GVI Kenya Expedition 073 Report Final

8/14/2019 GVI Kenya Expedition 073 Report Final

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Global Vision International,KenyaReport Series No. 00X

ISSN XXXX-XXXX (Print)

GVI Kenya

Wildlife Research Marine Mammal Studies

and Community Development


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GVI Kenya Wildlife Marine Mammal Studies and Community DevelopmentExpedition Report 073Submitted in whole to

Global Vision InternationalKenya Wildlife Service

One Earth Safaris

Submitted in part toWorld Society for the Protection of AnimalsKenya Sea Turtle Conservation Committee

Produced byRachel Crouthers Expedition Leader

Richard Ayles Marine OfficerEmma Hankinson Marine OfficerJake Bicknell Terrestrial Officer

Alex Mayers Community Education OfficerAmdeep Sanghera Community Development Officer

And

Tara Bott Expedition Member Rachel Lawton Expedition Member

Emily Burns Expedition Member Megan Mahoney Expedition Member


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4.5 Satellite Camp ................................................................................................ 544.5.1 Kidong Satellite Camp ............................................................................ 554.5.2 Mahandikini Satellite Camp .................................................................... 564.5.3 Kasaani Satellite Camp .......................................................................... 56

4.6 Capacity Building ............................................................................................ 574.7 Employment .................................................................................................... 584.8 GVI Charitable Trust ....................................................................................... 58

4.9 Summary ........................................................................................................ 595. References ................................................................................................................ 606. Appendices ............................................................................................................... 64

List of Figures

Figure 2-1. Sightings of species on tidal conditions during the non-training period of 073

Figure 2-2. Number of surveys conducted by group size of the different cetacean speciesduring the non-training period of 073

Figure 2-3. Number of sightings by effort hour for the different cetacean species during thenon-training period of 073

Figure 2-4. Spatial distribution of sightings for Expedition 073.

Figure 2-5. Distribution of Bottlenose Dolphin sightings

Fi 2 6 Di t ib ti f H b k D l hi i hti


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List of Tables

Error! Reference source not found.Table 2-1. Cetacean species present in Kenyanwaters.

Table 2-2. Vessel based sightings and photo ID surveys

Table 2-3. Number of times transects were surveyed with the amount of turtles sighted ontransect.

Table 3-1. Summary of transects in the Shimoni area.

Table 3-2. Summary of primate community surveys Table 3-3. Frequencies of behaviourevents

Table 3-4. Summary of tree species within fruit and flower.

Table 3-5. Butterfly species caught and number of individuals.

Table 3-6. Summary of primate census surveys


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1. Introduction

1.2 Global Vision International Kenya

The Global Vision International Kenya expedition was initiated in January 2006 and is

based on Wasini Island on the South coast of Kenya, in the community of Mkwiro village.

Wasini Island lies approximately 1km South of the Shimoni peninsula in Kwale District,

Coast Province, close to the border with Tanzania. Expedition activities are centred in

and around the Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Protected Area (KMMPA) which lies to the South

of Wasini Island, and falls under the jurisdiction and management of the Kenya Wildlife

Service (KWS). The marine research activities are undertaken within the KMMPA and

surrounding areas incorporating Wasini Channel, Funzi Bay and Sii Island. The

terrestrial research programme is focused on an area of coastal forest in the South-East

of Shimoni peninsula, close to Shimoni village. The majority of activities under the

community programme are focused on Mkwiro village, with some activities that support

community initiatives in Shimoni village. Community development activities are also

b i d l d i Kid M h d ki i d K i Th l ill b d


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2.Marine Research Programme

2.1 Introduction

Kisite-Mpunguti Marine Protected Area (KMMPA) lies south of Wasini Island and covers

an area of 39 square kilometres. The KMMPA includes the National Park surrounding

Kisite Island and the Marine Reserve surrounding the Mpunguti islands. The KMMPA

and the marine wildlife it contains are an important tourist attraction and, as a result, an

important resource for Shimoni and surrounding communities. The islands within the

KMMPA are surrounded by coral reefs attracting divers and snorkelers to the area.

Almost every day dolphin-watching companies operating from Shimoni travel through

Wasini Channel to the KMMPA (Emerton and Tessema 2001). These tourist dhows mostfrequently encounter Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), and less

frequently, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis). Recently, a code of

conduct has been introduced by KWS for the tour operators to adhere to when

manoeuvring around the cetacean species, however it is not yet being fully complied

with in the absence of effective enforcement. The levels of interaction between

t d th t t t b i it d l t d i Th


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Abundance and habitat occupancy

Demographic composition

Residency

Habitat-activity relationships

Diel movement & activity

Population structure

Rates of human-induced injury & mortality

Mega-fauna presence and behaviour

2.3Training

All Expedition Members (EMs) are trained for a two-week period in identification of

dolphins and sea turtles present in the western Indian Ocean (Table 2-1.), dolphin

behaviour and habitat encountered in the local area. The training includes lectures,

organised study groups and in-field practice. EMs have to pass a theoretical exam on a

set species list and form usage prior to collecting data on surveys. Written exams are

f ll d b i i l b ff


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Common Name Abbreviation Scientific name

Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin BND Tursiops aduncus

Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin HBD Sousa chinensis

Spinner Dolphin

Humpback Whale

SPD

HBW

Stenella longirostris

Megaptera novaeangliae

Common Dolphin COD Delphinus delphis

Rough Toothed Dolphin RTD Steno bredanensis

Risso Dolphin RSD Grampus griseus

Striped Dolphin STD Stenella coeruleoalba

Pantropical Spotted DolphinHawksbill Turtle

Green Turtle

Olive Ridley Turtle*

Loggerhead Turtle

Leatherback Turtle

PTD-

-

-

-

-

Stenella attenuataEretmochelys imbricata

Chelonia mydas

Lepidochelys olivacea

Caretta caretta

Dermochelys coriacea

T bl 2 1 C i i K (P dd 1999 Ri h d 2002)


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flukes. Some scars will be retained through life, whereas others will be added and may

fade through life. The depth and severity of the wound will determine the length of time

this may be used for identification. These features allow known individuals to be re-

sighted. The re-sighting rate can be plotted on a discovery curve, the plateau of which

suggests population size. Photo-ID can also be used to determine residency and

demographic data such as inter-birth intervals, patterns of ranging and mortality.

Photographs can also help to determine sex of individuals by noting mother and calf

pairs (Parsons 2001).

Photo-ID survey times vary and are dependent on group size, activity and environmental

conditions. All photographs are taken from the vessel as it manoeuvres into position to

get the best angle, lighting and shot of dorsal fins. During a photo-ID survey the

photographer informs the scribe of spacer shots (to separate groups or surveys) and

number of shots taken in order to separate frames into individuals. The aim during a

photo-ID survey is to photograph the right and left flank of each individual. Making note

of frame numbers and groups of dolphins assists with later analysis of photographs from

diff (P )


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Mark-Recapture

Mark-recapture methods can be used to calculate population size from the proportion of

known individuals re-sighted over the study period. In order for mark-recapture methods

to yield accurate results a number of conditions must be met:

A marked animal will always be recognised if its seen again. In order to satisfy this

assumption only stable, long-term distinguishing features should be used to

recognise individuals.

Samples of individuals must be representative of the population being estimated. If

marked individuals (recognisable individuals that have been photographed) do not

mix fully with the rest of the population this assumption is violated.

Marking (photographing) an individual does not affect the probability of thatindividual being recaptured (subsequently encountered and photographed).

Within one sampling occasion, every individual in the population should have the

same probability of being captured (photographed). To reduce the risk of this

assumption being violated as many individuals should be captured as possible.

The population must be closed i.e. no emigration or immigration.


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Equation 2

= n1 n2

m2

2.4.1 Vessel-based forms and methodology

Three forms were used to incorporate the above methodologies and collect information

on population size and demographics, these forms are: the Event Log, Cetacean

Sightings form, and the Photo ID form, a fourth form comes into place when mega fauna

is sighted the Mega fauna Survey form.

Event Log

Throughout the survey day an Event Log (Appendix A) is completed. On this data sheet

the search effort throughout the day is recorded along with number of surveys completed

and changes in environmental conditions, course and speed. Alongside these features

the scribe continues to record all conditions every quarter of the hour. Every half hour

observers rotate roles and view points, every two hours each observer receives a half


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Cetacean Sightings Form

The Sightings form (Appendix B) is used to record sightings of dolphins and whales. This

form was introduced at the start of 073 to gather simple unbiased information about

habitat distribution, group size and structure, and if the sighting occurred due to exterior

factors (e.g. presence of tourist vessels) or not.

Once dolphins or whales are sighted, the recorder documents the following data into the

sightings form.

1. Time (24 hour clock)2. GPS Co-ordinates of the vessel

3. Depth at the start of the sighting

4. Dolphin Survey number (each day surveys begin as DS01, DS02, etc.)

5. Tidal state upon sighting

6. Species sighted


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Mega Fauna Survey Form

Mega fauna surveys record primarily the identification of the animals, habitat notes and

position of sighting and if possible behaviour notes. (Appendix D)

The data includes:

1. Time

2. Vessel3. GPS Co-ordinates

4. General location

5. Depth

6. Beaufort

7. Tide


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This survey obtained baseline information; habitat notes, species sighted, number of

individuals and general notes, thus collecting data on the number of turtles sighted on

the transects. This survey has paved the way for future improvements in collecting

behavioural data and photo-ID using underwater cameras. All data from this expedition

can be used by KESCOM to compliment turtle sightings along the coast of Kenya.

2.5 Results

The data here has been analysed displaying the non-training period of the expedition in

accordance with previous work and where possible showing analysis of all data collected

that has been overseen by full time marine members of staff.

During Expedition 073 there was a total effort of 148h.22m on vessel surveys, 130h.37m

were spent during non-training days, 17h.45m on training days surveying the KMMPA

and surrounding areas. Turtle snorkel transects were surveyed a total of 30 times at an


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S. chinensiswas only sighted six times this expedition 87% of those sightings 5 were on

an ebb tide, and all M. novaeangliaesightings were on ebb tides (Figure 2-1.).


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Figure 2-2. Number of surveys conducted by group size of the different cetacean species during thenon-training period of 073


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Figure 2-3. Number of sightings by effort hour for the different cetacean species during the non-

training period of 073


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907550


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Figure 2-7. Locations of the four snorkelling transect for the expedition 073. Transect 3 and 4 are


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This expedition continued to collect baseline ecology information on cetaceans and

turtles within the KMMPA and surrounding waters.

The number of sightings increased from the previous expedition but was slightly lower

than the expedition surveying the same months for 2006. However in relation to time

spent surveying compared to the number of sightings, 073 search effort was every 2.42

hours compared to 063 where a cetacean was sighted every 3.31 hours. Further

analysis is required to investigate further and look into whether monthly and seasonal

fluctuations in sightings occur within our specified area of interest.

Humpback dolphins were sighted on 6 occasions (7 including training data) which is

limited data to draw conclusions on. The majority of sightings occurred within the Wasini

Channel displayed by areas bordered by 50% harmonic isopleths (figure 2-6) this

coincides with previously observed sightings from past expeditions.

The Wasini Channel is 1.6 kilometres at its widest by 8 kms long and the maximum

depth 25.6 metres (14 fathoms) (Admiralty Charts and Publications #866). On average


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T. aduncuswas sighted 83% of the time between 0901 and 1200 hours. This could be

due to a variety of reasons: tourist boats are known to leave Shimoni pier around 0900

and head out searching for dolphins toward the KMMPA and 62.16% of all bottlenose

dolphin sightings were due to the presence of tourist boats; the daily vessel-based

survey would generally pass through the areas bordered by the 50% harmonic isopleths

(figure 2-5) at around these times explaining the frequency of sightings between the time

bands. The dolphins diel movement is unknown in this area and we currently lacks diel

movements for T. aduncusfrom other areas for comparison.

T. aduncusgroup size was most commonly found in the 1-5 and 6-10 categories (figure

2-2.) but ranged from 1 to 30 individuals with an the average group size of 7. This

number is similar to the average of T. aduncus in Moreton Bay, Australia of 10

individuals (Corkeron 1990), and also agrees with several coastal studies of T. truncatus

around the world, which reveal relatively small groups that vary with activity (Shane

1990, Rogan et al. 2000, Meyler 2006, Ingram 2000). Further study to examine if group

size changes with activity would be an important and interesting part of any baseline


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To enhance our turtle monitoring programme within our area of interest, in-water

transect methodology has been trialled this expedition to collect more data on species

occurrence both inside the KMMPA and outside. The data collected to date was a pilot

study to ensure there would be sightings whilst in the water and that they could be

identified. To date 9 Hawksbill turtles (E. imbricata) and 2 Green turtles (C. mydas) were

sighted, which differs from Wamukokya and Haller (1995) who state that C. mydasis the

predominant species within Kenyan waters followed by the E. imbricata. This difference

could simply be due to the position of the transects, as transect 4 where 91% of the

sightings occurred is situated on a diverse coral reef preferred habitat of E. imbricata

(Richmond 2002). The results displayed are taken from the second 5 weeks of this

expedition, as initially testing was done trialling different methodologies. Currently we

have had sightings on all transects except transect 3 (off Lower Mpunguti); transect 2

had two sightings during trials. The results from the 5 weeks of data are very promising,

and the methodology will be reviewed so more data can be collected on individuals size,

habitat preference and behaviours.


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improvements to previous location are needed, to establish a position with a wider

viewing angle and where more frequent sightings occur in order to perform a larger

number of behavioural surveys.

Vessel-based cetacean behavioural surveys would help collate data on spatial

heterogeneity, dolphin-vessel interactions and give us habitat preference for specific

behaviours. Previous problems with this survey and our research limitations require us to

set up a survey that will not introduce bias into the data.

In water snorkelling surveys require improvements of methodology to collect more data

on individuals size, habitat preference and behaviours. Increasing the amount of

transects would give a better indication for habitat preference and behaviours within

those habitats.


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Kenya form the northern fringe of the East African coastal forest mosaic, however much

less is known about these unique and important, yet diminishing forest habitats.

The coastal forests around Shimoni and Wasini Island form a thin strip of coral rag

forest, officially labelled Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane Lowland Coastal Forest. This

forest zone is found along the coastal areas of Kenya, Tanzania and Somalia, and is

formed on ancient coral reef exposed by falling sea levels, leaving limestone rock and

shallow soils. In conjunction with coastal climatic influences, the plant community and

the structure of the forest favour shallow root systems, which reduce stability. This

makes these forest habitats highly susceptible to erosion processes and hence at risk

from the influences of deforestation in the wider Shimoni area. The specialised flora that

is found in these habitats supports and sustains rare and endemic species which are of

particular interest to biological conservation, and sustainable livelihoods through

responsible tourism.

3.1.2 Study area


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level, the forest is readily accessible and GVI are logistically able to support long-term

and wide ranging biodiversity surveys and monitoring of the area.

This expedition, GVI has participated in the Colobus census, undertaken by The

Colobus Trust in collaboration with KWS, as a revision of the 4 month census

undertaken in 2001 (Anderson). Primarily, to assess the status and distribution of the

Angolan Black and White colobus on the South coast of Kenya and within the Kwale

district. GVIs participation this expedition has included Shimoni forest east, and the

larger Shimoni forest west, located on the west side of the Shimoni village. The Shimoni

forest (west) has recently been highlighted as at threat from habitat destruction. Despite

this, it is an important coastal forest fragment, and may act as a refuge for populations of

colobus monkeys found within the area. The census will hopefully help to obtain up-to-

date density and distribution of the species, and push forward conservation initiatives to

place protection on the forest areas, ensuring its long term survival in Kenya.


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and timber in addition to other forms of anthropogenic activity. Butterfly surveys are

additionally used to examine forest diversity and the effects of differing levels of

disturbance on the butterfly community. Bird diversity and habitat use is also used to

assess resource competition between certain avian and primate species and gain a

species list for the area. Biodiversity is additionally monitored by the recording of casual

observations, used to assess and gauge species richness and the presence of other

rare and endangered plants and animals.

The eventual aim for this research is to support the Shimoni Youth Conservation Project

in their petition for community management of forest resources, and build capacity within

the community for responsible resource use and monitoring. With community

management status obtained, the research can be used to suggest management

protocols whereby resource use is acceptable at specified levels, and re-plantation

initiatives are utilised to ensure the long-term sustainability of forest resources for both

the human and wildlife communities. Additional forms of income may also be derived

from the forest through responsible tourism. C. a. palliatus is a beautiful and charismatic


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either side of the transects. This follows the Tropical Ecology, Assessment and

Monitoring (TEAM) Initiative Primate Monitoring Protocol (Lacher 2005).

Transects are divided into 50m sections to enable the survey data to be categorised

accurately, and facilitate distribution mapping. A north-south spine is used to ensure the

200m separation between parallel transects and to aid access.

The Shimoni forest (east) study area contains six transects; transect 1, the furthest

south, runs approximately 100 metres from the coastal edge. The total survey area for

Shimoni Forest (east) is 220ha or 2.2km2. The KWS forest area contains just one 400m

transect which runs north to south, comprising 8ha. Table 3-1. summarises the total

number of sections and lengths of each transect.

Forest Transect Sections Length (m)

Shimoni forest (east) 1 17 850


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Primate surveys are conducted along one transect at a time, once during each

expedition. Surveys are conducted during the mornings when primates are more likely to

be active and easily detected. When groups of primates are spotted, the sighting

distance (distance from the observer to the first detected individual) is estimated and

recorded, all observers were tested at an accuracy of 90%. Distance sampling requires

the perpendicular distance. This is calculated using trigonometry, hence the sighting

angle (using a compass) and distance from the observer is measured. Perpendicular

distance is calibrated from the first animal seen to the centre of the group by (Whitesides

et al. 1988) standard correction method (equation below).

P = P ( 1+i )S

Where: P = Perpendicular distance from the transect line to the centre of the group.P = Perpendicular distance from the transect line to the first detected ind.i =Half the mean group spread.S = Sighting distance (distance from observer to first detected ind.


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were not assumed in C. m.albogularisand P.cynocephalusexcept where young were

seen attached to an adult, as they could not be confidently quantified.

Sighting quality was recorded and ranked as follows; 1, group count incomplete, 2,

group count complete but demographics incomplete, 3, count and demographics

complete. Group spread of the primates was recorded where possible, to estimate a

mean group spread for the different species sampled. In addition, tree species the

primates were in was recorded, providing information on species preference.

3.3.3 Primate behavioural surveys

Behavioural surveys of C. a. palliatus are used primarily to investigate time budgets.

However, habitat use, group structure, and group interactions, are also derived from the

data collected. Through habituation, and the identification of group territories, these

surveys will also support the development of tourism initiatives to gain sustainable

income from the forest wildlife.


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in the analysis of group interactions. These include stiff-legs display, which has been

identified as an agonistic display between males of different groups of black and white

colobus (Estes 1991). At the end of each time block, a scan sample is conducted to

identify the overall group state (>50% of the group); this is used in the analysis and

discussion of the circumstances under which different individual behaviours occur.

States and events are categorised under strict parameters, and outlined in the ethogram

which is used to ensure consistency between observers and comparability between

surveys.

Surveys are conducted at all times of the daylight hours in order to measure a

representative portion of time budgets throughout the day. Data recording is only

initiated after a period of at least 10 minutes to reduce bias caused by the arrival of the

observers. If the focal individual moves out of view and observers are unable to

confidently identify the same individual upon reappearing, the survey is ended. There is

no set survey time limit.


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3.3.8 Colobus Census sweep surveys

In addition to primate community survey, census surveys were undertaken in Shimoni

forest (east) and Shimoni forest (west). Methodologies remained the same as primate

community surveys, however, transects at 100m spacing were used and surveys weresimultaneous, starting at the same time and maintaining similar speed. Transects were

walked at a slow pace, stopping every 100m to watch and listen for primates (White and

Edwards 2000).

Within Shimoni (east) (Figure 2-9.) one-day sweeps comprised of four teams (3 people

in each), two on permanent transects and two between. All members were fully informed

of survey methodology, and each team contained a staff member, proficient in identifying

Colobus age and sex classes. Teams between the permanent transects also walked

east-west parallel bearings, and all teams maintained synchronisation by VHF radio and

the counting of paces. Additional data was collected on sighting time of primate groups,

and observer teams re-grouped at the end of each transect to share data and eliminate


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Figure 3-2. Census transects walked in Shimoni forest (east) and Shimoni forest (west). Transects

T1 T2

T3T4

T5

T6

Shimoni Forest (east)

Shimoni Forest (west)


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C. a. palliatus C. m. albogularis

Area surveyed (km) 2.2 2.2

Number of groups 12 9

Number of individuals 53 24

Average group size 3.8 4.2

Table 3-2. Summary of primate community surveys (Average group size was calculated omittingsingle sightings)

Perpendicular distances for primate groups were calculated from the data, as these are

necessary for distance sampling analysis in order to produce density and

population estimates. Figure 3-3 shows the distance categories at which C. a. palliatus

were detected on the community survey.

7


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3.4.2 Primate behavioural survey

A total of 18 hours of behavioural surveys were conducted on 8 different groups of C. a.

palliatus. Figure 3-4 summarizes the total time budgets for all individuals. The exactnumber of individuals studied is unknown due to the problems associated with the

identification of specific individuals. Both adult males and females were studied, and

females with young. Numerous notable behaviours were recorded, including social

grooming, social play and stiff legs display. Copulation was not observed this expedition,

however, a male was observed soliciting copulation on one occasion. Aggressive

encounters were not observed during survey, either between or within groups. However,

agonistic behaviour was witnessed on another occasion between groups of C. a.

palliatusand C. m. albogularis. Staring behaviour is recorded when the individual being

surveyed is intently staring at the observer. This behaviour is not analysed as it is

caused by human presence. The behaviour state is used to prevent recording it as

vigilance behaviour


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0.13 0.20 0.31 0.75 0.832.68 2.72 3.25

10.93

83.51

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

Sleep Self

Groom

Groom

Active

Groom

Passive

Stiff Leg Stare Travel Alert Feed Rest

BehaviourState

TimeSpent(%)


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Behaviour Frequency

Urination 3Defecation 4

Yawn 3

Teeth Display 0

Vocalising 0Scratching 70Contact 14Exchange 0Arousal 6

Copulation 0

Masturbation 1

Throwing 0Shaking 7

Table 3-3. Frequencies of behaviour events

Low frequencies of agonistic behaviour were observed, and no copulations witnessed,

with low frequencies of sexual behaviour. However, again, as has been found in other

expeditions, a high level of scratching behaviour was witnessed during behaviour

surveys.


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3.4.4 Fruit and flower survey

All transect sections were surveyed for fruits and flowers, over a total duration of 48hrs.

537 trees were recorded in fruit or flower throughout the total survey areas. 13 species

were identified. Most numerous fruits were represented by Trichilia emetica (206),

Millettia usaramensis (226), Adansonia digitata, and various Ficus spp. The majority of

Ficus sppobserved were in flower (Table 3-4).

Tree species Transect Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Adansonia digitata 5 8 5 1 1 - - 20

Delonix spp. - 4 - - 1 - - 5

Ficus sansibarica - - - - 1 - - 1

Ficus sur - 16 11 2 1 2 1 33

Ficus spp. - 1 2 - 2 - - 5

Grewia - - 5 - - - - 5

Lannea welwitshii - - 1 2 - - - 3

Mallotus oppositifolius - - 1 - - - - 1

Millettia usaramensis 7 23 14 23 72 87 - 226

Monathotaxis spp. - - - - - 1 - 1


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Subfamily Species Number caught

Charaxinae Charaxes brutus 68

Charaxinae Charaxes varanes vologeses 2Charaxinae Charaxes Cithaeron 2

Charaxinae Cymothoe coranus 1

Charaxinae Charaxes protoclea azota 1

Charaxinae Euxanthe wakefieldi 1

Nymphalinae Euphraedra neophron littoralis 1

Satyrinae Bicyclus safitza safitza 1Satyrinae Melanitus leda 1

Total caught 78Number of species 9

Table 3-5. Butterfly species caught and number of individuals.


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individuals. Shimoni forest (east) census did not include minus sections, as did the

community survey. Perpendicular distances necessary for distance sampling analysis for

Shimoni forest (east) census are shown in figure 3-5.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Numberofsigh

tings


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0

2

4

6

8

1012

14

16

18

20

0-10 10-


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than previously. This expedition sees an end to the rains; however, canopy cover within

the forest is still very dense, with significantly more leaf cover than at the beginning of

the year. This may explain why fewer primates were recorded than previously. In

addition to this, a high number of infant and juvenile C. a palliatuswas observed. C. a

palliatushas a tendency to be more conspicuous and wary of observers when infants

are present. This increases complexity of spotting, therefore producing a decrease insightings. Figure 3-3 shows no primateswere seen between 10-20m. Distance assumes

100% probability at 0m. Therefore, if primates are seen at greater distances, the

program assumes all primates at shorter distances from the transect have been

accounted for. If this is not the case, distance will underestimate density, hence

producing a lower population size.

3.5.2 Primate behaviour survey

C. a. palliatus rely almost entirely on leaves for sustenance (Kingdon 1997). A

preference for mature leaves enables this species to live in high densities, sympatric


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expedition. Further data on infant number and copulation rate are needed to quantify

peak birth rate. Teeth display, throwing, stiff leg display and vocalizations have all been

seen at lower frequencies. This again, can be related to a decrease in mating and

therefore less agonistic encounters between males.

Sleeping behaviour was observed at very low levels. As C. a. palliatusare observed atmost in the upper canopy, it is difficult to detect whether the individuals eyes are open or

closed. This may explain why low levels of sleeping behaviour were recorded.

Scratching behaviour is thought to increase relating to presence of observers as a sign

of stress. As groups are being observed more frequently, it seems the habituation

process is succeeding, allowing more reliable data to be obtained as groups are

becoming more relaxed with constant observation. This can also be seen by a reduced

level of staring at observers, and lower frequencies of urination and defecations (thought

to be linked to stress).


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beans. Fruiting Adansonia digitatawas observed throughout the study area but in low

densities and only one found with both fruit and flowers.

3.5.5 Butterfly community survey

Bicyclus safitza safitzawas found in low numbers this expedition as was seen in April to

June. Charaxes brutuswas caught in greatest numbers, in all areas and trap heights. In

addition, two new species of butterfly were caught (Cymothoe coranus and Charaxes

protodea azota). Charaxes protodea is uncommon in coastal forests and is one of the

few rainforest species to be found on the coast. New species confirms trapping with this

method and bait is continuing to yield new species. Species diversity may be difficult to

obtain from one catching method; however, it is yielding seasonal variation within

species, hence important to continue with these methods to obtain a yearly analysis ofdata.

3.5.6 Casual observations

Although bird species were low during bird survey, casual observations have increased


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numbers seem relatively high, and shows an increase in C. a palliatusnumbers when

compared to Thomas (1990) and Anderson (2001). The area surveyed by Thomas

(1990) differs from the Shimoni forest in that it holds 12 sympatric primates which may

reduce the density of each species through competition. When compared with Anderson

however, the increased densities are less easily explained. It suggests that the C. a

palliatuspopulation has increased within the last six years. This is encouraging and it willbe interesting to see the change in other populations of C. a palliatusacross the Kwale

District. However, it is of concern to see the rate of destruction taking place in Shimoni

forest (west). Each day of census chainsaws were heard or seen and many of the large

trees were seen cut down. The main species targeted were Tricillia emeticaand Antiaris

toxicaria. C. a palliatushave been observed feeding on both these species.

3.6 Conclusions, Recommendations and Future Work

Trapping of butterflies will be continued in Shimoni (east) throughout the course of the

year to ensure representative sampling of the different micro-habitats and to assess

seasonal variation in the butterfly community. Casual observations show that a large

number of butterfly species present in the forest did not frequent the traps; it seems


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Primate Community surveys will be continued to assess change in population and

density of different species within different seasonal variations over a yearly period. This

could facilitate in assessing mortality rates within certain species.

Future work is summarized as follows: Continue to take part in the colobus census, extending to other forests within the

Kwale district.

Continue with primate community surveys within Shimoni forest (east) to obtain a

yearly count of anthropoids inhabiting the area, and monitoring any seasonal

changes within their population.

Continue primate behavioural surveys on C. a. palliatus, attempting to habituate

more groups, at higher section numbers for comparisons.

Expand behaviour surveys into new study areas, to be used in comparison

between forests of different floral composition and different levels of disturbance.

Photo identification may be possible for a few troops of C. a. palliatus, where the

ti b d t d i di id l b h i tt f ifi b l d


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beneficial in the formation of management plans for this forest, in an effort to benefit both

the areas biodiversity and local human community. The group has also asked if GVI

could present lectures on forest importance, diversity and primate populations. It is

hoped that these will begin in the near future.


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4. Community Development Programme

This element of the programme falls broadly into 4 main areas; TEFL teaching in Mkwiro

Primary School; TEFL teaching in adult classes to local community members;

orphanage development and sustainable development community-based projects.

4.1 Introduction

With regard to the TEFL teaching, the EMs received the 2-day training course on TEFL

on arrival in Mkwiro focusing not only on the adult classes, but also on TEFL for children.

In the first phase, the EMs designed a lesson to give to the Standard 1, 2 and 3 classes

at Mkwiro Primary School. The second phase EMs, a smaller group, were able to take a

short introduction lesson with the Standard 8 students. This training was very successful

with several EMs feeling confident enough to present classes as the lead-teacher. The

main community stakeholder we have been working with is Mkwiro Primary School.

During this expedition, all of GVIs classes with Standards 5-8 at Mkwiro Primary School

have been arranged in double lessons and lessons with Standard 1-4 have been single


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Primary Schools each received 3 laptops and a generator as a donation from Tui Travel

Company in recognition of their participation in Kenyas Year of the Dolphin opening

ceremony. GVI has provided each school with a training course for Microsoft Office

applications and has been working with Mkwiro to enable the school to start an internet

business to enable the generator costs to become sustainable.


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4.3 Adult Education

During this expedition, we have conducted a record 50 hours of classes to the womens

and mens classes. They have both been split for the first time into beginners and

advanced levels. The advanced classes have covered topics as diverse as Presentation

Skills, Study Skills, Proposal Writing and Leadership. With the beginners classes, we

have been working on transport, food, time, money and descriptions as well asvocabulary and skills relating to the students jobs. During the Adult Education, time has

been used for computer lessons using a downloaded series of lessons from a British

University. We have continued to offer lessons to the teachers from Mkwiro Primary

School and during Ramadan they have been able to come for a 1 hour lesson each day.

This is a valuable addition to the capacity building, as the teachers are becoming

increasingly able to teach the students in the Primary School on computers.

4.4 Al Hanan Orphanage

We have been visiting the orphanage every Monday, Wednesday and Friday for an hour

and a half each day. We have spent more than 20 hours at the orphanage during this

expedition Activities have included games homework reading help sports drawing


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anticipated that, through the promotion of environmental awareness and creation of

alternative livelihood opportunities, the ex-poaching communities will play a key role in

the long-term sustainability of their natural resources.

A fourth village, that of Mtakuja, had previously been involved in the satellite camps;

however, due to internal problems and issues of land ownership, it was not possible to

implement a satellite camp with the group this expedition. However, after GVI recently

met with Mtakuja group members, it is anticipated that the issues preventing their

participation will soon be resolved.

Overall, GVI delivered approximately 52 hours of lessons to the 3 communities. These

lessons also involved close guidance and supervision from 30 expedition members.

Attendance was generally excellent, with classes comprising between 10 25 members.

Summaries from each satellite camp will now be presented.

4.5.1 Kidong Satellite Camp


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received lessons in natural pest control, and together with EMs, drafted a funding

proposal aimed at obtaining building materials for the construction of the cultural centre.

The next satellite camp in expedition 07-04 will concentrate on developing business

opportunities for the group, with special focus on neem and aloe-vera derived products.

4.5.2 Mahandikini Satellite Camp

The Mahandikini Youth Network for Animal Welfare and Rights (herein Mahandikini

group) are looking to substitute poaching with a bee-keeping enterprise, with thirteen

members recently undergoing training with the Kenyan company Honeycare. This

particular satellite camp had an agricultural element to it, with EMs discussing with

group members topics on soil conservation and mulching. Natural-pest control was also

covered, with EMs demonstrating to group members techniques in controlling crop-eating pests. By using locally-grown products such as garlic, chilli, onion and marigold,

Mahandikini now have a cheaper and environmentally-friendlier alternative to chemical

pesticides. Promising is that Mahandikini farmers have also reported success in

deterring crop-eating pests with these naturally-made sprays. The Mahandikini group are

looking to tackle the problem of deforestation (primarily caused by charcoal burning) in


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satellite camp will look to develop the income-generating capacity of the group, by

initiating tree nurseries and neem/aloe-vera ventures.


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continued with the Dispensary to organise the boat which is to be bought with

sponsorship from Timberland Clothing Company. We hope that within a few weeks, the

boat and engine will be bought and the dispensary will start to generate revenue.

We have taken on two local Kenyans as part of the National Scholarship Programme

this expedition. Nasra Hansui, a KWS student from their training institute has come to us

for training in the programme which can be passed back to KWS. Our second NSP was

Mwanasha Hassan Zinga, a local woman who is hoping to start a teacher-training

course in Mombasa. She is from Mkwiro village, and has benefited from learning and the

GVI TEFL skills and has been able to develop her teaching style in adult classes. As well

as generally strengthening the relationship between GVI and Mkwiro village, the

additional TEFL course will add extra strength to her CV.

4.7 Employment

Currently, there are several local staff employed by GVI:

Marine staff: 1


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remains strong and all parties are very appreciative of GVI CT. Some of our EMs used

their Interest Group time to investigate further fundraising for the orphanage, school,

dispensary and other projects in the village.

4.9 Summary

GVIs involvement in the local community in Mkwiro as well as in Shimoni and Wasini

through English teaching, capacity building and help with the orphanage has made a

tangible difference to the lives of the community members. Next expo, we hope to

increase the amount of reading and English being done in the students free time by

actively helping out in the new school resource centre. We are also looking forward to

working with a re-formed Youth Group and increasing the capacity building activities

amongst the adults.


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5. References

Anderson, J., 2001. Status, distribution and conservation of the Angola black-and-white

colobus (Colobus angolensis palliatus) in coastal Kenya. A report for Wakuluzu, Friends

of the Colobus Trust, P.O. Box 5380, 80401, Diani Beach, Kenya.

Acevedo, A., 1991. Behaviour and movements of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops

truncatus, in the entrance to Ensenada De La Paz, Mexico. Aquatic Mammals17(3),

137-147.

Admiralty Charts and Publications number 866, Edition 4: 1950, Plans in Tanganykiaand Kenya

Bejder L., Samuels A., 2003. Evaluating the effects of nature-based tourism on

cetaceans. 229 256.


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Emerton L., Tessema Y., 2001. Economic constraints to the management of marine

protected areas: the case of Kisite Marine National Park and Mpunguti National

Reserve, Kenya. IUCN The World Conservation Union, Eastern Africa Regional Office,

Nairobi, Kenya.

Estes, R. D., 1991. The behaviour guide to African mammals: including hoofed

mammals, carnivores, primate. University of California Press, California.

Evans, P.G.H., Hammond, P.S., 2004. Monitoring cetaceans in European waters.

Mammal Review. 34,1, 131-156.

Fashing, P.J., Cords, M., 2000. Diurnal primate densities and biomass in the KakamegaForest: An evaluation of census methods and a comparison with other forests. American

Journal of Primatology50, 139-152.

Fimbel, C., Vedder, A., Dierenfeld, E., Mulindahabi, F., 2001. An ecological basis for

large group size in Colobus angolensis in the Nyungwe Forest Rwanda African Journal


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Kingdon, J., 1997. The Kingdon field guide to African mammals. Academic Press.

London.

Lacher, T.E., 2005. Tropical ecology, assessment and monitoring (TEAM) initiative.

Primate monitoring protocol. Conservation International.

Larsen, T.B., 1996. Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University

Press, New York.

Lehmann, I., Kioko, E., 2005. Lepidoptera diversity, floristic composition and structure of

three Kaya forests on the south coast of Kenya. Journal of East African Natural History

94, 121-163.

Mann, J., 2000. Unravelling the dynamics of social life: long-term studies and

observational methods, in: Connor, R.C., Tyack, P.L., H. Whitehead. (Eds.), Cetacean

Societies: field studies of dolphins and whales. University of Chicago Press, pp.44-64.


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6. Appendices

EVENT LOG

Appendix A


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Global Vision International 2007 Page 51

DATE: VESSEL: OBSERVERS (Initials): PAGE ______OF______

Environmental Conditions

TimeEvent South 04 East 039 Effort Trans Bearing WPT Speed Cloud Swell BFT Vis Tide Wind Comments

(24hrs) # T I D

Events: Effort Type: Beaufort Cloud Cover: Precipitation Tide:

01 - Start of survey day LT - Line Transect 0 - Glass Measure in eigths Type Ebb - High to low

02 - Change in effort type CW - Casual watch 01- Ripples e.g. 0/8 - clear N - None Flood - Low to High

03 - Sighting (DS OR MFS) DS - Dedicated search02 - small waveletss R - Rain

04 - Start of transect PI - Photo ID 03 - occasional whitecaps

05 - End of transect 04 - Frequent whitecaps

06 - Change of course 05 - Many whitecaps Visibility (km): - Intensitity CHECKED07 - Bft/Env/Spd change Boat Speed: Swell: 0-1 heavy rain I - Intermittent Initials

08 - Other/15 minute recording (use GPS) 0 - no/weak swell 1-10 C - continuous

09 - End of survey day 1 - intermediate swell >10

2 - strong swell

4/8 - half sky o/c

8/8 - over cast

ENTERED ON

COMPUTER

STAFF (Initials):

Precip

Sightings Form Entered onto computer

Appendix B


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g g p

Date: Vessel: Skipper: Recorder:

CommentsNumberof BoatsMin Max BestTime

LatitudeSouth 04

LongitudeEast 039

Efforttype

CHECKED (initials)

Group size

Sightingnumber

Survey

number

MFS/DS Species

Tide

Ebb/Flood

Angle to

sighting(P or S)

Distance

tosighting

Spotted

because

Dhows?Yes/No

Photo-

ID?Yes/No


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Megafauna Survey Form (10/06) Vessel: Entered Checked MFS#

Date South 04 East 039 Wpt #

Staff Recorder Start End Depth

General Location Closest Habitat Notes

TempSpecies

Bft

Tide:

Ebb

Flood

Number Present

NOTES

Roll 2: (date/ID): Frames: Spacers(s):

Photo Notes:

Appendix D

OBSERVERS: PAGE OF

LAND BASED SIGHTINGS: ENVIRONMENT AND BOAT

Appendix E


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OBSERVERS: PAGE ______OF______

DATE: Environmental Conditions Boat Traffic

Time(24hrs) T I

Cloud Cover: Beaufort: Visibility (km): Precipitation Vessel Type

Measure in eigths 0-1 heavy fog Type SR - Stingray

e.g. 0/8 - clear 01- Ripples 1-10 N - none CF - Fishing Canoe

4/8 - half the sky over 02 - small waveletss >10 R - rain CS - Sailing Canoe

8/8 - over cast D - Power Dhow (non-tourist)04 - Frequent whitecaps TD - Tourist Dhow

Swell: 05 - Many whitecaps Tide: Intensitity SD - Sailing Dhow (non-tourist)

0 - no/weak swell Ebb - High to low I - intermittent C - canoe (paddling)

1 - intermediate swell Flood - Low to High C - continuous S - Sailboat

2 - strong swell P - Powerboat

03 - occasional whitecaps

No. of

Vessels

Checked (Initials)

Entered on

computer

CommentsNumber of each

type of vessel i.e.

PrecipTide

0 - Glass

Observers SwellCloud BFTWind

DirectionVis

LAND BASED: SIGHTINGSDATE: PAGE OF OBSERVERS (Initia ls):

Appendix F


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DATE: ______ ______

Dolphins and Me gafauna

Comments

Min Max Best

Bearing Distance Dolphin species (Spp) Tide:

Bnd - Bottlenose E - Ebb - High to low

Hbd - Humpback F - Flood - Low to HighSpd - Spinnner

Rsd - Risso's

Cod - Common Checked (Initials)

StD - Striped

PtD - Pan-tropical Spotted

Unk - unknown species

Count short reticles as

halves

OBSERVERS (Initia ls):

Read by observer from

compass at bottom ofbinocular view

Use reticles in

binoculars countingdown from the top of

the horizon or shoreline

ENTERED ON COMPUTER

Time (24 hrs) Bearing

Sighting

observer's

initials

Sighting

Distance

Plot # on

chartSpecies

Group size Tide (ebb

or flood)

DATE: OBSERVERS:

LANDBASE SURVEY: DOLPHIN BEHAVIOUR

PAGE: OF

Appendix G


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Min Max Best

Dolphin species (Spp) Dive Type Spread ENTERED ON

Bnd - Bottlenose Rg - Regular COMPUTER

Hbd - Humpback Td - Tail-out Tig - Tight (< 2 m)Spd - Spinnner Pd - Peduncle Mod - Moderate (2 -


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Documents

GVI Kenya Expedition 073 Report Final