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Page 1: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

6

Page 2: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Handbook on TB

laboratory

diagnostic methods in

the European Union

Counterstains

S.Amini

Page 3: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,
Page 4: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

• Early laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis still relies on the

examination of stained smears.

• For universal application in resource-limited countries,

microscopy of stained sputum smears is the best choice

among diagnostic methods.

• This technique is based on the fact that the cell wall of the

Mycobacterium spp (AFB).

نگراسمیرآزمایشپایهبرهنوزتوبرکلوزیسسریعتشخیص•.استشدهآمیزی

زیآمیرنگآزمونجهانسطحدریافتهتوسعهکمترمناطقبرای•.استتشیصدرانتخاببهتریناسمیر

لولیسدیوارهکهاستاستوارحقیقتاینپایهبرتکنیکاین•.باشدمیفستاسیدتوبرکلوزیسمایکوباکتریوم

Smear microscopy

Page 5: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

• AFB sputum smear microscopy cannot distinguish

between viable and non-viable bacilli:

• For example, even with adequate treatment, some

specimens from MDR-TB patients may remain sputum

smear-positive after they become culturenegative,

suggesting that the bacilli are non-viable.

• However, caution is recommended for patients who are

sputum smear-positive and culture-negative; they should

be considered as possibly infectious and evaluated for

progression of active disease.

Page 6: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

• Genus is rich in complex lipids that prevent access to common aniline dyes, but when stained with carbol-fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions, these are not easily decolourised, even with alcohol-acid solutions.

• Because of this characteristic, all members of Mycobacterium spp., not only M. tuberculosis, are referred to as acid-fast bacilli.

هایرنگبهدسترسیازدیوارهدرموجودلیپیدیکمپلکس•یاینفوش-کربولباوقتیاماکندمیممانعتشایعآنیلین

گرنراحتیبهشودمیرنگخاصیشرایطتحتفلوروکروم.الکل-اسیدهایمحلولباحتیشودنمیبری

فقطنهومایکوباکتریوهااعضایهمهخصوصیتایندلیلبه•.هستندفستاسیدتوبرکلوزیس

Page 7: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) reagent

preparation• Standard reagents:Basic

• Phenol crystals (the crystals should be

almost colourless);

• Alcohol (denaturated 95% ethanol);

• Water (distilled or purified).

• Decolourising solution:

• Concentrated sulphuric acid (≥95%);

• Water (distilled or purified);

• or

• Hydrochloric acid (37%);

• Alcohol (denaturated 95% ethanol

Page 8: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Standard reagents:

• Basic fuchsin powder;

• Phenol crystals (the crystals should be almost colourless);

• Alcohol (denaturated 95% ethanol);

• Water (distilled or purified).

• Decolourising solution:

• Concentrated sulphuric acid (≥95%);

• Water (distilled or purified);

• or

• Hydrochloric acid (37%);

• Alcohol (denaturated 95% ethanol).

Page 9: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

• If carbol-fuchsin purity is known, it should be used to calculate

the final stain concentration of 0.3%. To calculate the required

amount of basic fuchsin, divide the actual amount by the dye

content.

• For instance, if the dye content is 75%, you must divide the

amounts by 0.75. So 3 g/0.75 = 4 grams will be weighed

for the 0.3% stain.

یینهاغلظتبابایداستمعلومفوشین-کروبلخلوصاگر•فوشین،نیازمورداردمقمحاسبهبرای.شوداستفاده0/3%

.کنیدتقسیمرنگمقداردرراواقعیمقدار

رامقداربایدشما.است%75شمارنگمحتوایاگرمثالبرای•4بااستبرابر0/75برگرم3بنابراین.کنیدتقسیم0/75به

.شدخواهدوزنمقداراین%0/3رنگتهیهبرایوگرم

Page 10: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Storage of reagents

• Reagents preserved in tightly closed bottles can be used for up to two months.

• Bottles should be kept out of direct sunlight.

• If clear bottles are used, stocks of reagents should be stored in a closed cabinet.

نگهداری محلول ها لقابماهدوتاشدهبستهمحکمهایشیشهدرهامحلول•

.استنگهداری.باشدافتابمستقیمنورازدوربایدهاشیشه•هایاستوکشود،میاستفادهشفافهایشیشهاگر•

.شودنگهداریبستههایکابینتدربایدمحلول

Page 11: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Sample collection

• A good specimen should be approximately 3–5 ml in volume.

• Sputum specimens should appear thick and mucoid or clear but with purulent grains.

• The colour varies from opaque white to green. Bloody specimens will appear reddish orbrown.

• Note: clear saliva or nasal discharge is not suitable as a TB specimen.•

سی سی حجم داشته باشد5تا 3یک نمونه خوب باید تقریبا •ا ظاهر نمونه های خلط باید غلیظ و موکوئیدی یا شفاف اما ب•

. رگه های چرکی باشدونی نمونه های خ. رنگ نمونه از سفید مات تا سبز متغیر است•

به رنگ قرمز یا قهوه ای هستند بزاق شفاف و یا ترشحات بینی برای انجام تست مناسب : نکته

.نیست

Page 12: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Criteria of acceptability

• Upon arrival in the laboratory, the quality of sputum samples should be assessed and reported in the referral form.

• TB-positive sputa can vary in colour and aspect. If the sample is liquid and is clear and water-like, without particles or streaks of mucous material, process the sample but ensure that the poor quality of the sample is reported on the result form.

وردمبایدخلطنمونهکیفیتآزمایشگاه،بهورودمحضبه.شودگزارشمربوطهفرمدروگرفتهقرارارزیابیاگر.باشدمتفاوتظاهرورنگدرتواندمیمثبتخلطنمونهیموکوسهایرگهیاذراتبدونآبکیوشفافمایع،نمونهمککیفیتباشیدکهمطمئنامادهیدانجامرانمونهباشد.شودگزارشنهایینتیجهدرنمونه

Page 13: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Criteria of acceptability• When possible, encourage the patient/physician to submit a new specimen; however,

• even saliva can yield positive results. All specimens should be processed, except for broken or leaking containers

• which should be discarded and another specimen requested.

• Accept very small quantities if the patient has difficulty producing sputum. Blood-streaked sputum is suitable, but

• pure blood should not be examined.

معیارهای قبول نمونه

یبترغجدیدنمونهارائهبرایرامعالجپزشکیابیمارامکان،صورتدرهانمونههمه.بدهدمثبتنتیجهتواندمینیزبزاقحتیاگرچهکنید،

ردوبایدکهدهندهنشتوشکستههایظرفجزبهشودفراوریباید.شوددرخواستجدیدنمونهوشوندریخته

ونهنمدارد،وجودبیمارسویازجدیدنمونهارائهدرمشکلکهصورتیدراسبمنخونیهایرگهحاویخلطنمونه.کنیدقبولراکمخیلیحجمبا

.شودآزمایشنبایدکاملخونامااست

Page 14: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Smear preparation

• If smear is prepared directly from a fresh sample (without priorcentrifugation) use an applicator stick or wire/disposable loop,select and pick up the yellowish purulent particles of sputum.

• Prepare the smear in an oval shape in the centre of the slide. Thesmear size should be 2–3 cm in length and 1–2 cm wide, which willallow 100–150 fields to be counted in one length.

با یک ( وژقبل از سانتریفی)اگر اسمیر مستقیم از نمونه تازه تهیه شود •ستفاده اپلیکاتور و یا لوپ یک بار مصرف از قسمت چرکی نمونه خلط ا

کنید

بایدمیراساندازه.کنیدتهیهاسلایدمرکزدربیضیصورتبهرااسمیر•-150کهطوریباشدعرضمترسانتی1-2وطولمترسانتی3-2

.باشدشمارشقابلطولیکدرمیدان100

Page 15: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Smear preparation

• Thorough spreading of the sample is very important, especially in the case ofthick or purulent material; it should be neither too thick nor too thin. Prior tostaining, hold the smear about 4–5 cm over a piece of printed paper.

• If letters cannot be read, it is too thick.

• For concentrated samples (after centrifugation at 3500x rpm for 15minutes,see sample preparation for TB culture) one or two drops of sediment shouldbe smeared on the slide.

• Allow the smear to air-dry completely at room temperature within thebiological safety cabinet.

حاوینمونهوقتیمخصوصااستمهمبسیاریکنواختترشسگیکتهیه•رنگازقبل.باشدنازکیاوضخیمخیلینبایدگسترش.استچرکیمواد

راگ.دهیدقرارنوشتهحاویکاغذیکمتریسانتی4-5دررانمونهآمیزی.استضخیمبسیارآننشدیدحروفخواندنبهموفق

3500سانتریفوژ)شدهتغلیظهاینمونهبرای• rpm،15دویایک(دقیقه.استکافیاسلایدرویبررسوبازقطره

. اجازه دهید در زیر هود خشک شود•

Page 16: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Smear preparation

• Pass the slide over a flame 2–3 times for about 2–3 seconds each time.

• Do not heat the slide for too long or keep it stationary over the flame or else the slide will be scorched.

• Alternatively, slides can be fixed for two hours on hot plates (65–75°C), within the biological safety cabinet

عبورشعلهرویازثانیه3تا2بارهروبار3تا2رااسلاید•.دهید

هشعلرویثابتوهمچنینندهیدقرارشعلهرویراآنخیلی•.نباشد

وپلیتهاترویساعت2مدتبهاسلایددادنقراردیگر،راه•.هودداخلدردرجه75تا65دمای

Page 17: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,
Page 18: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Ziehl-Neelsen staining method• Cover the entire surface of each heat-fixed slide with carbol-

fuchsin.

• Using a Bunsen burner, gently heat the slides until vapour rises.Do not allow them to boil.

• Allow the stain to remain on the slide for ten minutes. Adequatetime is required for the carbol-fuchsin to penetrate and stain thecell well.

• Gently wash the stain from each slide with a stream of cold wateruntil all the free stain has washed away.

عله،شازاستفادهبا.بپوشانیدفوشین-کربولباراسطحتمام•.بجوشدندهیداجازه.دهیدگرمابخارظهورتارااسلاید

کافیزمان.بمانددقیقهدهبرایاسلایدرویرنگدهیداجازه•.تاسنیازسلولیدیوارهدررنگوفوشین-کربولنفوذبرای

هشسترنگکهزمانیتاآبجریانبارااسلایدرویرامیآبه•.بشوییدشود

Page 19: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

IUATLD-recommended grading of sputum smear microscopy results

* A finding of 1 to 3 bacilli in 100 fields does not correlate well with culture

positivity. The interpretation of the significance of this result should be left

to the NTP and not to the microscopist. It is recommended that a new

smear be prepared from the same sputum specimen and be re-examined.

† The reporting of actual AFB counts is recommended to allow a competent

authority to determine whether the number fits the TB case definition of

the NTP.

‡ In practice most microscopists read a few fields and confirm the finding by

a quick visual scan of the remaining fields.

Page 20: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Fluorochrome staining

• A. Fluorochrome reagents

• Auramine O (solution 1)

• Auramine 0.1 g

• 95% ethanol 10 ml

• Phenol (solution 2)

• Phenol crystals 3.0 g

• Distilled water 87 ml

Page 21: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Decolourising solution

• 0.5% Acid alcohol

• Concentrated hydrochloric acid 0.5 ml

• ethanol 100 ml

Page 22: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Counterstains

• Potassium permanganate

• Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) 0.5 g

• Distilled water 100 ml

Page 23: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Fluorochrome staining

• Mix solutions 1 and 2 and store in a tightly-stoppered, dark-coloured bottle away from heat and light.

• Label bottles with the name of the reagent, the date of preparation and expiry date.

• Store at room temperature for one month. When left standing turbidity may develop but this does not affect the staining reaction.

ازدوربهبستهدرکاملاظرفیکدروکردهمخلوطرا2و1محلول•.کنیدنگهداریحرارتونور

.نیدکگذارینامانقضاءوتهیهتاریخمربوطه،محلولنامباراهابطری•

کدورتوجودصورتدر.استنگهداریقابلماهیکبرایاتاقدمایدر•.گیردنمیقرارتاثیرتحتپذیریرنگهایواکنشپایدار

Page 24: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Fluorochrome staining method• Prepare and heat fix smears.

• Flood the slides with auramine O stain and allow them to stain for15 minutes.

• Rinse the slide with water. Aim the flow of water at the edge of theslide and slowly peel the stain from the slide.

• Flood the slides with 0.5% acid alcohol and allow them todecolourise for three minutes.

• Ensure that the slides are flooded thoroughly with acid alcohol.

کنیدفیکسحرارتباراسمیرا•.کنیدرنگدقیقه15مدتبهاورامینبارااسلاید•.بشوییدآببارااسلاید•معرضدرزداییرنگجهتدقیقه3مدتبهرااسلاید•

دهیدقرار%0.5الکلاسیداستشدهپرالکلاسیدازکاملااسلایدکهشویدمطمئن•

Page 25: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Fluorochrome staining method

• Rinse off the 0.5% acid alcohol with water, drain the excess water from the slide.

• Flood each slide with potassium permanganate and allow it to quench for one minutes.

• Note: It is critical that the potassium permanganate remains on the slides for no longer than two minutes as over-quenching of fluorescence can occur.

• Wash off the potassium permanganate. Drain the excess water from the slide.

• Allow smears to air dry. Do not blot. Read as soon as possible after staining

را بشویید و آب اضافی را از روی % 0.5با آب، اسیدالکل •. اسلاید خالی کنید

ته اسلایدها را با پرمنگنات پتاسیم برای یک دقیقه آغش•.کنید

یش از دو خیلی مهم است که پرمنگنات پتاسیم برای ب: نکته•ب دقیقه روی اسلاید نباشد اسلاید را با آب بشویید و آ

. اضافی را خالی کنیداسمیر را در معرض هوا خشک کنید و پس از رنگ امیزی هر•

. چه زودتر آن را مشاهده کنید

Page 26: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Sputum samples

• A systematic review of 37 eligible studies [6] clearly showed

that most TB cases (average 85.8%) were detected with the

first sputum specimen.

• With the second sputum specimen, the average incremental

yield was 11.9%; with the third specimen (when the first two

were negative) the incremental yield was 3.1%.

وضوحبهواجدالشرایطمقاله37شاملسیتماتیکمروریک•نمونهاولیندر(%85میانگین)TBمواردبیشترکهدادنشان.شدنددادهتشخیصخلط

و%11.9حدودتشخیصافزایشمیانگیندومخلطنمونهبا•بارابرب(بودنمنفیدوویکنمونهوقتی)سومخلطنمونهبا

.بود3.1%

Page 27: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Sputum samples

• A good sputum specimen should be approximately 3–5 ml of recently-discharged material from the bronchial tree.

• It is usually thick and mucoid. It may be fluid and contain pieces ofpurulent material. The colour may vary from opaque white to green.

• Bloody specimens will appear reddish or brown.

نمونهازوداردحجمسیسی5تا3حدودخلطخوبنمونهیک•.استآمدهدستبههواییراهازاخیراکهاستای

حاویوباشدمایعاستممکن.استموکوئیدیوغلیظمعمولا•استمتغیرسبزتاشفافازرنگ.چرکیهایتکه

.هستندایقهوهتاقرمزخونیهاینمونه•

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A good smear

Made from mucopurulent sputum

Spread evenly

3 cm x 2 cm in size

Not too thick

Thin enough to read newsprint through

Air dried before fixing

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PREVENTION OF FALSE-POSITIVE SPUTUM RESULTS

• Use new slides

• Use a new applicator stick for each sample

• Use filtered carbolfuchin

• Keep slides separate from one another while staining

• Do not use staining jars

• Do not allow carbolfuchin to dry on the slide

• Do not allow oil immersion applicator to touch the smear

• Do not allow oil immersion lens to touch the smear

• Label sputum containers, slides and laboratory forms completely and

accurately

• Cross check the number on the request for sputum examination form and

sputum container before recording

• Record and report results accurately

CONSEQUENSES OF FALSE POSITIVITY

• Unnecessary treatment-wastage of drugs

• Loss of confidence in the NTP

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PREVENTION OF FALSE-NEGATIVE SPUTUM RESULTS

• Make sure sample contains sputum not just saliva

• Make sure there is at list 3 ml of sputum

• Select thick, mucopurulent particles for smearing

• Smears shouldn’t be too thick nor too thin

• Stain smear for 5 minutes

• Decolorize smears for 3 minutes

• Counterstain for 1 minute

• Read all hundred fields before declaring the slide too be negative

• Known positive control smears should show well stained AFB

• Label sputum containers, slides and laboratory forms carefully

• Cross check the number on the request for sputum examination form and on

the sputum container before recording

• Record and report results accurately

CONSEQUENSES OF FAILS-NEGATIVE RESULTS• Patient remains on treated, resulting in suffering, spread of TB and death

• Intensive phase treatment may not be extended, leading to inadequate treatment

• Loss of confidence in the NTP

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Sputum samples

• Clear saliva or nasal discharge is not suitable as a TB specimen, although saliva

should not automatically be rejected: induced and follow-up sputa resemble saliva.

• To avoid contamination or dilution of a good sample, specimens should not be pooled.

خلطهاینمونه•

اگرچه.نیستمناسبآزمایشبرایبینیترشحاتیاوشفافبزاق•

شبیهالقاییخلطنمونهچراکهشودردنبایدبزاقروتینصورتبه

.استبزاق

هاونهنمخوب،نمونهیکشدنرقیقیاولودگیآازجلوگیریبرای•

.شوندمخلوطباهمنباید

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Microscopy-problems

• least count 5000-10000 bacilli per

ml.(Some books-1,00,000/mL)

• Species differentiation impossible

• Specimen contamination

• False positive

• Saprophytic mycobacteria

Page 33: Handbook on TB · 2019. 12. 11. · Handbook on TB laboratory diagnostic methods in the European Union Counterstains ... fuchsin or fluorochromes under special staining conditions,

Other specimens• Body fluids (spinal, pleural, pericardial, synovial, ascitic,

blood, pus and bone marrow) should be aseptically collected in sterile containers using aspiration techniques or surgical procedures.

• specimen: tubercle bacilli are mainly in the pleural wall and not in the fluid. The minimum volume for pleural effusion is20–50 ml. A pleural biopsy specimen is ideal .

وخون،آسیتسینویال،پریکارد،پلور،نخاعی،)بدنترشحات•معجاستریلظروفدراستریلصورتبهباید(استخوانمغز

.شوندآوریایعمدرنهوپلوریدیوارهدرعمدتاتوبرکولباسیل:نمونه•

50تا20پلوریافیوژنبرایحجمحداقل.شودمییافتاستالایدهپلوربیوپسی.استسیسی

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Other specimens

• For fluids that may clot, sterile potassium oxalate (0.01–0.02 ml of 10% neutral oxalate per ml fluid), heparin (0.2 mg/ml), or sodium citrate (two drops of 20% sodium citrate for every 10 ml of fluid) should be added as an anticoagulant to the culture.

شوند،منعقداستممکنکهمایعاتیبرای•لیترمیلی0.01-0.02)استریلاگزالاتپتاسیم

ازلیترمیلیهرازایبه%10خنثیاگزالاتازای(لیترمیلیبرگرممیلی0.2)هپارین،(مایع

%20سیتراتسدیمازقطرهدو)سیتراتسدیمعنوانبهباید(مایعسیسی10هربرای

.شوندافزودهمحیطبهضدانعقاد

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Other specimens• Urine is expected to be contaminated. To minimize excessive

contamination of urine specimens, external genitalia should be washed before specimen collection.

• Once received in the laboratory, a urine sample must either be processed immediately or centrifuged and the pellet refrigerated.

• As excretion of tubercle bacilli is intermittent, three consecutive early-morning midstream specimens must be collected.

قبلادرار،درآلودگیکاهشبرای.داردشدنآلودهاحتمالنیزادرار•.شودشستهخروجمحلاستلازمگیرینمونهاز

بایاشودکاربایدیاادرارنمونه،آزمایشگاهبهورودمحضبه•.شودنگهدرییخچالدرآنرسوبسانتریفوژ

صبحاولمتوالینمونهسهاست،ایدورهصورتبهباسیلخروج•.شودآوریجمعباید

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Other specimens• Other respiratory specimens that can be submitted to the

laboratory for mycobacterial culture are bronchial secretion(minimum volume 2–5 ml) and bronchial alveolar lavagesamples (minimum volume 20–50 ml).

• Transbronchial and other biopsies taken under sterileconditions should be kept wet during transportation byadding 0.5–1 ml sterile 0.9% saline.

لسآزمایشگاهبهارسالیتنفسیراههاینمونهدیگر•نیزو(سیسی5تا2حجمحداقل)استبرونشترشحات

(سیسی50تا20حجمحداقل)آلوئولارلاواژدرایدباستریلشرایطتحتهواییراهبیوپسیهاینمونه•

مرطوب%0/9سالینسیسییکتاافزودنباانتقالطی.شوندداشتهنگه

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Homogenisation and

decontamination of specimens

• Most (but not all) specimens are considered

contaminated. Pulmonary specimens including sputum,

bronchial secretions, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial

aspirates and brushings are usually contaminated by

normal host microbiota.

.شوندمیگرفتهنظردرآلودهها،نمونه(همهنهاما)اغلب

لاواژبرونش،ترشحاتخلط،شاملریویهاینمونه

بامولامعشستشوهاوبرونشآسپیراسیونبرنکوآلوئولار،

.هستندآلودهمیزباننرمالفلور

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Homogenisation and

decontamination of specimens• Normally, contaminated extrapulmonary specimens are gastric

lavage, laryngeal aspirates, urine, skin, autopsy materials, and uterine mucosa.

• Sterile specimens include pus from cold abscess, CSF, synovial or other cavity body fluids, as well as surgical biopsies.

معده،لاواژهاینمونهریویخارجالودههاینمونهمعمولا•رحمموکوسوجراحیموادپوست،ادرار،حلق،آسپیراسیون

.استمغزیمایعسرد،هایآبسهازچرکشاملاستریلهاینمونه•

سیبیوپنیزوبدنهایحفرهمایعاتیاوسینوویالنخاعی،.باشدمیجراحی

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Homogenisation and

decontamination of specimens• Contaminated specimens must be subjected to rigorous

decontamination procedures that liquefy the organic debrisand eliminate the unwanted normal flora. Normal flora would rapidly overgrow the entire surface of the medium and consume it before the TB bacilli started to grow. Specimens must be homogenised to free the bacilli from the mucus, cells or tissue in which they may be embedded.

رندبگیقرارقویزداییآلودهموردبایدآلودههاینمونه•نیزناخواستهطبیعیفلوروآینددرمایعحالتبهکه

رامحیطروییسطحسرعتبهنرمالفلور.گردندحذفمیمصرفرامحیطتوبرکلوزرشدازقبلوپوشاندمیموکوس،ازباسیلآزادسازیجهتبایدهانمونه.کند

.شوندهموژنبافتیاهاسلول

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Homogenisation and

decontamination of specimens

• Digesting/decontaminating agents are to some extent toxic to tuberclebacilli and therefore to minimise the number of dead mycobacteria, thedigestion/decontamination procedure must be followed precisely.

• A proportion of cultures will be contaminated by other organisms: acontamination rate of 3–5% is acceptable on solid media.

• Cultures in liquid media may show higher contamination rates (5–10%).

ستندهسمیغیرتوبرکلوزباسیلبرایآلودگیرفع/هضمعوامل•نایدهد،میکاهشرامردههایمایکوباکتریومتعدادنتیجهدر

.شودانجامدقتبهبایدپروسه.استقبولقابلجامدمحیطدرآلودگیمیزان%5-3مقدار•.دهندمینشانبیشتریآلودگیمایعهایمحیط•

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Culture examination

• All cultures should be examined 48 hours after inoculation in order to:

• check absorption of liquid inoculated;

• tighten caps to prevent drying out of media; and detect early contaminants

بررسی محیط کشت قراربررسیموردتلقیحازپسساعت48بایدهامحیطهمه•

:جهتگیرندشدهتلقیحمحیطجذببررسی•ومحیطشدنخشکازجلوگیریجهتلولهدربکردنسفت•

زودرسآلودگیتشخیص

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Culture examination• Seven-day check: To detect rapidly growing mycobacteria.

• Three-to-four-week check to detect positive cultures of M.tuberculosis as well as other slow-growing mycobacteria.

• End of culture check (after eight weeks) to detect very slow-growing mycobacteria, including M. tuberculosis, beforediscarding and reporting the culture as negative

عسریمایکوباکتریوهایبررسی:دومروزبررسی•.الرشد

هاینمونهبررسیجهتماههچهارتاسهبررسی•.تهآهسرشدباهایمایکوباکتریومهمچنینومثبت

(هشتمهفتهانتهایدر)محیطبررسیانتهایدر•رشدآهستهبسیارهایمایکوباکتریومبررسیجهتردوازقبلتوبرکلوزیسمایکوباکتریومشامل

منفیمحیطگزارشومحیطانداختن

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Culture tests for Mycobacterium

tuberculosis complex• Culture tests are also used for the detection of treatment failures and for diagnosing

extrapulmonary TB.

• The use of culture tests increases the number of TB cases found by 30–50%. Moreover,cultures are used for species identification and drug susceptibility testing (DST) .

:رکلوزیس بررسی های محیط کشت برای کمپلکس مایکوباکتریوم توب

صتشخیبرایودرمانشکستتعیینبراینیزکشتهایتست•.شودمیاستفادهریویخارجهاینمونه

%50تا30تارامثبتمواردتعدادکشتهایتستازاستفاده•تستوگونهتعیینبرایهاکشتعلاوهبه.دهدمیافزایش

.گیرندمیقراراستفادهموردداروییحساسیت

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Viability

M. tuberculosis is fairly stable in the environment*

• 90 to 120 days on dust

• 45 days on manure

• 105 days on paper

• 6 to 8 months in sputum (within a cool dark location)

• 45 days on cloth material

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