelast12months?

8 Optional Information: Anymeterinstalledtomeasureelectricityconsumptionatdifferentfloors/zones?

9 Anyindividualelectricityconsumptionrecordforbelowelectricalappliances?

Air-conditioning Lighting Equipment (e.g Water Heating,

Sterilisation, etc.)

Escalator Elevator Chiller

10 Anyinventoryofbelowequipment?

Lighting Equipment Servers

SCOPE 3: OTHER INDIRECT EMISSIONS (OPTIONAL)11 Anyreceipt/recordofamountofpaperstored,usedandrecycledinthefacilityforthelast12months?

12 Anywaterbillofthefacilityforthelast12months?

13 Anypurchaserecordshowingquantityandsizeofcarboysfordrinkablewaterconsumption?

14Any record of overseas business travel of staff for the last 12 months showing means of transportation,

numberoftrips,originanddestination?

15 Anyrecordofflightcarbonoffsetting?

16If there is any hired vehicle associated with the operation of the facility, is there any record of the type and

amountoffuelconsumedbythesevehiclesforthelast12months?

17 Anyrecordofmedical/chemicalwastetripticket?

18 Anyrecordonweightoffoodwaste?

Yes / No/ Not Applicable


Reduction Potential Capital Investment Ease of Implementation

Significant Significant or long term

Relativelycomplextransformationorhardwareinstallation/involvemanystakeholders/Implementupon“end

oflife”ofexistinginstallations

Moderate ModerateNeed careful planning before implement due to potential

impact to operation

Minor MinorReady-to-implement

housekeeping measures which cause no disruption to operation

Nil No Cost

How to Reduce Carbon EmissionsIn this chapter we introduce feasible measures and information that would make carbon reduction and savings possible for healthcare facilities. Many of them are simple, straightforward actions that won’t cost you anything.


Sector-specific Carbon Reduction Initiativesfor Healthcare Facilities

Reduction Potential

to

Capital Investment

Nil to

Ease of Implementation

to Sector-specific Carbon Reduction Initiatives

Specialised Medical Equipment

•

•

•

•

•

Enablestandbyorlowpowermodesforequipment

where feasibleNil

Maintain equipmentregularly tokeeptheirmovingparts

clean and free of dusts to maintain optimal efficiencyNil

Switch offmedical equipmentandsterilisersatoff-peak

times or overnightNil

Settimerstooperateequipmentatprogrammedtimes

Purchaseenergyefficientmedicalequipmentwherefeasible

e.g.LEDmicroscopes


Reduction Potential

to

Capital Investment

Nil to



Lighting System

•

• Maximiseuseofnaturallightasfaraspracticable Nil

Consideralowerandappropriatelightinglevelforlobby,corridors, storerooms, wards, nursing station, toilets and car parks

Nil

Paper Consumption

•

• Ceaseinternalcirculationofhardcopiesofclinictimetable,

directory etc. whenever possible to reduce paper use Nil

Useelectronicsystemtosubstitutepaper-basedoffice

administration systems or filing systems

Staff and Patient Engagement

•

•

•

Affixenergysaving,watersavingandpapersavinglabelsto

raise staff and patients’ awarenessNil

Promotecarbonreductiontostaffandpatientsthrough

organisingenergysaving/carbonreductioncampaigns

Considerusing telemedicine if appropriate


Reduction Potential

to

Capital Investment

Nil to



•

•

•

•

•

•

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Nil

Vehicle Hiring and Management

• AppointvehiclesmeetinglatestEUROemissionstandard

• Instructdriverstooptimisetherouteplanningfor

non-emergency services• Instructcontractors to keep their fleet properly tuned:

inefficient vehicles use more fuel and emit more pollutants• Instructcontractorstomaintaincorrecttyrepressureby

regular inspection and inflation• Educatedriverswithgreendrivinghabit(e.g.drivesmoothly,

avoid accelerating and braking harshly)

• Ensurenoidlingvehicleswithrunningengines

• Adoptelectricorhybridvehicles

Catering Facilities

Reduceuseofdisposableandnon-recyclableeatingutensils

Educatestaffandpatientsnottowastefood

Offer“lowcarbonmenu”orlocallygrown/produced

ingredients

Keepfridgeandfreezerdoorsshutanddefrostregularly

Installfoodwastecomposterforconvertingfoodwasteinto

fertilisers

Useenergy-efficientliquidchillingsystemforfood preservation


Reduction Potential

to

Capital Investment

Nil to


to General Carbon Reduction Initiatives

Lighting System•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Switchofflightingforareasnotinuseorduringnon-peak hours

Nil

Switch off exteriorlighting inthedaytime Nil

Keeplightfixturesandlampscleanandwell-maintainedtomaximise their efficiency

Nil

UseLEDemergencyexitsigns

Usemirrorreflectorstoredirectlight towards areas to be illuminated

De-lamp for areaswithhigher-than-requiredlightinglevel Nil

Separatelightswitchesfordifferentlightzones

Useelectronicballaststoreplaceelectromagneticballasts

Installoccupancy/motionsensorsinareasnotfrequentlyused(e.g. store rooms)

Installlightsensorstooptimisetheuseofartificiallightingfor areas with sufficient natural daylight (e.g. at car park)

Adoptenergyefficientlighting(e.g.T5fluorescentlampsandLED)

Source: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

Light Level Requirements

Lobby & Corridors100-200 Lux

Storerooms and Toilets200 Lux

Wards and Nursing Station 300 Lux

Examination room1000 Lux

Car parks 20-100 Lux


Reduction Potential

to

Capital Investment

Nil to



Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) System

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Avoidinstallingair-conditionerswithdirectsunlightexposure Nil

Cleanfilters/fancoilunitsregularly

Placeweatherstripsondoorsandwindowstopreventleakage of conditioned air

Carryoutregularleakagechecksandreplacementofpressuregauges, pressure hose and connectors of air compressors to reduce possible leakage of refrigerants

Ensuresystemoperatinghoursmatchwiththe actualrequirements which may vary throughout the day

Nil

Adopt passivecooling,heatingandventilationstrategiesfortemperature and relative humidity control Nil

SettimerstooperatetheHVACsystemonlywhenitisoccupied

Applyanti-ultravioletfilmsonwindowstoreduceheatgain

Uselow-eglasstoblockheat-generatingultravioletlight

UseVariableRefrigerantVolume(VRV)tooptimiserefrigerantflow

AdoptCentralControlandMonitoringSystem(CCMS)orBuilding Management System (BMS)Install automatic doors or air curtains at clinic entrances to avoidescape of cooled air

Adoptwater-cooledairconditioningsystem

Usethermalwheelorheatpipestofacilitateheatrecoverybetween the air intake and exhaust air

Useautomatictubecleaningsystemsincondenser

InstallhighefficiencyElectronically-CommutatedPermanentMagnet Motor (ECPM) for chillers to save energy

21 Guide to Low Carbon Healthcare Facilities


Reduction Potential

to

Capital Investment

Nil to



Paper Consumption

•

•

•

•

•

•

Reusepaperorusepaperonbothsides,whereverpossible Nil

Setcomputersandprinterstodefaultduplexand

economical modesNil

Disseminateinformationbyelectronicmeanswherever

possible to reduce paper useNil

Usesmallerfontsandlinespacingfordocumentsthatmust

be printedNil

Usee-faxtoscreenjunkfax Nil

Purchaseprintingpaper,toiletpaperandpapertowelswith

recycled content

Water Consumption

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Fixdrippingtapsimmediately Nil

Recycleandreusegreywaterforcleaningandirrigation Nil

Carryoutregularleakagetestsonconcealedpipingand

check for overflowing tanksUseproductswithGrade1WaterEfficiencyLabels,suchas

water taps, washing machines, urinal equipment and flow

controllers

Usedual-flushtoilets

Usefaucetsandurinalswithinfraredsensors

Installautomaticsensorwatertaps



Reduction Potential

to

Capital Investment

Nil to



Boilers and Pipework

•

•

•

•

•

•

Optimisepressurelevelandoperationofsteamboilers

during non-peak hoursNil

Maintainboilers regularly

Insulateboilers,hotwatertanks,pipesandvalves

properly toprevent heat escaping

Installenergyefficientboilersforheatingwater

Installelectronicde-scalingdeviceforsteamboilers

Replacerelativelylowerefficiencypumpmotorstohigh

efficiency motors (e.g. Class EFF1)

Switching from conventional air-conditioning system to gas-fired desiccant cooling system can save energy costs by dehumidifying air more effectively. In addition, it can lower the humidity level in air, which will bring many benefits:—

— —

Improve ambience and hygiene in the healthcare facilityReduce risks of spreading bacteriaAvoid maintenance due to frost on freezer cases

A Grade 1 air conditioner saves up to 29% of energy and CO2 comparing to a Grade 5 model. Up to $480 in electricity cost can be saved per year.

It is better to reduce the amount of heat produced in an area than to raise ventilation rates to save money and increase comfort. Regular maintenance of the ventilation fans can ensure the high efficiency of the ventilation.



Reduction Potential

to

Capital Investment

Nil to



Lifts & Escalators

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Shutdown idledlifts duringoffpeakhours Nil

Shutoffventilationfansfor idledliftcars

Installautomaticstart/stopcontrolortwo-speedcontrol

tovary escalator speed according to the passenger flowUseVariableVoltageVariableFrequency(VVVF)controller

or energy optimiser to optimise energy consumption and

reduce wear and tear of lift systemReduceescalatorsteploadbyreplacingheavyescalatorsteps

by glass fibre material

Reduceescalatormotorloadbyadopting non-metallic or

plastic-based materials in power transmission chainsInstallenergyre-generationsystemsinelevatorstoconvert

potential energy from the movement of elevators to

electrical energy

Locally produced food is often fresher and healthier diet choice for patients.It is a misunderstanding that

turning lights off and then back on uses more energy than leaving them on all the time.

Bigger does not mean better. An oversized air conditioner is less energy efficient, more expensive and have a shorter lifespan due to constant starting and stopping.


Reduction Potential

to

Capital Investment

Nil to



Facility Greening

•

•

•

Plant trees

Appoint certified arborists for proper tree management

Setupgreenroofand/orgreenwalls

Staff engagement

•

•

•

Encouragestafftojoinenvironmentalactivitiesorganisedby

green groupsNil

Encouragetheuseofstaircaseinsteadoftakingliftsfor

inter-floor trafficNil

Trainstaffwithbasiccarbonaudittechniquestofacilitate

continual monitoring of carbon emission of venues

Renewable Energy Demonstration

•

•

•

Installsunlighttrackingbulbstotransmitsolarenergy

tosupport lighting of spaceInstallsolarpanelsonrooftoporthinfilmtransparent

type solar cells on windowsInstallverticalorhorizontalwindturbines for generating electrical energy

Taps and toilet flush fitted with infrared controllers help reduces spread of germs and infection.

A water saving device can saves up to 80% of water consumption.


CO2-e Case Studies of Carbon ReductionInitiatives adopted in Government Buildings and Public Facilities

Service-on-demand escalators with passenger sensing post

VSD installed in HVAC system

High efficiency air-cooled chiller

Case Study 3:High efficiency type air-cooled chillers

Replacementof existing air-cooled chillers by

high efficiency type air-cooled chillers

Energy Saving:

Around 20% of total energy saving of the premises

depends on the operational characteristics.*

Case Study 1:Service-on-demand escalator

Installation of service-on-demand escalators in the

building,includingbothautomaticstart/stopand

two-speed controls

Energy Saving:

Up to 52% and 14% energy saving for the

automatic start/stop and two-speed controls

escalators respectively.*

Case Study 2:Variable speed drive

Adoptionofvariablespeeddrive(VSD)inHeating,

VentilationandAirConditioning(HVAC)system

Energy Saving:

Around 5% of total energy saving of the premises

depends on the operational characteristics.*

*Variationofenergysavingleveldependsonthesizeandoperationalcharacteristicsofthepremises.


Case StudiesIn this chapter we highlight exemplary practices of carbon and environmental management of selected healthcare units

1. Castle Peak HospitalProfile•

•

•

Castle peak hospital was awarded CertificateofMeritof2012-2015HongKongAwardsforEnvironmentalExcellence(HKAEE)–PublicOrganisationsand UtilitiesThe hospital was awarded Carbon Reduction Certificates of Hong Kong Green Organisation Certification (HKGOC) 2012-2015The hospital has signedtheGovernment’sCarbonReductionCharterasa“CarbonAudit• GreenPartner”

Key Initiatives•

••

•

•••

Establishment ofover300bicycleparkingslotstoencouragestafftocycleto/fromworkUseofelectricvehiclesforoutreachservice Suspending liftsduringnon-office/offpeakhoursasappropriateAdoptionofsolar-poweredoutdoorlightingsystemfor covered walkwaysAdoption ofelectronicfilingsystemParticipationinusedclothesrecyclingprogramme Settingupcompostbinstorecycle foodwasteandtogenerate organic fertiliser for planting

CO2-e

Environmental protection is the responsibility of everyone no matter what your position is.

Dr LAM Ming, Chief of Service, DepartmentofGeneralAdultPsychiatry,Castle Peak Hospital

Being part of the Earth, the healthcare sector should take part in the protection of environment.

Mr Patrick HON, Nursing Officer (Psy), Castle Peak Hospital


2. Kwong Wah HospitalProfile•

••

Kwong Wah Hospital was awarded BronzeAwardof2012and2013HongKongAwardsforEnvironmentalExcellence(HKAEE)-PublicOrganisationsand UtilitiesThe hospital was awarded Class of Excellence Wastewise Labels since 2003The hospital has signed the Government’s Carbon Reduction Charter as a “Carbon Audit • Green Partner”

Key Initiatives•

••••••

•

•

Adoptionofheatpumpwaterheatingsystem,whichareat least85%moreenergyefficientthanregulargasboilersInstallationofphotovoltaicsolarpanelsforthecoveredwalkwayAdoptionofOverallThermalTransferValue(OTTV)tomeasureandmaximisetheenergyefficiencylevelSettingtheofficeandcommonareatemperatureat25.5±2°CduringSummerAdoptionofLEDemergencysignsSwitchingoffair-conditioners,lightingandequipmentwhennotinuseRecyclingand transforming foodwaste fromstaff canteen intoorganic fertiliserbydecomposition inthecomposting machineUseofChinesemedicinalherbalresiduesasbulkingagentinthefoodwastecompostingprocesstoimprovetheefficacy of food waste composter performanceAdoptionofeco-friendlyincineratorwhichsignificantlyreducestheimpactofburningjosspapersfromremovalofover 95% of ashes and dust

Although healthcare service is hard to be environmentally friendly, we can still work on it step by step through facilities’ management. Meanwhile healthcare sector could take the lead to raise public awareness in environmental protection and foster low carbon living among the community.

Dr Alice CHAN,Consultant,DepartmentofPathology,KwongWahHospital


Useful ResourcesA. General References (in alphabetical order)

•

•

•

•

•

•

CarbonReductionCertificatesSchemeofHongKongAwardsforEnvironmentalExcellence(HKAEE)

http://www.hkaee.gov.hk/english/category/carbonless_cert/28.html

ISO14064-1:2006Greenhousegases—Part1:Specificationwithguidanceat theorganisation level forquantificationand

reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals

http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=38381

Greenhousegasemissionsandcarbonintensity

https://www.climateready.gov.hk/files/pdf/HKGHG_CarbonIntensity_201612.pdf

Greenhousegasemissionsbysector

https://www.climateready.gov.hk/files/pdf/HKGHG_Sectors_201612.pdf

Greenhousegasemissiontrend

https://www.climateready.gov.hk/files/pdf/HKGHG_Trend_201612.pdf

GuidelinestoAccountforAndReportonGreenhouseGasEmissionsandRemovalsforBuildingsinHongKong


http://www.hkaee.gov.hk/english/category/carbonless_cert/28.html

http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=38381

https://www.climateready.gov.hk/files/pdf/HKGHG_CarbonIntensity_201612.pdf

https://www.climateready.gov.hk/files/pdf/HKGHG_Sectors_201612.pdf

https://www.climateready.gov.hk/files/pdf/HKGHG_Trend_201612.pdf



•

•

HKEENet

http://ee.emsd.gov.hk/eindex.html

TheGHGProtocol—CorporateAccountingandReportingStandard

http://www.ghgprotocol.org

B. Healthcare Facilities Specific References (in alphabetical order)

•

•

•

CarbonTrust—Hospitals:HealthyBudgetsThroughEnergyEfficiency

https://www.carbontrust.com/media/39216/ctv024_hospitals.pdf

GoodLightingforHealthcarePremises

http://www.licht.de/fileadmin/Publikationen_Downloads/lichtwissen07_healthcare_premises.pdf

WHO:ClimateChangeandHumanHealth

http://www.who.int/globalchange/en/

http://ee.emsd.gov.hk/eindex.html

http://www.ghgprotocol.org

https://www.carbontrust.com/media/39216/ctv024_hospitals.pdf

http://www.licht.de/fileadmin/Publikationen_Downloads/lichtwissen07_healthcare_premises.pdf

http://www.who.int/globalchange/en/


CO2-e

C. Carbon CalculatorsThere is a wide range of calculators available which help individuals and organisations to measure their carbon footprints.These calculators also provide useful information about carbon reduction. Some examples (in alphabetical order) are provided below:

For general use internationally• CalculationTools—TheGreenhouseGasProtocolInitiative

http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools

For local household and personal use• CarbonCalculator—HongKongAndChinaGasCompanyLimited

http://www.lowcarbonaction.com/en/footprint.aspx

For local household• CarbonCalculator—TheHongkongElectricCo.Ltd

https://www.hkelectric.com/en/customer-services/carbon-calculator

For local household, retail, catering, school and office• CarbonManager—TheCouncilforSustainableDevelopment

http://carbon-manager.hkpc.org/website/eng/index.asp

For local enterprises, especially SMEs• CGCC-CarbonManagementTool—TheChineseGeneralChamberofCommerce

http://cmt.cgcc.org.hk/eng/home.html

For local household and personal use• OneTonneChallengeCalculator—KadoorieFarmandBotanicGarden(KFBG)Corporation

http://www.climatechange.hk/eng/join-now.aspx

For buildings of commercial, residential or institutional purposes• Electronicversion(Excel)oftemplateforconductingcarbonauditandforreportingthefindings

https://www.carbon-footprint.hk/node/52

http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools

http://www.lowcarbonaction.com/en/footprint.aspx

https://www.hkelectric.com/en/customer-services/carbon-calculator

http://carbon-manager.hkpc.org/website/eng/index.asp

http://cmt.cgcc.org.hk/eng/home.html

http://www.climatechange.hk/eng/join-now.aspx



Reporting Table Templates for Carbon EmissionAnelectronicversionofthisreportingtemplateisavailablefromEPD’sCarbonFootprintRepository(CFR)Website:https://www.carbon-footprint.hk/node/52

TheelectronicversionhasbuiltinalltheemissionfactorsandformulasforcalculatingGHGemissionsarisingfromdifferentsources,andthatEPDwillreviewandupdatetherelevantemission factors used in this electronic version on a regular basis.

Table 1: GHG Emissions from Stationary Sources

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8A B C D E F G H I J

Source description

with location

(e.g. boilers, furnaces,

ovens and emergency

electricity generator

etc.)

Fuel Information CO2 emission factor Note 2

CO2 emissions in

tonnes of CO2

equivalent

((BxE)/1000)

CH4 emission

factor Note 3

CH4 emissions in

tonnes of CO2

equivalent

((BxG)/(1000x1000)x

GWP Note 4)

N2O emission factor Note 3

N2O emissions in

tonnes of CO2

equivalent

((BxI)/(1000x1000)x

GWP Note 4)

Fuel used Fuel typeNote 2

Amount UnitNote 1

Total

Please insert more rows as necessary

IMPORTANT: Combustion of Towngas from stationary sources should also be reported in Table 1 (refer to Tables 1-1 to 1-3 for the emission factors) as it falls into the category of direct emissions. Indirect emission of purchased Towngas should be calculated in Table 5.Note 1: Select the appropriate fuel unitNote 2: Select the appropriate fuel type and the corresponding emission factor (from Table 1-1) for calculationNote3:RefertoTable1-2forcalculatingCH4 emissions and Table 1-3 for N2O emissions.Note 4: Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CH4 is 21 while it is 310 for N2O

Appendix A



Emission Factors for Stationary Combustion Sources

Table 1-1 CO2 Emission Factor by fuel type

Fuel Type Emission Factor UnitDieselOil 2.614 kg/litre

LPG 3.017 kg/kgKerosene 2.429 kg/litreCharcoal 2.970 kg/kgTowngas 2.549 kg/Unit

Table 1-2 CH4 Emission Factor by fuel type

Fuel Type Emission Factor UnitDieselOil 0.0239 g/litre

LPG 0.0020 g/kgKerosene 0.0241 g/litreCharcoal 5.5290 g/kgTowngas 0.0446 g/Unit

Table 1-3 N2O Emission Factor by fuel type

Fuel Type Emission Factor UnitDieselOil 0.0074 g/litre

LPG 0.0000 g/kgKerosene 0.0076 g/litreCharcoal 0.0276 g/kgTowngas 0.0099 g/Unit

*Forthemostupdatedfigures,pleaserefertohttps://www.climateready.gov.hk/page.php?id=56&lang=1



Table 2: GHG Emissions from the Mobile Sources

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8A B C D E F G H I

Source description

(by different vehicle

and fuel types)

Fuel Information CO2 emission factor Note 1

CO2 emissions in

tonnes of CO2

equivalent

((BxD)/1000)

CH4 emission

factor Note 2

CH4 emissions in

tonnes of CO2

equivalent

((BxF)/(1000x1000)x

GWP Note 4)

N2O emission

factor Note 3

N2O emissions in

tonnes of CO2

equivalent

((BxH)/(1000x1000)x

GWP Note 4)

Amount of fuel

used

(in litres)

Fuel type

Road Transport

Navigation

Aviation

Total


Notes for GHG Emissions from Mobile SourceNote1:RefertoTable2-1forCO2 emission factors for different vehicle and fuel type.Note2:RefertoTable2-2forCH4 emission factors for different vehicle and fuel type.Note3:RefertoTable2-3forN2O emission factors for different vehicle and fuel type.Note 4: Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CH4 is 21 while it is 310 for N2O.


Emission Factors for Mobile Combustion Sources

Table 2-1 CO2 Emission Factor

Fuel Type Emission Factor UnitDieselOil(DO) 2.614 kg/litreUnleadedPetrol(ULP) 2.360 kg/litreLiquefiedPetroleumGas(LPG) 1.679 kg/litre

3.017 kg/kgGas Oil (For Ships only) 2.645 kg/litreKerosene (Including Jet Kerosene) 2.429 kg/litre

Table 2-2 CH4 Emission factor

Vehicle Type Fuel Type Emission Factor UnitMotorcycle ULP 1.422 g/litrePassenger Car ULP 0.253 g/litre

DO 0.072 g/litrePrivateVan ULP 0.203 g/litre

DO 0.072 g/litreLPG 0.248 g/litre

PublicLightBus DO 0.072 g/litreLPG 0.248 g/litre

LightGoodsVehicle ULP 0.203 g/litreDO 0.072 g/litre

HeavyGoodsVehicle DO 0.145 g/litreMediumGoodsVehicle DO 0.145 g/litreShips Gas Oil 0.146 g/litreAviation Jet Kerosene 0.069 g/litreOther Mobile Machinery DO 0.0239 g/litre

LPG 0.0036 g/litre0.006 g/kg

Kerosene 0.0241 g/litre*Forthemostupdatedfigures,pleaserefertohttps://www.climateready.gov.hk/page.php?id=56&lang=1

Table 2-3 N2O Emission Factor

Vehicle Type Fuel Type Emission Factor UnitMotorcycle ULP 0.046 g/litrePassenger Car ULP 1.105 g/litre

DO 0.110 g/litrePrivateVan ULP 1.140 g/litre

DO 0.506 g/litreLPG 0.000 g/litre

PublicLightBus DO 0.506 g/litreLPG 0.000 g/litre

LightGoodsVehicle ULP 1.105 g/litreDO 0.506 g/litre

HeavyGoodsVehicle DO 0.072 g/litreMediumGoodsVehicle DO 0.072 g/litreShips Gas Oil 1.095 g/litreAviation Jet Kerosene 0.000 g/litreOther Mobile Machinery DO 0.007 g/litre

LPG 0.0000 g/litreorg/kgKerosene 0.0076 g/litre



Table 3: GHG Emissions (HFC and PFC) arising from Refrigeration/Air-conditioning Equipment (Operating Process)

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7A B C D E F G

Type of refrigerant Note 1 Amount of refrigerant

at the beginning of the

reporting period (kg)

Amount of refrigerant

purchased during the


Amount of refrigerant

disposed (through

environmentally

responsible means) during

the reporting period (kg)

Amount of refrigerant at

the end of the reporting

period (kg)

GWP of refrigerant Note 2 GHG emissions (HFC and

PFC) in tonnes of CO2

equivalent

((B+C–D–E)xF/1000)

Total

Please insert more rows as necessary.

Note 1: Enter the type of refrigerant of the equipmentNote2: RefertoTable3-1fortheGlobalWarmingPotential(GWP)ofthecorrespondingrefrigerant


Table 3-1 Global Warming Potentials (GWP) of Common Refrigeration/Air-Conditioning Refrigerants Note 1

Gas or Blend GWP Information Source Note 2



HFC-23 11,700 A R-407C 1,526 B R-418A 4 BHFC-32 650 A R-407D 1,428 B R-419A 2,403 B

HFC-125 2,800 A R-407E 1,363 B R-420A 1,144 BHFC-134a 1,300 A R-408A 1,944 B R-500 37 BHFC-143a 3,800 A R-409A 0 B R-501 0 BHFC-152a 140 A R-409B 0 B R-502 0 BHFC-236fa 6,300 A R-410A 1,725 B R-503 4,692 BR-401A 18 B R-410B 1,833 B R-504 313 BR-401B 15 B R-411A 15 B R-505 0 BR-401C 21 B R-411B 4 B R-506 0 BR-402A 1,680 B R-412A 350 B R-507orR-507A 3,300 BR-402B 1,064 B R-413A 1,774 B R-508A 10,175 BR-403A 1,400 B R-414A 0 B R-508B 10,350 BR-403B 2,730 B R-414B 0 B R-509orR-509A 3,920 BR-404A 3,260 B R-415A 25 B PFC-116(C2F6) 9,200 AR-406A 0 B R-415B 105 B PFC-14(CF4) 6,500 AR-407A 1,770 B R-416A 767 BR-407B 2,285 B R-417A 1,955 B

Note1: Refrigerants,withcomponentsotherthanHFCsandPFCs,havebeenwell-recognisedtohaveeffectsonourclimatesystems.Nevertheless,theGuidelinesonlycoverthosewhich are in the group of Kyoto protocol recognised gases (CO2, CH4, HFC, PFC, SF6 and N2O). Hence, in the Guidelines, GWPs of all refrigerants other than HFCs and PFCs are considered to be zero.

Note 2: Information sources:A: IPCCSecondAssessmentReport(1995)B: “WorldResources Institute (2005),Calculating HFC and PFC Emissions from the Manufacturing, Installation, Operation and Disposal of Refrigeration & Air-conditioning

Equipment (Version 1.0) – Guide to calculation worksheets, WorldBusinessCouncilforSustainableDevelopment”, in which the latter states that the source of reference is from ASHRAE Standard 34.




Table 4: Direct GHG Removals from Newly Planted Trees

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5A B C D E

Sourcedescription(Locationofthe

trees planted)

No. of trees planted Note 1 (unit) No. of trees removed Note 1 (unit) CO2 removal factor Note 2

(kg/unit/year)

CO2 removals in tonnes of CO2

equivalent

((B-C)xD/1000)23

Total


Note 1: Please input the no. of trees planted, and no. of trees removed which are able to reach at least 5m after the beginning stage of construction.

Note 2: The default figure for the removal potential of each unit of tree is suggested based on Hong Kong’s location, woodland types, and estimated density of trees. The figure is applicable to all trees commonly found in Hong Kong which are able to reach at least 5 metres in height after the beginning stage of construction.


Table 5: GHG Emissions from Electricity Purchased from Power Companies

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4A B C Note D

Facility/sourcedescription

(i.e.Area/facilitiesthe

electricity bill is reporting)

Amount of electricity

purchased

(in kWh)

Emission factor

(kg/kWh)

Indirect GHG emissions in tonnes of CO2 equivalent

(BxC/1000)

Powercompany–specific Territory-wide default value Powercompany–specific Territory-wide default value

Total


Note: The reporting entity is required to account for GHG emissions associated with the electricity purchased in Hong Kong based on two emission factors. First, the reporting entity will quantify the emissions based on a territory-wide default value of 0.7kg/kWh. Second, the reporting entity will quantify the emissions based on specific emission factors provided by its respective provider of electricity. In case that the specific emission factor for the reporting period is not available at the time of accounting, the latest specific emission factor from the power company may be used as an approximation. These specific emission factors are available from the power companies’ websites. For reference, the table below indicates the emission factors of the two power companies in Hong Kong for the past 6 years.

GHG Emission Factor for Different Power Companies in Hong Kong (in kg CO2-e/kWh)Power Company 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

CLP# 0.56 0.54 0.59 0.58 0.63 0.64 0.54

HEC* 0.84 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.78 0.79 0.78

# EmissionfactorsforCLPwerederivedfrominformationinCLPGroup’sSustainabilityReport.* EmissionfactorsforHECwerederivedfrominformationinHEC’sSustainabilityReport.




Table 6: GHG Emissions from Towngas Purchased from the Hong Kong and China Gas Company (Towngas)

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4A B C D

Facility/sourcedescription

(i.e.Area/facilitiestheTowngasbillis

reporting)

Amount of Towngas purchased

(Unit Note)

Emission factor

(kg/Unit)

Indirect GHG emissions in tonnes of CO2

equivalent

(BxC/1000)

Total


Note: Each unit registered by gas meter represents that the town gas with a heat value of 48 MJ. Based on the information from the Hong Kong and China Gas Company, the emission factorsforthepastthreeyearswerederivedasbelow.ThisfactoronlyaccountsfortheemissionsduringtheproductionofTowngaswithinthecompany.Reportingentityshouldreport in Table 1 as well the GHG emissions associated with combustion of Towngas within the physical boundary under Scope 1.

In case that the emission factor for the reporting period is not available at the time of accounting, the latest emission factor from the Towngas company may be used as an approximation.

GHG Emission Factor (in kg CO2-e/Unit of Towngas purchased)Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Emission Factor 0.628 0.620 0.618 0.610 0.620 0.600 0.605




Table 7: Methane Generation at Landfill in Hong Kong due to Disposal of Paper Waste

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7A B C D E F G

Source description

(i.e.Area/floor)

Amount of paper in

storage at the beginning

of the reporting period

(kg)

Amount of paper

purchased during the


Amount of paper collected

for recycling during the


Amount of paper in

storage at the end of the


Emission factor (kg CO2-e/

kg of waste) Note

Indirect emissions in

tonnes of CO2 equivalent

((B+C-D-E)xF/1000)

4.8Total

Please insert more rows as necessary.

Note: For simplifying the accounting process, the default emission factor assumes that the total raw amount of CH4 emitted throughout the whole decomposition process of the paper waste disposed at landfills will be emitted into the atmosphere within the same reporting period as paper waste collected. In addition, the default value does not take into account the reduction in emission due to collection, recovery and utilisation of landfill gas due to the management practices at landfills.


Table 8: GHG Emissions due to Electricity Used for Fresh Water Processing by Water Supplies Department


Source description

(i.e.Area/facilitiesthewaterservicebillis

reporting)

Amount of water consumed as listed on the

water service bill (m3)

Emission factor

(kg/m3) Note

Emissions in tonnes of CO2 equivalent

(BxC/1000)

Total


Note: EmissionfactorofGHGemissionsduetoelectricityusedforprocessingfreshwater=Unitelectricityconsumptionoffreshwater(fromWSD)xTerritory-widedefaultvalue(i.e.0.7kg/kWh)ofpurchasedelectricityprovidedinTable5.

In case that the unit electricity consumption for processing fresh water for the reporting period is not available at the time of accounting, the latest emission factor from table below may be used as an approximation.

GHG Emission Factor (in kg CO2-e/m3)Year 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

Emission Factor 0.410 0.415 0.440 0.414 0.402 0.407




Table 9: GHG Emissions due to Electricity Used for Sewage Processing by Drainage Services Department


Source description

(i.e.Area/facilitiesthewaterservicebillis

reporting)

Fresh water consumption (m3) DefaultEmissionFactor(kg/m3) Note Emissions in tonnes CO2 equivalent

(BxC/1000)

Total

Note: The default emission factor is determined according to the purpose of water used as follows:

Source description Default Emission Factor (kg/m3)Restaurantsandcateringservices (0.7 x Emission Factor) assuming 70% of the fresh water

consumed will enter the sewage system.

Other commercial, residential and institutional purposes (1.0 x Emission Factor) assuming 100% of the fresh water consumed will enter the sewage system.

In which emission factor is the emission factor of GHG emissions due to electricity used for processing fresh water derived from the following equationEmissionFactor=Unitelectricityconsumptionofprocessingsewage(fromDSD)xTerritory-widedefaultvalue(i.e.0.7kg/kWh)ofpurchasedelectricityprovidedinTable5

In case that the unit electricity consumption for processing sewage for the reporting period is not available at the time of accounting, the latest emission factor from table below may be used as an approximation.

GHG Emission Factor (in kg CO2-e/m3)Year 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

Emission Factor 0.172 0.170 0.170 0.167 0.169 0.181




Appendix BPerformance Indicator References for Energy Consumption

Reference Benchmark for Energy Utilisation Index of Commercial Sector

PrincipalGroup1–RestaurantandRetail

SUBGROUP(1)ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER AREA(2)

(MJ/M2/ANNUM)B1:ChineseRestaurant 4636

B2:Non-ChineseRestaurant 4060B3: Fast Food Shop 6622

B4: Bar 1536B5:OtherEatingandDrinkingPlace 5729

B6:Arcade/Basement/UpperFloorShop 1479B7:StreetFront/GroundFloorShop 1778

PrincipalGroup2–Accommodation


(MJ/M2/ANNUM)B8: Hotel 898

B9: Guest House 1326B10: Home for the Aged 1872B11: Service Apartment 702


PrincipalGroup3–HospitalandClinic


(MJ/M2/ANNUM)B12: Hospital 1131

B13: Clinic 1709B14:PrivateDentalClinic 379B15:MedicalLaboratory 639

PrincipalGroup4–EducationalServices


(MJ/M2/ANNUM)B16: University 752

B17: Post-secondary College 185B18:AdultEducation/Tutorial/VocationalCourse 630

B19: Secondary School 214B20: Primary School 186B21: Kindergarten 427

B22: Special Education School 120


PrincipalGroup5–Warehouse


(MJ/M2/ANNUM)B23:RefrigeratedWarehouse 1282

B24: Non-refrigerated Warehouse 85

PrincipalGroup6–OfficeFlattedFactory


(MJ/M2/ANNUM)B25: Office Flatted Factory 518

PrincipalGroup7–CentralServicesforShoppingArcade


(MJ/M2/ANNUM)B26: Central Services for Shopping Arcade 2302


PrincipalGroup8–PrivateOffice


(MJ/M2/ANNUM)B27: Central services for building (multiple tenants)

with central air-conditioning supply for tenants

476

B28: Central services for building (multiple tenants)

without central air-conditioning supply for tenants

155

PrincipalGroup9–GovernmentOffice


(MJ/M2/ANNUM)B32: Whole building (multiple users) 985

Note:

(1) Definitionofeachsubgroupcanberefertohttp://ecib.emsd.gov.hk/en/glossary_cmc.htm(2) Stakeholders are encouraged to consider these energy utilisation indexes as one way, but not the only way, of improving their energy performance

with respect to the past. Comparisons of indicators between business operations within the same sector should be made with caution. Businesses in the same subgroup may be operating under different economic, environmental and operational constraints, causing different energy performance. The business processes in different business subgroups are inherently varied resulting in different achievable energy performance levels. The energy utilisation indexes are derived from studies on a limited size of samples within the population of respective energy-consuming groups. These indicators should not be construed as representative energy consumption levels of the population, nor as territory-wide standards which businesses in the respective energy-consuming groups should comply with.

Source: EMSD’sEnergyUtilisationIndexesandBenchmarksforResidential,CommercialandTransportSectors http://ecib.emsd.gov.hk/en/index.htm

http://ecib.emsd.gov.hk/en/glossary_cmc.htm

http://ecib.emsd.gov.hk/en/index.htm


Sample Carbon Audit Report

1. Name of the reporting entity: e.g. XYZ Office Building

2. Descriptionofthereportingentity:

Some possible descriptions are:

(a) Building management with a single responsible occupier;

(b) Building management with all end-users;

(c) Building management with some of the end-users (with details of the end-users participated);

(d) Building management only of a building of multiple responsible occupiers; and

(e) Others (with full details).

e.g. XYZ Office Building is the headquarters of XYZ Co. Ltd. The daily building management duty is borne by Administration Division.

3. The reporting period (with start and end dates): e.g. 1st Jan 2014 to 31st Dec 2014

4. Scope of physical boundary chosen

(a) Locationofthebuilding(s):e.g. XYZ Street, Hong Kong

(b) Descriptionofthepurposeofthebuilding(s)orphysicalboundarychosen:

e.g. Area to be reported is the total indoor and outdoor areas from the ground floor to the roof of XYZ Office Buildings

Appendix C


(c) Building Information:

Building Name e.g. XYZ Office BuildingAddress e.g. XYZ Street, Hong KongGross Floor Area e.g. 10,000 m2

Number of Floor e.g. 6 (G/F, 1-5/F)Year Build e.g. 1984Number of staff e.g. 300 full time employeeFloor Usage e.g. All area, excluding plant room, carparks and

server rooms, operate from Monday to Friday except

Public Holidays

(d) Descriptionofareasexcludedintheaudit:e.g. Commercial tenants in G/F are excluded from this carbon audit.

5. Scope of operational boundary chosen

(a) DescriptionofScope1activitiesincludedandexcluded:

e.g. Testing of emergency generator, mobile sources, GHG removal by tree planting, fugitive emission;

(b) DescriptionofScope2activitiesincludedandexcluded:

e.g. Consumption by purchased electricity;

(c) DescriptionofScope3activitiesincluded:

e.g. Paper waste disposed at landfills, consumption of fresh water, treatment of wastewater


6. Methodologies

(a) ListofactivitiesforwhichsimplifiedmethodologiesandconversionfactorsintheGuidelinesareusedforquantification

(b) Details(includingnecessaryreference)ofothermethodologiesandconversionfactorsusedforquantification

(c) Detailsofanychangesinmethodologiesandconversionfactorssincethelastreport

(d) Detailsonany re-calculationofpreviously reportedemissionsandremovalsbecauseofchanges inmethodologiesand

conversion factors

e.g. The reporting and working procedures for calculating GHG emissions and removals as detailed in the “Guidelines to Account for

and Report on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals for Building(Commercial, Residential or Institutional Purposes) in Hong Kong

– 2010 Edition” compiled by EPD and EMSD were adopted.

7. Conclusion

Information on GHG emissions and removals for e.g. XYZ Office Building

ReportingPeriod:e.g. 01/01/2014 – 31/12/2014

Scope of Emissions

Emissions by Gas Type (in tonnes of CO2-equivalent)Carbon dioxide

(CO2)

Methane (CH4)

Nitrous oxide

(N2O)

Hydrofluoro-

Carbons (HFCs)

Perfluoro-

Carbons (PFCs) TotalScope 1 Direct EmissionsStationary Combustion SourcesInternal Combustion Engines 1.438 0.00028 0.00126 N/A N/A 1.440Mobile Combustion SourcesRoad Transport 32.914 0.066 4.860 N/A N/A 37.840Fugitive EmissionsRefrigeration N/A N/A N/A 0 0 0Scope 1 Emissions Total 34.352 0.06628 4.86126 0 0 39.280Scope 1 Direct RemovalPlanting of Additional Trees 0.759 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.759Scope 1 Removals Total 0.759 0 0 0 0 0.759


Scope of Emissions

Emissions by Gas Type (in tonnes of CO2-equivalent)Carbon dioxide

(CO2)

Methane (CH4)

Nitrous oxide

(N2O)

Hydrofluoro-

Carbons (HFCs)

Perfluoro-

Carbons (PFCs) TotalScope 2 Energy Indirect EmissionsElectricity Purchased 2,235.634

Note A

Towngas Purchased 0Scope 2 Emissions Total 2,235.634Scope 3 Other Indirect EmissionsMethane Generation at Landfill due to

Disposal of Paper Waste

N/A 26.803 N/A N/A N/A 26.803

Electricity for Processing Fresh Water 1.965Electricity for Processing Sewage 0.883Scope 3 Emissions Total N/A 26.803 N/A N/A N/A 29.651Other GHG Offsets/Removals 0 0 0 0 0 0Net Emissions Total (Scope 1 Emissions

Total + Scope 2 Emissions Total + Scope 3

Emissions Total – Scope 1 Removals Total –

Other GHG Offsets/Removals)

– – – – – 2,303.806

(Note A: The emissions based on territory-wide default value is e.g. 2,235.634,whiletheemissionsbasedonCLPemissionfactorise.g. 2,044.008.)


Summary of Results

Total Scope 1 Emissions : e.g. 39.280 Tonnes of CO2 Equivalent

TotalScope1Removals :e.g. 0.759 Tonnes of CO2 Equivalent

Total Scope 2 Emissions : e.g. 2,235.634 Tonnes of CO2 Equivalent

Total Scope 3 Emissions : e.g. 29.651 Tonnes of CO2 Equivalent

TotalotherGHGOffsets/Removals:e.g. 0 Tonnes of CO2 Equivalent

GHG Performance in Ratio Indicator(s):

e.g. Emission per Total Gross Floor Area: 0.2303 tonnes CO2-e/m2/annum

8. Information on GHG offsets and programmes

(a) DescriptionofGHGperformanceagainstinternaland/orexternalbenchmark(ifany)includinganyratioindicatorsused

(b) Scopes and areas identified to improve GHG performance

(c) Descriptionofactivities/programmestoimproveGHGperformanceincludingprovisionofon-siterenewableenergysources

and on-site offsetting activities. For example, if the reporting entity can only quantify the amount of paper waste recycled,

the amount of GHG avoided due to recycling of paper waste can be reported here.

e.g. We have completed the chiller replacement in Dec 2013. The carbon emission was reduced from 2,609.156 tonnes CO2-e in

2013 to 2,303.806 tonnes CO2-e in 2014. We will complete the replacement works of all T8 fluorescent tubes to T5 fluorescent

tubes in the XYZ Office Building by March 2016. These newly replaced fluorescent tubes are more energy saving than the existing

tubes. As a result, the electricity consumption on the lighting facilities will be decreased and the GHG emission from the building will

hence be reduced.

9. Contact person of the reporting entity

e.g. Mr. XYZ ([email protected])

10. Reference

e.g. “Guidelines to account and report Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals for Building of Commercial, Residential or

Institutional Purposes in Hong Kong” 2010 revision

https://www.climateready.gov.hk/?lang=1

DISCLAIMER The materials in this guide are provided for informational purpose only. While the Government endeavours to provide accurate, up-to-date and timely information, there is no guarantee that such information will continue to be accurate in the future. The Government cannot accept responsibility for any damage or claim resulting from use of the information in the guide;Any opinions, �ndings, conclusions or recommendations expressed or quoted in the guide do not necessarily re�ect the views of the Government, nor are the opinions expressed within endorsed by the Government; andThe Government holds the copyright to the information in this guide, unless otherwise stated.

https://www.climateready.gov.hk/?lang=1

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