Handbook of Research Ethics and ScientificIntegrity

Ron IphofenEditor

Handbook of ResearchEthics and ScientificIntegrity

With 22 Figures and 25 Tables

EditorRon IphofenChatelaillon Plage, France

ISBN 978-3-030-16758-5 ISBN 978-3-030-16759-2 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-030-16760-8 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16759-2

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claimsin published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

This handbook was originally envisaged as a “one-stop shop” for contemporaryinformation, issues, and challenges in the fields of research ethics and scientificintegrity. Our central aim is for interested readers to find a comprehensive coverageof these issues both within their “home” discipline and in relation to similar concernsin other disciplines. It should also stand as a “first port of call” for anyone seeking toexplore further such related issues. These topics and issues are foundations thatresearchers, reviewers, and policymakers can build on when they are pursuing thebest ways forward in seeking to practice and promote ethical research and integrityin science. Perhaps it is almost impossible with the information available on theInternet to entirely fulfill these promises in any one handbook these days. Somereaders will find all they need here, others we would encourage to begin here and usethese foundational chapters from which to build their knowledge and good researchpractice.

Each chapter aims to be as comprehensive, detailed, accurate, and up to date aswe could make it, while recognizing that, in such a fluid field as research ethics, thesites, settings, and practices can change quite rapidly. We have striven for chapters tobe as authoritative and as internationally referenced as possible so that readers can beassured of the accuracy and relevance of content. Some chapters do focus on their“own” local geographical region or country, but hopefully with enough lessonslearned that can be applied more generally.

To structure the chapters we asked each author to supply a summary abstractoutlining the topics covered in their chapter followed by an introduction anticipatingtheir approach to the topics. We wanted some background coverage – such as ahistoriography and key writers or contributors to developments in the field. We alsosought a balanced discussion about current debates together with some horizonscanning for future issues they might anticipate as presenting difficulties. We alsoasked if they could propose “solutions” to the dilemmas involved where possible. Inorder to allow a reasonable degree of scholarly freedom, authors were not confinedto the rigid application of these topics as sectional subheadings. But the parts in thehandbook do follow a planned sequence. First, we look at how research in general isgoverned and monitored in order to forestall the typical forms of misconduct(Part II). Then we move to consider the key topics that are regularly “revisited”when ethics in research is mentioned (Part III). This is followed by a part that

v

addresses the ways in which the variety of research methods manage both the topicsand the various forms of guidance and governance (Part IV). The next part coversrecognition of the specific needs and concerns that researchers face for differentkinds of subjects or participants (Part V). The final part draws all this togetherin looking at how a selected range of different disciplines have incorporatedthese aforementioned concerns – in what ways they are similar and how they differ(Part VI).

The benefit to readers lies in the ability to quickly source some comprehensiveinformation, key protagonists, the main issues, and principal challenges in the field.We expect our readers to include experienced researchers keen to assess their ownperspectives in relation to others in the field, as well as novice researchers aiming toscope the field perhaps for the first time. They should equally find the handbook ofenduring interest and practical benefit. It will save a great deal of time in sourcing thedisparate available material in these fields. We also hope this handbook to be of valueto research advisors, funding agencies, policymakers, postgraduate supervisors/lecturers, and the research reviewers who comprise members of research ethicsreview committees and research governance boards.

Much of this material is concerned with topics and issues of longstanding interestand concern – but much looks at it in ways that strive to accommodate theinnovations occurring in this flexible and dynamic field. Those experienced in thefield might find some of this material new and challenging; but that is as it should besince ethics is, or should be, about engaging debate on the pressing moral issues ofour time – and none are more so than in the field of scientific and scholarly research.

Chatelaillon Plage, France Ron IphofenMarch 2020

vi Preface

Acknowledgments

It is chastening when nearing the print production of a volume such as this to recalljust how long the process took, how many people were involved, and, not least, howdependent an editor is on loyal, reliable, and supportive colleagues. The concept forthis handbook began in 2017. Now, 3 years later, we have something we cangenuinely be proud of. So I first wish to thank the commissioning team at SpringerNature – Mokshika Gaur, Floor Oosting, and Christopher Wilby for understandingand helping tease out the essential nature of the direction we needed to take for thehandbook. Crucial to the whole production process, contacting authors, spottingerrors, and keeping everyone on target in a polite, amiable, and efficient way (noteasy) was Shruti Datt – so many thanks Shruti – it truly is “our” handbook. And forsuch a communal enterprise the commitment I had from the authors was remarkable.Not enough career credit goes these days to books and even less to book chapters –so to ensure that these works really did “add value” to our understanding of ethicsand integrity in research, it was vital the chapter authors delivered so thoroughly. Ihave learned that readers value committed, informed, and readable materials whetherbook or book chapter, and are less concerned than the career hierarchy with theimpact factor of a prestigious journal. So to all our authors, sincere thanks for yourhard work and commitment to the project. Peer review was conducted throughout ina comprehensive and constructive manner by my esteemed friends and colleagues onthe editorial board – the quality of the final product is so much dependent on theirmentoring, critical commentary, and practical suggestions. Finally, I cannot thankmy wife, Carol, enough for her loyal support, the recognition of the sacrifice offamily time necessitated by this endeavor, and her recognition of how important thishandbook was to my overall mission to help ensure research is conducted withintegrity for the benefit of us all. Very many thanks to you all.

vii

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 An Introduction to Research Ethics and Scientific Integrity . . . . . 3Ron Iphofen

Part II Regulating Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2 Regulating Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Ron Iphofen

3 Research Ethics Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Mihalis Kritikos

4 Organizing and Contesting Research Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Mark Israel

5 Research Ethics Codes and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Margit Sutrop, Mari-Liisa Parder, and Marten Juurik

6 Protecting Participants in Clinical Trials ThroughResearch Ethics Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Richard Carpentier and Barbara McGillivray

7 Publication Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Deborah C. Poff and David S. Ginley

8 Peer Review in Scholarly Journal Publishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Jason Roberts, Kristen Overstreet, Rachel Hendrick, andJennifer Mahar

9 Research Misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Ian Freckelton Q. C.

10 Dual Use in Modern Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Panagiotis Kavouras and Costas A. Charitidis

ix

Part III Key Topics in Research Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

11 Key Topics in Research Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Ron Iphofen

12 Informed Consent and Ethical Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Margit Sutrop and Kristi Lõuk

13 Privacy in Research Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Kevin Macnish

14 Biosecurity Risk Management in Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Johannes Rath and Monique Ischi

15 Benefit Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Doris Schroeder

16 Internet Research Ethics and Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Charles Melvin Ess

17 Research Ethics in Data: New Technologies, New Challenges . . . . 305Caroline Gans Combe

18 A Best Practice Approach to Anonymization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Elaine Mackey

19 Deception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345David Calvey

Part IV Research Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

20 Ethical Issues in Research Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Ron Iphofen

21 On Epistemic Integrity in Social Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Martyn Hammersley

22 Ethical Issues in Data Sharing and Archiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Louise Corti and Libby Bishop

23 Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Anja Bechmann and Jiyoung Ydun Kim

24 Ethics of Ethnography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Martyn Hammersley

25 Experimental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Jonathan Lewis

26 Ethics of Observational Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Meta Gorup

x Contents

27 Creative Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Dawn Mannay

28 Ethics of Discourse Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Meta Gorup

29 Feminist Research Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531Anna Karin Kingston

Volume 2

Part V Subjects and Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

30 Acting Ethically and with Integrity for Research Subjectsand Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553Ron Iphofen

31 Ethical Issues in Community-Based, Participatory, andAction-Oriented Forms of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561Adrian Guta and Jijian Voronka

32 “Vulnerability” as a Concept Captive in Its Own Prison . . . . . . . . 577Will C. van den Hoonaard

33 Researcher Emotional Safety as Ethics in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Martin Tolich, Emma Tumilty, Louisa Choe,Bryndl Hohmann-Marriott, and Nikki Fahey

34 Research Involving the Armed Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603Simon E. Kolstoe and Louise Holden

35 Research Ethics, Children, and Young People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623John Oates

36 Older Citizens’ Involvement in Ageing Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637Roger O’Sullivan

37 Disability Research Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655Anne Good

38 The Ethics of Research and Indigenous Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675Lily George

39 Ethical Research with Hard-to-Reach Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693John Sims

40 Queer Literacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707Mark Edward and Chris Greenough

41 Ethics and Integrity for Research in Disasters and Crises . . . . . . . 719Dónal P. O’Mathúna

Contents xi

Part VI Disciplines and Professions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

42 Ethics and Integrity in Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739Ron Iphofen

43 A Professional Ethics for Researchers? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751Nathan Emmerich

44 Sociology and Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769Lisa-Jo K. van den Scott

45 Ethical Considerations in Psychology Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783John Oates

46 Ethics and Scientific Integrity in Biomedical Research . . . . . . . . . 803Léo Coutellec

47 The Ethics of Anthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817Marc Brightman and Vanessa Grotti

48 Constructive and Enabling Ethics in CriminologicalResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835Vasileios Karagiannopoulos and Jane Winstone

49 Ethical Dilemmas in Education Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851Ros Brown

50 Ethics in Political Science Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873Daniela R. Piccio and Alice Mattoni

51 Ethics and the Practice of History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889Catherine J. Denial

52 Consuming Images, Ethics, and Integrity in Visual SocialResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899Helen Lomax

53 Research Ethics in Economics and Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917Caroline Gans Combe

54 Ethics Inside and Outside the Physics Lab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937Marshall Thomsen

55 Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955Philip R. DeShong

56 Engineering Research and Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967Michael Davis

57 Quest for Ethical and Socially Responsible Nanoscience andNanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983Costas A. Charitidis

xii Contents

58 Business Ethics Research and Research Ethics in BusinessResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999Deborah C. Poff

59 Research Ethics and Scientific Integrity in Neuroscience . . . . . . . . 1013Jon Leefmann and Michael Jungert

60 Linguistics: Community-Based Language Revitalization . . . . . . . . 1037Nariyo Kono

61 Ethics and Integrity in Nursing Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051Edie West

62 Holocaust as an Inflection Point in the Development ofBioethics and Research Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071Stacy Gallin and Ira Bedzow

63 Research Ethics in Sport and Exercise Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091Julia West

64 Research Ethics in Investigative Journalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109Yvonne T. Chua

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127

Contents xiii

About the Editor

Dr. Ron Iphofen is an Independent Research Consul-tant, a Fellow of the UKAcademy of Social Sciences, theHigher Education Academy, and the Royal Society ofMedicine. Since retiring as Director of PostgraduateStudies in Health Sciences at Bangor University, hismajor activity has been as an adviser to several agencieswithin the European Commission for both the SeventhFramework Programme (FP7) and Horizon 2020, and arange of governmental and independent research institu-tions internationally such as in France for L’Agencenationale de recherche (ANR), in Canada for the SocialSciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC),and in Ireland for the National Disability Authority(NDA) of the Ministry of Justice. He was Vice Chair ofthe UK Social Research Association and convenes theirResearch Ethics Forum.He has advised the UKResearchIntegrity Office and the UK Parliamentary Office ofScience and Technology among many others. He hasadvised on several major EC projects including theRESPECT project (on pan-European standards in thesocial sciences) and SECUR-ED (on passenger transportsecurity). He currently leads a 3-year EU-funded projectinfluencing policy on research ethics and scientific integ-rity across all nonmedical sciences: the PRO-RES Pro-ject. Ron founded the gerontology journal Quality inAgeing and Older Adults. His books include EthicalDecision Making in Social Research: A PracticalGuide, Palgrave Macmillan (2009/2011), and the bookseries Advances in Research Ethics and Integrity, Emer-ald (2017); he coedited with Martin Tolich The SAGEHandbook of Qualitative Research Ethics (2018).

xv

List of Associate Editors

Pamela AndandaUniversity of WitwatersrandJohannesburg, South Africa

Robert DingwallDingwall Enterprises Ltd.Nottingham, UK

Marian DugganUniversity of KentCanterbury, UK

xvii

Nathan EmmerichAustralian National UniversityCanberra, Australia

Anne GoodDisability Federation of Ireland (DFI)Dublin, Ireland

Martyn HammersleyThe Open UniversityMilton Keynes, UK

François HirschMember of the Inserm Ethics CommitteeParis, France

xviii List of Associate Editors

Mark IsraelAustralasian Human Research EthicsConsultancy ServicesPerth, Australia

Kath MeliaEmeritus ProfessorUniversity of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK

John OatesThe Open UniversityMilton Keynes, UK

Arleen L. SallesCentre for Research Ethics & Bioethics (CRB)Uppsala, Sweden

List of Associate Editors xix

Jackie Leach ScullyDisability Innovation InstituteUniversity of New South WalesKensington, Australia

Margit SutropUniversity of TartuTartu, Estonia

Colin J. H. ThomsonAustralasian Human Research EthicsConsultancy Services Pty Ltd.Canberra, Australia

Yanya ViskovichData Privacy LawyerZurich, Switzerland

xx List of Associate Editors

Contributors

Anja Bechmann DATALAB, Center for Digital Social Research, Aarhus Univer-sity, Aarhus N, Denmark

Ira Bedzow Biomedical Ethics and Humanities Program, New York MedicalCollege, New York, NY, USA

Libby Bishop Data Archive for the Social Sciences (GESIS), Cologne, Germany

Marc Brightman Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna,Ravenna, Italy

Ros Brown Ilkley, West Yorkshire, UK

David Calvey Department of Sociology, Manchester Metropolitan University,Manchester, UK

Richard Carpentier Research Ethics Board, Children Hospital of Eastern Ontarioand Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé,Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

Costas A. Charitidis School of Chemical Engineering, R-Nanolab, National Tech-nical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Louisa Choe Sociology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Yvonne T. Chua Department of Journalism, University of the Philippines, QuezonCity, Philippines

Louise Corti UK Data Archive, University of Essex, Colchester, UK

Léo Coutellec Research Laboratory in Ethics and Epistemology (R2E), CESP,INSERM U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France

Michael Davis Humanities Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago,IL, USA

Catherine J. Denial Knox College, Galesburg, IL, USA

xxi

Philip R. DeShong Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University ofMaryland, College Park, MD, USA

Mark Edward Department of Performing Arts, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk,Lancashire, UK

Nathan Emmerich Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

Charles Melvin Ess Department of Media and Communication, University ofOslo, Oslo, Norway

Nikki Fahey Graduate Research School, University of Otago, Dunedin, NewZealand

Ian Freckelton Q. C. Law Faculty, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

Queen’s Counsel, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Law and Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Stacy Gallin Maimonides Institute for Medicine, Ethics and the Holocaust, Free-hold, NJ, USA

Center for Human Dignity in Bioethics, Health and the Holocaust, MisericordiaUniversity, Dallas, PA, USA

Caroline Gans Combe INSEEC U. Institut National d’Etudes Economiques etCommerciales, Paris, France

Lily George Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

David S. Ginley Materials and Chemistry Science and Technology, NationalRenewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA

Anne Good Chairperson Disability Research Hub, Disability Federation of Ireland(DFI), Dublin, Ireland

Meta Gorup Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Chris Greenough Department of Secondary Education, Edge Hill University,Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK

Vanessa Grotti Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Study, European UniversityInstitute, Florence, Italy

Adrian Guta School of Social Work, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada

Martyn Hammersley Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

Rachel Hendrick Glasgow, UK

Bryndl Hohmann-Marriott Sociology, University of Otago, Dunedin, NewZealand

Louise Holden British Army, Andover, UK

xxii Contributors

Ron Iphofen Chatelaillon Plage, France

Monique Ischi Department Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna,Austria

Mark Israel Australasian Human Research Ethics Consultancy Services, Perth,WA, Australia

Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia

University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia

Michael Jungert Center for Applied Philosophy of Science and Key Qualifica-tions, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Marten Juurik Centre for Ethics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Vasileios Karagiannopoulos Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University ofPortsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

Panagiotis Kavouras School of Chemical Engineering, R-Nanolab, NationalTechnical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Jiyoung Ydun Kim DATALAB, Center for Digital Social Research, Aarhus Uni-versity, Aarhus N, Denmark

Anna Karin Kingston School of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork,Cork, Ireland

Simon E. Kolstoe University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

Nariyo Kono Center for Public Service and University Studies, Portland StateUniversity, OR, USA

Mihalis Kritikos Institute of European Studies-Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB),Brussels, Belgium

Jon Leefmann Center for Applied Philosophy of Science and Key Qualifications,Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

Jonathan Lewis Institute of Ethics, School of Theology, Philosophy and Music,Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

Helen Lomax School of Education and Professional Development, University ofHuddersfield, Huddersfield, England

Kristi Lõuk Centre for Ethics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Elaine Mackey Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, Faculty of Biology,Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Kevin Macnish Department of Philosophy, University of Twente, Enschede, TheNetherlands

Jennifer Mahar Pembroke, MA, USA

Contributors xxiii

Dawn Mannay School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK

Alice Mattoni Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna,Bologna, Italy

Barbara McGillivray Department of Medical Genetics, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Dónal P. O’Mathúna School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health,Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Roger O’Sullivan Ageing Research and Development Division, Institute of PublicHealth in Ireland and Ulster University, Belfast/Dublin, Ireland

John Oates The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

Kristen Overstreet Arvada, CO, USA

Mari-Liisa Parder Centre for Ethics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Daniela R. Piccio University of Torino, Turin, Italy

Deborah C. Poff Leading with Integrity, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Johannes Rath Department Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna,Austria

Jason Roberts Ottawa, ON, Canada

Doris Schroeder School of Health Sciences, University of Central Lancashire,Preston, UK

John Sims Substance Misuse Service, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board,Caernarfon, Wales, UK

Margit Sutrop Department of Philosophy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Marshall Thomsen Department of Physics and Astronomy, Eastern MichiganUniversity, Ypsilanti, MI, USA

Martin Tolich University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Emma Tumilty Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas MedicalBranch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA

Will C. van den Hoonaard Department of Sociology, University of New Bruns-wick, Fredericton, NB, Canada

Lisa-Jo K. van den Scott Department of Sociology, Memorial University ofNewfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada

Jijian Voronka School of Social Work, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON,Canada

xxiv Contributors

Edie West Nursing and Allied Health Department, Indiana University of Pennsyl-vania, Indiana, PA, USA

Julia West School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester,Worcester, UK

Jane Winstone Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth,Portsmouth, UK

Contributors xxv