HAKOL - Passover 2014

inside A different kind of exodus 3

Passover traditions, not seders, vary 4

Spanish town to host first Passover seder since 1492 5

Of faraway places and what we can do 6

Before Crimea was an ethnic Russian stronghold, it was a potential Jewish homeland 7

With Venezuela in a tailspin, growing number of Jews opting for ‘plan B’ 8

A first-hand account of the oppression in Venezuela 9

Hungary postpones controversial monument’s unveiling 10

Bring delight to your Passover table 11

PASSOVERAPRIL 2014 | NISAN 5774

The Lehigh Valley Jewish Clergy Group present the

16th Annual Community Passover Seders

Chabad of Lehigh ValleyMONDAY, APRIL 14 | 7:30 PM$25 per personEnjoy a meaningful seder with traditional songs, stories and lively discussions. For reservations, more information or to make special financial arrangements, contact Chabad of Lehigh Valley, 610-351-6511, or [email protected]. Reserva-tion deadline: April 6.

Easton Communal SederTUESDAY, APRIL 15 | 6:30 PM Temple Covenant of Peace$20 per adult / $10 per child / $50 maximum for family of 4 / college students free with current ID. Join the Easton community for an innovative communal Seder. All food Certified Kosher for Passover. The Seder will be led by Rabbis Melody Davis and Daniel Stein along with Cantors Jill Pakman and Dr. Robert Weiner. Co-Sponsored by Bnai Abraham Synagogue, Temple Cov-enant of Peace and the Easton Leadership Council of the Jewish Federation.

Congregation Keneseth IsraelFRIDAY, APRIL 18 | 6 PMSuper Shabbat Seder. $18 per adult ($25 per non member) / $12 per child ($15 for non member) / under 5 free. Move from station to station to learn all about Passover traditions and history. End in the Social Hall with a traditional sit-down dinner prepared by our own Chef Eric Reservations a MUST by April 11 at the KI office, 610-435-9074.

The Jewish Community Seder Project is partially funded by a grant from the JEWISH FEDERATION OF THE LEHIGH VALLEY

PLEASE JOIN US AT OUR TABLE THIS PASSOVER. ALL ARE WELCOME. OR CALL TO ARRANGE TO SHARE IN A SEDER IN SOMEONE’S HOME.

Call any of the synagogues listed below if you are interested in sharing in a Passover Seder with congregants having seders in their homes:

AM HASKALAH, Allentown610-435-3775Student Rabbi Tamara Cohen

BETH AVRAHAM, Palmer610-905-2166Rabbi Yitzchak Yagod

BNAI ABRAHAM SYNAGOGUE, Easton610-258-5343Rabbi Daniel Stein

CHABAD OF LEHIGH VALLEY, Allentown610-336-6603Rabbi Yaakov Halperin

CONGREGATION BRITH SHOLOM, Bethlehem610-866-8009Rabbi Allen Juda

CONGREGATION KENESETH ISRAEL, Allentown610-435-9074Rabbi Seth PhillipsCantor Jennifer Duretz Peled

CONGREGATION SONS OF ISRAEL, Allentown610-433-6089 Rabbi David Wilensky

TEMPLE BETH EL, Allentown610-435-3521Rabbi Moshe Re’emCantor Kevin Wartell

TEMPLE COVENANT OF PEACE, Easton610-253-2031Rabbi Melody DavisCantor Jill Pakman

TEMPLE SHIRAT SHALOM, Allentown610-706-4595Cantor Ellen Sussman

Jewish Community SederTUESDAY, APRIL 15 | 6 PM$30 per adult / $15 per child / children under 5 free. This lively and interactive seder for the whole community (and your whole family!) will be held at the Jewish Community Center of Allentown and will be led by Cantor Kevin Wartell of Temple Beth El. Kosher meal provided by the Noshery at Muhlenberg. Reservation deadline: April 4. To reserve space, call 610-435-3571. Special financial arrangements can be made by contacting JCC Director Carol Kranitz.

HAPPY PASSOVER | HAKOL LEHIGH VALLEY | APRIL 2014 3

Go down, Moses / Way down in Egypt land / Tell all Pharaohs to / Let my people go!*This Passover marks 10 years since my mother-in-law and I sat down to a seder meal together. Before that, Sylvia had always prepared and hosted the seder – both nights -- and the festive meal always included grapefruit halves, her special stuffed cabbage, and laughter. I’ve never been to a seder that included more laughing, which especially happened among my sisters-in-law.

When Israel was in Egypt land … Let my people go! Oppressed so hard they could not stand … Let my people go!Sylvia was what you could call a “tough cookie.” Diagnosed with breast cancer before my husband and I married, she went through radical treatment and a stem cell transplant by the time our first child was born. After that, she lived, exercised and shopped with zest. Things were looking good through the first year of our second child’s life. However, Sylvia developed a brain tumor by the time we were expecting our third child.

So the God sayeth: Go down, Moses. Way down in Egypt land / Tell all Pharaohs to / Let my people go!That’s when she decided to share her stuffed cabbage recipe with me. After six months or so of bringing in Shabbat dinners of fish or chicken each week, this time we appeared at her door with the resulting tray of stuffed cabbage. My sister-in-law had come from a distance to kasher the kitchen for Passover and we placed the dish into the warm oven and went to chopping apples.

So Moses went to Egypt land … Let my people go! He made all Pharaohs understand … Let my people go!What stands out about that seder is not the food, because the stuffed cabbage didn’t come out that wonderfully – turns out it needed to “sit” and was better the next day – and there wasn’t so much laughter under the circumstances, but there was singing!

Thus spoke the Lord, bold Moses said: Let my people go!My husband had invited a friend who happened to be a fabulous singer and what should he lead us in, but “Let My People Go,” which from then until now has taken on new meaning for me.

If not I’ll smite, your firstborn dead / Let my people go!The song was first attributed to a group of escaped slaves called the Contrabands. Their chaplain, L. C. Lockwood, said in the sheet music that the song dated to 1853 in Virginia. Paul Robeson made the song famous with his deep, resonant voice; and Louis Armstrong and Sy Oliver’s Orchestra gave it their own touch. In all of the above cases, “Israel” is said to represent slaves and “Egypt” and “Pharaoh” the slavemaster.

Tell all Pharaohs to / Let my people go!Within a few months, Sylvia had indeed gone, but not before we enjoyed a seder together that we could all savor that night, and long after the leftover stuffed cabbage had disappeared. That summer, we welcomed our third child, bestowing a name in Sylvia’s memory.

What I learned that year is that there are all sorts of exoduses and that the journey together is every bit as important as the destination.

*Louis Armstrong’s lyrics

A DIFFERENT KIND OFexodusBy Jennifer LaderEditor, HAKOL

‘LET MY PEOPLE GO!’ RESONATES

Kim and Reggie Harris bring to the surface a deeper understanding of the historical thread that ties the Jewish and African-

American people together in their album “Let My People Go!” The music is a bridge

into the connected histories of these peoples, sharing a past of slavery and oppression

and recognizing the Jews that fought alongside other minorities for civil rights

during the 1960s. Through the album, a sense of unity is found through the struggles and triumphs of these peoples using chant and

spoken word. Writing for All Media Network, LLC, Chris Nickson says of the CD, “At times quite extraordinarily lovely, as on ‘Venomar Lefanav (Let Us Sing a New Song),’ with its

klezmer overtones, or ‘I Have a Million Nightingales,’ it can also turn deeply spiritual,

as on ‘In the Mississippi River.’” Kim and Reggie Harris give us an album that asks for

full contemplation from its listeners, allowing the music to pave a journey of discovery and peace.

4 APRIL 2014 | HAKOL LEHIGH VALLEY | HAPPY PASSOVER

By Alice LevelSpecial to HAKOL

When I first moved from France to Canada (and later the United States), I really thought if there’s one holiday that should be the same all over the world, it should be the holiday of Passover. After all, aren’t the words of the Haggadah exactly the same all over the world? Shouldn’t the seder nights be celebrated exactly the same way all over the world?

When I was invited to my first seder in America, I really expected the rituals and songs to be the ones I grew up with. Boy, was I in for a shock! It’s not that they were slightly different; they were completely different and I couldn’t have been more surprised about it.

First, there was the language. Everyone reading in Hebrew thinks it’s Hebrew, right? Well, wrong … I quickly realized that my heavily-accented French/Arabic Hebrew had nothing to do with the heavily accented English/Polish Hebrew I heard here and I barely recognized the words.

Also, I couldn’t have been more surprised about the songs. Of course, I knew that the melodies would be different, but I didn’t expect the whole

Haggadah to be sung! We have songs, yes, but only a few such as Ma Nishtana or Dayeinu. Most of the Haggadah in our tradition is read, not sung, while here it seems that there are songs for most of the passages of the Haggadah.

Even the rituals are different. During the 10 plagues reading, in the tradition of my upbringing, we don’t remove a drop of wine from our glass; instead, the leader of the table mixes water with wine after each plague while the audience hurls out the name of any people who wish Jews harm.

At the beginning of the Haggadah reading, each man present at the seder holds the seder plate above those at the table while singing the “etmol” passage (the one ending with our wish to next year be in Jerusalem), while here nobody knew about this tradition. Then, we leave our door open, should the prophet Elijah come to our house on that night. All these little traditions, which I understood to be part of the seder reading, were apparently unheard of here.

And what about the food? I expected the food served during the meal to be different. After all, I had heard of matzo ball soup, gefilte fish and borscht, but had never tasted any, so I was looking forward to trying these “exotic” dishes.

But I never expected the food on the seder plate to be different: I was accustomed to using a lamb shank, not chicken (in some homes, at least), for the zeroah. We use Romaine lettuce as maror instead of horseradish, and celery as karpas instead of potatoes. There is no cinnamon in our charoset; only dates, fruit and wine. And speaking of wine, every adult in France drinks the customary four cups of wine and not grape juice, which is considered to be suitable only for children and sick people.

Even our matzah is different! Our matzah is round, not square, and there are only two flavors: plain or wine-flavored (we are talking about France, remember?).

Did my first seder here come as a shock? Yes, it certainly did. But after I got used to all the little differences, I realized that the seder really is the same all over the world: We may not eat the same food and read with the same accent, but we all attend the seder with the same fervor, we all read the Haggadah with the same emotion and we all expect the meal with the same impatience.

Photo: Round matzo is the norm on seder tables in some parts of the world.

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By Rachel AvrahamReprinted with permission of United with Israel

Ribadavia, a town in northern Spain, is set to host the first Passover seder since the Spanish Inquisition, when in 1492 the Jews of medieval Spain were given the choice of expulsion, conversion or death. The seder is being jointly hosted by the Ribadavia Municipality’s Tourism Department and the Center for Medieval Studies, which researches the history of Spain’s Jews prior to the Spanish Inquisition. The seder is expected to at-tract a few dozen people, thus breathing life into the city’s once vibrant Jewish Quarter.

Ribadavia used to have a thriving Jewish community. The chronicler Frois-sart claimed that the Jewish population of Ribadavia numbered 1,500 souls in the Middle Ages. Jews played a promi-nent role in the city’s defense against the Duke of Lancaster in 1386. However, in 1997, there were only two Jews who lived within the Ribadavia Municipality, neither of them of Sephardic ancestry. Ju-dith Cohen, a scholar who specializes in Sephardic Jewry, asserted that she does not believe that many Jews remained in this particular city following the Spanish Inquisition.

During the Spanish Inquisition, 165,000 Jews fled Spain; 50,000 Jews were baptized and an additional 20,000 Jews passed away while attempting to flee Spain. There were Jews that converted

who attempted to live double lives, living outwardly as Catholics while secretly continuing to practice the faith of their ancestors, which was a very risky busi-ness. Some 31,912 so-called heretics who were caught would burn at the stake. Thus, the inclusion of opening the door for the Prophet Elijah in the Passover seder is believed to have been developed during the time of the Spanish Inquisi-tion, to ensure that spies weren’t listening in. Indeed, the Spanish Inquisition was one of the darkest eras in Jewish history.

However, today there is a tendency within Spain to try to preserve and reconstruct Spain’s Jewish past. Since the

1990s, several cities within Spain have undertaken tourist projects designed to highlight the prosperous Jewish commu-nity that once existed within the country. The Ribadavia Municipality has declared the city’s Jewish Quarter a historic monument and preserved eight medieval buildings within it, yet the city’s former synagogue and mikvah are now both privately owned, with the mikvah pres-ently being utilized as a local bar called Barrio Judio. Yet, despite this, residents of Ribadavia still recall what Barrio Judio used to be and refer to it with affection. In fact, in 1992, a group of middle-aged Spanish women decided to put on stage

a Sephardic Jewish wedding as part of the Festa da Istoria, a traditional Spanish performance featuring biblical themes and characters.

Thus, as we approach the Jewish holi-day of Passover, it is critical to remember not just the original exodus story but all tales of Jews getting expelled from vari-ous lands. The story of the Exodus has relevance in every generation, for Jews throughout the generations had to flee their homeland, as the Roman expulsion from Israel, the Spanish Inquisition, the Holocaust and the Jewish expulsion from Arab lands all prove.

Indeed, as one Egyptian Jew who was forced out of his country by President Gamal Abdel Nasser declared regarding his last Passover seder in Egypt, “After almost three centuries of religious toler-ance, we found ourselves celebrating Passover the way our Marrano ancestors had done under the Spanish Inquisition: in secret, verging on shame, without conviction, in great haste and certainly without a clear notion of what we were celebrating. Was it the first exodus from Egypt? Or maybe the second from Spain? Or were we celebrating the many exoduses that went unrecorded but that every Jew knows he can remember if he tries hard enough, for each one of us is a dislodged citizen of a country that was never really his but that he has learned to long for and cannot forget. The fault lines of exile and Diaspora always run deep, and we are always from elsewhere, and from elsewhere before that.”

SPANISH TOWN TO HOSTfirst Passover seder since 1492


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By Carol WilsonJFLV Women’s Division President

We are all watching world events unfold with a wary eye. So many issues and problems are confronting the citizens of the world and the Jewish people. Places that were once unwelcoming, hostile or destructive to Jews have become places of respite, opportunities and hope after World War II and the birth of the State of Israel. And yet, faraway places with names like Odessa, Budapest, Strasbourg and Paris have again become hotbeds of virulent anti-Semitism and worry.

Women’s Division’s support of the Jewish Federation’s commitment to enhancing Jewish life and caring for the most vulnerable Jews ensures the future of the Jewish people here in the Lehigh Valley and throughout the world. While it is the hope that many are familiar with the ongoing work we are doing locally with essential community partners to focus on improving care for our seniors, Jewish education and our Jewish Community Center, the Federation system works 24-7, around the globe, to protect and care for the Jewish people.

Today, that means that in addition to the ongoing work of our overseas partners like

the JDC, the Jewish Agency for Israel and World ORT, additional services, equipment and planning are being introduced.

For there are many unfolding stories and events that you may not be reading in your news sources. With regard to rising anti-Semitism, the Jews of France, who number about 480,000, the third largest Jewish population behind Israel and the United States, have come under increasing attack. Most recently, two unidentified men wielding a stun gun assaulted a Jewish man near a Paris synagogue.

A witness reported the incident to the National Bureau For Vigilance Against Anti-Semitism. The conclusion: “The perpetrators assaulted the victim for no other reason than his clothing and appearance, which identified him as being Jewish, and the fact that he was near a Jewish place of worship.”

In March, a group of teenagers hurled stones at a Jewish institution in Sarcelles near Paris and shouted “death to Jews.” A day earlier, a school bus full of Jewish students was pelted with stones by teenagers in Paris. In addition, as news of the turbulent situation in Ukraine continues to filter in and we hear stories of geo-political and military maneuvering, it is important to keep in context the

plight of Ukraine’s more than 300,000 Jews, many of them very elderly Holocaust survivors who have suffered the double trauma of the Shoah and Communism, who now live, many in dire economic circumstances, with the assistance of the Jewish community. The largest concentration of survivors live in the dilapidated buildings surrounding Maidan, the square which has been the seat of protests before the Russian incursion into Crimea.

Throughout the conflict between protestors and the Ukraine police forces, your representatives found creative and sometimes Herculean methods to reach those who needed us most, to deliver essential food, medicines and companionship.

This was all done as part of Federation’s support from donors to the Annual Campaign.

Unfortunately, with the situation’s further deterioration, the needs have further escalated:• Ukranian currency has been

significantly devalued• Rising exponential costs for

the most basic needs• Additional resources are

needed for staff and services• Emergency deliveries of food,

medicine, heating and cooking fuel and care

• Emergency kits for homeworkers including

fire extinguishers, blankets and heaters

• Additional security personnel, security cameras and barriers for synagogues, yeshivas and community centers

• Increased security at World ORT schools

Many of the Jewish community’s leaders in Crimea fled the area the minute the Russians moved in. The only single fully functioning Jewish organization in Sevastopol was the Hesed. The Hesed director, Alla Krasnovid, continued to operate the Hesed, offering not only material support but also emotional support to the Jewish community by calling people, supporting them in different ways and ensuring some level of stability at “ground zero” of this crisis.

The same is true for Victoria Plotkina from Simferopol who continues a family legacy which started with her grandparents working with Agro Joint in the early years of the 20th century and today offering comfort, security and social responsibility to the Jewish community members. These are the real heroes of this crisis and this is the actual manifestation of JDC spirit and of global Jewish responsibility.

Further, there is apparently a new addition to the Russian

language vocabulary -- “Hesed” -- in Sevastopol. Krasnovid gave everyone traveling to clients a printed letter, signed by her, stating the fact that whoever holds this letter is performing humanitarian work at the service of the local Hesed. This letter was presented at road blocks manned by Russian soldiers who were prohibiting access to some parts of the city or accessing some roads. Some soldiers are reported to have seen the letter and responded, “Ah -- Hesed? Yes, you can go through ...”

It is no coincidence that the Jewish Agency has seen record sign-ups for Aliyah during this time. While mass airlifts are not currently underway and there has not been a large influx of immigration yet, the numbers of those wanting to be ready should the need occur is staggering when we say that the Jewish Federation is the safety net of the Jewish people, we really mean it.

Thank you for supporting our Jewish Federation with your pledge to the 2014 Campaign for Jewish Needs. Because of your help we are able to act locally, nationally, globally and especially in Israel.

Adapted from a speech that Carol Wilson, president of JFLV’s Women’s Division, delivered at the March 12 Lunch & Learn at the JCC.

Of faraway placesand what we can do


Jews have lived in the area since ancient times, and leaders from Catherine the Great to Stalin encouraged their settlement there.By Jeffrey VeidlingerReprinted with permission of Tablet Magazine

“On the way to Sevastopol, not too far from Simferopol,” begins what is probably the most famous Yiddish song from the Soviet Union, “Hey Dzhankoye.” The song, named after a collective farm near the Crimean town of Dzhankoy, celebrates the alleged victories of the Soviet collectivization drive of the 1920s and 1930s, which, according to the song, magically transformed Jewish merchants into farmers. “Who says that Jews can only trade?” asks the final verse of the song, “Just take a look at Dzhan.”

Now, as the new government in Kiev struggles to find its footing after the ouster of Ukraine’s pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych, Russian troops are occupying the Crimea in the name of protecting ethnic Russians and, as Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov suggested at the United Nations, combating anti-Semitic ultra-nationalists — an ironic twist, less than a century after the Kremlin contemplated the peninsula as the site of a potential Jewish homeland.

Jews have been living in the peninsula since ancient times, largely divided into two communities: the Krymchaks, who followed rabbinical Judaism, and the Karaites, who rejected the Oral Torah. Soon after Catherine the Great conquered the region from the Ottoman Empire in 1783, she opened it up to Jewish settlement, hoping that the Jews would serve as a bulwark against the Turks. Although Jews were later barred from living in the major cities, the peninsula promised open spaces and freedom to adventurous Jews seeking new frontiers and willing to take up a spade.

Tens of thousands of mostly young Jews settled in this part of “New Russia” over the next century. The Crimea became so identified with Russia’s Jewish history, in fact, that Jewish activists in St. Petersburg pointed to the long legacy of Crimean Jews as an argument for Jewish emancipation in the empire—after all, they claimed, Jews had been living there longer than Russians. (The 19th-century Karaite historian Avraam Firkovich even tried to argue that Karaites were living in the Crimea before the time of Jesus Christ, and he fabricated tombstone inscriptions to prove it.)

Jewish residents of the Crimea were also deeply engaged in the critical Jewish question of the time – Zionism -- and by the late 19th century the area had become a training ground for future Zionist pioneers, who practiced agricultural techniques there before relocating to Palestine. Joseph Trumpeldor -- who famously gave his life defending the northern Galilee settlement of Tel Hai with the motto “It is good to die for our country” -- once trained potential migrants in the Crimea. (One Crimean settlement was named Tel Hai in his honor.)

In the early 1920s, the new Soviet government once again turned its attention to the peninsula. Concerned that the Crimean Tatars, Ukrainians and Germans who mostly populated the region were anti-Communist, officials in Moscow were eager to buy the loyalty of new recruits with land grants and promises of autonomy in the agriculturally rich peninsula. When the American agronomist and communal activist Joseph A. Rosen suggested providing financial support through the Joint Distribution Committee to resettle Jewish victims of the pogroms in the region, the Kremlin jumped at the opportunity. In 1923, the Politburo accepted a proposal for establishing a Jewish Autonomous Region in the Crimea, before reversing itself a few months later.

Nevertheless, from 1924 until 1938, the Joint Distribution Committee, through its subsidiary American Jewish Joint Agricultural Corporation and with the financial support of American Jewish philanthropists like Julius Rosenwald,

supported Jewish agricultural settlements in Soviet Crimea. Numerous Jewish collective farms and even whole Jewish districts sprouted over the next few years. The dream of building a Jewish republic in the Crimea remained alive until the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Most of the Jewish colonists in the Crimea fled east to seek safety far from the front; entire collective farms fled together, traveling in convoys eastward, just ahead of the German troops, all the way to Kazakhstan or Uzbekistan.

There they reestablished their collective farms, and many joined the Red Army to fight the Nazis. As the war dragged on, Stalin dispatched two representatives of the newly established Soviet Jewish Antifascist Committee -- Yiddish actor Solomon Mikhoels and Yiddish poet Itsik Fefer—to the United States and other Allied countries to raise support among Western Jews for the Soviet war effort. In New York, Mikhoels and Fefer met with representatives of the Joint Distribution Committee, who spoke of renewing their support for Jewish colonies in the Crimea once the peninsula was liberated from Nazi control.

In 1944, the Red Army routed the Germans out of the Crimea. Stalin ordered the deportation of about 180,000 Crimean Tatars in retaliation for their alleged collaboration with the enemy. Soviet troops ordered Tatar families to pack up their allotted 80 kilograms of belongings and board trains out of the region; soon thereafter, tens of thousands of Jews returned to the Crimea from the east to resettle the colonies they had been forced to abandon.

It was in the context of this chaos that Mikhoels and Fefer met with the Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and discussed the idea of establishing a Jewish homeland in the Crimea. Molotov seemed like a sympathetic ally. Stalin had appointed him in May 1939 to replace Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish roots made him an awkward choice to lead the coming negotiations with Nazi Germany; three months later, Molotov signed the nonaggression pact that would allow Germany to invade Poland, beginning WWII. Yet Molotov was not unfriendly toward Jews; his wife, Polina Zhemchuzhina, was from a Jewish family in southern Ukraine and had a sister who had emigrated to Palestine. Mikhoels and Fefer left the meeting convinced that Molotov would support the plan and followed through by sending a memorandum outlining the proposal to Stalin.

But instead, Stalin used the Crimean proposal as a pretext for a major assault on Soviet Jewry. The United Nations vote in support of the establishment of the State of Israel in November 1947 had rendered a Jewish homeland in the Crimea superfluous and reinforced Stalin’s suspicions of Jewish national aspirations. On the night of Jan. 12, 1948, Stalin had Mikhoels murdered, signifying the beginning of Stalin’s campaign against the Jews. Over the next 13 months, Fefer, Zhemchuzhina, and numerous other members of the Jewish Antifascist Committee were arrested. Zhemchuzhina was exiled to Kazakhstan. Fifteen others were tried in secret on the charge of conspiring with the United States to establish a Jewish republic in the Crimea.

On Aug. 12, 1952, in what came to be known as the Night of the Murdered Poets, 13 of the defendants, including Fefer and well-known Yiddish writers Dovid Bergelson, Dovid Hofshteyn, Leyb Kvitko, Peretz Markish, and Yiddish actor Benjamin Zuskin, were executed in Moscow’s Lubyanka Prison. Two years later, the Kremlin settled the fate of the Crimea when it transferred the peninsula to the administrative authority of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Between 2002 and 2010, I traveled on numerous occasions through the small towns of Ukraine as part of a team conducting Yiddish-language oral history and linguistic interviews with elderly Jews. Some of those we spoke with spent their youth in nominally autonomous Jewish districts in the Crimea. They all knew the lyric “On the way to Sevastopol.”

In one verse of the song, Abrasha rides his tractor like a train, Auntie Leye is at the mower, and Beyle is at the thresher, all symbols of progress in the revolutionary era.

Nowhere does the song mention the 25,000 Red Army soldiers and factory workers who forced villagers into the collective farms, shooting or arresting those who resisted. As many as 15,000 families were sent to “special settlements” in the Soviet east, while thousands were shot on the spot.

Those we interviewed preferred to remember the Crimea the way the song described it, as a Jewish utopia. They spoke fondly of attending the Yiddish language schools, where they studied mathematics, history, Marxism-Leninism, and farming techniques in Yiddish, and they remember evenings out at the Crimean Yiddish State Theaters. Others emphasized how Jews lived alongside Russians, Ukrainians, Muslim Tatars and Germans.

When we interviewed Tatiana Marinina in 2002, for example, she told us about how her family had moved to the Lunacharskii Collective Farm, named after the first Soviet Commissar of Enlightenment, in 1931. She fondly remembered the cows, the horses, the sheep, and the vineyards. She described how her mother, who was a “shock worker” -- the Soviet term for a worker who over-fulfills her quota --would work the cotton fields. She recounted friendly relations between the Jews on the farm and the ethnic Germans, who lived in the nearby villages, and between the various religious sectarians who made the peninsula their home. The

Yiddish school was closed by the time her younger sister, Sofia Palatnikova, started her schooling; Palatnikova told us she went instead to a Russian language school in a nearby Tatar village.

Many people we spoke with remembered the tractors and farm equipment that American Jewish philanthropic organizations sent to the Jewish settlements. Zorekh Kurliandchik, whom we interviewed in 2003, told us of the collective farm he lived on for three years in the early 1930s. “The first combine was on the Jewish collective farm,” he boasted. “The Tatars would come and stare at it.”

The names of the agricultural settlements established during this decade reflect the optimism of the times and the multilingual nature of their communities: Fraylebn (Yiddish: Free Life); Fraydorf (Yiddish: Free Village); Yidendorf (Yiddish: Jewish Village); Ahdut (Hebrew: Unity); Yetsirah (Hebrew: Creation); Herut (Hebrew: Freedom); and Pobeda (Russian: Victory), to name but a few.

Today there are some 17,000 Jews still living in the peninsula. One of the few remaining synagogues, in Simferopol, was vandalized when the slogan “Death to Jews” and swastikas were painted on its door. Now it’s Russian tanks on the road to Sevastopol, not too far from Simferopol, and the Jewish tractors that once filled the road are just a fading memory.

By Stephanie SmartschanJFLV Director of Marketing

The struggles in Kiev for many Jewish citizens began long before the recent violence.

So, too, have the Jewish organizations that support these citizens been there on the ground in the years, months, weeks leading up to crisis, and they remain there now as the fighting continues each day with no end in sight.

These organizations like the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), the Jewish Agency for Israel and World ORT that you, our donors, fund through the Jewish Federation of the Lehigh Valley’s Annual Campaign for Jewish Needs, are able to help now because they are already established networks of support.

Often in the wake of natural disasters or extreme circumstances, the Jewish Federation will open an emergency campaign to help. And we did that again this time, to supplement the funding that is already there. But it’s situations like this that remind us that we are already supporting emergency situations before they even happen with every donation that comes through the Annual Campaign.

In the midst of the violence, JDC’s emergency response network ensured continued home deliveries of food, medicine, heating and cooking fuel, and sustained life-saving care at home for the elderly. The Jewish Agency tapped its Emergency Assistance Fund, started in 2012, to bolster security at Ukraine’s many Jewish institutions, including synagogues, yeshivas and community centers.

When you made your gift to a campaign that promises to help Jews wherever the need is the greatest, you made a proactive promise to the estimated 300,000 Jews living in Ukraine that you would be there for them. You should be proud to know you are living up to that promise.

Donate to the Jewish Federation’s Ukraine Assistance Fund at JewishLehighValley.org. 100 percent of the money you donate will go directly to this effort.

There when help is neededJEWISH FEDERATION:

Before Crimea was an ethnic Russian stronghold, it was a potential Jewish homeland


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Jewish Telegraphic Agency

A mikvah dating from the 18th century was discovered in Venezuela.

The Jewish ritual bath was discovered in the state of Falcon during the remodeling of the Art Museum Alberto Henriquez in the central town of Coro, according to the Prensa Latina news agency.

According to Prensa Latina, it is the only known ancient mikvah in Venezuela.

The museum is located in the Senior House, which was built in 1774 and bought by Jewish trader David Abraham Senior in 1847, who turned one room into a synagogue. It later became known as the Coro Synagogue.

Specialists from the School of Anthropology at the Central University of Venezuela are conducting the excavation under the auspices of the Venezuelan Ministry of Culture and coordinated by the Office of Planning and Design for Heritage Areas at Coro and La Vela, or OPEDAD.

MIKVAH DATING TO 18TH CENTURY DISCOVERED IN VENEZUELA

By Uriel HeilmanJewish Telegraphic Agency

They left after Venezuelan secret police raided a Jewish club in 2007, and after the local synagogue was ransacked by unidentified thugs two years later.

They left after President Hugo Chavez expelled Israel’s ambassador to Caracas, and when he called on Venezuela’s Jews to condemn Israel for its actions in Gaza in 2009.

They left when Caracas claimed the ignoble title of most dangerous city in the world -- and when inflation hit double digits, food shortages took hold and the country’s murder rate reached 79 per 100,000 people.

With Venezuela now roiled by anti-government demonstrations – and with a rising death toll -- Venezuelan Jews who remain have yet another reason to leave their country: growing despair.

“There’s less hope about the future,” said Andres Beker, a Venezuelan Jewish expatriate in the United States whose parents still live in Caracas. “My parents are huge fans of Venezuela. Until last year I thought they would stay no matter what. Now, for the first time, they’re talking about Plan B: leaving Venezuela.”

It’s not just Venezuelan Jews who are leaving. Hundreds of thousands of middle- and upper-class Venezuelans have relocated in recent years, swelling the size of expat communities in places like Miami, Panama, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic and Colombia.

The exodus of Venezuelan Jews has put a great strain on the community’s institutions.

“Emigration has really played a big factor in the community -- that’s our main problem,” said Sammy Eppel, a Caracas journalist and Jewish community member who also serves as director of the B’nai Brith Human Rights Commission in Venezuela.

“When we were a numerous and prosperous

community, we built numerous and heavy institutions,” Eppel said. “A lot of our members have left, and we are left with the same institutions but with less people to take care of them. We have to make serious adjustments while making sure the services we provide to the community don’t suffer.”

The massive anti-government demonstrations that began on Feb. 12 were sparked in part by new lows for Venezuela’s economy and an upsurge in violence. One Jewish high schooler said the streets long have been off limits for him and his friends, due to threats of violence and kidnapping. But these days, it’s hard to leave the house to go anywhere.

Outsiders might puzzle over why anybody would stay given the challenging circumstances of daily life. But Venezuelan Jews say leaving home is never easy. There are those with jobs that can’t be shifted overseas, and those who lack the money or energy to leave and start over somewhere else. And the changes have been gradual enough that, time and time again, Venezuelan Jews -- like their gentile countrymen -- simply have adjusted to the new reality.

Sandra Iglicki, who left Venezuela for South Florida a decade ago but still goes back often, said it’s also been emotionally difficult to leave a country that for decades was good to Jews, serving as an anti-Semitism-free refuge for European Jewish families who fled the Nazis.

“It’s very painful for the community in Venezuela,” she said.

And there’s still some hope, even among expats, that the country eventually will right itself.

“If you talk to a lot of Venezuelans that are here, they’re waiting for this to be over,” Iglicki said in a phone interview from Florida. “I would love to go back to Venezuela.”

A man shoots a slingshot at national guard troops following one of the largest anti-government demonstrations yet on March 2 in Caracas, Venezuela.

With Venezuela in a tailspin,GROWING NUMBER OF JEWS OPTING FOR ‘PLAN B’

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After his own exodus from Venezuela, Israel Zighelboim, a gynecologic oncologist with St. Luke’s University Health Network, speaks of the oppression and protests in his native land.

Chavez came to power 15 years ago with the highest support ever of an elected official. Venezuela had been a dictatorship until 1958, when it became a democracy that alternated between two political parties that were very corrupt. The professionals were doing OK but the poor weren’t. So the industrials, the manufacturers, the entrepreneurs and the Jewish community supported him. Over the course of several years, something that Chavez denied while campaigning became clear: He wanted to convert Venezuela to a socialistic nation.

Based on his high support on coming into office, Chavez re-wrote the Constitution.

He perpetuated himself as president, pretty much forever. He recalled the elected officials and took over the country – the Congress, the Supreme Court, all the elected positions. He promised free healthcare and free education to all. He developed strong links to Cuba to the point where he was giving oil to them for free to get physicians and teachers sent over; these were lesser trained physicians and meanwhile some Venezuelan physicians were out of work. By the end of 15 years, the promise of poverty decreasing or disappearing hadn’t happened; healthcare wasn’t better. Yet Chavez was extremely charismatic; even though he himself was very sick by November of 2013, he irresponsibly ran for and won re-election.

Henrique Capriles Radonski ran against Chavez and came close to winning. A Catholic, Capriles’s maternal grandparents were Holocaust survivors and his mother was

Jewish. The reason he could scratch so close to victory was that in the past the opposition had been divided and in the last three to five years had become more united.

After the November elections and because he was so sick, Chavez clearly stated he wanted Nicholas Maduro to be his successor. In December or January, Chavez disappeared; he went to Cuba and was never seen or heard from again other than through reports given by his close circle (then Secretary of State Maduro and Diosdado Cabello, President of the National Assembly). Maduro kept telling people Chavez was going to recover. In March, he announced that Chavez had died and there was a call for elections in April of 2013. Capriles Radonski ran against Maduro, and exit polls and other accounts showed that he won. Yet when the results were announced, Maduro was said to have won. Capriles Radonski and his people took the matter to the international community, but no one wanted to speak. This is the richest government in the history of Venezuela and even though the people are so poor, there is the concern that the country will choke the international community by refusing to send oil.

The Venezuelan economy under Maduro has tanked terribly. In a country like Venezuela with all this oil, it’s become impossible for people to get flour, milk, eggs, even toilet paper. They are going to a system of rationing. In a country with a very young population, most youngsters there today never saw the pre-1958 days. The

country has been progressively more divided since Chavez took power – and it is thought that perhaps for the first time now, 51 percent of the population would favor a non ‘Chavista’ government – but the poor never got out of ‘the bucket.’

On Feb. 12 of this year, opposition party leader Leopoldo Lopez called for the youth to take to the streets and demand the resignation of Maduro. It was on the National Day of the Youth, commemorating a famous battle under Commander Bolivar’s sub-commander Jose Felix Ribas in which the kids, pretty much just after high school age, fought the powerful Spanish army and won. Lopez is now imprisoned and isolated.

The repression of the protests has been brutal; you can only get the real story on Facebook and Twitter. The National Guard attacked the youths, putting some to death. Maduro blocked the media, he kicked out CNN and Colombian TV station NTN. He prohibited the Venezuelan media from reporting any aspect of the violence under threat of being shut down, as had been done under Chavez. Maduro expelled journalists and even the U.S. consular officials, although now he’s making nice again recognizing the strategic importance of the United States as Venezuela’s most important costumer in the oil market. My parents and my wife Valeska’s parents are still there. She has a sister who is there with her husband and children. We came to the U.S. in 2001 for my training and the plan was to go back home.

My dad is a physician; we were going to practice together. I had a scholarship from my medical school and I was going to teach. However, even though Valeska and I went through Jewish Day School from pre-K through high school, now everybody in my class has left.

Mid-way through his presidency, Chavez turned against the Jews. He became an ally of all the bad guys. Iran became a very close ally; he supported them through the blockade. He expelled the Israeli ambassador – this has been five or six years ago – and at that time there were riots and vandalism where there never had been to that extent before. The military even conducted an operation in the Jewish Day School, while the children were in there, looking for “weapons”.

The Jewish population has shrunk from 25 - 30,000 down to a probably overestimated 6,000. My sister- and brother-in-law are reluctant to leave because their livelihood is there. They say ‘things could get better.’ When is it too late? No one really knows.

‘When is it too late?’

Israel Zighelboim and his wife, Valeska, help raise money for the Jewish Federation’s Annual Campaign for Jewish Needs on Super Sunday. The Zighelboim’s left Venezuala in 2001 and have been in the Lehigh Valley for about two years.

A FIRST-HAND ACCOUNT OF THE OPPRESSION IN VENEZUELA



A Jewish group and a liberal party in Bulgaria protested an annual march to honor a general from the 1930s closely tied to the Third Reich.

In February, the Shalom Organization of the Jews in Bulgaria and the Movement for Rights and Freedoms demonstrated to ban the Lukov March

planned for Feb. 15, according to the Sofia Globe. The torchlight procession honors Hristo Lukov, a Bulgarian army general who later became the country’s minister of war from 1935 to 1938. He also headed the extreme-right Union of Bulgarian National Legions from 1932 to 1942.

The Lukov March, organized by the far-right Bulgarian National Union,

has been held annually since 2003 and has been the subject of criticism by Bulgarian and European groups.

Marchers often display pro-Nazi propaganda as well as pro-fascist and xenophobic ideas, the Shalom group said, according to Bulgarian National Radio.

Lukov was assassinated at his home in Sofia in 1943 by a Bulgarian Communist Party agent.


Hungarian authorities postponed a ceremony commemorating victims of World War II following protests by Jewish groups that said it obfuscated Hungary’s Holocaust-era role.

The ceremony, which had been planned for March 19, was organized around the inauguration of a monument which the government has described as “dedicated to the memory of the German occupation.”

But on Feb. 19, a government spokesperson said the ceremony had been postponed to May 31, according to the French news agency AFP. The monument also will be “dedicated to the memory of the victims of German occupation,” a statement by the Hungarian cabinet said.

Hungary’s Federation of Hungarian Jewish Communities, or Mazsihisz, said that it would boycott the ceremony.

Following the postponement, Hungarian President Viktor Orban sent a letter to Mazsihisz reiterating the government’s request that Mazsihisz reconsider its decision to boycott the ceremony. But Mazsihisz’s head, Andre Heisler, said the

letter failed to address and offer a solution to the issue that caused the rupture in the first place.

The planned monument depicts Hungary as an angel being attacked by a German eagle, which critics say absolves Hungarians of their active role in sending some 450,000 Jews to their deaths.

The Hungarian Government Information Center announced plans for the monument in January in Budapest’s Freedom Square as a tribute to “all Hungarian victims, with the erection of the monument commemorating the tragic German occupation and the memorial year to mark the 70th anniversary of the Holocaust.”

The following week, a Hungarian official said the planned Jewish community boycott of Holocaust commemorations could harm relations between Hungarian Jews and non-Jews.

The government’s commemoration plans “face failure because of the absence of Mazsihisz,” Janos Lazar, chief of staff of Prime Minister Viktor Orban, said at a press conference. “They issued an ultimatum to the government, and this is causing more anxiety than a positive impact on the coexistence of Jews

and Hungarians,” he said. He added these actions

will ultimately not harm coexistence, the Hungarian MTI news agency reported.

It was the latest escalation in an unusually harsh war of words between the Jewish umbrella group and the government over a ceremony in memory of Holocaust victims, which critics say absolves Hungarians of their active role in sending some 450,000 Jews to their deaths.

The monument would

be unveiled near another monument in memory of the victims of communist oppression. Critics object to the failure to name Hungarians as culprits in the deportation of the Jews. Mazsihisz also believes the location creates a false equivalence between the two periods, the group’s president, Andras Heisler, told JTA.

Government officials had

until now refrained from leveling public accusations at Mazsihisz over the issue.

In an interview with InfoRadio, Heisler said Mazsihisz’ boycott of the commemorations as proposed by the government did not amount to an ultimatum. He added that Hungarian-Jewish coexistence was not in danger, because Mazsihisz’s argument is with the government, not with society.

Hungary postpones controversial monument’s unveiling

Budapest’s Freedom Square, site of a postponed and controversial unveiling of a monument which critics say minimizes Hungary’s role in the deportation of Jews during World War II.

Groups protest march in Bulgaria honoring WWII general


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©2012 Hilton Worldwide.

How lovely to wake upwith the kids on vacation

—especiallywhen they slept in a separate room.

When you vacation, why leave the best of home behind? At Homewood Suites, youcan enjoy a separate room for the kids, a real kitchen with a full-size fridge, and a full,hot breakfast, plus a pool to play in. So stay with us and Be at home.

Homewood Suites by Hilton Bethlehem Airport2031 Avenue C Bethlehem, PA 18017610-264-7500 or [email protected]

BUN INGREDIENTS:1 stick unsalted butter2 c. matzo meal1 c. boiling water 1 T. sugar (or KP sweetener)4 eggs TECHNIQUE:Add boiling water to butter in a saucepan. After it's melted, add matzo meal, sweetener and salt and set aside to cool. Add eggs, one at a time, mixing well after each addition. With damp hands, form 12 balls on cookie sheet. Press down and slit the top. Bake at 375 degrees for approximately one hour, until cooked through.

BURGER INGREDIENTS:12 Portobello mushrooms6 T. extra virgin olive oil3 -- 8 oz. jars of KP roasted red peppers, drained12 oz. KP goat cheese36 spinach leaves, washed and driedsalt and pepper to taste TECHNIQUE:Stem the mushrooms and wipe with a paper towel to clean them. Coat with the oil and season with salt and pepper. Bake at 400 degrees, turning once, until soft and browned. Split the rolls and lightly toast. Spread 1 oz. of cheese over each slice. Top with the mushroom, some red peppers and several leaves of spinach. Close the sandwich and serve with salad and a chilled glass of KP dry white wine.

FOR PASSOVERPortobello burgers & buns

By Sandi Teplitz

MERINGUESMeringues are a very popular dessert for Passover in France, since they require no flour at all, are pareve and, most of all, are delicious. Makes 20 meringues. 4 egg whites 1 ¼ c (200 g) sugar 2 drops of food coloring (optional) 1 pinch of salt Pass eggs under warm water before using, or remove from refrigerator 15 minutes before using. In a medium bowl (preferably taller than it is wide), beat egg whites, food coloring and salt with electric mixer on high speed until mixture is stiff. Slowly incorporate sugar while still mixing. Cover a baking sheet with parchment paper. Scoop up a tablespoonful of the mixture and, using another tablespoon, ease it on to the baking sheet to form an oval. Repeat process until all meringues are on sheet. Bake in the oven at 250°F (120°C) for 30 minutes to 1 hour, depending how soft you like them. If your oven doesn’t start heating under 280°F or 150°C, bake at this temperature, but leave oven door slightly ajar, taking the appropriate precautions.

CHOCOLATE TRUFFLESAn exquisite French delicacy. Serves 6. 6 oz (180g) dark chocolate, cut into large pieces 3 T. butter or non-dairy margarine 6 t. powdered sugar 3 t. cognac 3 egg yolks unsweetened cacao Melt chocolate with 2 T. water on low heat (stirring constantly) or

in a microwave. Combine butter and sugar into chocolate and stir. Remove mixture from heat and combine egg yolks one at a time, stirring well before adding cognac. Let mixture rest in a cool, but not cold, place for 12 hours. Form one-inch balls with mixture. Roll balls into cocoa.

EXPRESS ALMOND BISCUITSThis recipe is a perfect and super easy dessert for Passover. You’ll like it so much you’ll be preparing it for Shabbat and other holidays too. Serves 6. 2 ½ c. (250 g) sliced almonds ¾ c. (150 g) sugar 2 egg whites (fresh ones, not the prepackaged kind) 1 t. vanilla extract Combine all ingredients in a bowl. Cover a baking sheet with parchment paper. Drop mixture by tablespoonful onto the baking sheet. Bake at 300°F (150°C) for 20 minutes.

FOIL BAKED FRUITSLet your guests open their aluminum bowl. The aromas that come out are just incredible. Serves 4. 4 bananas, peeled and cut lengthwise 2 peaches, peeled and pitted 2 pears, peeled and pitted 4 apricots, pitted 8 prunes, pitted 6 T. brown sugar 4 oz (100 g) butter or non-dairy margarine 1 t. vanilla extract 2 T. rum or pear alcohol Soak prunes in tepid water and 1 T. rum for at least 10 minutes. Cut 4 sheets of aluminum foil. Seal aluminum sheets edges to form a bowl-like shape. Place into each bowl 1 banana, one

half of a peach, 1 apricot, 2 prunes and one half of a pear. Sprinkle with rum, vanilla extract and brown sugar. Seal bowl tightly on every sides. Bake in the oven at 400°F (200°C) for 12 minutes. Serve warm.

PASSOVER CHOCOLATE CAKESo good you won’t believe it’s Passover! Serves 6. ¾ c. (125 g) dark chocolate 3 T. butter, or non-dairy margarine 2 T. potato starch ¾ c. (150 g) sugar 2 T. ground almonds 4 eggs Separate eggs. Combine egg yolks and sugar in a medium bowl. Mix with blender until color gets lighter. Add potato starch and ground almonds to the bowl. Melt chocolate with one tablespoon of water on the stove (on low heat and stirring constantly) or in a microwave. Add butter when chocolate has melted. Combine chocolate mixture to the egg mixture. In a medium bowl, beat egg whites with electric mixer on high speed until stiff. Add to the chocolate mixture, stirring gently. Lightly coat bottom of a 9x9-inch pan with cooking spray or oil and add chocolate batter. Bake in the oven at 350°F (175°C) for 25 minutes. Alice Level was born in Lyon, France and lives in Nazareth, Pa., with her husband and four children. A graduate of the Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Paris, she is passionate about both history and cuisine. Her website, www.traditionsandrecipes.com, familiarizes English-speaking readers with the traditions and recipes of French Jews from Algeria and offers e-books of her recipes.

Recipes from Alice Level’s e-book, “Cook it French! Easy Recipes for Passover”BRING DELIGHT TO YOUR PASSOVER TABLE

Use your card and save on items on this page. We sell both kosher and non-kosher foods. Some items not available in some stores. While supplies last. Prices good March 23 – April 14, 2014.

wishing you and your family a

Happy Passover

2/$300with your BONUSCARD

Tabatchnick Frozen Soup Selected Varieties,15 oz. pkg. 2/$300

with your BONUSCARD

Gold’sHorse Radish6 oz. pkg.

59¢with your BONUSCARD

GIANTSeltzer1 Liter33.8 � . oz. btl.

$349with your BONUSCARD

GIANTHoney Bear 12 oz. squeeze btl.


YehudaMemorialGlassCandle 1 ct. pkg.

2/$700

with your BONUSCARD

Joyva Ring Jells or Marshmallow Twists,Select Varieties, 9 oz. pkg.


Manischewitz Egg Matzos12 oz. pkg.


OsemConsomme andSeasoning Soup Mix14.1 oz. pkg.


Kedem AppleJuice 64 � . oz. btl.


Streit’sMacaroonsChocolate, Almond, Chocolate Chip or Coconut, 10 oz. pkg.


Dr. Praeger’s Potato Pancake All Varieties,12–13.5 oz. pkg.2/$600

with your BONUSCARD

Kedem Grape Juice Selected Varieties,64 � . oz. btl.


Mrs. Adler’s Gefi lte Fish Selected Varieties,24 oz. jar


Streit’s orManischewitz Matzos5 lb. box


Yehuda or AvivMatzos5 lb. pkg.


Kosher BonelessSkinless ChickenBreast

/lb.$599

with your BONUSCARD

AcmeSmokedNova SalmonPreviously Frozen, 4 oz. pkg.

/ea./lb.99¢with your BONUSCARD

Sweet PotatoesPrice valid through 4/12/14

with your BONUSCARD

Lilly’s Kosher for Passover Assorted Cookies12 oz. pkg.

/ea.$699

$599Foodman’sMatzolahGluten FreeGranola Cereal10 oz. pkg.

$599Ungar’s Gefi lte Fish22 oz. pkg.

2/$500SeasonSardinesSelected Varieties,3.75 oz. can

2/$600KedemSparklingGrape Juice All Varieties, 25.4 � . oz. btl.

$279OsemGluten FreeRoll Mix7 oz. pkg.

2/$400HolidayFruit Slices8 oz. pkg.

Dr. Brown’s Soda2 LiterSelected Varieties,67.6 � oz. btl.

GIANT Cranberry Sauce14 oz. pkg.

OsemCucumbersin Brine19 oz. can

for Passover recipes visit GiantFoodStores.com/recipes

Documents

HAKOL - Passover 2014