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NervousSystem

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Circulatory System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Excretory System

Endocrine System

Reproductive System

Lymphatic System

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LeonardoLeonardoLeonardoLeonardo dadadada VinciVinciVinciVinci

An introduction to the study and importance of structurefunction relationships

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Contributions to Anatomy Eye: light focuses on retina

Muscles: reciprocal action Nerves: sensory and motor

Brain: control center

Heart: four chambers

Skeleton

Developing fetus in utero

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How da Vinci Conducted His WorkLesson in the Nature of Science

Commissioned as an artist and

explored scientific endeavorson the side

Dissected 30 cadavers withoutpreservatives

Used cross sections, layering,and wax use of models

Studying structure leads tounderstanding function

Investigated HOW, and thenWHY

Questioned accepted ideas

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Structure and Function Using the drawings done by Davinci, explain the

structure and function of the body part and howthe structure fits the function

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Issues da Vinci Encountered

Absence oftechnology

Easily distracted

Abandoned manyprojects

Working conditions

Not publishingwork- enterVesalius (History ofScience)

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Impediments to the Acceptance of

his Ideas Questioned the accepted teachings of Galen, a 2nd

century physician

Viewed as a heretic and blasphemer

Punished by Pope Leo X for anatomicalindiscretions

No formal contributions to science

Had reservations, but knew it would benefitmankind

Left behind many manuscripts and drawings

Not recognized for decades or centuries later

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The Skeletal System

1. The Human Skeleton

2. Bone Structure

3. Joints

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Spongy bone

Compact bone

Periosteum

Bonemarrow

Haversiancanal

Compact bone

Spongybone

Osteocyte

Artery

VeinPeriosteum

THE STRUCTURE OF A BONE

Bone - a solid network of living cells and fibers that are supported bydeposits of calcium salts

Thought Question:Examine the bonebeing passed aroundthe class. How dothink this bone differs

from a bone in abird's wing?

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Bone Marrow

red marrow is inspongy bone

production of blood

cells yellow marrow is

found in the central

cavity of long bones stores fat and acts as anenergy reserve

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Cartilage

cushions the ends ofbones

elbows, hips, and

knees provides structure

nose and ears

much of a newborn'sskeleton is made of

cartilage

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Bone Development

Cartilage pre-cursor cartilage is slowlyreplaced by bone through a process called

ossification

Osteoblasts bone forming cells

Osteoclasts bone destroying cells

Osteocytes regulate cellular activities ofbone

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Joints Ball and Socket

Joint (shoulder)

- bones canrotate while

moving back

and forth and

side to side

Hinge Joint(knee) - allows

movement back

and forth in one

plane

Pivot Joint (top

of neck and base

of skull) - one

bone rotates

around another

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Muscle

Tendon

Femur

Patella

Bursa

LigamentSynovial fluid

Cartilage

Fat

Fibula

Tibia

Tendon - connectsmuscle and bone

Ligament - connects twobones

Thought Question:

Based on the diagram,what is the differencebetween a tendon anda ligament?

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The Muscular System

1. Types of Muscle

2. Types of Movement

3. Muscular Contraction

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Types of Muscle

Skeletal - striated,voluntary, multinucleated

Cardiac - only in heart,

striated, involuntarySmooth surroundstubes and vessels, notstriated, involuntary

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Can you identify the type of

muscle shown below?

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Skeletal muscle

Bundle of muscle fibers

Actin

Myosin

Sarcomere

Z disc

Muscle fiber (cell)

Myofibril

Muscle cells are bundledtogether and are surroundedby a connective sheath.

An individual musclecell is a long fiber with

many nuclei. Eachmuscle cell contains acentral cable made ofa rodlike structurescalled myofibrils

Myofibrils are composed of two types of protein, actin and myosin.

They make up the light and dark bands in functional units called sarcomeres.

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

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Movement AMovement B

Biceps (relaxed)

Triceps (relaxed)

Biceps (contracted)

Triceps (relaxed)

Adduction - movement towards themidline of the body (i.e. the loweringof the leg or arm).

Abduction - movement away fromthe midline of the body (i.e. raise arm,open hand).

Extension - An increase in the anglebetween two bones.

Flexion - A folding movement in

which there is a decrease in theangle between two bones.

Thought Questions:

Would you classify movement A as Extension or Flexion? Movement B?

Types of Movement

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Relaxed Muscle

Contracted Muscle

Z disc Myosin Actin Z disc

Sarcomere

Cross-bridges Z disc

Movement of Actin FilamentActin

Bindingsites

Cross-bridge

Myosin

myosin - thick filaments, have many bump-like projections called "heads"

actin - thin filaments, like a string of twisted

beads, the ends of the actin strands areattached to Z lines

1. myosin heads attach to the actin filaments forming cross bridges

2. the heads of the myosin filaments walk along the actin filaments, pulling

them toward the center of the sarcomere

How a Muscle Contracts

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Click on the link below to view avideo showing a muscle contract:

http://www.3dotstudio.com/zz.html

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The Integumentary System

1. The Skin

2. Hair and Nails

3. Thermoregulation

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Skin

Barrier toinfection

Regulator ofbody

temperature

Remover ofwaste products

Protectoragainst UVradiation

Epidermis Dermis

Outer layer Inner layer

functionsas a

is madeup of the

whichis the

whichis the

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The Structure of Skin

Hair follicle

Sweat pore

Nerves

Hair

Epidermis

Dermis

Hypodermis

Muscle

Sweat gland

Fat

Sebaceous gland

epidermis - outermost layer, mostly dead cells that flake off as new cellsreplace themdermis - middle, contains hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, muscles, nerves

and blood vesselshypodermis - innermost layer, fat storing cells and blood vessels

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Where would you find melanin in

the image shown below?

Thought Question: How can the presence/abundance

of melanin be used as evidence for evolution?

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Hair and Nails

Hair composed of keratin (a protein)

formed in follicles in the dermis

Nails

also made of keratin

Thought Question: Dyed hair typically losesits color at the root and at the ends. Explainwhy based on what you know about how hair

grows.

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A Negative Feedback Loop:Controlling Room Temperature

Thought Questions:

What is homeostasis?

How does yourintegument function tomaintain homeostasis?

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Controlling Body Temperature

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The Nervous System

1. The Neuron

2. Resting Potential

3. Action Potential

4. Synapses

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which consists of

is divided into

that make up

which is divided into

The Human NervousSystem

Coordinates and controlsbody functions

SensoryDivision

Receives stimuli fromthe environment:Tells C.N.S. what is

happening

MotorDivision

Carries info fromC.N.S to a muscle

or gland

Autonomic nervoussystem

Generally Involuntary (Controls key

functions such as heartbeat,breathing)

Somatic nervous systemGenerally controls voluntary

movement (I.e. movement of arm)

Central nervoussystem

Directs & coordinates allmajor activities of the body

Peripheral nervous systemCarries messages to and from the

central nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Prepares body for emergency - energyused for fight or flight response.

Parasympathetic nervoussystem

Maintains normal body function: I.e.energy used for digestion

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Nerve Systems

Thought Question: What is the significance of the nerves that go to your heart,

lungs, and digestive system being autonomic?

Th St t f N

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Axon terminals

Myelin sheath

Nodes

Cell body

Axon

Nucleus

Dendrites

The Structure of a Neuron

Neuron - the functional unit of the nervous system

Dendrites - carry signals toward the cell body

Axons - carry signals away from the cell body

Myelin sheath - insulates the axon; nerve impulses hop from node tonode, thereby speeding the transmission of electrical signals

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What happens when you reach

out with your hand and touch

something warm?

Sensory Input Integration and

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Sensory Input, Integration, and

Motor Output Sensory Receptors -collect

information about the physical

world outside the body as wellprocesses inside the organism

Sensory Input signals areconveyed to integration

centers in the CNS Motor Output -the conduction

of signals from the integrationcenter (CNS) to effector cells.

Effector Cells -the musclecells or gland cells thatactually carry out the bodysresponses to stimuli

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The knee jerk reflex (seen in the figure to

the right) is called a monosynaptic reflex.This means that there is only 1 synapse

in the neural circuit needed to completethe reflex. It only takes about 50

milliseconds of time between the tap and

the start of the leg kick...that is fast. Thetap below the knee causes the thigh

muscle to stretch. Information is sent tothe spinal cord. After one synapse in the

ventral horn of the spinal cord, theinformation is sent back out to the

muscle...and there you have the reflex.

Reflex Arc

Reflex - an involuntaryresponse to a stimulus

Thought Question:

Does a reflex involve the central orperipheral nervous system? Explain.What is the evolutionary adavantageof this?

Reflex Arc animation:http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/reflexarcs.html

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Neurons At Rest

Resting Potential - resting neurons

store electrical energy in the form

of Na+ and K+ ions on opposing

sides of the cell membrane

Ion Channels - channel proteins

allow these ions to cross the cell

membrane by diffusion (Na+ in,

K+ out); the inside of the neuron

is more negatively charged than

the outside because there are

many more K+ channels than Na+

channels

Ion Pumps - maintain the

differences in ion concentration

by pumping both ions back acrossthe membrane

Outside of cell

Inside of cell

Cell membrane

ATP

Thought Question:What part of this processrequires ATP?

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When a neuron is stimulated, the

membrane becomes more permeable toNa+ ions creating an action potentialand the inside of the cell becomestemporarily positively charged

As the action potential passes, potassiumgates open, allowing K+ ions to flow out.

The action potential continues to move

along the axon in the direction of thenerve impulse.

At rest.

Action Potential

Action PotentialAction Potential

A Nerve Impulse: signal is transmitted along a neuron

Thought Question: How does the myelin sheath help

speed the transmission of this signal?

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Vesicle

Axon

Axonterminal

Synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter

Receptor

Dendriteof

adjacentneuron

Action Potential

Synapses: passing signals from one neuron to the next

Synapse - tiny gap where neuronsconnect to other neurons or to

musclesNeurotransmitter - chemical thatcarries the nerve signal across thesynapse

1. the action potential (electrical signal)causes vesicles to release chemicalsignals called neurotransmitters

2. neurotransmitters cross through a tinyspace called the synaptic cleft

3. receptor molecules on the receivingneuron accept the neurotransmitter and

may create a new action potential

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The Senses

1. The Brain

2. Types of Sensory Receptors

3. Sight - The Eye4. Hearing and Balance - The Ear

5. Smell and Taste

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Pons

Hypothalamuscontrols body

temperature, thirst,hunger, water balance,and emotions

Cerebrummost complex, right andleft halves

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellumbody movement

Thalamussorts information

The Central Nervous System: consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Brain StemRegulates bodyprocesses thatare notconciously

controlled, likethe heartbeat

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Types of Sensory Receptors

Pain Receptors - present in all parts of the body except

the brain

Thermoreceptors - present in skin and some organs,detect heat and cold

Mechanoreceptors - present in skin, stimulated by

mechanical energy (touch, pressure, stretch, motion)

Chemoreceptors - taste buds and receptors in your nose

Photoreceptors - detect various wavelengths of light in

your eyes

Thought Question: What parts of your body aremost likely to have numerous pain receptors?

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The Eye

Choroid

Retina

Blood vessels

Optic nerve

Fovea

Vitreous humor

Sclera

Ligaments

Iris

Pupil

Cornea

Aqueous humorLens

Muscle

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How the Eye Focuses

Cones - three

types respond to thethree colors of light(blue, red, andgreen)

Rods - are moresensitive to light butdo not distinguishcolor

Thought Question:Why do dogs only seein black and white?

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Common Vision Problems

Nearsightedness eye is wider than it is tall, so the image is

focused on a point in front of the retina

Farsightedness eye is taller than it is wide, so the image is

focused on a point behind the retina

Astigmatism

irregularities on the cornea or lens interfere

with focusing

Th E

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The Ear

Auditory canal

Tympanum Round window Eustachian tube

Bone

Cochlea

Cochlear nerve

Semicircular canals

Ovalwindow

StirrupAnvilHammer

Thought Question: How are the semicircular canalsorganized to aid in balance?

Taste and Smell

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Cerebralcortex

Nasalcavity

Taste bud

Smellsensory area

Tastesensoryarea

Thalamus

Olfactory

(smell) bulb

Olfactorynerve

Smellreceptor

Taste

pore

Tastereceptor

Sensorynerve fibers

Taste and Smell

Taste - sensoryneurons in the tongue(taste buds) enable aperson to distinguishbetween sweet, sour,

bitter, and salty tastes.

Smell - sensoryneurons in the nose(olfactory receptors)respond to chemical

stimulation. Verysensitive methyl

mercaptan (the odorput in natural gas) can

be detected inconcentrations as low

as 1/25,000,000,000 mgper ml of air.

Thought Question: How are the signals from tastebuds and olfactory receptors carried to the brain?