Guns, Germs, and Steelsuacenglish.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/2/10622941/gg_s...Guns, Germs, and Steel Chapter 14 “From Egalitarianism to Kleptocracy” Guns, Germs, and Steel The formation

Guns, Germs, and Steel

Chapter 14 “From Egalitarianism to Kleptocracy”

Guns, Germs, and Steel

The formation of the modern state

Why did humans first begin to form large, complex societies a few thousand years ago?

Four categories

Four categories

Summary of the many different kinds of societies in human history

Four categories

Summary of the many different kinds of societies in human history

A sense of the large-scale changes in government over time

B___

T____

C_______

S____

Band

T____

C_______

S____

Band

Tribe

C_______

S____

Band

Tribe

Chiefdom

S____

Band

Tribe

Chiefdom

State

Band

Band

Band

- Dozens of _______ people and no complex bureaucracy

Band

- Dozens of nomadic people and no complex bureaucracy

Band


- People don’t specialize in any single activity or job

Band



- Everybody h____ or forages for food

Band



- Everybody hunts or forages for food

Band



- Everybody hunts or forages for food

- No classes

Tribe

Tribe

Tribe

- _________ of members

Tribe

- Hundreds of members

Tribe


- Live in one fixed place

Tribe



- All members tend to know each other (at least each other’s family)

Tribe




- Conflicts in the tribe are resolved personally

Tribe





- Has leaders and rulers

Tribe






BUT

Tribe






BUT

family and __________ structure is more important

Tribe






BUT

family and community structure is more important

Chiefdom

Chiefdom

- __________ of people

Chiefdom

- Thousands of people

Chiefdom


- Chief or ruler settles disputes and may use violence

Chiefdom



- Chiefs usually rule by hereditary _____ (相続する権利を保有する/世襲)

Chiefdom



- Chiefs usually rule by hereditary right (相続する権利を保有する/世襲)

Chiefdom



- Many different classes in society: artisans, hunters, etc.


Chiefdom




- In return for the chief’s leadership the people give gifts, food, obedience (従順さ, 服従), respect and …


Chiefdom





m____


Chiefdom





money


Chiefdom

Money can be used for the betterment of the chiefdom/society

Chiefdom


or

Chiefdom


or

The chief’s own selfish gain …

Chiefdom


or


a Chiefdom can become a…

Chiefdom


or



K__________

Chiefdom


or



Kleptocracy

Kleptocracy (泥棒政治/国家、収奪政治) =


a society in which people are deprived of

their wealth for the benefit of the leader

　




　

or




　

or

A chief could use his people’s wealth to help them =




　

or


to build p_____ w____ (schools, roads,

hospitals etc.) that benefit people




　

or


to build public works (schools, roads,

hospitals etc.) that benefit people

Kleptocrats (and almost all modern governments…) try to

convince people to obey them by maintaining order



People pay t____ in return for useful services (and safety, security …)



People pay taxes in return for useful services (and safety, security …)




Kleptocrat can encourage people to obey by creating a r________ that justifies his power




Kleptocrat can encourage people to obey by creating a religion that justifies his power

Similarities between Chiefdoms and Kleptocracy’s

Many chiefs are also religious leaders in their chiefdoms



Taxes often pay for large religious structures (churches, temples, shrines…)



Taxes often pay for large religious structures (churches, temples, shrines…)

Chiefs encourage their followers to respect and worship them and to sacrifice their lives in times of war


Summary of the Four Categories

Bands Tribes Chiefdoms States (Kleptocracies)

__________ blood related peoples 80-1,000 peoples 1,000-50,000 people 50,000+ people

One language and ethnicity Kin-based clans At least one village 1+ languages/ethnicities

Egalitarian ______ language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central ____________

Egalitarian _______ production Laws

Division of labor Division of _________



50-80 blood related peoples 80-1,000 peoples 1,000-50,000 people 50,000+ people


Egalitarian ______ language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central ____________







Egalitarian One language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central ____________















Egalitarian Food production Laws






Egalitarian One language and ethnicity One ethnicity Central government
















Division of labor Division of labor

Diamond’s ideas about Kleptocracy


Perhaps a negative viewpoint



BUT



BUT

It’s true that religions do play a useful role in maintaining o____ in society



BUT

It’s true that religions do play a useful role in maintaining order in society

State

State

We live in a State

State

We live in a State

- Larger, more complex than a Chiefdom

State

- Many state democracies with elected officials (J____, U__)

State

- Many state democracies with elected officials (Japan, USA)

State

- Some hereditary leaders (N____ _____ etc.)

State

- Some hereditary leaders (North Korea etc.)

State

- High officials have great power

State


- Hierarchies (ヒエラルキー、組織化）of power (central leadership passes orders down to l____ leaders)

State


- Hierarchies (ヒエラルキー、組織化）of power (central leadership passes orders down to local leaders)

State


- Hierarchies (ヒエラルキー、組織化）of power (central leadership passes orders down to local leaders)

- States have wide-ranging programs of economic redistribution (taxes, insurance, health care etc.)

State

- People are specialized

State


- No one is self-sufficient

State


- No one is self-sufficient

- Citizens of a state rely on one another　

Early states

Early states

Social hierarchy

Early states

Social hierarchy

Specialization (warriors, craftsmen, writers, businessmen etc…)

Early states

Social hierarchy

Strong religious traditions, k___ often considered divine (神の)


Early states

Social hierarchy

Strong religious traditions, king often considered divine (神の)


Early states

Social hierarchy

Strong religious traditions, king often considered divine (神の)


because …

Early states

Large number of people who need to be u_____ together

around the same system of ideas

Early states

Large number of people who need to be united together

around the same system of ideas

Last 10,000 years or so


More and more states and fewer tribes, chiefdoms, and bands


More and more states and fewer tribes, chiefdoms, and bands

States are more powerful than other forms of government because of…



s___


size


size

citizens with a military specialization


size


strong p_______ (citizens will fight to the death for their rulers)


size


strong patriotism (citizens will fight to the death for their rulers)


size


strong patriotism (citizens will fight to the death for their rulers)

No patriotism among tribes or bands


In many of the earliest states, r______ and patriotism were the same


In many of the earliest states, religion and patriotism were the same



The religious leader of the state was also the g_________ leader



The religious leader of the state was also the government leader

Diamond’s Hypothesis


Religious fervor (信念; 熱情, 情熱) did not exist before the rise of

chiefdoms and states about 6,000 years ago


However…

Religious fervor (信念; 熱情, 情熱) did not exist before the rise of

chiefdoms and states about 6,000 years ago


Without p________, states might fall apart


Without patriotism, states might fall apart


Large, diverse groups of people would see no reason to protect one another or sacrifice their interests for the

sake of the group

Without patriotism, States might fall apart

How do States arise?


- Population size


- Population d_______

- Population size


- Population density

- Population size



- Population size

- Intensified food production (a__________)



- Population size

- Intensified food production (agriculture)



- Population size

- Intensified food production (agriculture)

- Agriculture stimulates social complexity in many ways:

1) S_____ food for long periods, gives farmers free time to work for a centralized political leader

1) Storing food for long periods, gives farmers free time to work for a centralized political leader

2) Agriculture can create food su_______, which can be used to pay scribes/writers, craftspeople,

and others for their (technically nonessential) work

2) Agriculture can create food surpluses, which can be used to pay scribes/writers, craftspeople,

and others for their (technically nonessential) work

3) Agriculture allows people to live more sedentary lives (静かな生活), which gives them the ability to

accumulate possessions and experiment with t_________ and crafts　

3) Agriculture allows people to live more sedentary lives (静かな生活), which gives them the ability to

accumulate possessions and experiment with technology and crafts　

State

State

Most successful and efficient form of government for a society of more than a few h_______ people

State

Most successful and efficient form of government for a society of more than a few hundred people

State

Most successful and efficient form of government for a society of more than a few hundred people

Why?

State

1) People can’t know everyone else; the family structures used to resolve c________ don’t work

State

1) People can’t know everyone else; the family structures used to resolve conflicts don’t work

State

2) Group decision making becomes impractical; isn’t enough time for everyone in the society to give their opinion

State

3) It’s inefficient to t____ goods directly with another person. More convenient to buy and sell goods through a centralized

authority

State

3) It’s inefficient to trade goods directly with another person. More convenient to buy and sell goods through a centralized

authority

State

4) Large groups of people have access to less space per person and depend on other people who may have better

access to certain r_________

State

4) Large groups of people have access to less space per person and depend on other people who may have better

access to certain resources

State

In a band of 20 people, everyone would have essentially the same access to the same resources

Band

A state of 500,000 people living within the same space, certain people would have better access to certain resources


=


=

People have to trade resources, leading to s____________


=

People have to trade resources, leading to specialization

There needs to be a strong, central form of l___________ to ensure that trades are fair, people treat each other with

respect, etc.

There needs to be a strong, central form of leadership to ensure that trades are fair, people treat each other with

respect, etc.


respect, etc.

=


respect, etc.

=

State

The most stable, organized Bands and Tribes survive over the years while the weaker ones collapse and die out

The most stable, organized Bands and Tribes survive over the years while the weaker ones collapse and die out

Stable, organized Bands become —->

Stable, organized Bands become —->

Larger stable, organized, strong T_____ —->

Larger stable, organized, strong Tribes —->

Larger stable, organized, stronger C_________ —>

Larger stable, organized, stronger Chiefdoms —>

Larger and larger societies —->


S______


States


States

Food production, competition and diffusion between societies led to vast differences in c__________


States

Food production, competition and diffusion between societies led to vast differences in civilizations

Documents

Guns, Germs, and Steelsuacenglish.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/2/10622941/gg_s...Guns, Germs, and Steel Chapter 14 “From Egalitarianism to Kleptocracy” Guns, Germs, and Steel The formation