Handbook of Satellite Applications

Joseph N. Pelton • Scott MadrySergio Camacho-LaraEditors

Handbook of SatelliteApplications

Second Edition

With 567 Figures and 87 Tables

EditorsJoseph N. PeltonInternational Space UniversityArlington, VA, USA

Scott MadryGlobal Space InstituteChapel HillNC, USA

Sergio Camacho-LaraCentro Regional de Enseñanza de Ciencia yTecnología del Espacio para América Latinay el Caribe (CRECTEALC)Santa María TonantzintlaPuebla, México

ISBN 978-3-319-23385-7 ISBN 978-3-319-23386-4 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-23387-1 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23386-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012952160

1st edition: # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer International Publishing AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Foreword

Imagine if all satellite services would close down for even a few hours. The globalconsequences of such a catastrophic event – even for specialists in the field – wouldbe hard to grasp. We can easily imagine huge disruptions in telecommunicationstraffic and banking operations occurring within minutes. In time, chaos would spreadto stock markets, television broadcasts, weather forecasting, and storm alerts, as wellas airline travel. By the second hour, the problems would have even spread toactivities like education, health care, and many other basic services of industry andgovernment. Some years back, a communications satellite failed and the satellite-based pager system for many doctors, surgeons, police, and firemen suddenly wentdown. For the first time people began to realize just how dependent they were onsatellites in their daily lives.

At the 2012 International Space University (ISU) symposium on Space Sustain-ability, one expert referred to the “Day After” scenario for the possibility when allsatellites might fail. Whereas one can survive without a utility like electricity for ashort time, the longer-term consequences for a global society would be quitedramatic. The same would happen for a world without satellite services. A worldstripped of its application satellites would be set back many decades in its progress.

We would suddenly inhabit a world where misinformation could reign again. It isnot an overstatement to say that a world without satellites could actually plunge usinto war.

In short, space applications today have become a utility, just as in the case ofelectricity or water. We basically do not wonder where our electricity or our waterwas produced when we use a power socket or turn on a water faucet. We just assumeit will be available with good quality in a sustainable way. Today, in a world withrising population and climate change we are becoming more and more concernedabout long-term availability of resources, and when we do so we also need to reflecton the availability of space resources. Just think about the consequences of a strongsolar storm such as that occurred in 1859. This quite unusual Coronal Mass Ejection(CME) or solar eruption, now called the Carrington Event, managed to set telegraphoffices on fire and brought the aurora borealis as far south as Cuba and Hawaii for

v

many days. It is evident that a repetition of such an event nowadays would bringconsiderable damage to our application satellites and could interrupt global satelliteservices in a major way.

Knowledge of satellite applications is important, but it is equally important tounderstand the whole system starting from the underlying basics of the technologyand how satellites are built and operated nationally, regionally, and globally. Weneed to know the potential of these satellites today and tomorrow as well asunderstand the threats that can influence their performance.

This handbook is exactly aimed to fulfill this purpose and provides an excellentand outstanding overview of satellite applications, at the same time emphasizing theregulatory, business, and policy aspects. The authors are among the best expertsworldwide and it is a pleasure to note that many of them are regular lecturers at theInternational Space University, which at the same time guarantees the interdisciplin-ary character of this unique standard work.

The International Space University for these reasons is proud to fully endorse thisimportant handbook in its now second edition with significant new updates andadditional chapters on new satellite networks and applications.

Strasbourg, France Walter Peeters

vi Foreword

Acknowledgments

The multiyear creation of the Handbook of Satellite Applications represents amammoth effort by many dozens of authors. Some of the world’s most outstandingexperts in their field graciously supported this effort as volunteers. We thus wish,first and foremost, to thank these authors who have so generously contributed towardthis attempt to creating a truly definitive reference work across the closely relatedfields of satellite communications, remote sensing, space navigation, and meteoro-logical sensing from space.

We also wish to thank Dr. Michael Simpson, former President of the InternationalSpace University (ISU). It was he who first encouraged the creation of this referencework and had the vision to support a handbook that would comprehensively coverthe entire range of major satellite applications. Also, it is important to recognize thecurrent President of the International Space University (ISU) Walter Peeters, DeanAngelina Bukley, plus the current and past chairs of the ISU Academic Council, whowere also involved with this project, namely, Drs. Edward Chester and StefanoFiorilli.

Finally we would like to thank the many people at Springer Publishing whonurtured and supported this project during its 2-year gestation. We wish to thankMaury Solomon, who first conceived that such a project would be an importantundertaking for the scientific literature in the field. Particular thanks also go toBarbara Wolf and Saskia Ellis, who carefully oversaw the final editing and keptthe production schedule more or less on track. Then there was Banupriya Mohanrajand Jayanthi Vetriselvam, who, along with Ms. Ellis, very scrupulously oversaw theproduction of this extensive reference work on a day-after-day basis. We thank themboth for their constant eye to detail and their tireless efforts.

Joseph N. PeltonSergio Camacho-lara

Scott Madry

vii

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Satellite Applications Handbook: The Complete Guide to SatelliteCommunications, Remote Sensing, Navigation, and Meteorology . . . . . 3Joseph N. Pelton, Scott Madry, and Sergio Camacho-Lara

Satellite Communications Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Joseph N. Pelton

History of Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Joseph N. Pelton

Space Telecommunications Services and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Joseph N. Pelton

Satellite Orbits for Communications Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Joseph N. Pelton

Fixed Satellite Communications: Market Dynamics and Trends . . . . . . 121Peter Marshall and Joseph N. Pelton

Satellite Communications Video Markets: Dynamics and Trends . . . . . 143Peter Marshall

Mobile Satellite Communications Markets: Dynamics and Trends . . . . 171Ramesh Gupta and Dan Swearingen

Store-and-Forward and Data Relay SatelliteCommunications Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Joseph N. Pelton

Broadband High-Throughput Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Erwin Hudson

ix

Distributed Internet-Optimized Services via SatelliteConstellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Joseph N. Pelton and Bernard Jacqué

An Examination of the Governmental Use of Military andCommercial Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Andrew Stannil and Denis Curtin

Economics and Financing of Communications Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Henry R. Hertzfeld

Satellite Communications and Space TelecommunicationFrequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Michel Bousquet

Regulatory Process for Communications Satellite FrequencyAllocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Ram S. Jakhu

Satellite Spectrum Allocations and New Radio Regulations fromWRC-15: Defending the Present and Provisioning the Future . . . . . . . 383Audrey L. Allison

New Millimeter, Terahertz, and Light-Wave Frequencies for SatelliteCommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413Joseph N. Pelton

Satellite Radio Communications Fundamentals and Link Budgets . . . . 431Daniel R. Glover

Satellite Communications Modulation and Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . 463Paul T. Thompson

Satellite Transmission, Reception, and Onboard Processing,Signaling, and Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497Bruno Perrot

Satellite Communications Antenna Concepts and Engineering . . . . . . . 511Takashi Iida

Satellite Antenna Systems Design and Implementation Aroundthe World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535Takashi Iida and Joseph N. Pelton

Satellite Earth Station Antenna Systems and System Design . . . . . . . . 567Jeremy E. Allnutt

Technical Challenges of Integration of Space and TerrestrialSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603John L. Walker and Chris Hoeber

x Contents

Satellite Communications: Regulatory, Legal, and Trade Issues . . . . . . 651Gérardine Goh Escolar

Trends and Future of Satellite Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679Joseph N. Pelton

Future of Military Satellite Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705Joseph N. Pelton

Part II Satellite Precision Navigation and Timing Section . . . . . . . 721

Introduction to Satellite Navigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723Joseph N. Pelton and Sergio Camacho-Lara

Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Orbital Parameters, Time andSpace Reference Systems and Signal Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735Rogerio Enríquez-Caldera

International Committee on GNSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765Sergio Camacho-Lara and Joseph N. Pelton

Current and Future GNSS and Their Augmentation Systems . . . . . . . 781Sergio Camacho-Lara

Volume 2

Part III Space Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

Introduction and History of Space Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823Scott Madry

Electromagnetic Radiation Principles and Concepts as Applied toSpace Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833Michael J. Rycroft

Astronaut Photography: Handheld Camera Imagery from LowEarth Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847William L. Stefanov, Cynthia A. Evans, Susan K. Runco,M. Justin Wilkinson, Melissa D. Higgins, and Kimberly Willis

Electro-Optical and Hyperspectral Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901Scott Madry and Joseph N. Pelton

Operational Applications of Radar Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911Vern Singhroy

LiDAR Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929Juan Carlos Fernandez Diaz, William E. Carter, Ramesh L. Shrestha, andCraig L. Glennie

Contents xi

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Imaging and PreliminaryAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981Siamak Khorram, Stacy A. C. Nelson, Cynthia F. van der Wiele, andHalil Cakir

Processing and Applications of Remotely Sensed Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017Siamak Khorram, Stacy A. C. Nelson, Cynthia F. van der Wiele, andHalil Cakir

Remote Sensing Data Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047Haruhisa Shimoda

Geographic Information Systems and Geomatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1117Jesus A. Gonzalez

Developments in Hyperspectral Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137Su-Yin Tan

Part IV Space Systems for Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159

Introduction to Space Systems for Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161Joseph N. Pelton, Scott Madry, and Sergio Camacho-Lara

United States Meteorological Satellite Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171Sergio Camacho-Lara, Scott Madry, and Joseph N. Pelton

International Meteorological Satellite Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197Sergio Camacho-Lara, Scott Madry, and Joseph N. Pelton

Part V On-Orbit Robotic Servicing, Hosted Payloads and ActiveDebris Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221

Innovations in Hosted Payload Satellite Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223Joseph N. Pelton and Scott Madry

On-Orbit Servicing and Retrofitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1237Joseph N. Pelton

Advanced Manufacturing Technologies and 3D Printing . . . . . . . . . . . 1257Yves Durand, Martine Lutz, and Florence Montredon

Tracking of Orbital Debris and Avoidance of Satellite Collisions . . . . . 1275Joseph N. Pelton

Part VI Spacecraft Bus and Ground Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289

Overview of the Spacecraft Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1291Tarik Kaya and Joseph N. Pelton

xii Contents

Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TT&C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313Arthur Norman Guest

Lifetime Testing, Redundancy, Reliability, and Mean Timeto Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325Joseph N. Pelton

Ground Systems for Satellite Application Systems for Navigation,Remote Sensing, and Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343Scott Madry, Joseph N. Pelton, and Sergio Camacho-Lara

Common Elements versus Unique Requirements in Various Typesof Satellite Application Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1359Joseph N. Pelton and Scott Madry

Part VII Launch Systems and Launch-Related Issues . . . . . . . . . . . 1377

Launch Vehicles and Launch Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1379Joseph N. Pelton

Trends and Developments in Launch Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1395Joseph N. Pelton

Part VIII Hazards to the Future Space Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411

Orbital Debris and Sustainability of Space Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413Heiner Klinkrad

Coping with the Hazards of Space Debris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1447Joseph N. Pelton

Space Weather and Hazards to Application Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1459Michael J. Rycroft

Part IX Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479

Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1481Joseph N. Pelton and Scott Madry

The World’s Launch Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1521Arthur N. Guest and Joseph N. Pelton

Major Launch Systems Available Globally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1533Arthur N. Guest and Joseph N. Pelton

Global Communications Satellite Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1549Joseph N. Pelton

US Domestic Communications Satellite Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555Joseph N. Pelton

Contents xiii

About the Editors

Dr. Joseph N. PeltonInternational Space UniversityArlington, VA, USA

Dr. Joseph N. Pelton is an award-winning author/editorof over 40 books and over 300 articles in the field ofspace systems. These include the four book series:e-Sphere, Future Talk, Future View, and Global Talk.For the latter book, he was nominated for a PulitzerPrize. He served as Chairman of the Board(1992–1995) and Vice President of Academic Programsand Dean (1995–1996) of the International Space Uni-

versity of Strasbourg, France. He is currently a member of the ISU faculty and serieseditor for a number of books on behalf of the university. He is also the DirectorEmeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute (SACRI)at George Washington University. This institute, which he headed from 2005 to2009, conducted state-of-the-art research on advanced satellite system concepts andspace systems. From 1988 to 1996, Dr. Pelton served as Director of the Interdisci-plinary Telecommunications Program at the University of Colorado Boulder, whichat that time was the world’s largest graduate level telecommunications program.Prior to that, he held a number of positions at Intelsat and Comsat including servingas director of Strategic Policy and director of Project Share for Intelsat.

Dr. Pelton is a fellow of the International Association for the Advancement ofSpace Safety (IAASS), a member of its Executive Board, and chairman of itsAcademic Committee. He is also the Executive Editor of the IAASS publicationseries. He is the former president of the International Space Safety Foundation of theUSA, the former president of the Global Legal Information Network, and thefounding president of the Society of Satellite Professionals. Dr. Pelton was thefounder of the Arthur C. Clarke Foundation and remains as the vice chairman ofits Board of Directors. This Foundation honors Sir Arthur Clarke, who first con-ceived of the Communications Satellite (as of 1945). Dr. Pelton was elected to fullmembership in the International Academy of Astronautics in 1998. His other awardsinclude: the H. Rex Lee Award by the Public Service Satellite Consortium (1986);

xv

the outstanding educator award by the International Communication Association(1995); the Hall of Fame of the Society of Satellite Professionals International(2000), an honor only extended to less than 100 people since the beginning of thisaward in the 1980s; the Arthur Clarke Foundation Award for lifetime achievement inthe field of satellite communications (2001); and the ISCe Award for EducationalExcellence (2005). He was also awarded the Arthur C. Clarke Award for Interna-tional Achievement by the British Interplanetary Society in 2013. He has also beenelected an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronau-tics. His degrees in physics and international relations are from the University ofTulsa, New York University (NYU), and Georgetown University.

Dr. Scott MadryGlobal Space InstituteChapel Hill, NC, USA

Dr. Scott Madry is the Executive Director of the GlobalSpace Institute. He is the Founder and President ofInformatics International, Inc. and is a Research Asso-ciate Professor of Anthropology at the University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill, specializing in the appli-cations of geomatics technologies for regional environ-mental and cultural research. He is a long-time memberof the faculty of the International Space University and

has served as the program director of the ISU Southern Hemisphere Summer SpaceProgram for 4 years in Adelaide, Australia, as well as teaching in some 24 ISUprograms around the world.

He received his Ph.D. from UNC in 1986 and then worked for 3 years at theInstitute for Technology Development, Space Remote Sensing Center at the NASAStennis Space Center. He then took the position of Senior Associate Director of theCenter for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis at Rutgers University, where hetaught for 9 years in the Anthropology, Geography, and Natural Resources depart-ments. He is widely published and is the author of two books and over 75 articles andpapers. He is a two-time Fulbright Scholar, having taught in Burgundy, France, andJohannesburg, South Africa.

He has conducted research in North America, Europe, and Africa, and has givenover 150 short courses and seminars in over 30 countries around the world. He hasconsulted for numerous governments, corporations, and nonprofits, and has receivedover US$7.5 million in grants and contracts. Dr. Madry has acted as a consultant onsatellite remote sensing for a major Hollywood film and has been a consultant formajor museum exhibitions on the subject. Some of his research was featured in theMcGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology in 1991. In 1997 he was awardedthe Russian Tsiolkovsky Gold Medal for his international research and teachingactivities. He is currently conducting work in North Carolina, Florida, Rwanda, andFrance. He is very active in the American Red Cross Disaster Services and has wonseveral awards for his activities on behalf of the Red Cross. In 2012 he was awarded,

xvi About the Editors

along with the other members of the GISCorps, the President’s Volunteer ServiceAward by President Barack Obama for his work in applying geomatics technologiesto disaster management.

Dr. Sergio Camacho-LaraCentro Regional de Enseñanza de Ciencia yTecnología del Espacio para AméricaLatina y el Caribe (CRECTEALC)Santa María Tonantzintla, Puebla, México

Dr. Sergio Camacho-Lara is the Secretary General of theRegional Centre for Space Science and TechnologyEducation for Latin America and the Caribbean. Hewas Director of the United Nations Office for OuterSpace Affairs and Chief of the Space ApplicationsSection and the Committee Services and Research

Section in the same office. He worked on the organization of the Third UnitedNations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space(UNISPACE III) and on implementing its recommendations, including the estab-lishment of the International Committee on GNSS. Prior to joining the UnitedNations, he carried out research on the interaction of electromagnetic radiationwith matter at the Instituto de Geofisica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma deMéxico. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan.

About the Editors xvii

About the Authors

Audrey L. AllisonFrequency Management ServicesThe Boeing CompanySeattle, WA, USA

Allison is Director, Frequency Management Services forBoeing. Her organization provides enterprise-wideradiofrequency spectrum acquisition, and policy supportfor Boeing technology, products, services, and operationsworldwide – and to Boeing’s commercial and govern-ment customers. She is based in Boeing’s WashingtonD.C. office. Her previous work history includes the Fed-

eral Communications Commission’s International Bureau; Iridium LLC; and consult-ing to the Department of Defense on international spectrum and regulatory issues.

Allison is Boeing’s representative to the International Telecommunication Union(ITU). She recently served as Chairman of Committee 6 of the 2015 WorldRadiocommunication Conference in Geneva, Switzerland, and was elected asVice-Chairman of the ITU’s Radiocommunication Advisory Group (2008–2015).She chaired the FCC’s WRC-15 Advisory Committee Working Group on Aeronau-tical, Maritime, and Radar Issues (2012–2015); the United States ITU Association(2009, 2015); and cochaired the Satellite Industry Association’s Regulatory WorkingGroup (1991–2001, 2012–2015). Allison currently serves as a member of threeFederal Advisory Committees on international and national spectrum managementand telecommunications matters.

Allison is an attorney with a Master of Business Administration, cum laude,from the International Space University, a Master of Laws in international lawfrom Georgetown University, and a Juris Doctor from Catholic University ofAmerica’s Institute for Communications Law Studies. She is the author of TheITU and Managing Satellite Orbital and Spectrum Resources in the 21st Century,Springer, 2014. Allison is also adjunct faculty to the International Space Universityin Strasbourg, France, and a visiting lecturer at McGill University Institute of Airand Space Law in Montreal, where she lectures on international regulation ofsatellites.

Allison resides near Annapolis, Maryland, with her husband and daughter.

xix

Jeremy E. AllnuttDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VA, USA

Jeremy Allnutt earned his B.Sc. and Ph.D. in ElectricalEngineering from the University of Salford, UK, in 1966and 1970, respectively. From 1970 to 1977, he was at theAppleton Laboratory in Slough, England, where he ranpropagation experiments with the US satellite ATS-6 andthe European satellites SIRIO and OTS. In 1977, hemoved to BNR, now Nortel, in Ottawa, Canada, and

worked on satellite and rural communications projects before joining the InternationalTelecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) in Washington, DC, in1979. Jeremy Allnutt spent 15 years at INTELSAT in various departments. Duringthis period, he ran experimental programs in Europe, Asia, Africa, North and SouthAmerica, Australia, and New Zealand, finishing as chief of CommunicationsResearch Section. Jeremy Allnutt spent 1 year as Professor of telecommunicationssystems at the University of York, England, and then joined the Northern VirginiaCenter of Virginia Tech in 1986, where he later ran the master’s program in ECE, aswell as being on the team that designed and set up the masters in informationtechnology program. In August of 2000, he moved to George Mason Universitywith dual appointments: director of the new masters in telecommunications programand professor in the ECE department. In August 2009, he became director of the newMS in computer forensics program at George Mason University. Jeremy Allnutt haspublished over 100 papers in conferences and journals and written three books, mostin his special field: radiowave propagation. He is a fellow of the UK IET (formerly theIEE) and a fellow of the US IEEE.

Michel BousquetInstitut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et del’Espace (ISAE)Toulouse, France

Professor Michel Bousquet manages the academic andresearch programs in satellite communications and navi-gation at ISAE, the French Aerospace Engineering Insti-tute ofHigher Education. He chairs the Scientific Board ofTeSA (www.tesa.fr), a cooperative research lab on aero-space communications and navigation. With researchinterest covering many aspects of satellite systems, he

participates in many national and international RR&DD programs (French DoD,CNES, ESA, COST, FPs, SatNexNoE). Professor Bousquet has authoredmany papersand books including the widely used Satellite Communication Systems and sits onseveral boards of international conferences and journals to promote RR&DD results.

xx About the Authors

Halil CakirAir Quality Analysis Group/AQAD/OAQPSUS Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle Park, NC, USA

Dr. Halil I. Cakir has master’s degrees in Forestry fromClemson University and in Applied Economics fromGeorgia Southern University. He earned his doctoraldegree from the College of Natural Resources at NorthCarolina State University (NCSU). Upon graduation, heremained on staff as a postdoctoral research associate,then as a research assistant professor at NCSU. Dr. Cakir

is currently employed in the Office of Air and Radiation at the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency.

Dr. Cakir’s academic focus has been in the geospatial sciences and their applica-tion to natural resource issues. As a research associate at NCSU, he worked on andthen led increasingly complex and multidisciplinary research projects for the Envi-ronmental Protection Agency, Water Resources Research Institute, Department ofDefense, and various state and local governments. His research has advanced thegeospatial sciences and has two provisional patents for two new image processingtechniques and one new change detection technique. These techniques allow users tosharpen the spatial resolution of multispectral imagery to equal that of a morespatially precise geographically coincident panchromatic black and white image.The techniques retain the integrity of the multispectral characteristics of the imageryso that it can be used in most natural resource and environmental applications.

Dr. Cakir maintains an expertise in applied research as well. He has authoredpeer-reviewed publications, book chapters, and technical reports. He also served as areviewer for landmark professional publications like PE&RS.

William E. CarterNSF National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping(NCALM)/Department of Civil andEnvironmental EngineeringUniversity of HoustonHouston, TX, USA

William E. (Bill) Carter is a Research Professor at theUniversity of Houston and a co-PI for the NationalScience Foundation (NSF) National Center for AirborneLaser Mapping (NCALM). From 1996 to 2010, he was

an Adjunct Professor at the University of Florida (UF), where he taught courses ingeodesy and conducted research on advanced geodetic techniques. Prior to joiningUF, Bill was Chief of the Geosciences Laboratory, NOAA, and led research programsin very long baseline interferometry (VLBI), absolute gravimetry, and GPS. Bill hascoauthored two books and more than a hundred technical papers.

About the Authors xxi

Denis CurtinCommunications Satellite Consultants RockvilleMD, USA

Denis Curtin retired from XTAR LLC in July 2010 andis now a communications satellite consultant. Before hisretirement he was the COO of XTAR, the joint venturebetween Loral Space & Communications, Ltd. andHISDESAT Servicios Estrategicos, S.A., (HISDESAT)providing commercial X-band satellite services to theUS and allied governments since October 2003. FromJuly 2001 to October 2003 he was the Executive VP,

Engineering and Operations of XTAR. Prior to that from January to July 2001, he ledthe Loral team that negotiated the joint venture with HISDESAT.

Previously, Dr. Curtin served as Senior VP, Engineering and Operations,for Loral ORION and as Executive VP, Loral Cyberstar Broadband Systems.He was responsible for the technical design of the ORION satellites and wasinstrumental in the formation of the ORION partnership. Before joining ORION,Dr. Curtin held a series of progressively senior engineering and managementpositions at COMSAT Laboratories, COMSAT General, and COMSAT, culminat-ing in Senior Director, Satellite Engineering, responsible for all COMSAT’s satel-lite engineering.

Dr. Curtin has an M.S. in Physics and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering. He is aFellow of the American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics (AIAA) and asenior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In2006, he was named the recipient of the AIAA Aerospace Communications Award,presented for outstanding contributions in the field of aerospace communications.

In March 2009, he was inducted into the Society of Satellite ProfessionalsInternational (SSPI) Hall of Fame. In 2010, he was appointed to the Board ofDirectors of XTAR LLC and retired from that position in the Fall of 2014. He ison two nonprofit Boards of Directors and is known as a mentor for young engineersand engineering students. He is the coauthor of the article on “CommunicationsSatellites” in the 10th edition of the McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science andTechnology and has also published extensively on satellite technology and holds apatent on an infrared transparent solar cell.

Yves DurandThales Alenia SpaceCannes, France

Yves Durand began working on satellites 35 years ago atNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, in Washington,DC, where he designed digital filtering algorithms forthe NASA/ESA Ulysses spacecraft. He then developedthe digital flight control data handling for the Ariane5 launcher at Aerospatiale in Les Mureaux, France.

xxii About the Authors

He moved to Cannes to work at the satellite center of Aerospatiale, now ThalesAlenia Space. He directed several telecom and scientific programs, as well as theSpacebus (GEO) and Proteus (LEO) platform product lines. He initiated the LEOconstellation series of Thales Alenia Space with Globalstar 2. Yves Durand nowcoordinates technology developments for Thales Alenia Space.

Rogerio Enríquez-CalderaCentre for Space Science and TechnologyEducation for Latin America and the CaribbeanMexico Campus (CRECTEALC)National Institute of AstrophysicsOptics and Electronics (INAOE)Coordinación ElectrónicaTonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico

Rogerio Enriquez-Caldera is an engineering researcherat the National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, andElectronics of Mexico since 2000. He received his

Ph.D. from the University of New Brunswick, Canada. He has ample experiencein the area of astronomical instrumentation including control engineering, highsensitive detectors, and optical and radio telescopes. His expertise is related to theareas of electrical engineering, including GPS receiver’s software and low noiseamplifiers and correlators for very high dynamics platforms in the presence of highlevels of noise as well as information systems. He also works for the Mexico campusof the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for LatinAmerica and the Caribbean teaching in the fields of GNSS, State Estimation forNonlinear Dynamics Navigation and Tracking Systems, and developing an aero-space flight simulator for formation flying satellites.

Cynthia A. EvansCode XI2, Astromaterials Acquisition andCuration OfficeNASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, TX, USA

Cynthia A. Evans received her Ph.D. in Earth Science fromScripps Institution ofOceanography in 1983. She joined theSpace Shuttle Earth Observations Office at NASA JohnsonSpace Center (JSC) in 1989 and has participated in or ledseveral Earth Observations experiments from the Shuttle,Shuttle-Mir, and International Space Station Programs. Shealso managed JSC’s Image Science and Analysis Lab.

Today, Evans manages NASA’s Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office –home to all of NASA’s extraterrestrial samples. Her research interests include creatingnew image-based data products that combine visible imagery and three-dimensionalinformation for Apollo samples from the moon and meteorites, as well as the use of

About the Authors xxiii

remotely sensed data for investigation of coastal changes, including those related tohuman activities. In addition to training astronauts in Earth and planetary science, sheparticipates in education and public outreach activities using astronaut photography.

Juan Carlos Fernandez DiazNSF National Center for AirborneLaser Mapping (NCALM)/Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering University of HoustonHouston, TX, USA

Juan Carlos was born in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in1976. His formal education includes a B.S. in ElectricalEngineering and an M.B.A. obtained from universitiesin Honduras, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in GeosensingSystems Engineering obtained from the University ofFlorida. Other interests include aviation, Earth/space

science and exploration, and the application of space science and technology tobring progress to developing countries.

Craig L. GlennieNSF National Center for AirborneLaser Mapping (NCALM)/Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering University of HoustonHouston, TX, USA

Craig is an Associate Professor at the University ofHouston and co-PI of the NSF-funded National Centerfor Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM). Dr. Glenniewas formerly the vice president of engineering forTerrapoint, a LIDAR remote sensing company withoffices in Canada and the USA. He has been active in

the design, development, and operation of kinematic remote sensing systems for17 years. Craig holds a B.Sc. and a Ph.D. in Geomatics Engineering from theUniversity of Calgary and is a registered professional engineer in Alberta, Canada.

xxiv About the Authors

Daniel R. GloverInternational Space UniversityBay Village, OH, USA

Daniel R. Glover spent a 27-year career working as anelectrical engineer at NASA’s Glenn Research Center,Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Johnson Space Center.He has worked on various projects including launchvehicles, shuttle experiments, satellite communicationsprotocol research, image data compression, planetaryspacecraft conceptual design, space suit design, softwaremanagement, systems engineering, and strategic plan-

ning. He earned his MSEE and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Toledo and anMBA degree from Cleveland State University. Dr. Glover is a member of the facultyof the International Space University. He served as an engineering duty officer in theUS Naval Reserve. He has also worked as an independent consultant.

Dr. Gérardine Goh EscolarFaculty of LawNational University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore

Dr. Gérardine Goh Escolar is a qualified attorney whospecializes in public international law, investment andcommercial arbitration, international humanitarian law,and the interaction of international law and new tech-nologies. She is passionate about the crossroads of inter-national law, public policy, and new technologies.Geri is Legal Adviser to the President of the Iran-UnitedStates Claims Tribunal. Alongside Tribunal work, she

acts as tribunal secretary and advisor on various state-to-state, investor-state, andcommercial arbitrations under the ICSID, ICC, and UNCITRAL frameworks. She isAdjunct Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, National University of Singa-pore. She was previously legal officer at the United Nations, counsel at the GermanSpace Agency, and general counsel at a satellite geoinformation corporation.

Geri maintains an active academic portfolio, conducting research and teaching atvarious universities in Germany, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United King-dom. Her research publications have won various awards, including the 2010 SocialScience Book Prize of the International Academy of Astronautics, and the 2003Diederiks-Verschoor Medal. She is a contributor to the International Law Reportsand the Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals, and is work-ing on her fourth book, International Law and Outer Space (Oxford UniversityPress: forthcoming 2016). Geri is a member of the New York bar.

About the Authors xxv

Jesus A. GonzalezNational Institute of AstrophysicsOptics, and Electronics (INAOE)/Regional Center forSpace Science and Technology Education forLatin America and the Caribbean (CRECTEALC)Campus MexicoTonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico

Jesus A. Gonzalez obtained his Ph.D. in ComputerScience and Engineering from The University of Texasat Arlington, Texas, in 2001. He is currently a researcherand professor in the Computer Science Department atthe National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Elec-

tronics, Mexico. He also holds the academic coordinator position at the RegionalCentre for Space Science and Technology Education for Latin-America and theCaribbean, Campus Mexico, affiliated to the United Nations.

Arthur N. GuestInternational Space UniversitySan Francisco, CA, USA

Arthur Guest is a space system engineering consultantwho specializes in the principles of system architectingand is located in San Francisco, USA. Arthur gradu-ated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technologywith a master’s in Aeronautics and Astronautics and isa graduate of the Masters of Space Studies Program atthe International Space University. He is currentlyserving as the space system engineering department

chair for the International Space University’s 2011 Space Studies Program inGraz, Austria.

Ramesh GuptaLigado NetworksReston, VA, USA

Dr. Ramesh K. Gupta is vice president of Satellite NetEngineering at Ligado Networks where he hassupported the development, deployment, and operationof the next-generation satellite network. He has morethan 30 years experience in the satellite and wirelesscommunications industries. He has held senior manage-

ment positions as vice president of advanced business and technology at AMCOMCommunications and managing director at COMSAT Laboratories and LockheedMartin Global Telecommunications. His work has included the integration of largesatellite/wireless systems, business planning, and strategic management in a high-

xxvi About the Authors

technology business environment. He holds a Ph.D. and an M.S. degree in ElectricalEngineering from the University of Alberta, Canada; an M.B.A. degree from theWharton Business School at the University of Pennsylvania; and a B.S. degree (withHonors) in Electronics andCommunications Engineering from India. He has publishedextensively, and holds four US patents. He has received many honors and awardsincluding Alberta Government Telephone’s Centennial Fellowship for graduateresearch in Telecommunications and COMSAT Laboratories’ Research Award. Hewas corecipient of the Best Paper Award at the 9th International Digital SatellitesCommunications Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the 29th AIAA Interna-tional Communications Satellite Systems Conference, 2011, in Nara, Japan. He hasserved as an adjunct associate professor of strategic management and technologyplanning at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Dr. Gupta has publishedmore than 80 papers on satellite and wireless RF technology and systems in AIAA andIEEE conferences and technical journals. Dr. Gupta is a fellow of the IEEE. Dr. Guptahas served on the IEEE MTT-S Adcom since 2013 and as Chair of the EducationCommittee since 2014.

Henry R. HertzfeldSpace Policy InstituteElliott School of International AffairsThe George Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA

Henry R. Hertzfeld is a research professor of spacepolicy and international affairs at the Space Policy Insti-tute, Center for International Science and TechnologyPolicy, Elliott School of International Affairs, GeorgeWashington University. He is an expert in the economic,legal, and policy issues of space and advanced techno-

logical development. Dr. Hertzfeld has served as a senior economist and policyanalyst at both NASA and the National Science Foundation, and is a consultant toboth US and international agencies and organizations. He is also an AdjunctProfessor of Law at The George Washington University Law School and has taughtthe space law course there for the past 12 years. Dr. Hertzfeld has a B.A. from theUniversity of Pennsylvania, an M.A. from Washington University, and a Ph.D. inEconomics from Temple University. He also holds a J.D. degree from the GeorgeWashington University and is a member of the Bar in Pennsylvania and the Districtof Columbia. He can be contacted at hhertzfeld@law.gwu.edu.

About the Authors xxvii

Melissa D. HigginsJacobs at Astromaterials Research andExploration Science DivisionExploration Integration and Science DirectorateNASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, TX, USA

Melissa D. Higgins received her Bachelors of Sciencedegree in Meteorology with minors in Mathematics andPhysics from the University of Oklahoma in 2011. She

received an internship in 2009 with the Astromaterials Research and ExplorationScience Division, and later accepted a position with the Crew Earth Observations(CEO) ISS payload group in July of 2011, both based at the NASA Johnson SpaceCenter in Houston, Texas. She trains mission-assigned astronauts on Earth Sciencetopics and creates a daily target list for the crew to take imagery from space, consistingof science and education-based Earth targets. She enjoys participating in educationaloutreach and frequently speaks in classroom webinars about astronaut photography.

Chris HoeberCFH EngineeringLos Altos, CA, USA

Chris Hoeber retired as the Chief Technology Officer ofSSL in January, 2015, after nearly 40 years, including25 years of Executive Management experience. Amongmany other things, during that time he was responsible

for the management of about 70 satellite programs and the company’s research anddevelopment and product development programs. He was the leader of the systemsengineering team that developed the industry’s longest lived satellite platform, themodular and adaptable 1300. He also served as the senior vice president of businessdevelopment and the company’s first chief engineer. In the first year of his “retire-ment” he has had a wide variety of consulting positions, including serving as thechief technology officer for several startup space companies that are both pushingthe technology state-of-the-art and providing novel business approaches to practicalproblems.

xxviii About the Authors

Erwin HudsonViaSat, Inc. CarlsbadCA, USA

Erwin Hudson is Vice President and Manager of ViaSat’scommercial satellite communications business inAustralia. ViaSat is prime contractor for the Long-TermSatellite Service segment of Australia’s National Broad-band Network.

Mr. Hudson was formerly the chief technical officerfor the services segment of ViaSat including Denver,

Colorado-based WildBlue, which was acquired by ViaSat in 2009.Erwin joined WildBlue in 2000, when the company was an early stage start-up. The

company built the first successful Ka-band satellite broadband network, includinglaunch and deployment of two large multibeam satellites.

Prior to joining WildBlue, Erwin was Vice President of Mission Engineering atSpace Systems/Loral, responsible for satellite and communications payload engi-neering, controls engineering, on-orbit test and on-orbit support, advanced systems,and research and development.

Previously, Mr. Hudson was satellite communications manager at TRW Space &Electronics Group. He also held engineering and management positions for satellitecommunication programs at TRW, including payload systems engineer for NASA’sTracking and Data Relay Satellite, and systems engineering manager for a number ofmilitary satellite programs, including 5 years as chief engineer for the Milstar I andMilstar II satellite communications payloads.

Mr. Hudson was a member of the Technical Advisory Counsel of the US FederalCommunications Commission 2011–2012. He holds a Bachelor of Science fromNorthCarolina State University, a Master of Science from Ohio State University, and anadvanced degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California.

Takashi IidaTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji, Tokyo, Japan

Takashi Iida received B.E., M.E., and Dr. Engineeringdegrees from the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in1966, 1968, and 1971, all in Electronic Engineering. Hejoined Radio Research Laboratories (RRL), Ministry ofPosts and Telecommunications (MPT), in 1971. He waswith National Space Development Agency and involvedin the CS-3 satellite development, 1987–1989. He wasdirector of Space Communications Division, Communi-

cations Research Laboratory (CRL) (former RRL), MPT, 1989–1991. He wasvisiting professor of University of Colorado at Boulder, 1991–1992. He was directorgeneral of CRL, 1999–2001, and president of CRL, Incorporated Administrative

About the Authors xxix

Agency, 2001–2004. He was executive director of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Explo-ration Agency), 2005–2007. He was invited advisor/distinguished researcher ofNational Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT, formerCRL), Incorporated Administrative Agency, 2007–2009. He was research professor,Tokyo Metropolitan University, 2009–2010. Dr. Iida is now visiting professor ofTokyo Metropolitan University. He is editor and author of the books entitled SatelliteCommunications – System and Its Design Technology, Ohmsha/IOS Press, 2000, andSatellite Communications in the 21st Century: Trends and Technologies, AIAA,2003. He received the AIAA Aerospace Communications Award, 2002, and Hall ofFame Award from SSPI, 2003. Dr. Iida is IEEE life fellow and AIAA fellow.

Bernard JacquéThales Alenia SpaceCannes, France

Bernard Jacqué is Senior Manager, Innovative SpaceSolutions, Thales Alenia Space

He has assumed this post in the telecommunicationssector only recently. From 2013 to 2015, he was SpaceSystem and Satellite Senior Sales Manager for NorthAmerica. Prior to that he was Business Development

and Proposal Manager from 2008 to 2012 for Thales Alenia Space. From 2005 to2008, he was Technical Manager of Alphabus Platform Development Program,which represents largest European telecommunications platform. Prior to his roleat Thales Alenia Space, Mr. Jacqué held several key engineering roles at AlcatelSpace. He has been actively engaged in the space business since 1994 after earninghis French Engineering Diploma (1993) from Aeronautical and Space Engineering(ISAE-SUP’AERO)

Ram S. JakhuInstitute of Air and Space LawMcGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada

Prof. Ram S. Jakhu has over 30 years of experience inspace-related fields. He is holding a tenured position ofassociate professor at the Institute of Air and Space Law,Faculty of Law, of McGill University in Montreal,Canada, where he teaches several courses coveringnumerous subjects including public international law,international and national space law and policy, space

applications, space commercialization, telecommunications, etc. Currently, he headsa multimillion dollars research and outreach program for space law and policy. FromJanuary 1995 to December 1998, Dr. Jakhu served full-time the International SpaceUniversity, Strasbourg, France, holding various titles, including a professor and thefirst director of the Master of Space Studies program.

xxx About the Authors

Prof. Jakhu has coauthored three books, written over 80 articles and 20 researchreports and edited 7 books. His edited book on National Regulation of SpaceActivities received the 2011 Book Award from the International Academy ofAstronautics.

Dr. Jakhu has taught Space Law and Policy in several countries; made presenta-tions to the United Nations Committee of Peaceful Uses of Outer Space(UNCOPUOS); participated in the drafting of Space Law Curriculum for the UnitedNations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA); advised several countries in thepreparation of national laws and policies, including Canada, India, and South Africa;and convened and participated in numerous international interdisciplinary space lawand policy related conferences and workshops around the world.

Prof. Jakhu is a Member of the Global Agenda Council on Space of the WorldEconomic Forum; Member of the Governance Group of the Space Security Index;and Fellow as well as the Chairman of the Legal and Regulatory Committee of theInternational Association for the Advancement of Space Safety. He is ManagingEditor of the Space Regulatory Series, member of the Editorial Boards of Space andEvolution, Annals of Air and Space Law, Astropolitics, and German Journal of Airand Space Law. He was member of the Advisor Group of Legal Experts on OptionalRules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to Outer Space within the PermanentCourt of Arbitration, and member of the Board of Directors of International Instituteof Space Law for 14 years. In 2007, he received a “Distinguished Service Award”from the International Institute of Space Law for significant contribution to thedevelopment of space law.

Dr. Jakhu holds a Doctor of Civil Law (Dean’s Honors List) degree in Space LawfromMcGill University; a Master of Law (LL.M.) degree in the field of Air and SpaceLaw from McGill University. In addition, he has earned LL.M. (in Public and PrivateInternational Law), LL.B. (in Laws of India), and Bachelor of Arts (in Economics andPolitical Science) degrees from Punjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Tarik KayaMechanical and Aerospace Engineering DepartmentCarleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada

Tarik Kaya has been working as a Professor at theMechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department ofCarleton University since 2002. He received his Ph.D.from ENSAE, Toulouse, France, in 1993. Before joiningCarleton University, he worked as a research associate atNASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Dr. Kaya’s currentresearch interests include mathematical modeling of

two-phase heat transfer systems (heat pipes and loop heat pipes) for spacecraftthermal control and miniaturization of the heat pipe technology for electronicspackaging.

About the Authors xxxi

Siamak KhorramDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, andManagement University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA, USA

Center for Geospatial Analytics North Carolina StateUniversity Raleigh, NC, USA

Siamak Khorram is a Professor of Remote Sensing andImage Processing. Dr. Khorram has joint facultyappointments at both the University of California atBerkeley and North Carolina State University. He isalso the Founding Director of the Center for GeospatialAnalytics and a Professor of Electrical and Computer

Engineering at North Carolina State University and a member of the Board ofTrustees at the International Space University (ISU) in Strasbourg, France.Dr. Khorram is a former Vice President for Academic Affairs and the first Dean ofISU as well as a former Chair of the ISU’s Academic Council, and the PrincipalAdvisor to the President. In these capacities, he played major roles in establishingacademic relationships between ISU and major space organizations such as NASA,European, French, Japanese, Russian, German, Austrian, and Indian space agencies.He has also served as an ASEE fellow at Stanford University and NASA AmesResearch Center. Dr. Khorram has extensive research and teaching experience inremote sensing, image processing, and geospatial technologies and has authoredwell over 200 publications. He has served as the guiding professor for numerous Ph.D. and Master graduate students. He is a member of several professional andscientific societies and delivered keynote addresses in international scientific con-ferences. His graduate degrees are awarded by the University of California at Davisand Berkeley.

Heiner KlinkradInstitute of Space SystemsBraunschweig University of Technology(TU Braunschweig)Braunschweig, Germany

Heiner Klinkrad graduated from the Braunschweig Uni-versity of Technology (TUBS) in aeronautical engineer-ing in 1980, and he received his Ph.D. from the sameuniversity in 1984. In 1980 he joined the European SpaceAgency, from which he retired in 2015 as Head of theSpace Debris Office at the European Space Operations

Centre ESOC, in Darmstadt/Germany. In that position he was ESA’s focal point andsenior advisor for space debris matters, and he represented ESA, for instance in themultinational Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC).

xxxii About the Authors

Heiner Klinkrad is a full Member of the International Academy of Astronautics(IAA), a lifetime Member and Fellow of AIAA, and a member of several otherprofessional associations. He has served as a member or chairperson of workinggroups and panels of AIAA, COSPAR, ECSS, IAA, IAASS, IADC, IAG, ISO, andUNCOPUOS. Since 2009 he has been a professor at the Institute of Space Systemsof the Braunschweig University of Technology. He published a textbook on “SpaceDebris – Models and Risk Analysis” in 2006, contributed as chapter author to fourmore books, and was author/coauthor of some 250 publications. He received the“Engineering Sciences Book Award” from IAA in 2013, the “Joseph P. Loftus SpaceSustainability Award” from IAASS in 2015, the “IAF Distinguished Service Award”from IAF in 2013, and two “ESATeam Awards” in 2013 and 2014.

Martine LutzThales Alenia SpaceCannes, France

Martine Lutz is an expert in advanced materials(in particular nanotechnologies, advanced composites,and ceramics). She received her Ph.D. from ENSC,Montpellier, France, in 1990 and received an expertnomination from Thales Alenia Space in 2013.

Since 2014 she has been in charge of R&D coordi-nation for the Platform Competence Center of ThalesAlenia Space.

Peter MarshallRoyal Television SocietyEngland, UK

After working for the BBC as a journalist and editor,Peter Marshall was a pioneer in developing the use ofinternational satellites for worldwide TV news coverageand distribution. In 1986, he joined INTELSAT inWashington, DC, as the first Director of Broadcast Ser-vices. Then as competition in the global satellite indus-try began to emerge, he moved on to the private sector in

1989 as president of the US-based satellite services company, Keystone Communi-cations, which became a leader in worldwide satellite distribution services. Keystonewas acquired by France Telecom in 1996 after which Peter Marshall served as amember of the Board of the France Telecom subsidiary, GlobeCast. He is a pastpresident of the Society of Satellite Professionals International (SSPI) and waselected to the Society’s “Satellite Hall of Fame” in 2002 for his pioneering workon the development of global satellite services for broadcasting. He was chairman ofthe Britain’s Royal Television Society (RTS) in 1985, and he continues to serve as adirector of the Arthur C. Clarke Foundation.

About the Authors xxxiii

Florence MontredonThales Alenia SpaceCannes, France

Florence Montredon has an Engineering and master’sdegree in Chemical and Physical Engineering. She hasworked at Thales Alenia Space since 2000 and has morethan 15 years of experience in technology developmentand improvement for satellite applications. She startedto work on additive manufacturing technologies in 2009and has worked exclusively on this subject since 2015.She is in charge of material and processes, and coordi-

nates all Thales Alenia Space AM development including partnerships and R&Dmanagement.

Stacy A. C. NelsonCenter for Geospatial AnalyticsNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA

Dr. Stacy Nelson is currently an Associate Professorwithin the Department of Forestry and EnvironmentalResources, and the Center for Geospatial Analytics atNorth Carolina State University. Dr. Nelson received aB.S. from Jackson State University, M.A. from Collegeof William and Mary’s Virginia Institute of Marine Sci-

ences, and Ph.D. fromMichigan State University. His research centers around the useof remote sensing and GIS technologies to address questions of land use/cover changeon aquatic systems at both regional and local scales. He has worked with severalfederal and state agencies including the Earth Systems Science Office at the StennisSpace Center in Mississippi, the NASA-Regional Earth Science Applications Center(RESAC), and the MI and NC Department of Environmental Quality. Dr. Nelsoncurrently teaches as part of the spatial analyses curricula related to GIS science andtechnologies at NC State University and is active in several professional societies.

Bruno PerrotSESBetzdorf, Luxembourg

Senior Manager System Architect in SES, has a broadbackground, encompassing the engineering, services,and business sides of a worldwide satellites operator,leader in its domain. With 25 years in the field of spacetelecommunications industry, he has experienced first

hand the dynamics of the rapidly evolving and changing global telecommunicationsmarketplace.

xxxiv About the Authors

The early years in Mr. Perrot’s career were spent with Aerospatiale, France, aperiod during which he became a key person of the communication engineeringstaff. He joined Alenia Aerospazio, Italy, in 1991, as a payload manager, and thenTelespazio in 1999. From 2000, he worked for SES ASTRA and moved to SESGlobal in 2005. In 2008, he took the responsibility of the SES European fleet. Since2016, he is in charge of the System Architecture in SES Engineering.

Bruno graduated at ENSEA of Paris where he earned an honors degree inTelecommunication Engineering application and holds a management degree atINSEAD of Fontainebleau.

As a member of the Technical Committees on Communication Satellites of theAIAA and on the Ka-band and Broadband Communication Conference, he haschaired and served on numerous industry panels, seminars, and roundtable discus-sions across the globe and is fluent in English, French, Italian, and Spanish.

Susan K. RuncoCode KX, Astromaterials Research andExploration Science DirectorateNASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, TX, USA

Susan K. Runco completed her M.S. in Oceanographyand Meteorology at the Naval Postgraduate School in1986. She is currently the principal investigator for theCrew Earth Observation Payload on the InternationalSpace Station at NASA Johnson Space Center in Hous-ton, Texas, USA. She has provided Earth science train-

ing to astronauts and participated in Crew Earth Observations since 1988. As PI, herinterests include developing imaging techniques and imagery collections for broad-ening utilization of astronaut photography in the areas of Earth science, education,and public awareness of Earth and space.

Michael J. RycroftCambridge Atmospheric, Environmental and SpaceActivities and Research (CAESAR) Consultancy Cam-bridge, UK

Prof. Michael Rycroft is visiting senior fellow at BathUniversity, UK, and emeritus faculty member at theInternational Space University, Strasbourg, France. Pre-viously he was Professor of Aerospace at CranfieldUniversity; Head, Atmospheric Sciences Division, Brit-ish Antarctic Survey, Cambridge; Lecturer in PhysicsDepartment at Southampton University; and Postdoc-

toral NAS/NRC associate at NASA Ames Research Center, California. He obtainedhis honorary D.Sc. from De Montfort University, Ph.D. from Cambridge, andB.Sc. from Imperial College London. Prof. Rycroft has carried out research on

About the Authors xxxv

solar-terrestrial physics, ionospheric and magnetospheric physics, and atmosphericstudies. He is editor of the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space (1990), Journal ofAtmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (1989–1999), and Surveys in Geophysics(2002–present). He is author of more than 240 scientific publications and editor ofmore than 40 books and special issues of journals.

Haruhisa ShimodaResearch and Information CenterTokai University Shibuya-kuTokyo, Japan

Haruhisa Shimoda graduated from the University ofTokyo in 1967 and the graduate school in 1972 wherehe got the Ph.D. He joined Tokai University in 1972 as alecturer of the Faculty of Engineering. He became anassociate professor in 1974. In the same year, he alsojoined Tokai University Research and Information Cen-

ter as a senior researcher. In 1985, he became a professor. In 1994, he also joinedNational Space Development Agency (now JAXA) as an invited scientist and hasbeen working as the program scientist of ADEOS, and later also for GCOM. In 2000,he became the director of Tokai University Space Information Center. He has beenengaged in the field of remote sensing from 1974. His main achievements aredevelopment of remote sensing image analysis sytem including both hardware andsoftware, development of IMG on ADEOS, etc. He is the chair of General Counselof GCOM and the Chair of RA committee of GOSAT. He retired from TokaiUniversity as well as from JAXA on March 2015. He is now a guest professor inTokai University Research and Information Center.

Ramesh L. ShresthaNSF National Center for AirborneLaser Mapping (NCALM)/Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering University of HoustonHouston, TX, USA

Ramesh L. Shrestha Ph.D., is a Hugh Roy and LillieCranz Cullen University Professor at the University ofHouston (UH) and leads the GSE graduate research andacademic programs. He is also PI and the director for theNSF-funded National Center for Airborne Laser Map-ping (NCALM), which is jointly operated by UH andthe University of California-Berkeley. Dr. Shrestha’s

main research activities are associated with the application of advanced geodeticand remote sensing techniques, particularly airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM,aka LiDAR) and digital mapping.

xxxvi About the Authors

Vern SinghroyCanada Centre for Remote SensingNatural Resources CanadaOttawa, Canada

Dr. Vern Singhroy is the Chief Scientist of the CanadianSpace Agency RADARSAT Constellation Missionscheduled to be launched in 2018. As a senior researchscientist at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, he isinternationally recognized as a world leader on the usesof remote sensing images for geohazard, geological, andgeoengineering applications. Dr. Singhroy received hisPh.D. in Environmental and Resource Engineering from

the State University of New York, Syracuse, and is a professional engineer inOntario, Canada. He has published over 300 papers in scientific journals, proceed-ings, and books. He is also the coeditor of four books including of the Encyclopediaof Remote Sensing and was the editor-in-chief of the Canadian Journal of RemoteSensing. He is a Professor of Earth Observation at the International Space Universityin Strasbourg, France, since 1998 and an Adjunct Professor in Planetary and SpaceSciences at the University of New Brunswick in Canada. Dr. Singhroy received theprestigious Gold Medal Award from the Canadian Remote Sensing Society and the(2012) Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Medal for his contribution to the Canadianand International Remote Sensing.

Andrew StannilandInmarsat LtdLondon, UK

Andrew has over 20 years’ experience in the satellitecommunications industry, with a background in systemsand aeronautical engineering. He was responsible formilitary satcom programs in the UK, Australia, andSouth Korea before rejoining the team responsible fordeveloping the UK’s Skynet 5 Milsatcom program in1997; initially with responsibility for the communica-

tions analysis before leading the Service Design that eventually evolved into thecompany known as Paradigm Secure Communications (now part of Airbus Defenceand Space). During the Skynet 5 proposal and contract negotiation phase, Andrewwas responsible for liaising with investors and satellite insurers to ensure that thecomplex and groundbreaking PFI deal was bankable.

Between the formal formation of Paradigm in October 2003 and January 2012,Andrew led the overseas business development activities and since 2007 was thesenior VP responsible for all business development, sales, and marketing. Thisresulted in the first sales of commercially provided, military grade, satellite commu-nications services into the defence customers of NATO, Canada, Europe, and, the US

About the Authors xxxvii

DoD. In 2010, he became responsible for product development across all AirbusDefence and Space government communications customers.

Since 2012, Andrew has been the VP in charge of business development forInmarsat’s Global Government Business unit and has led the expansion of Inmarsat’sbusiness into new geographical markets as well as diversifying from defencecustomers into other government sectors.

He is also an alumnus of the International Space University, having attended theSummer Session Program in 1997 in Houston, TX.

William L. StefanovEarth Science and Remote Sensing UnitAstromaterials Research and ExplorationScience Division, Exploration Integration andScience DirectorateNASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, TX, USA

William L. Stefanov completed his Ph.D. in Geology atArizona State University in 2000. He is the technical

lead and manager of the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, and serves as theInternational Space Station Program Scientist for Earth Observations, at NASAJohnson Space Center in Houston, TX. In association with the International SpaceStation (ISS) Program Science Office, he works with instrument science/operationteams to coordinate collection, distribution, and analysis of remotely sensed datafrom the ISS in response to catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, earth-quakes, and flooding. Dr. Stefanov’s research interests include using remotely senseddata for investigation of geohazards, geomorphology, and surface material charac-terization; studying climate change with application to regional climate adaptationplanning; and assessing the role of humans as geological agents on the landscape. Heis an active proponent of geoscience education and public outreach using remotelysensed data.

Dan SwearingenArlington, VA, USA

Daniel Swearingen is an engineering consultant whoworked at Communications Satellite Corporation(COMSAT) for 30 years. After earning degrees at Geor-gia Tech and Stanford and completing his military ser-vice, he worked for 3 years at ITT Telecommunicationsbefore joining COMSAT in 1970. After working in thespectrum utilization and special studies departments, hejoined the COMSAT’s mobile satellite systems group in1973. There he served as a system design group manager

for the first maritime mobile communications satellite system, MARISAT, launched in1976. The MARISAT standards and protocols he and his group developed became the

xxxviii About the Authors

basis for the first International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) system. In1980–1981, shortly after the INMARSAT was established, he worked with the smallstartup staff in London to plan the initial space and ground components of themultinational cooperative’s system prior to its operational cutover in 1982. In thesubsequent years from 1981 to 1996, he served as a member of the Inmarsat technicaladvisory committee and proposed key system architecture features that were adoptedfor the new INMARSATsystems. After leaving COMSAT, Mr. Swearingen served forseveral years as an adjunct lecturer at George Washington University and has been aconsultant specializing in communications satellite systems.

Dr. Su-Yin TanSenior Lecturer in GeomaticsDirector, Applied Geomatics Research LaboratoryDepartment of Geography and EnvironmentalManagementUniversity of Waterloo (Canada)Ph.D. University of Cambridge (UK)M.Sc. University of Oxford (UK)M.A. Boston University (USA)B.Sc. (Env) University of Guelph (Canada)

Dr. Su-Yin Tan is a Senior Lecturer in the GeomaticsProgram and Director of the Applied Geomatics Research Laboratory at the Uni-versity of Waterloo, Canada. She is a Faculty Member and chairs the AcademicCouncil of the International Space University (ISU). At ISU, she serves as CoreCo-Chair and Space Applications Department Chair of the Space Studies Program(SSP) and lectures at the Masters of Space Studies (MSS) program. Dr. Tan’sspecialization is in geographic information systems, remote sensing, and spatialdata analysis. She is a distinguished Gates Scholar and received her Ph.D. degreefrom the University of Cambridge (UK), two master’s degrees from Oxford Univer-sity (UK) and Boston University (USA), and B.Sc. (Env) from the University ofGuelph (Canada). She was previously a Visiting Fellow at the University of Cam-bridge; Visiting Researcher at the Environmental Change Institute, University ofOxford (UK); and member of Christ Church College. Dr. Tan has an interdisciplin-ary background in the environmental sciences and spatial analysis methodologies ina range of application areas, such as climatology, ecosystem modelling, and remotesensing. In the past decade, Dr. Tan has received over 16 awards and scholarships,including a prestigious Presidential University Graduate Fellowship and OverseasResearch Scholarship. Dr. Tan received the prestigious 2014 Outstanding Perfor-mance Award for exceptional contributions to teaching and scholarship, whichrecognizes the top professors at the University of Waterloo. Originally from PapuaNew Guinea, she has a diverse international background and built a record ofteaching and research excellence in North America, Australia, Asia, South America,and Europe.

About the Authors xxxix

Paul T. ThompsonUniversity of SurreyGuildford, Surrey, UK

Dr. Thompson is a senior researcher in the Centre forCommunications and Systems Research (CCSR) at theUniversity of Surrey. He has an extensive background insatellite communications and spent 30 years with BritishTelecom where he led the Technology DevelopmentDivision covering a wide range of international commu-nications disciplines. During part of this time he wasseconded to the SHAPE Technical Centre in The Hague

where he was involved in the development and inorbit testing of NATO satellites.Subsequent to his time at BT, Dr. Thompson has worked with ERATechnology,

developing a range of radio communications products and was also the Director ofTeledesic, UK.

In addition to research and teaching roles, he currently participates in the stan-dards areas of DVB and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI).

Dr. Thompson was the first UK delegate to become chairman of the INTELSATBoard of Governors Technical Committee (BG/T). He is a fellow of the BritishInterplanetary Society where he played several roles (member of BIS Council1990–2002, president 1994–1998).

He was a visiting professor of engineering design at the Engineering ScienceFaculty of the University of Oxford, a role supported by the Academy of Engineer-ing (1993–2001).

He has been a member of the editorial panel of the International Journal ofSatellite Communications since 1982.

Dr. Thompson is also a senior member of AIAA since 1991.

Cynthia F. van der WieleUS Environmental Protection AgencyRegion IV, NEPA Program Office – NC Field OfficeResearch Triangle Park, NC, USA

Dr. Cynthia F. van der Wiele is a senior physical scientistwith the US Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA), Region 4, NEPA Program Office. Previously,she was a research associate and adjunct faculty at NorthCarolina State University. Her research interests includethe development of high accuracy land use/land coverclassifications for analysis and improved land use and

conservation planning and policies. Dr. van der Wiele received her B. S. in Engi-neering and Masters of Landscape Architecture from North Carolina State Univer-sity, a Masters in Forestry, and a Masters in Environmental Economics and Policy

xl About the Authors

from Duke University, and her Ph.D. in Community and Environmental Design fromNorth Carolina State University. She is active in several national and internationalprofessional societies.

John L. WalkerLockheed Martin Space Systems CompanyDenver, CO, USA

John Walker has over 30 years of technical and mana-gerial achievements in the design and development ofadvanced communication systems operating from ELFto EHF. He is currently a Senior Principal at LockheedMartin RF Payload Center of Excellence pioneering thenext generation digital flexible payloads and leadingnew business pursuits. He has also held positions at

Space Systems Loral (SS/L), Lockheed Electronics, and Hughes Aircraft Companyresponsible for both space and terrestrial developments.

At Space Systems/Loral (SS/L), he held positions of the director of RF Electron-ics responsible for the development, design, manufacture, and test of space-borne RFelectronics equipment and the director of advanced development responsible for theend-to-end communication systems activities within SS/L. At SS/L, he led thedevelopment and execution of the first two-way ground-based beam forming systemfrom concept through onorbit integration, verification, and deployment.

M. Justin WilkinsonCode XI/ESCG, Texas State University,San Marcos, on contract to theAstromaterials Research and Exploration ScienceDirectorate, NASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, TX, USA

M. Justin Wilkinson was born in South Africa and holdsa Ph.D. in Geomorphology from the University of Chi-cago. Since 1988, he has held the position of astronauttrainer in geography, geology, and geomorphology withthe Crew Earth Observations payload at the NASA

Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, USA. His research interests include fluvialand desert geomorphology, especially the interface between geomorphology andsedimentology, the role of landscapes in species evolution, and geomorphic analogsfor planetary geology. His teaching interests have resulted in the publication ofbooks of astronaut imagery with National Geographic and a bilingual atlas ofCosta Rica, for which he was awarded NASA’s Public Service Medal. He has apatent in the area of automated identification of fluvial landscapes and is chief editorof a new multiauthor book on large continental fluvial systems known as megafans.

About the Authors xli

Kimberly WillisCode XI2/, Astromaterials Research and ExplorationJACOBS-JETS Contract, Oceaneering Space SystemsNASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, TX, USA

Kimberly J. Willis completed her M.S. in PhysicalScience, with a concentration in geology, at the Univer-sity of Houston–Clear Lake. She began her career at the

NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX, over 30 years ago where she firstworked in the Lunar Laboratory with samples returned from the Apollo missions.Kim transitioned into Earth observations where she held progressively more respon-sible positions until returning to Astromaterials Curation in 2013. She is currentlythe manager for Astromaterials Curation and Science Engagement and Outreachcontractor personnel. She also holds an adjunct faculty position at the University ofHouston–Clear Lake in the School of Science and Computer Engineering, where sheteaches the fundamentals of earth science.

xlii About the Authors