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H ig h A l t i t ud

e P la t form

S y s tem sAm ir G

i lan Varno s fad

eran i


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Introduction

1.1 Introduction

With an ever increasing demand for capacity for future generation multimedia applications, serviceproviders are looing for novel !ays to deliver !ireless communications services. In developed countries !e arefamiliar today !ith seeing mo"ile phone masts dotted around the countryside, "ut these can "e e#pensive to deployand continually service. $his patch!or of coverage delivers cellular communications, an e%cient !ay of deliveringhigh&capacity density services. We use the term cellular here to descri"e the !ay in !hich the radio spectrum isreused in order to deliver the high&capacity densities. $his concept is no! "eing adopted !ith a num"er oftechnologies, including the !idely no!n 'G and (G mo"ile systems, "ut also ne! technologies such as Wi)A*, andalso Wi+i, !here in this latter case islands of coverage hot&spots- are provided through spectrum reuse.

An alternative for more rural or less developed areas is to use satellite commu& nications. Satellites today are

increasingly sophisticated, and capa"le of delivering spot "eam coverage, !ith minimal ground infrastructure.Ho!ever, they are inca& pa"le of matching the high&capacity densities seen !ith terrestrial infrastructure.

A possi"le third alternative !ay of delivering communications and other services is to use high altitude platformsHAPs-. HAPs are either airships or planes, !hich operate in the stratosphere, 1/'' m a"ove the ground 01, '.Such platforms !ill have a rapid roll&out capa"ility and the a"ility to serve a large num"er of users, usingconsidera"ly less communications infrastructure than re2uired "y a terrestrial net!or 0(. $hus, the nearness ofHAPs to the ground, !hile still maintaining !ide area coverage, means that they e#hi"it the "est features ofterrestrial and satellite communications.


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3ategories

$he main goal of HAPs is to provide semi&permanent high data rate, high capacity&density communications provision over a !ide coverage area, ideally from a 4#edpoint in the sy. In practice due to aeronautical constraints all HAPs presentcompromises. It is helpful to specify the follo!ing HAP 5vital6 statistics, and as !eshall see, these may radically a7ect the communications system design andultimate capa"ilities8

. payload po!er, mass and volume:

. station eeping and attitude control: . endurance.

HAPs can "e divided into four categories as sho!n in +igure 1.1-8

1. )anned plane, e.g. Gro" G;'< =grett'. >nmanned plane fuel-, e.g. AV Glo"al ?"server(. >nmanned plane solar-, e.g. AV@ASA Path4nder Plus

B. >nmanned airship solar-, e.g. Cocheed )artin HAA


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History

Cie !ith the start of many ne! fundamental technologies it is very di%cult to pin& point the inventor

or the 4rst time it appeared in print. HAPs have their origins "ac to 1783 !hen the )ontgol4er"rothers launched the 4rst hot air "alloon. Ho!ever, it is not until the early 1DES Secretary of State, and L.3. Cee as its 3hief $echnology ?%cer. $his proect !as taenseriously and much of the initial !or !ithin the International $elecommunications >nion / adiocommunication Sector I$>&- !as undertaen on "ehalf of SyStation, !ith I$>& ecommendation+.1;


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18 Gro" =grett G;'<

Gro" =grett !as a surveillance aircraftdeveloped in Germany in the 1DJ


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' 8 Glo"al ?"server N

$he Glo"al ?"serverN system is designed to !or liea 1'&mile&high, redeploya"le satellite to providecoverage over an area of up to E


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3ommunications elay

Providing "road and persistent communications !henmission operators need it most.A s2uad is patrolling anarea far from "ase that is no!n for enemy activity.Am"ushedO Pinned do!n "y deadly enemy 4re. Cine&of&

sight communications "loced "y mountains. oreception and no means of contacting friendly forces.Cife&saving help is needed.Glo"al ?"serverN carrying acommunications relay payload can lin the s2uad to

distant "ase. Includes satellite&lie capa"ilities to ena"lea7orda"le, persistent and seamless communications

relay capa"ilities !here mission operators need it most.Glo"al ?"server can provide more "and!idth tointerconnect and route data. $eams separated "ytopographical "arriers and using legacy radio e2uipment

!ith disparate radio fre2uencies and signal formats canuse communications relay to communicate !ith eachother and to distant command centers in real time.


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isaster elief

Providing real&time imagery and "acupcommunications !hen lives are at stae.A

3ategory ; hurricane is e#pected to maelandfall soon. )illions of lives at stae.

eed to no! !hen and !here thehurricane !ill reach land.Glo"al

?"serverN can provide real&time remoteimagery, storm data and "acupcommunications to assist !ith life&saving

measures. Provides hurricane@stormtracing, !eather monitoring andsustained support for evacuation planning,relief operations and 4rst response

coordination. With a communicationspayload, Glo"al ?"server can providecommunications relay if terrestrial

communications assets such as cell

to!ers, micro!ave relays and satellite

do!nlins are damaged.


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)aritime ?perations

Providing continuous surveillance of critical shipping lanes and vitalcoastlines.A massive coastline plagued "y transport of illegal goods.=#isting manned and unmanned reconnaissance assets are una"leto provide the "road coverage needed.Glo"al ?"serverN at E;,


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Pathfnder

Pathfnder SolarPowered Aircrat

ust imagine...

An aircraft that could stay aloft all day, po!ered only "y sunlight.An aircraft that is no more than a Qying !ing, a"le to maneuver !ithoutrudders, ailerons, tails or other control surfaces typical of conventionalaircraft.An aircraft that Qies !ithout an on"oard human pilot, "ut instead iscontrolled remotely from a ground station.

At the ASA ryden +light esearch 3enter at =d!ards, 3alif.,imagination has "ecome reality, and that reality is the Path4nder solarpo!ered, remotely piloted aircraft.


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=AS$ program

Path4nder is one of several remotely piloted aircraft "eing evaluated under ASARs=nvironmental esearch Aircraft and Sensor $echnology =AS$- program. $he =AS$program is one of ASARs initiatives designed to develop the ne! technologies neededto continue AmericaRs leadership in the highly competitive aerospace industry.

Additional technologies considered "y the oint ASAindustry =AS$Alliance include light!eight materials, avionics, sensor technology,aerodynamics and other forms of propulsion suita"le for e#treme altitudesand duration. $he most e#treme mission envisioned for solarpo!ered

aircraft such as Path4nderRs successor, the Helios, !ould reach altitudes of up to 1


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Aircrat Description

$he Path4nder is a light!eight, solarpo!ered, remotely piloted Qying !ing aircraft that isdemonstrating the techno of applying solar po!er for long duration, high&altitude Qight. It isliterally the path4nder for a future Qeet of solarpo aircraft that could stay air"orne for !eesor months on scienti4c sampling and imaging missions.

Solar arrays covering most of the upper !ing surface provide po!er for the aircraftRs electricmotors, avionics, communications and other electronic systems. Path4nder also has a "acup"attery system that can provide po!er "et!een t!o and 4ve hours to allo! limiteddurationQight after dar.

Path4nder Qies at an airspeed of only 1; to '; mph. Although pitch control is maintained "ythe use of tiny elevons the trailing edge of the !ing, turns and ya! control are accomplished"y slo!ing do!n or speeding up the motors o out"oard sections of the !ing.

Path4nder !as designed, "uilt and is operated "y AeroVironment, Inc., of )onrovia, 3alif., the4rm that developed t pioneering Gossamer Penguin and Solar 3hallenger solarpo!eredaircraft in the late 1D


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Path4nder Plus

uring 1DDJ, the Path4nder !as modi4ed into the longer&!inged Path4nder&Plus con4guration. ?n Aug. E,1DDJ, the modi4ed aircraft !as Qo!n to a record altitude of J


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Aircrat Specifcations

Aircrat SpecifcationsWingspan: Path4nder DJ.B feet 'D.; meters-: Path4nderPlus 1'1 feet (E.( meters- Length: 1'feet (.E meters-Wing chord: J feet '.B meters-Wing Aspect Ratio: Path4nder 1' to 1: Path4nderPlus 1; to 1

Gross weight: Path4nder a"out ;E< pounds ';' g.-: Path4nderPlus a"out


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High Altitude Airship HAAU-

$he Cocheed )artin High Altitude Airship HAAU- / and its su"&scaledemonstrator, the High Altitude Cong =ndurance&emonstrator HAC=&- / is anun&tethered, unmanned lighter&than&air vehicle that !ill operate a"ove the etstream in a geostationary position to deliver persistent station eeping as asurveillance platform, telecommunications relay, or a !eather o"server. $heHAA also provides the War4ghter a7orda"le, ever&present Intelligence,Surveillance and econnaissance and rapid communications connectivity overthe entire "attle space. $he technology is availa"le no! and ready for

integration and Qight test.$his updated concept of a proven technology taeslighter&than&air vehicles into a realm that gives users capa"ilities on par !ithsatellites at a fraction of the cost 1 to ' orders of magnitude less-. $he HAA !illalso integrate recon4gura"le, multi&mission payload suites. HAA is signi4cantlyless costly to deploy and operate than other air"orne platforms, and supportscritical missions for defense, homeland security, and other civil applications. Itsoperational persistence eliminates the need for in&theater logistic support. Inposition, an airship !ould survey a E


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High Altitude Airship

Cocheed )artin and the >.S. Army launched the 4rst&of&its&inds HAC=& on uly ', '


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High Altitude Platform system

Amir Gilan

[email protected]

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