Guns, Germs, and Steelsuacenglish.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/2/10622941/gg... · Guns, Germs, and Steel . Diamond classiﬁes 5 “human groups,” or r____, in Africa Before 1500

Guns, Germs, and Steel

Chapter 18 “Hemispheres Colliding”


What is a “hemisphere”?

_________

What is a “hemisphere”?

半球

Why didn’t the New World (the Americas)

develop more sophisticated t_________ or societal

centralization before Columbus arrived in 1492 A.D.?

Why didn’t the New World (the Americas)

develop more sophisticated technology or societal

centralization before Columbus arrived in 1492 A.D.?

Reason 1

Reason 1

No large do___________ mammals (except the Llama)

=

Reason 1

No large domesticable mammals (except the Llama)

=

Reason 1

Native American societies had no genetic defenses against germs

=

Reason 1

European di_______ like smallpox (天然痘, 疱瘡) killed many Native Americans

=

Reason 1

European diseases like smallpox (天然痘, 疱瘡) killed many Native Americans

=

Reason 2

Reason 2

Ag_________ wasn’t common in the New World

Reason 2

Agriculture wasn’t common in the New World

Reason 2

Agriculture wasn’t common in the New World

because of…

Reason 2

few reliable sources of grain (穀物)

Reason 2

infertile soil (肥沃でない土壌)

Reason 2

Geographic barriers (mountains, deserts, tropical r_________)

Reason 2

Geographic barriers (mountains, deserts, tropical rainforests)

Reason 2

Agriculture remained local instead of diffusing (を広める, 普及させる)

because of those geographic b_______

Reason 2

Agriculture remained local instead of diffusing (を広める, 普及させる)

because of those geographic barriers

Result

Result

Europe had a big advantage over the New World

Europe

Specialization of society

Europe


Centralization of g_________

Europe


Centralization of government

Europe



Development of writing

Europe




Discovery of new

t_________

Europe




Discovery of new

technology

Europe

Allowed European explorers to travel to the New World and conquer Native Americans

Eurasia -

Eurasia -

advantage over the New World in achieving many of the milestones of c__________

Eurasia -

advantage over the New World in achieving many of the milestones of civilization

Plant domestication

______ domestication

Animal domestication

Metallurgy (冶金術)

Foundation of centralized states

_______

Writing

All happened in Eurasia before the Americas

Mesoamerica and Andes civilization advances did not spread due to …


ge_________ ba_________


geographic ba_________


geographic barriers

and because…

and because…

the Americas are longest from north to _____

and because…

the Americas are longest from north to south

Eurasia is longest from ____ to west

Eurasia is longest from east to west

Eurasia is longest from east to west

=

more people in Eurasia who shared a similar climate

more people in Eurasia who shared a similar climate

=

once a technology was discovered somewhere in Eurasia, it d______ to other parts of the continent relatively quickly

once a technology was discovered somewhere in Eurasia, it diffused to other parts of the continent relatively quickly

Crops, domesticated animals and technology did not spread from Mesoamerica to Peru

east —> west diffusion = e_____

east —> west diffusion = easier

east —> west diffusion = easier

north —> south diffusion = difficult

Between 10th and 15th centuries


Europeans (V_____) came to the New World


Europeans (Vikings) came to the New World

The areas they colonized were too geographically desolate to support a_________

The areas they colonized were too geographically desolate to support agriculture

The areas they colonized were too geographically desolate to support agriculture

too cold, poor soil…

After 1492 A.D

European societies explored the N__ W____ —>

European societies explored the New World —>

Used their advantages (guns and swords and germs) —>

Defeated Native A________ —>

Defeated Native Americans —>

How?

Geographic factors that led European societies to develop …


agriculture


agriculture superior weapons


agriculture superior w______





centralized government



centralized government w______



centralized government writing


before New World societies


centralized government writing

Chapter 19 “How Africa Became Black”


Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or r____, in Africa

Before 1500

Diamond classifies 5 “human groups,” or races, in Africa

Before 1500


Before 1500

Blacks - Mostly in Sub-_______ Africa


Before 1500

Blacks - Mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa


Whites - Mostly in Northern Africa

Before 1500


African Pygmies - Mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa - small size, dark skin

Before 1500


Khoisan - Mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa - lighter (yellowish) skin and tightly coiled hair

Before 1500


A_____ - Mostly in Madagascar - From Austronesia (The Philippines, Indonesia etc.)

Before 1500


Asians - Mostly in Madagascar - From Austronesia (The Philippines, Indonesia etc.)

Before 1500

Africa has (or had) a lot of cultural d________

Africa has (or had) a lot of cultural diversity

Western culture related to Middle Eastern culture (The Bible, Semitic languages セム語)

Archaeological and l________ evidence

Archaeological and linguistic evidence

Semitic languages originated in North Africa

Semitic language and culture ——> A______ origins

Semitic language and culture ——> African origins

African Bantu Languages

Conquered their Khoisan and Pygmy neighbors

Most black peoples in Africa descended from ancient B____ speakers from North Africa

Most black peoples in Africa descended from ancient Bantu speakers from North Africa

Why did the Bantu peoples engulf/conquer their neighbors, instead of the other way around?

Every major crop grown in Africa before European colonization (bananas, millet, taro, yams) originated in N____ A_____

Every major crop grown in Africa before European colonization (bananas, millet, taro, yams) originated in North Africa

North Africans (Bantu languages/peoples) had a big advantage

Shows the centrality of geography and c______ in determining the development of a society over time

Shows the centrality of geography and climate in determining the development of a society over time

Shows the centrality of geography and climate in determining the development of a society over time

and

the importance of d_______ in human history

the importance of diffusion in human history

When African societies did develop agriculture, they often did so because of interactions with neighboring societies

11,000 years ago

Bantu peoples

Farming in the Sahara desert (not a desert at the time)

Bantu peoples

Detour to Ma________

Detour to Madagascar

How could Austronesian’s travel all the way there?

I_____ Ocean trading network allowed colonists from Austronesia to travel to Madagascar

Indian Ocean trading network allowed colonists from Austronesia to travel to Madagascar

Shows the importance of t____ and diffusion in human history

Shows the importance of trade and diffusion in human history

Asian societies were able to travel all the way to sub-Saharan Africa

Why?

Strong e_______ incentive for trade

Strong economic incentive for trade

Back to North Africans (Bantu people)

These a__________ spoke languages that are ancestral to modern African languages

These agriculturalists spoke languages that are ancestral to modern African languages

North African - “Bantu” expansion

Had a military industrial package


agriculture


social centralization


_________


weaponry

Bantu societies had better access to agriculture than their neighbors further south because of their c______

Bantu societies had better access to agriculture than their neighbors further south because of their climate

Bantu expansion is another confirmation of the importance of g_________ in history

Bantu expansion is another confirmation of the importance of geography in history

The Bantu succeeded in driving out the Khoisan because of …


superior technology (including iron weapons)


possibly their immunities to certain deadly d_______ (malaria)


possibly their immunities to certain deadly diseases (malaria)

All these advantages were mostly due to agriculture

However, why did Europeans colonize sub-Saharan Africa, rather than the sub-Saharan Africans colonizing Europe?

However, why did Europeans colonize sub-Saharan Africa, rather than the sub-Saharan Africans colonizing Europe?

Europeans had major advantages over sub-Saharan Africans


Access to military t________


Access to military technology


Immunity to diseases


Widespread li______


Widespread literacy


Centralized government

Why did Europe develop these advantages rather than sub-Saharan Africans?

1) Europeans had access to domesticable _______,

whereas sub-Saharan Africans did not

1) Europeans had access to domesticable animals,

whereas sub-Saharan Africans did not

2) Europeans had access to a greater

variety of domesticable ______


variety of domesticable plants



they developed agriculture much sooner than sub-Saharan Africans

=

=

they developed agriculture much sooner than sub-Saharan Africans



3) Europe shares latitude with many other centralized societies


=


=

able to acquire important technologies

and innovations from its n________


=

able to acquire important technologies

and innovations from its neighbors

Sub-Saharan Africans had no neighbors to the east or west (just water)

Sub-Saharan Africans had no neighbors to the east or west (just water)

No communication with North Africa due to Sahara Desert

Europe’s colonization of Africa


Used by racists as proof that E_______ are superior to other races


Used by racists as proof that Europeans are superior to other races

Actually had nothing to do with racial superiority

Due to a series of geographic coin_________

Due to a series of geographic coincidences

Europeans became stronger due to “geographic ____” and went off on their own “historical trajectory”

Europeans became stronger due to “geographic luck” and went off on their own “historical trajectory”

No innate superiority that led Europeans to “engulf” other cultures

Just a complex combination of external f______

Just a complex combination of external factors

Documents

Guns, Germs, and Steelsuacenglish.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/2/10622941/gg... · Guns, Germs, and Steel . Diamond classiﬁes 5 “human groups,” or r____, in Africa Before 1500