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Happy Monday!!!. Take out your vocab so I can come around a check it Did you know: there are 216 noodles in a can of Campbell’s Chicken Noodle Soup. Can you identify these 1920s slang word? 1. Applesauce6. Flat tire 2. Big cheese7. Lounge Lizard 3. Bee’s knees8. Sheba - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Happy Monday!!!Happy Monday!!!
Take out your vocab so I can come around a check it
Did you know: there are 216 noodles in a can of Campbell’s Chicken Noodle Soup
Take out your vocab so I can come around a check it
Did you know: there are 216 noodles in a can of Campbell’s Chicken Noodle Soup
Can you identify these 1920s slang word?
1. Applesauce 6. Flat tire2. Big cheese 7. Lounge
Lizard3. Bee’s knees 8. Sheba4. Giggle water 9. Shiek5. Jalopy 10.The Real
McCoy
Can you identify these 1920s slang word?
1. Applesauce 6. Flat tire2. Big cheese 7. Lounge
Lizard3. Bee’s knees 8. Sheba4. Giggle water 9. Shiek5. Jalopy 10.The Real
McCoy
Interwar PeriodInterwar Period
the Roaring 20’sthe Roaring 20’s
Postwar TrendsPostwar Trends
League of Nations left much of America divided
Returning soldiers faced unemployment or took jobs away from women and African-Americans
Many responded by becoming fearful of outsiders Nativism- prejudice against foreign-born
people Isolationism- policy of pulling away from
involvement in world affairs
League of Nations left much of America divided
Returning soldiers faced unemployment or took jobs away from women and African-Americans
Many responded by becoming fearful of outsiders Nativism- prejudice against foreign-born
people Isolationism- policy of pulling away from
involvement in world affairs
CommunismCommunism People feared the spread of communism-
economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship In order to equalize wealth and power, communism
would put an end to private property, substituting gov’t ownership of factories, RR, and other businesses
The panic in the US began in 1919 after revolutionaries in Russia (Bolsheviks) overthrew the czarist regime
A Communist party formed in the US and 70,000 joined
Called it the “Red Scare”
People feared the spread of communism-economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship In order to equalize wealth and power, communism
would put an end to private property, substituting gov’t ownership of factories, RR, and other businesses
The panic in the US began in 1919 after revolutionaries in Russia (Bolsheviks) overthrew the czarist regime
A Communist party formed in the US and 70,000 joined
Called it the “Red Scare”
Limiting ImmigrationLimiting Immigration “Keep America for Americans” became the
attitude of most Americans As a result of the Red Scare and anti-
immigrant feelings, the KKK rose again Devoted to “100% Americanism” Targeted African-Americans, Roman Catholics,
Jews and other foreign-born people Congress responded to the nativist pressure
by limiting immigration from certain countries The Emergency Quota Act 1921 set up a quota
system that established a maximum number of people who could enter the US from each country
Law prohibited Japanese immigration
“Keep America for Americans” became the attitude of most Americans
As a result of the Red Scare and anti-immigrant feelings, the KKK rose again Devoted to “100% Americanism” Targeted African-Americans, Roman Catholics,
Jews and other foreign-born people Congress responded to the nativist pressure
by limiting immigration from certain countries The Emergency Quota Act 1921 set up a quota
system that established a maximum number of people who could enter the US from each country
Law prohibited Japanese immigration
Harding struggles for peace
Harding struggles for peace
Problems surfaced regarding arms control, war debts and reconstruction of war-torn countries
1921, President Warren G. Harding invited several nations to the Washington Naval Conference Sec. of State urged no more warships be built for
10 years, suggested that the 5 major powers (US, GB, Japan, France and Italy) scrap many of their largest warships
Later in 1928, 15 countries signed the Kellog-Briand Pact which denounced war as a national policy (unfortunately there was not way to enforce)
Problems surfaced regarding arms control, war debts and reconstruction of war-torn countries
1921, President Warren G. Harding invited several nations to the Washington Naval Conference Sec. of State urged no more warships be built for
10 years, suggested that the 5 major powers (US, GB, Japan, France and Italy) scrap many of their largest warships
Later in 1928, 15 countries signed the Kellog-Briand Pact which denounced war as a national policy (unfortunately there was not way to enforce)
High Tariffs and Reparations
High Tariffs and Reparations New issues arose when it was time for GB and
France to pay back the $10 million they borrowed from the US
They had 2 options:(1) selling goods to the US (2) collecting reparation from Germany
1921, America adopted the Fordney-McCumber Tariff which raised taxes on US imports to 60% Made it impossible for GB and France to sell enough
goods to pay the debt GB and France looked to Germany
When Germany failed to make the payments, France marched in
US Banker Charles G. Dawes steps in and came up with the Dawes Plan- US investors loaned Germ $2.5 billion to pay back GB and France who would then pay back the US
New issues arose when it was time for GB and France to pay back the $10 million they borrowed from the US
They had 2 options:(1) selling goods to the US (2) collecting reparation from Germany
1921, America adopted the Fordney-McCumber Tariff which raised taxes on US imports to 60% Made it impossible for GB and France to sell enough
goods to pay the debt GB and France looked to Germany
When Germany failed to make the payments, France marched in
US Banker Charles G. Dawes steps in and came up with the Dawes Plan- US investors loaned Germ $2.5 billion to pay back GB and France who would then pay back the US
Scandal Hits HardingScandal Hits Harding Harding cabinet included the “Ohio gang”,
some of Harding’s poker buddies who soon caused embarrassment Used their offices to become wealthy through graft
EX: head of Vet. Bureau was caught illegally selling gov’t and hospital supplies to private companies
The worst example was the Teapot Dome Scandal Gov’t had set aside oil-rich lands at Teapot Dome,
WY and Elk Hills, CA for use by the US Navy Sec. of Interior got the reserves transferred to the Interior
Dept. and then leased the land to 2 private oil companies
Harding dies of a stroke in 1923 and Calvin Coolidge become president (and reelected the next year)
Harding cabinet included the “Ohio gang”, some of Harding’s poker buddies who soon caused embarrassment Used their offices to become wealthy through graft
EX: head of Vet. Bureau was caught illegally selling gov’t and hospital supplies to private companies
The worst example was the Teapot Dome Scandal Gov’t had set aside oil-rich lands at Teapot Dome,
WY and Elk Hills, CA for use by the US Navy Sec. of Interior got the reserves transferred to the Interior
Dept. and then leased the land to 2 private oil companies
Harding dies of a stroke in 1923 and Calvin Coolidge become president (and reelected the next year)
Industry flourishesIndustry flourishes
Calvin Coolidge (R ) was very pro-businessHe and his successor (Herbert Hoover)
favored gov’t policies that kept taxes down and business profits up
Goal was the keep gov’t interference minimal
High tariffs on imports, wages rose and so did productivity
Calvin Coolidge (R ) was very pro-businessHe and his successor (Herbert Hoover)
favored gov’t policies that kept taxes down and business profits up
Goal was the keep gov’t interference minimal
High tariffs on imports, wages rose and so did productivity
Impact of AutomobileImpact of Automobile With the automobile came paved roads
Route 66- from Chicago to California with little towns on the way
New houses had garages or carports and a driveway Gas stations, repair shops, motels, tourist
camps and shopping centers, Traffic signals early 1920s, Holland Tunnel (1st underwater tunnel) in 1927
Liberated rural families to travel into the city for shopping and entertainment
Urban sprawl -cities spreading in all directions
Became a status symbol
With the automobile came paved roads Route 66- from Chicago to California with little
towns on the way New houses had garages or carports and a driveway
Gas stations, repair shops, motels, tourist camps and shopping centers, Traffic signals early 1920s, Holland Tunnel (1st underwater tunnel) in 1927
Liberated rural families to travel into the city for shopping and entertainment
Urban sprawl -cities spreading in all directions
Became a status symbol
Airplane IndustryAirplane Industry
Began as a mail carrying service for the USPS
With the development of weather forecasting, planes began carrying radios and navigation instruments
1927 Pan American Airways inaugurated the 1st transatlantic passenger flight
Began as a mail carrying service for the USPS
With the development of weather forecasting, planes began carrying radios and navigation instruments
1927 Pan American Airways inaugurated the 1st transatlantic passenger flight
Electrical convenience Electrical convenience
Gasoline powered much of the economic boom of the 20’s but electricity transformed the nation
Electricity was no longer restricted to central cities but spread to the suburbs
By the end of the 1920’s more and more homes had electric irons and wealthier homes had refrigerators, cooking ranges and toasters
Gasoline powered much of the economic boom of the 20’s but electricity transformed the nation
Electricity was no longer restricted to central cities but spread to the suburbs
By the end of the 1920’s more and more homes had electric irons and wealthier homes had refrigerators, cooking ranges and toasters
Mass AdvertisingMass Advertising
Advertising agencies hired psychologists to study how to appeal to people’s desire for youthfulness, beauty, health and wealth
Brand names became familiar and luxury items soon became necessitiesMouthwash was a big example
Advertising agencies hired psychologists to study how to appeal to people’s desire for youthfulness, beauty, health and wealth
Brand names became familiar and luxury items soon became necessitiesMouthwash was a big example
Superficial ProsperitySuperficial Prosperity
During the 20’s most Americans believed prosperity would go on forever
Industries provided another solution to the problem of luring customers
Easy credit or “a dollar down and a dollar forever” The “installment plan” enabled people to
buy goods over an extended period of time without having to put down much money at the time of purchase
During the 20’s most Americans believed prosperity would go on forever
Industries provided another solution to the problem of luring customers
Easy credit or “a dollar down and a dollar forever” The “installment plan” enabled people to
buy goods over an extended period of time without having to put down much money at the time of purchase
City LifeCity LifeBetween 1920-1929, nearly 2
million people left rural areas for cities every year
City dwellers read and argued about major issues
City dwellers tolerated drinking, gambling, and casual dating
Major battle between traditional and modern values
Between 1920-1929, nearly 2 million people left rural areas for cities every year
City dwellers read and argued about major issues
City dwellers tolerated drinking, gambling, and casual dating
Major battle between traditional and modern values
ProhibitionProhibition18th amendment went into effect in
January 1920Manufacture, sale, and transportation of
alcoholic beverages was illegalHowever, alcohol was allowed for medical
and religious purposesReformers thought drinking led to crime,
wife and child abuse, accidents on the job and other serious social problems
Support came from south and west and Protestants
Was very hard to fund and enforce!
18th amendment went into effect in January 1920Manufacture, sale, and transportation of
alcoholic beverages was illegalHowever, alcohol was allowed for medical
and religious purposesReformers thought drinking led to crime,
wife and child abuse, accidents on the job and other serious social problems
Support came from south and west and Protestants
Was very hard to fund and enforce!
Speakeasies and Bootleggers
Speakeasies and Bootleggers
To get liquor illegally, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons called speakeasiesSpoke quietly inside to avoid detectionHad to have a card or a secret
passwordPeople also learned to distill alcohol
in secretBootleggers (smuggled in boot legs)
To get liquor illegally, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons called speakeasiesSpoke quietly inside to avoid detectionHad to have a card or a secret
passwordPeople also learned to distill alcohol
in secretBootleggers (smuggled in boot legs)
Organized CrimeOrganized CrimeProhibition contributed to
organized crime in every major cityChicago was notorious because of
Al CaponeBootlegging empire netted over $60
million/year
Prohibition contributed to organized crime in every major city
Chicago was notorious because of Al CaponeBootlegging empire netted over $60
million/year
Science v. ReligionScience v. Religion
Fundamentalists-skeptical of scientific knowledgeLiteral interpretation of the BibleRejected to theory of evolutionStrong support in south and west
Fundamentalists-skeptical of scientific knowledgeLiteral interpretation of the BibleRejected to theory of evolutionStrong support in south and west
Scopes TrialScopes TrialMarch 1925, Tennessee passed
that nation’s first law that made it a crime to teach evolution
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) promised to defend any teacher who challenged the law John T. Scopes, a young biology
teacher, accepted the challengeWas arrested and put in jail for reading an
article in class about evolution
March 1925, Tennessee passed that nation’s first law that made it a crime to teach evolution
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) promised to defend any teacher who challenged the law John T. Scopes, a young biology
teacher, accepted the challengeWas arrested and put in jail for reading an
article in class about evolution
Scopes Trial cont.Scopes Trial cont.The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow to defend
ScopesWilliam Jennings Bryan served as special
prosecutor Trial was a fight over evolution and the
role of science and religion in public schools and American society
Bryan was questioned for his religious beliefsEnded up admitting that the Bible might be
interpreted in different waysScopes was found guilty and fined $100
The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow to defend Scopes
William Jennings Bryan served as special prosecutor
Trial was a fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in public schools and American society
Bryan was questioned for his religious beliefsEnded up admitting that the Bible might be
interpreted in different waysScopes was found guilty and fined $100
Women of the 20sWomen of the 20s In the rebellious, pleasure-loving
atmosphere of the 20s, many women began asserting their independence and demanded the same freedom as men
Flapper-an emancipated young woman who embraced new fashions and urban attitudes Close-fitting hats, waist less dresses an inch
above the knee, skin toned stockings, boyish bob hairstyles
Began smoking cigarettes, drinking in public, talking openly about sex
Danced the foxtrot, tango, Charleston
In the rebellious, pleasure-loving atmosphere of the 20s, many women began asserting their independence and demanded the same freedom as men
Flapper-an emancipated young woman who embraced new fashions and urban attitudes Close-fitting hats, waist less dresses an inch
above the knee, skin toned stockings, boyish bob hairstyles
Began smoking cigarettes, drinking in public, talking openly about sex
Danced the foxtrot, tango, Charleston
Pop culturePop cultureMore people went to high school- taxes
to finance schools increased Increased literacy
Radio became the most powerful communication mediumHeard news as it happened, sports, radio
showsSpent time working crossword puzzles,
playing mahjong, dance marathons, sportsNegro National baseball leagueBabe Ruth- Yankees
More people went to high school- taxes to finance schools increased Increased literacy
Radio became the most powerful communication mediumHeard news as it happened, sports, radio
showsSpent time working crossword puzzles,
playing mahjong, dance marathons, sportsNegro National baseball leagueBabe Ruth- Yankees
Entertainment and ArtEntertainment and Art
Movies- first without sound then with sound called “talkies”
Jazz musicLiterary boom- F. Scott Fitzgerald,
Ernest Hemingway
Movies- first without sound then with sound called “talkies”
Jazz musicLiterary boom- F. Scott Fitzgerald,
Ernest Hemingway
Harlem RenaissanceHarlem RenaissanceLiterary and artistic movement
celebrating African-American cultureGreat Migration brought African
Americans to the northMany moved to Harlem, a
neighborhood on the Upper West Side of NYCBecame the world’s largest black urban
communitySuffered overcrowding, unemployment,
and poverty
Literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture
Great Migration brought African Americans to the north
Many moved to Harlem, a neighborhood on the Upper West Side of NYCBecame the world’s largest black urban
communitySuffered overcrowding, unemployment,
and poverty
AuthorsAuthorsHarlem Renaissance encouraged a new
pride in African-American experiencesWrote about the trials of being black in a
white worldClaude McKay-novelist, poet, urged
African Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination. Wrote of the pain of life in the black ghettos
Langston Hughes-poet, described difficult lives of working-class African Americans
Zora Neale Hurston-portrayed the lives of poor Southern blacks
Harlem Renaissance encouraged a new pride in African-American experiencesWrote about the trials of being black in a
white worldClaude McKay-novelist, poet, urged
African Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination. Wrote of the pain of life in the black ghettos
Langston Hughes-poet, described difficult lives of working-class African Americans
Zora Neale Hurston-portrayed the lives of poor Southern blacks
JazzJazzBorn in the early 20th century in New
OrleansBlended instrumental ragtime and
vocal blues Joe “King” Oliver and his Creole Jazz
Band brought it northFamous jazz musicians: Louis
Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith
Born in the early 20th century in New Orleans
Blended instrumental ragtime and vocal blues
Joe “King” Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band brought it north
Famous jazz musicians: Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith
Happy Wednesday!!Happy Wednesday!!
Take out your 20s packet so I can come around and check it
Did you know: The “ZIP” in zip code stands for zone improvement plan
Take out your 20s packet so I can come around and check it
Did you know: The “ZIP” in zip code stands for zone improvement plan
Interwar PeriodInterwar Period
Causes of the Great Depression
Causes of the Great Depression
The Good TimesThe Good TimesThe 1920’s were a time of superficial
prosperityBusinesses were doing wellWages were increasingPeople bought all kinds of “luxury” items
Cars, toasters, washers, vacuums, sewing machines
People thought the good times would continue forever and bought fancy items on credit or with installment plans, assuming they would just pay it later
The 1920’s were a time of superficial prosperityBusinesses were doing wellWages were increasingPeople bought all kinds of “luxury” items
Cars, toasters, washers, vacuums, sewing machines
People thought the good times would continue forever and bought fancy items on credit or with installment plans, assuming they would just pay it later
Trouble AheadTrouble AheadAs the 1920s advanced, economic
prosperity slowed, but few noticed1.Industries were in troubleRailroads, lumbering and mining
industries were no longer making profitsCompanies had to start laying people off
People without jobs do not have money to spend, which hurts other businesses
People were also laid off b/c a lot of companies began using machines to do the work
As the 1920s advanced, economic prosperity slowed, but few noticed
1.Industries were in troubleRailroads, lumbering and mining
industries were no longer making profitsCompanies had to start laying people off
People without jobs do not have money to spend, which hurts other businesses
People were also laid off b/c a lot of companies began using machines to do the work
Trouble AheadTrouble Ahead2. Farmers were in Debt During WWI, farmers produced a lot of crops and sold
a lot of crops After WWI farmers should have slowed production,
but they didn’t They were unable to sell all their crops
Farmers needed money and took out loans Many farmers never repaid their loans which
caused rural banks to fail Many farms were foreclosed on
Congress tried to help and passed price-supports (McNary- Haugen Bill) Gov’t would buy excess for and sell it overseas President Coolidge vetoed the bill
2. Farmers were in Debt During WWI, farmers produced a lot of crops and sold
a lot of crops After WWI farmers should have slowed production,
but they didn’t They were unable to sell all their crops
Farmers needed money and took out loans Many farmers never repaid their loans which
caused rural banks to fail Many farms were foreclosed on
Congress tried to help and passed price-supports (McNary- Haugen Bill) Gov’t would buy excess for and sell it overseas President Coolidge vetoed the bill
Trouble AheadTrouble Ahead3. Consumers had less money to spendAs businesses failed, wages were cut and
people could not spend money on “extra” items
Since nobody was buying, more businesses failed, causing more unemployment, which caused even less money to be spent in stores
3. Consumers had less money to spendAs businesses failed, wages were cut and
people could not spend money on “extra” items
Since nobody was buying, more businesses failed, causing more unemployment, which caused even less money to be spent in stores
Trouble AheadTrouble Ahead4. Living on credit People were living above their means People could not afford to buy items out right so they
paid for them on credit and assumed they would pay it back later
Credit Cards Installment Plans -paying off the total cost in monthly
payments Buying Stocks on the Margin- many wanted to invest in
the stock market, but could not afford to pay the full amount of the stock so they borrowed from a broker (took out a loan to pay for it)
Many couldn’t pay back the full amount of their loans or were so strapped for cash they couldn’t spend money on other items, which hurt other businesses, causing more people to become unemployed
4. Living on credit People were living above their means People could not afford to buy items out right so they
paid for them on credit and assumed they would pay it back later
Credit Cards Installment Plans -paying off the total cost in monthly
payments Buying Stocks on the Margin- many wanted to invest in
the stock market, but could not afford to pay the full amount of the stock so they borrowed from a broker (took out a loan to pay for it)
Many couldn’t pay back the full amount of their loans or were so strapped for cash they couldn’t spend money on other items, which hurt other businesses, causing more people to become unemployed
Trouble AheadTrouble Ahead
5. Uneven distribution of wealthRich got richer, poor got poorerMost earned less than $2,500 a
yearHad no savingsRelied on credit
5. Uneven distribution of wealthRich got richer, poor got poorerMost earned less than $2,500 a
yearHad no savingsRelied on credit
Hoover takes overHoover takes over 1928- Hoover wins the election
Little focus on the economy People think the good times will continue
People believed investing in the stock market was the key to riches Dow Jones Industrial Average was high (Bull Market) People began engaging in Speculation
Buy low, sell high Make quick money Many didn’t realize the risk, thought the market would continue
to increase People began buying Stocks on the Margin
Many couldn’t afford to pay the full amount of the stock so they borrowed money from a broker
Makes the market appear stronger than it actually is If Stock price declines, people have no way of paying off the loan
The government did little to discourage excessive borrowing
1928- Hoover wins the election Little focus on the economy People think the good times will continue
People believed investing in the stock market was the key to riches Dow Jones Industrial Average was high (Bull Market) People began engaging in Speculation
Buy low, sell high Make quick money Many didn’t realize the risk, thought the market would continue
to increase People began buying Stocks on the Margin
Many couldn’t afford to pay the full amount of the stock so they borrowed money from a broker
Makes the market appear stronger than it actually is If Stock price declines, people have no way of paying off the loan
The government did little to discourage excessive borrowing
The Stock Market CrashesThe Stock Market Crashes
By early September 1929 many began to question the strength of the marketPeople began selling their stocks
Black Tuesday- October 29, 1929Confidence in the market collapsedPeople began selling their stocks for
pennies16 million stocks sold
Could not pay back their loansCaused banks to close, by November investors
had lost 30 billion dollars
By early September 1929 many began to question the strength of the marketPeople began selling their stocks
Black Tuesday- October 29, 1929Confidence in the market collapsedPeople began selling their stocks for
pennies16 million stocks sold
Could not pay back their loansCaused banks to close, by November investors
had lost 30 billion dollars
Stop and Think!Stop and Think!
How did the stock market crash help cause the Great Depression?
How did the stock market crash help cause the Great Depression?
The Great Depression Begins
The Great Depression Begins 1929-1940- time period where the economy plummeted and
unemployment rose Banks Failed
People panicked and went to their banks demanding their money
Many banks invested the money in the stock market and did not have the money to give back
Many lost their entire life savings The government did not insure bank accounts
Today, FDIC up to $250,000 By 1933-11,000 of 25,000 banks failed
Businesses Failed The Gross National Product (total output of goods) was cut
from 104 billion to 59 billion 90,000 businesses failed
Unemployment Rose From 3%-25%
1929-1940- time period where the economy plummeted and unemployment rose
Banks Failed People panicked and went to their banks demanding their
money Many banks invested the money in the stock market and did
not have the money to give back Many lost their entire life savings The government did not insure bank accounts
Today, FDIC up to $250,000 By 1933-11,000 of 25,000 banks failed
Businesses Failed The Gross National Product (total output of goods) was cut
from 104 billion to 59 billion 90,000 businesses failed
Unemployment Rose From 3%-25%
The Great DepressionThe Great DepressionThe Depression Spread throughout the world
European nations were still trying to recover from WWI
Wall Street was the center of the financial worldMany nations relied on the US for loansMany also relied on the US to buy goodsUS passed the Hawley Smoot Tariff Act
Highest protective tariffs in US HistoryDesigned to protect American farmers and businessesIt failed-
It stopped Europeans from buying American goods Increased unemployment encouraged other nations to pass similar tariffs
The Depression Spread throughout the worldEuropean nations were still trying to recover from
WWIWall Street was the center of the financial worldMany nations relied on the US for loansMany also relied on the US to buy goodsUS passed the Hawley Smoot Tariff Act
Highest protective tariffs in US HistoryDesigned to protect American farmers and businessesIt failed-
It stopped Europeans from buying American goods Increased unemployment encouraged other nations to pass similar tariffs
Hardships and SufferingHardships and SufferingThe Depression in Cities
Many lost their homes, jobsHomelessness increasedShanty towns emerged- little towns
consisting of shacksSoup kitchensBread linesThere was no direct relief for families
Cash payment or food provided by the gov’t African-Americans and minorities were hit even
harder
The Depression in CitiesMany lost their homes, jobsHomelessness increasedShanty towns emerged- little towns
consisting of shacksSoup kitchensBread linesThere was no direct relief for families
Cash payment or food provided by the gov’t African-Americans and minorities were hit even
harder
Hardships and sufferingHardships and sufferingThe Depression in Rural Areas
Farms were foreclosed onThe Dust Bowl
drought struck in the 1930sFor decades farmers in the Midwest broke up
farmland, removing the protective grass covering, exposing dirt
Leaving a lot of land unusableWhen the drought struck and winds picked up dust
became unbearableHardest hit was Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New
Mexico, and ColoradoMany abandoned their farms and moved to
California
The Depression in Rural AreasFarms were foreclosed on
The Dust Bowldrought struck in the 1930sFor decades farmers in the Midwest broke up
farmland, removing the protective grass covering, exposing dirt
Leaving a lot of land unusableWhen the drought struck and winds picked up dust
became unbearableHardest hit was Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New
Mexico, and ColoradoMany abandoned their farms and moved to
California
Stop and Think!!Stop and Think!!
Why did many farm families leave their land during the Great Depression?
Why did many farm families leave their land during the Great Depression?
Hardships and SufferingHardships and Suffering
Effects on the American familyLots of extra time bc of unemploymentHobos began wandering the streetsThere was no Direct Relief for families
Cash payment or food provided by the govtSome cities tried to provide some relief
for familiesNew York City- $2.39 per family each week
Effects on the American familyLots of extra time bc of unemploymentHobos began wandering the streetsThere was no Direct Relief for families
Cash payment or food provided by the govtSome cities tried to provide some relief
for familiesNew York City- $2.39 per family each week
Hardships and SufferingHardships and SufferingPoor diets increasedmalnutrition increasedOverall health decreasedSchools shut down“wild boys” –kids who rode the
freight trainsVery dangerous
Depression increasedsuicide increased
Poor diets increasedmalnutrition increasedOverall health decreasedSchools shut down“wild boys” –kids who rode the
freight trainsVery dangerous
Depression increasedsuicide increased
Happy Wednesday!Happy Wednesday!
Take out your “Stormy Weather” movie sheets so we can finish the movie
Did you know: an ant can survive up to 2 days underwater
Take out your “Stormy Weather” movie sheets so we can finish the movie
Did you know: an ant can survive up to 2 days underwater
Interwar PeriodInterwar Period
Hoover’s planHoover’s plan
Hoover’s approachHoover’s approach Hoover tried to reassure Americans that the
nation’s economy was sound Americans had to remain optimistic
Business as usual Depression is a normal part of the business cycle
The economy will fix itself
Believed government’s role was to encourage and facilitate cooperation not control it
Americans values individualism therefore Hoover opposed any form of federal welfare or direct relief Felt it would weaken peoples self-respect
His answer to the problem was to let individuals, charities and local organizations pitch in and help
Hoover tried to reassure Americans that the nation’s economy was sound Americans had to remain optimistic
Business as usual Depression is a normal part of the business cycle
The economy will fix itself
Believed government’s role was to encourage and facilitate cooperation not control it
Americans values individualism therefore Hoover opposed any form of federal welfare or direct relief Felt it would weaken peoples self-respect
His answer to the problem was to let individuals, charities and local organizations pitch in and help
Stop and Think!!Stop and Think!!
Why was Hoover reluctant to help people during the Depression?
Why was Hoover reluctant to help people during the Depression?
Cautious stepsCautious steps
Hoover called together key leaders in business, banking and labor Urged them to work together to find a solution
Asked employers not to cut wages or lay off workers and asked laborers not to strike
Created a special organization to help private charities generate contributions
None of this worked Shantytowns arose in every city and
hobos continued to roam
Hoover called together key leaders in business, banking and labor Urged them to work together to find a solution
Asked employers not to cut wages or lay off workers and asked laborers not to strike
Created a special organization to help private charities generate contributions
None of this worked Shantytowns arose in every city and
hobos continued to roam
Democrats Win CongressDemocrats Win Congress
As the difficulties increased the political tides turned against Hoover and the Republicans
The Democrats took advantage of the anti-Hoover sentiments to win more seats in Congress
As the difficulties increased the political tides turned against Hoover and the Republicans
The Democrats took advantage of the anti-Hoover sentiments to win more seats in Congress
People’s reaction to Hoover
People’s reaction to Hoover
Farmers burned their corn and wheat and dumped their milk on highways rather than sell it at a loss
People were calling shantytowns “Hoovervilles”
Hoover continued to hold firm to his principles
Farmers burned their corn and wheat and dumped their milk on highways rather than sell it at a loss
People were calling shantytowns “Hoovervilles”
Hoover continued to hold firm to his principles
Hoover Takes ActionHoover Takes Action Backed the creation of the Federal Farm
Board-intended to raise crop prices by helping members to buy crops and keep them off the market until prices rose
Federal Home Loan Bank Act (1932)- lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance to avoid foreclosure
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) authorized up to $2 billion for emergency financing for banks, life insurance companies, RR, and other large businesses Hoover believed that the money would trickle
down to the average citizen through job growth and higher wages
Businesses still failed
Backed the creation of the Federal Farm Board-intended to raise crop prices by helping members to buy crops and keep them off the market until prices rose
Federal Home Loan Bank Act (1932)- lowered mortgage rates for homeowners and allowed farmers to refinance to avoid foreclosure
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) authorized up to $2 billion for emergency financing for banks, life insurance companies, RR, and other large businesses Hoover believed that the money would trickle
down to the average citizen through job growth and higher wages
Businesses still failed
Bonus ArmyBonus Army In 1932, 10,000-20,000 WWI Vets and their families
marched in Washington DC and called themselves the Bonus Army
Supported the Patman Bill under debate that authorized the gov’t to pay a bonus to WWI Vets who hadn’t be paid adequately for their service Bill was approved in 1924 but was to be paid out in
1945 (cash and life insurance) but Vets wanted to be paid immediately
Built shantytowns in front of the Capitol July 28- Hoover sent troops to disband the Bonus Army
Gassed more than 1,000 people including an 11 month old baby who died and an 8 yr old who was permanently blinded- Hoover’s image suffered and FDR easily won the next election
In 1932, 10,000-20,000 WWI Vets and their families marched in Washington DC and called themselves the Bonus Army
Supported the Patman Bill under debate that authorized the gov’t to pay a bonus to WWI Vets who hadn’t be paid adequately for their service Bill was approved in 1924 but was to be paid out in
1945 (cash and life insurance) but Vets wanted to be paid immediately
Built shantytowns in front of the Capitol July 28- Hoover sent troops to disband the Bonus Army
Gassed more than 1,000 people including an 11 month old baby who died and an 8 yr old who was permanently blinded- Hoover’s image suffered and FDR easily won the next election
Stop and Think!!Stop and Think!!
How did the treatment of the Bonus Army affect President Hoover?
How did the treatment of the Bonus Army affect President Hoover?
Happy Thursday!!!Happy Thursday!!!Take out your Economic Briefing
Packet so I can come around a check it!
Did you know: Babe Ruth wore a cabbage leaf under his baseball cap to keep cool; he changed it every 2 innings
Take out your Economic Briefing Packet so I can come around a check it!
Did you know: Babe Ruth wore a cabbage leaf under his baseball cap to keep cool; he changed it every 2 innings
Interwar PeriodInterwar Period
FDR and the New DealFDR and the New Deal
Franklin Delano RooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt
Democrat, elected in the election of 1932 Inaugurated in March 1933
20th Amendment-move presidential inauguration to January (ratified in Feb. 1933 so FDR missed it)
“lame duck” amendment- shortens time btwn election and inauguration
Between the time of election and the time he took office, FDR worked to pick advisers known as the “Brain Trust”
Came up with the “New Deal”
Democrat, elected in the election of 1932 Inaugurated in March 1933
20th Amendment-move presidential inauguration to January (ratified in Feb. 1933 so FDR missed it)
“lame duck” amendment- shortens time btwn election and inauguration
Between the time of election and the time he took office, FDR worked to pick advisers known as the “Brain Trust”
Came up with the “New Deal”
Hundred DaysHundred Days Period of intense activity lasting from
March 9- June 16, 1933 Congress passed more that 15 major
pieces of New Deal legislation Expanded the fed. Gov’ts role in the nation’s
economy First step was the carry out reforms in
banking and finance Closed all banks (bank holiday) to prevent
further withdrawals Emergency Banking Relief Act- banks were to
be inspected, if they couldn’t repay debts they would remain closed
Period of intense activity lasting from March 9- June 16, 1933
Congress passed more that 15 major pieces of New Deal legislation Expanded the fed. Gov’ts role in the nation’s
economy First step was the carry out reforms in
banking and finance Closed all banks (bank holiday) to prevent
further withdrawals Emergency Banking Relief Act- banks were to
be inspected, if they couldn’t repay debts they would remain closed
Fireside ChatsFireside Chats
Radio talks about issues of public concern, explaining in clear, simple language
Made people feel like he was talking directly to them“We have nothing to fear but fear
itself”
Radio talks about issues of public concern, explaining in clear, simple language
Made people feel like he was talking directly to them“We have nothing to fear but fear
itself”
The 3 R’s- ReliefThe 3 R’s- Relief Relief: bring immediate help to those
who need it CCC (Civilian Conservation Corp)- Provided jobs
for young single males on conservation projectsBuilt new roads, strung telephone lines,
planted trees TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)- provided jobs
building dams to bring running water and electricity to poor regions in the South
WPA (Works Progress Administration)- created as many jobs as quickly as possible in construction of airports, highways, and public buildings.
Also hired artists, musicians and actors
Relief: bring immediate help to those who need it CCC (Civilian Conservation Corp)- Provided jobs
for young single males on conservation projectsBuilt new roads, strung telephone lines,
planted trees TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)- provided jobs
building dams to bring running water and electricity to poor regions in the South
WPA (Works Progress Administration)- created as many jobs as quickly as possible in construction of airports, highways, and public buildings.
Also hired artists, musicians and actors
3 R-s- Recovery3 R-s- Recovery
Recovery: “pump-priming” temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demandAAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)-
aid farmers by regulating crop production so prices would rise
NRA (National Recovery Administration)- reformed banking practices and established fair codes of competition for business
Recovery: “pump-priming” temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demandAAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act)-
aid farmers by regulating crop production so prices would rise
NRA (National Recovery Administration)- reformed banking practices and established fair codes of competition for business
3 R’s- Reform3 R’s- ReformReform: permanent programs to avoid
situations causing contractions and Insurance for citizens against econ. DisasterFDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation)- protected bank deposits up to $5,000
Wagner Act-defined unfair labor practices and established the National Labor Relations Board to settle disputes between employers and employees
SSA (Social Security Act)- provided pension for retired workers and their spouses and helped people with disabilities
Reform: permanent programs to avoid situations causing contractions and Insurance for citizens against econ. DisasterFDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation)- protected bank deposits up to $5,000
Wagner Act-defined unfair labor practices and established the National Labor Relations Board to settle disputes between employers and employees
SSA (Social Security Act)- provided pension for retired workers and their spouses and helped people with disabilities
Regulating Banking and Finance
Regulating Banking and Finance
Glass-Steagall Act- established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Federal Securities Act- required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings and made them liable for any misrepresentation. Established the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) 21st amendment (sell alcohol to raise gov’t
revenue by taxing alcohol)
Glass-Steagall Act- established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Federal Securities Act- required corporations to provide complete information on all stock offerings and made them liable for any misrepresentation. Established the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) 21st amendment (sell alcohol to raise gov’t
revenue by taxing alcohol)
Results of the New DealResults of the New Deal
By the end of the Hundred Days, millions of Americas had benefited from the New Deal programs
Public confidence in the nation’s future had rebounded
FDR practiced the policy of deficit spending- spending more money that the gov’t receives in revenue Said it was a necessary evil to be used in an
economic crisis
By the end of the Hundred Days, millions of Americas had benefited from the New Deal programs
Public confidence in the nation’s future had rebounded
FDR practiced the policy of deficit spending- spending more money that the gov’t receives in revenue Said it was a necessary evil to be used in an
economic crisis
Stop And Think!!Stop And Think!!
Look over the list of New Deal programs. Identify which programs addressed the different areas of need
You have a limited amount of time to do this so start working!!!
Look over the list of New Deal programs. Identify which programs addressed the different areas of need
You have a limited amount of time to do this so start working!!!
Critics of the New DealCritics of the New Deal
Many critics believed the New Deal interfered with the workings of a free-market economy Fed. Gov’t had too much control over agriculture
and industry American Liberty League- believed the
New Deal violated respect for rights of individuals and property
3 of the toughest critics expressed views that appealed to the poor: Father Coughlin, Dr. Francis Townsend, and Huey Long
Many critics believed the New Deal interfered with the workings of a free-market economy Fed. Gov’t had too much control over agriculture
and industry American Liberty League- believed the
New Deal violated respect for rights of individuals and property
3 of the toughest critics expressed views that appealed to the poor: Father Coughlin, Dr. Francis Townsend, and Huey Long
FDR and the Supreme Court
FDR and the Supreme Court
Schechter v. US (1935): struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) as unconstitutional Said it gave legislative power to the executive
branch Butler v. US (1937): struck down the
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) saying that agriculture is a local matter and should be regulated by the states not the fed. Gov’t
Overall FDR’s New Deal was defeated in 7 of 9 SC decisions
Schechter v. US (1935): struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) as unconstitutional Said it gave legislative power to the executive
branch Butler v. US (1937): struck down the
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) saying that agriculture is a local matter and should be regulated by the states not the fed. Gov’t
Overall FDR’s New Deal was defeated in 7 of 9 SC decisions
FDR’s ResponseFDR’s Response
Judiciary Reorganization Bill Allowed him to appoint 6 new Supreme Court
justices Also called the “court packing bill” Never happened
1937, an elderly justice retired and FDR appointed a liberal justices, shifting the balance of the Court
Over the next 4 years because of resignations, FDR appointed 7 new judges
Judiciary Reorganization Bill Allowed him to appoint 6 new Supreme Court
justices Also called the “court packing bill” Never happened
1937, an elderly justice retired and FDR appointed a liberal justices, shifting the balance of the Court
Over the next 4 years because of resignations, FDR appointed 7 new judges
End of the Great Depression?
End of the Great Depression?
In 1938, FDR scaled back on the New Deal policies and unemployment rose again
Production and unemployment wouldn’t match pre-1929 levels until the US entered WWII and industries began production of war materials
However, the New Deal DID provided short-term relief to many!
In 1938, FDR scaled back on the New Deal policies and unemployment rose again
Production and unemployment wouldn’t match pre-1929 levels until the US entered WWII and industries began production of war materials
However, the New Deal DID provided short-term relief to many!
Long Term ImpactLong Term Impact
People now looked to the gov’t for help in times of need Gov’t is responsible for social welfare
Thousands of federal jobs were created to maintain new agencies
Gov’t became active in settling labor disputes
Greatly regulated business- 40 hr work week, minimum wage, etc.
Ushered in an era of increased taxes paid by citizens
People now looked to the gov’t for help in times of need Gov’t is responsible for social welfare
Thousands of federal jobs were created to maintain new agencies
Gov’t became active in settling labor disputes
Greatly regulated business- 40 hr work week, minimum wage, etc.
Ushered in an era of increased taxes paid by citizens
