Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Task Force MISSION: Develop strategies for the long-tenn managemen~ protection, and utilization of the existing and potential forest resources of the Slate of Hawaii.

Jan urum, Task Force Coordinator, 1151 Punchbowl St., Rm. 323 Honolulu, HI 96813 Ph: (808) 522-8233

FAX: (808) 522-8236

July 29, 1994

Dear Community Member:

Keith W. A hue, Chai

The Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Task Force Is pleased to issue this Action Plan, wtth findings and recommendations for rejuvenating Hawaii's forests. The 12 member Task Force represents a broad cross· section of entities involved wtth Hawaii's forests, Including state and federal agencies, private landowners, forestry experts, and conservation organizations.

The Action Plan reflects a year-long effort Involving community members, resource managers, researchers, native Hawaiians, conservation organizations, and forest Industry representatives. The vision of this Action Plan is displayed in nine guiding concepts and twenty-fiVe recommendations that call for:

• Informing and involving people regarding the planning and managing of Hawaii's forests;

• Working to establish a sustainable, balanced forestry program for Hawaii; and

• Intensifying research and stewardship activtties to support forest restoration, management, protection, and use.

There Is no one lead agency or organization In Hawaii wrrh the au1hority or capability of implementing all aspects of this comprehensive plan. Rather, affected agencies, organizations, and Individuals are encouraged to fund and Implement the recommendations that fall within their responsibility. We are also working wrrh Hawaii's congressional delegation to draft appropriate legislation to obtain federal funds to Implement recommendations in the Action Plan.

The extensive public Involvement that was an integral part of this Task Force effort is expected to continue wrrh the next step called for In the Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Act. In that step, the U.S. Secretary of Agricunure will prepare a tropical forestry plan that includes establishment of a forestry center for study of tropical forestry problems; acquisrrion or construction of facilrries for research, teaching, and housing; study of biological control of nonnative species; and, upon the request of the.Governor,- establishment of experimental forests In Hawaii.

·All members of the Task Force look forward to your continued Involvement in these Important efforts.

Sincerely,

Task Force Chairperson

Task Force Members:

Keith W. Ahue J.W.A. Buyers Ann E. Carey

Dr. Dennis Penn Dr. Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro Michael T. Rains

Rick Scudder Dr. Rob Shallenberger Oswald Stender

Kelvin Take~ Charles Wakida Dr. Barbara Weber

Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery

Action Plan

July 1994

Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Task Force

Keith W. Ahue, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources J.W.A. Buyers, C.Brewer/Hawaii Ann E. Carey, USDA Soil and Conservation Service Dr. Dennis Fenn, USDJ National Park Service Dr. Kenneth Kaneshiro, University of Hawaii Michael Rains, USDA Forest Service Rick Scudder, Conservation Council for Hawaii Dr. Robert Shallenberger, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service Oswald Stender, Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate Kelvin Taketa, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii Charles Wakida, Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife Dr. Barbara Weber, USDA Forest Service

Jan Lerum, Task Force Coordinator

Task Force Mission: Develop Strategies for the Long-term Management, Protection, and Utilization

of the Existing and Potential Forest Resources of the State of Hawaii.

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Executive Summary

The Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Act The Task Force and Action Plan Public Involvement Hawaiian Values State of the Forests

CONTENTS

Proposed Action Plan Implementation Strategy and Budget

Summary of Guiding Concepts

Guiding Concept 1: Working Relationships Recommendation 1: Working Relationships Recommendation 2: Information Office

Guiding Concept 2: Traditional and Community Uses Recommendation 3: Native Hawaiian Recommendation 4: Local Community

Guiding Concept 3: Stewardship of the Forest Recommendation 5: Introduced Species Recommendation 6: Native Forests and Threatened and Endangered Species Recommendation 7: Game Management Recommendation 8: Reforestation Recommendation 9: Rural and Urban Forests Recommendation 10: Fire Management Recommendation 11: Hawaii's Endangered Species Act

Guiding Concept 4: Incentives Recommendation 12: Right to Harvest Recommendation 13: Tax Assessments

Guiding Concept 5: Training and Education Recommendation 14: Training and Education Recommendation 15: Center for Tropical Forests

iii

v

vii

ix

1 1 2 3 5 9

11

13 15

17 19

21 25 29 31 35 39 41

43 45

47 49

ii

CONTENTS

Guiding Concept 6: Research and Demonstration Recommendation 16: Research Recommendation 17: Experimental Forests Recommendation 18: Demonstration Forests

Guiding Concept 7: Planning, Inventories, and Monitoring Recommendation 19: Forest Management Plans Recommendation 20: Forest Inventories Recommendation 21: Monftoring

Guiding Concept 8: Economic Development Recommendation 22: Sustainable Commercial Forests

Guiding Concept 9: Innovative Funding Recommendation 23: Watershed Management Programs Recommendation 24: Carbon Sequestration Recommendation 25: Grants Program

Appendix 1: Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Act

Appendixes 2a and 2b: Separate Volumes Working Group Papers

Appendix 3: Hawaiian Words

Appendix 4: Matrix of Current or Potentially Involved Agencies and Organizations

51 55 59

63 65 67

69

73 75 77

1-1

3-1

4-1

FOREWORD

We of Hawai'i, in the most fundamental of ways, call ourselves 'kama'aina; "children of the land: Ours is

a way fragile and vulnerable, even as are the forests, wet and dry, the water ways, on the surface and

beneath il, and the oceans, near shore and pelagic.

We are filled with wonder, when we learn a new lesson from a venerated kumu or a cherished kupuna.

We are filled with wonder when we go into the forest and Jearn something for ourselves that the elders

knew all along. We are filled with wonder by what we see of the natural order around us.

We are not always filled with wonder in the marvelous sense, however. There are those among us who

have become hurt and cynical when, directly or indirectly, we know that our government has strayed

from pono as managers of our natural and cultural resources. And we wonder, 'Why?• There are those

among us who have become hurt and cynical when, directly or indirectly, we visit a familiar place and the

ho'okipa no longer embraces us. And we wonder, 'Why?'

'Why?' when our land base has long been recognized as a precious and cherished thing. We divide it

most fundamentally into the wao akua, the dominion of the gods, and wao kanaka, the dominion of man.

For social, economic, and political purposes, the ahupua'a was devised and serves us still.

The ahupua'a offers us a marvelous interpretive and management tool. We can Jearn of the history of

cultures, natural resources, economies, and management through our study of ahupua'a. The classical

Jesson is that resources management is nothing new and that the interconnectedness of the clouds, the

forests, the fishponds, the seas, and kiinaka has long been recognized.

As the interconnectedness of the natural order was recognized, so was the interconnectedness of

the community of kiinaka. The chiefs and the farmers, the healers and the fisher -folk, na kupuna and

nii 'opio, lofty born--lowly born, men--women, every individual was a meaningful component of the whole.

Protocol governed divisions of labor and the well-being of the whole. Pono prevailed.

And so, the formation of the Task Force and the work of the working groups causes some of us to be

hopeful. We are full of the hope that the ahupua'a will take its rightful place as a model for integrated

planning and an interpretive tool lor sharing the cuttural and natural histories of the islands; that a protocol

may evolve which shall welcome tenant and landowner, environmentalist and hunter, bureaucrat and

citizen, equally to the table or the forest. We are full of hope that 'E mau ke ea o ka'aina i ka pono. •

-Hannah Kihalani Springer

Ka'iipUJehu, Hawai'i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Task Force thanks all participants in the working groups, public meetings, and field trips for contributing

their time, enthusiasm, and dedication to Hawaii's forests.

Special thanks to working group chairmen and assistants responsible for additional efforts in bringing the

working group papers to completion: Eugene Conrad and Duane Stevens, Working Group 1; Brooks Harper

and Nancy Glover, Working Group 2; David Boynton, Kealii Pang, and Annette Kaohelaulii, Working Group 3;

Mike Robinson, Working Group 4; Roben Merriam and Mark Smaa/ders, Working Group 5; and

Scott Hamilton, Working Group 6.

Support of the tremendous effort associated with the Task Force was due to the diligence of many staff

people. Jackie Ford of USDA Forest Service coordinated travel arrangements, meeting and field trip logistics,

and Lois Kimoto coordinated copy editing and printing. Marsha Johnson and Jolene Lau of USDA Soil

Conservation Service provided graphic design services.

Meetings and field trips were facilitated by staff of the Center lor Alternative Dispute Resolution, including

Dee Dee Letts, assistant director; Peter Adler; Dorothee Auldridge; John Bay; Kathy Bryant; Linda Colburn;

Alice Paet-AhSing; Cheryl Ramos; and Claud Sutcliffe. The Lyon Arboretum and C. Brewer/Hawaii made

meeting rooms available for the Task Force effort.

Field trips on Kauai were coordinated by Ed Petteys, Kauai District Division of Forestry and Wildlife and

staff, with participation by Kate Reinard, Kokee Museum, David Boynton, Department of Education, and

Garden Isle Resource, Conservation and Development members. Field trips on Oahu were led by Lorilei

Elkins, Hawaii Nature Center, and Lance Bookless and Ron Cannarel/a, Division of Forestry and Wildlife.

Field trips on Molokai were coordinated by Wes Wong, Maul District Division of Forestry and Wildlife and

staff, Myrle Flores, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, and Ed Misaki, The Nature Conservancy. Field trips on Maui

were coordinated by Wes Wong and staff. Field trips on Hawaii were coordinated by Charles Wakida,

Hawaii District Division of Forestry and Wildlife and staff, and Peter Simmons, Kamehameha Schools/Bishop

Estate, with participation by Dan Taylor, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.

A cadre of Task Force members or their representatives reviewed and synthesized information for the

Action Plan. The cadre members were: Michael Buck and Ron Cannarella, Division of Forestry and Wildlife;

Eugene Conrad, USDA Forest Service; Dr. John Dennis, USDI National Park Service; Brooks Harper, USDI

Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Kenneth Kaneshiro, University of Hawaii; Jan Lerum, Task Force; Len Newell,

USDA Forest Service; Audrey Newman, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii; Peter Simmons, Kamehameha

Schools/Bishop Estate; Charles Wakida, Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife; and Larry Yamamoto,

USDA Soil Conservation Service.

Two Task Force members retired during the duration of the process and are to be recognized for their

contributions: David Olsen, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, and Dr. Eldon Ross, USDA Forest Service.

v

INTRODUCTION

"Hahai no ka ua i ka u/ufii 'au."

Rains always follow the forest.

--'Oielo No'eau

Ancient Hawaiian proverb

The Hawaiian islands--an isolated archipelago with high mountains, tropical climate, and abundant rainfall,

provided a remarkable opportunity for the first plant and animal visitors that arrived on its shores. Together

these plants and animals grew over thousands of years to form complex ecosystems of great beauty.

The native Hawaiian forests represent one of our planet's treasures, including lowland and montane rain

forests and some of the world's most unique examples of tropical biodiversity, much of it endangered.

These were the first stakeholders for Hawaii's forests.

The early Polynesian settlers brought plants and animals with them for food and medicinal use on their

long discovery voyage to Hawaii over a thousand years ago. They quickly learned about and used forest

resources for clothing, medicine, shelter, and as part of their culture. Although they impacted the lowland

forests, they understood the rains always follow the forests--without the rains, there is no water, and with

no water, there is no life. The second stakeholders for Hawaii's forests.

The advent of Europeans brought more impact and different stakeholders for Hawaii's forests. The fragrant

heartwood of the sandalwood tree resulted in the islands' first cash crop. Cattle were introduced to the

islands in 1794. The damage to the forest brought by the sandalwood trade was substantial but insignificant

in comparison to the damage wrought by the cattle and other animals who multiplied unchecked and

spread throughout the forest. Hawaii's forests were also used to fuel local households, sugar mills, and

even traveled as railroad ties to California. Rains still followed the forests, but the forests were disappearing.

In the late 1890s, the sugar industry and the growing population of Hawaii realized that their abundant

supply of high-quality water was being threatened by the destruction of the forested mountain watersheds.

They began to understand the proverb and became stakeholders for Hawaii's forests. Forest reserves

were established and fenced, damaging animals were removed, and millions of trees were planted-­

trees from all over the world. Rains always follow the forest.

vii

It seems appropriate that a hundred years later in the 1990s, as Hawaii's sugar industry is downsizing,

that we look again to our forests. Potential stakeholders are considering creating new forests on these

sugar lands where forests once existed hundreds of years ago. These forests can create jobs, provide

increased recreational opportunities for both our local community members and visitors, and include a

range of forest products that allow for a diversification of economic opportunities that are attractive and

viable for both small and large landowners.

The list of stakeholders continues to grow today--different ages, cultures, and expectations. They all have

opinions, passions, and hopes for what is best for Hawaii's forests. What will bring together the subsistence

hunter, the bowl turner, the lei maker, the logger, the bird watcher, the scientist, and the hiker. They all

understand that Hawaii's forests contain the vitality of the islands--its beauty, its culture, its magic.

This plan represents the largest public outreach ever undertaken to develop consensus actions needed

to recover, manage, and enhance Hawaii's tropical forests. It is hoped these recommendations reflect

the diverse hopes and collective knowledge of all the stakeholders for Hawaii's forests--past, present,

and future.

viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The charge of the Task Force, as stated in the Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Act, is to issue findings

and recommendations for rejuvenating Hawaii's forests. Under terms of the act, the Task Force has twelve

members, representing a broad cross section of entities involved with Hawaii's forests, including state

and federal agencies, private landowners, forestry experts, and conservation organizations.

This Action Plan reflects a year-long effort involving community members, resource managers, researchers,

native Hawaiians, conservation organizations, and forest industry representatives. The vision of this Action

Plan is displayed in nine guiding concepts and twenty-five recommendations that call for:

• Informing and involving people regarding the planning and managing of Hawaii's forests;

• Working to establish a sustainable, balanced forestry program for Hawaii, including both native

forests and introduced forests, to provide the people of Hawaii with the tangible and intangible

forest values they need and desire; and

• Intensifying forest stewardship by managing and protecting native forests, managing introduced

species, restoring threatened and endangered species, and learning new information about

the forests to continue their restoration, management, and protection.

In addition to the three points of the vision behind the Action Plan, the Task Force recognizes that periodic

monitoring of the effectiveness of natural resource management and conservation projects is crrtical to

the long-term recovery of Hawaii's forests.

The Task Force acknowledges the request to incorporate the Hawaiian perspective into the Action Plan

and let it permeate throughout its implementation. Many Hawaiian cultural ideals regarding appropriate

thinking and action are ideally suited to assist in the stewardship of Hawaiian forests. The reader should

be mindful of the Hawaiian concepts of ho'okaulike, balance; and aloha 'iiina, to understand and appreciate

the interdependence of humanity and the environment, when interpreting management actions. Recognizing

there will be competing and sometimes conflicting desires for Hawaii's forests, when other uses are

competing or incompatible with traditional native Hawaiian uses, every effort should be made to sensitively

address and incorporate cultural concerns and perspectives.

There is no one lead agency or organization in Hawaii with the authority or capability of implementing all

aspects of this comprehensive plan. Rather, affected agencies, organizations, and individuals are

encouraged to implement the recommendations that fall within their responsibility. The Task Force believes

the only feasible way to fully fund and implement the Action Plan is to continue to build upon the cooperative

nature and spirit of the Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Task Force and all its participants.

ix

THE HAWAII TROPICAL FOREST RECOVERY ACT

The Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Act was proposed by Senator Daniel Akaka and passed by Congress

in September 1992. It calls lor a joint effort between the Governor of Hawaii and the U.S. Secretaries of

Agriculture and Interior to address the problems and opportunities facing Hawaii's forests.

Hawaii's forests cover about two million acres or about half of the land area of the state. About one million

acres, or half the forested land, are in private ownership. The production of high-quality water is one of

the most important aspects of these forested lands; healthy forested watersheds are the primary recharge

area for the state's major streams and underground aquifers. Many other values are provided by Hawaii's

forests, including scenic beauty and recreational opportunities, wildlife habitat, and job opportunities.

The Task Force and Action Plan

Congress created the Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Task Force to study the current issues related

to Hawaii's forests and to submit findings and recommendations for rejuvenating those forests in the

form of an Action Plan, no later than one year from the first Task Force meeting. This document is that

Action Plan.

The Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Task Force has twelve members. Under terms of the act, the members

represent a broad cross section of entities involved with Hawaii's forests, including state and federal agencies,

private landowners, forestry experts, and conservation organizations.

Governor John Waihee appointed seven members to represent the State of Hawaii: Keith W. Ahue, Hawaii

Department of Land and Natural Resources; J. W.A. Buyers, C. Brewer/Hawaii; Dr. Kenneth Kaneshiro,

University of Hawaii at Manoa; Rick Scudder, Conservation Council for Hawaii; Oswald Stender, Kamehameha

Schools/Bishop Estate; Kelvin Taketa, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii; Charles Wakida, Hawaii Division

of Forestry and Wildlife.

The U.S. Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior named five Task Force members: Ann E. Carey, USDA

Soil Conservation Service; Dr. Dennis Fenn, USDI National Park Service; Dr. Robert Shallenberger, USDI

Fish and Wildlife Service; Michael Rains, USDA Forest Service; and Dr. Barbara Weber, USDA Forest

Service.

The Task Force met on July 30, 1993 in Honolulu to begin planning for the future of Hawaii's forests.

The internal organization of the Task Force, components of the Action Plan, and a project timeline were

determined at that first meeting. In addrtion, a Task Force mission statement was created:

'To develop strategies for the long-term management, protection, and utilization

of existing and potential forest resources of the State of Hawaii. •

1

Public Involvement

The Task Force saw its role as consutting with the broadest possible range of community members to

solicit ideas and recommendations about the current sttuation and future opportunities for Hawaii's forests

and the people that use and value the forests.

The Task Force turned to many of those who know about Hawaii's forest and wildlife and invited them to

participate in six working groups. Over a hundred people across Hawaii, including community members,

resource managers, researchers, native Hawaiians, conservation organizations, and forest industry

representatives actively participated in the working groups and contributed to position papers on the

following topics:

1. Training, Inventory and Research;

2. Natural Resource Management and Applied Research;

3. Traditional/Public Uses and Participation;

4. Economic Development;

5. Institutions, Planning, Legal, and Legislative Support; and

6. Hawaii's International Role.

Each working group met an average of four times between November 1993 and February 1994; a total of

over thirteen hundred hours were spent by working group members on the position papers. Those working

group papers were distributed to over two hundred people and made available to the public at libraries

throughout the state. The Task Force recognizes the working group papers as documents that stand on

their own and have included them in their entirety as an appendix to this Action Plan.

The Task Force continued in its efforts to solicit the broadest possible range of ideas and recommendations

about Hawaii's forests by conducting a series of evening open houses and day field trips on the islands

of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii in March 1994. Over 150 community members attended those

sessions to share their thoughts with the Task Force on the management, protection, and use of Hawaii's

forests.

Over eight hundred copies of the draft Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Action Plan were distributed in

May and June 1994 throughout the state for public review and comment. Public comment meetings on

the draft Action Plan were held in June on the islands of Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. In addition to the comments

from the public meetings, approximately forty written comments were received on the draft Action Plan.

This Action Plan was developed by the Task Force after careful consideration and extensive discussion

of information from the working group papers, public meetings, and written comments on the draft. In

response to comments made on the draft, the plan was revised to include additional information and

new recommendations.

2

Hawaiian Values

The Task Force wishes to acknowledge the recommendations of Working Group 3 (Traditional/Public

Uses and Participation) which requested the Task Force to incorporate the Hawaiian perspective into the

Action Plan and let it permeate throughout its implementation. Many Hawaiian cultural ideals regarding

appropriate thinking and action are ideally suited to assist in the stewardship of Hawaiian forests.

An all-encompassing vision of the group is ho'olokahi, to bring about unity and harmony among humanity,

nature, and spiritual forces. The Task Force asks that the reader evaluate the Action Plan using Hawaiian

values such as laulima, to work cooperatively; lokomaika'i, to share; 'imi 'ike, to seek knowledge, and

na'au pono, to possess a deep sense of integrity which fosters positive relationships. The reader should

also be mindful of the Hawaiian concepts of ho'okaulike, balance; and aloha 'ii/na, to understand and

appreciate the interdependence of humanity and the environment when interpreting management actions.

Sections of the forest are designated as wao akua, dominion of the gods, and other sections are wao

kiinaka, dominion of man, each having different activities, function and growth. It is important that we are

sensitive and ha'aha'a, humble, for Hawaiians recognized and respected a divine spirit in all things.

Recognizing that there will be competing and sometimes conflicting desires for Hawaii's forests, the Task

Force believes that when other uses are competing or incompatible with traditional native Hawaiian uses,

every effort should be made to sensitively address and incorporate cultural concerns and perspectives.

Ceded Lands

When Hawaii was annexed in 1898, the Republic of Hawaii ceded approximately 1. 75 million acres of

Government and Crown Lands to the United States. In 1959, Hawaii became a state; upon admission,

the Government and Crown Lands were transferred to the State of Hawaii, and the state assumed the

role of trustee (Native Hawaiian Rights Handbook 1991). The issue of ceded lands in Hawaii is extremely

important and remains unresolved. It is especially relevant as the majority of state-owned forest reserves

and natural area reserves are within the ceded land trust. All proposals relating to the uses of Hawaii's

forests should recognize that there is a call from some in the Hawaiian community to place a moratorium

on disbursement, reclassification, and development of ceded lands. The Task Force recommends that

native Hawaiian cultural values and sensitivities be incorporated into all discussions and decision making

regarding ceded lands.

Hawaii Constitutional Amendment

In 1978, Hawaii's State Constitution was amended by Hawaii's voters. Among the sections approved was

Article XII, Section 7: "The State reaffirms and shall protect all rights customarily and traditionally exercised

for subsistence, cultural and religious purposes and possessed by ahupua'a tenants who are descendants

of native Hawaiians who inhabited the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778, subject to the right of the State to

regulate such rights•.

3

velhaU

Kaual

Oahu

Honolulu

Forest Distribution in Hawaii

• Forested Lands

N

0 This map was prepared from the

State of Hawaii Geographic Information System.

July 1994

4

Molokal

~

Lana~ Kahoolawe<:::::l

Maul

Hawaii

STATE OF THE FORESTS

An evaluation of the current state of Hawaii's forests is necessary to develop effective recommendations

for their future use, management, and protection. The Hawaiian forest today is vastly different from its

original state, and a historical perspective is needed to understand how these forests have changed

through human use and to determine what future stewardship activities are needed.

Today, Hawaii has the eleventh largest state-owned forest and natural area reserve system (700, 000

acres) in the United States. This is augmented by a similar acreage of forest land in private ownership,

and an additionai150,000 acres within federal jurisdiction (national parks, national wildlife refuges, military

training areas). The forest reserves and much of the watershed within the conservation districts are in

good hydrologic condition. Hawaii's long-standing policy of watershed protection has resulted in dramatic

improvements from the degraded conditions that prevailed at the turn of the century. Management activities,

such as protective zoning, fencing, removal or control of feral animals, reforestation, and fire protection

have reduced excessive erosion and loss of vegetative cover.

In spite of these achievements, much work is still needed. The increased demand for forest recreation,

conflicting user groups, and insensitivity to local community and native Hawaiian cultural concerns have

resulted in emotional, and at times divisive, debates over forest land use practices. In some mountain

areas outside of the forest reserves, watersheds are deteriorating as a result of the removal of forest

cover, encouraged by land speculation and property tax structure that encourages forest conversion to

pasture. The costs of managing watersheds are not considered in the sale or use of the water resource.

Population growth resulting in increased residential developments, and improved access to wildlands has

increased the potential for wildfire, placing public safety and resources at risk.

Native ecosystems are degraded by invasive noxious weeds and feral animals. Many native forest birds

continue to decline at an alarming rate. As many as a dozen endangered birds are close to the brink of

extinction, and numerous other species are declining in numbers and range. Hawaii will have over 180

plants listed on the federal endangered species list by 1995. A critically important element of native ecosystem

protection is the prevention and control of new introductions of invasive plants, animals, and insects that

also are causing major economic damage to Hawaii's agricultural industry. Existing weed control efforts

to limit new introductions and control existing infestations are not adequate. International traffic to Hawaii

from areas that harbor potential pests offer new threats such as the brown tree snake, which has decimated

bird populations on other Pacific islands.

Current opportunities for forest enhancement are restricted by erratic and insufficient funding for forest

management on public lands, regulatory disincentives for long-term investments and stewardship on

private forest lands, and lack of appreciation for the overall contribution of Hawaii's forests to its people.

5

State forest reserve lands include deteriorating forests that need to be rejuvenated. Former agricultural

lands that have been added to forest reserves need to be reforested. Significant areas of private lands

that are currently used for other purposes have the potential for reforestation and management as forests,

if property tax laws are changed and private landowner's concerns about potential loss of property rights

are addressed. Significant acreage of former mountain forests currently used for pasture offer the best

opportunity for restoration of native forest.

The downsizing of Hawaii's sugar and pineapple industry opens up thousands of acres of high-quality

former forest land with excellent potential for commercial production that could be created by private

investment. Additional benefits of forests including nature tourism, ability to recycle sewage effluent, and

capacity to mitigate global warming through carbon storage have not been realized to date.

Hawaii has had a historical commitment to manage its forest resources that extends back into the late

1800s. This commitment was buitt on a broad consensus among public and private entities that our forests

were valuable to the economic, social and environmental vitality of the islands. These forest values have

become more important over the past 1 00 years and it is time to renew that cooperative commitment to

ensure that future generations will enjoy the benefits of Hawaii's forests.

History of Hawaii's Forests

The extent and diversity of Hawaii's original forests must have amazed its first Polynesian visitors. Forests

were the dominant vegetation on all the main Hawaiian islands, especially on the mountain slopes receiving

moisture from the trade winds. Only in the high alpine zone, new lava flows, and the driest part of the

leeward lowlands were forests not absent. Forests hugged the oceans along the wet windward coasts

and climbed the mountain slopes through transitions of lowland and montane rain forests to open park-like

forests up to 8,000 feet on the highest islands. Sparser coastal forests on the leeward side graded into

diverse dryland and montane tropical forests as they ascended the mountain slopes.

By the time of Captain James Cook's arrival in the Hawaiian islands in 1778, the original forests, especially

in the lowlands, had been greatly altered by over 1 , 000 years of intensive agricutture and certain introduced

plants and animals brought by the Hawaiians. With European contact, these impacts and changes

accelerated dramatically and spread into the mountain forests with new agricultural and forest uses,

increased population pressures, and the introduction of more damaging plants and animals that multiplied

unchecked throughout the forests.

Water has long been recognized as the most important resource of Hawaii's forest lands as mountain

watersheds are the primary source of water for the islands' urban, industrial, and agricultural areas. In

1892, a Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry was established. The Legislature of Hawaii, with the support

of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, passed a bill in 1903 calling for a Division of Forestry, which

had the authority to establish forest reserves for the protection of springs, streams, and other water

supply sources.

6

The first decade (1904-13) saw the establishment of thirty-seven forest reserves totalling nearly 800,000

acres of state and private land. A primary management goal was the exclusion of livestock from the native

forests. The program was expanded in 1907 by a hunting license program to enlist the help of the general

public. Along with the fencing and elimination of feral livestock came tree planting and fire control programs.

Reforestation began before 1900 in the valleys behind Honolulu and reached a peak during 1935-41 ,

when an average of nearly two million introduced trees were planted annually in the forest reserves.

Wildlife management programs grew as well. In 1917, bird, animal, and plant life were protected on several

islands off Oahu and Molokai, beginning the present system of wildlife sanctuaries and refuges. The early

1920s saw the introduction of pheasants and rainbow trout for sporting purposes. The first endangered

species project began in 1928, initiated to restore the Hawaiian nene goose.

By the advent of World War II, the forest reserve system included 25 percent (1.2 million acres) of the

land area of Hawaii. Most severely eroding areas had been reforested, and feral livestock numbers were

at manageable levels. Water was still the most important product of the forest reserves, but their potential

to provide other benefits became recognized. Mechanization of agriculture had led to labor surpluses on

the neighbor islands, the need for a more diversified industrial base, and increased rural employment

opportunities. The rapidly growing local demand tor lumber led to the possibilities of a small forest products

industry. In 1957, forestry legislation passed which authorized the Territory of Hawaii to establish a forest

survey and research program in cooperation with the USDA Forest Service. The 1950s also saw the

introduction or establishment of several new species of game birds, deer, and mouflon sheep for recreational

hunting.

The 1960s saw a renewed tree planting program, with over seven million seedlings planted during the

decade. In 1961, a greenbelt law established two new land use categories; •urban• and •agricultural', and

included the forest reserves, along with other lands, in •conservation districts•. This act reflected a growing

awareness that the limited resources of Hawaii must be used in environmentally sound ways. The laws

did not change prior legislation but extended the powers of the state to influence the manner in which

both public and private lands within the conservation districts be used.

The concern about Hawaii's unique natural ecosystems led to the establishment of a statewide Natural

Area Reserve System (NARS) in 1970. A similar concern for Hawaii's endangered plants and animals led

to the passage of 'Conservation of Aquatic Life, Wildlife and Land Plants• legislation in 1985. There has

been increased funding and attention for native ecosystem and species protection programs at both the

state and federal levels over the last 1 o years.

7

8

PROPOSED ACTION PLAN IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY AND BUDGET

It is the hope of the Task Force that with the continued energy and commitment of all people that care

about Hawaii's forests, this Action Plan will guide change, work for the people of the state, and help sustain

the biological, cultural, and economic resources of Hawaii's forests.

In response to questions about what is needed to implement the Action Plan, and the estimated cost,

this proposed five-year strategy and preliminary budget were developed. It is hoped that this proposal

would be used in drafting the upcoming Tropical Forest Plan to be prepared by the U.S. Secretary of

Agriculture. Development of the implementation strategy was based on the following premises:

1. There is no single lead agency or organization in Hawaii with the authority or capability to implement

all aspects of this comprehensive plan. Rather, the affected agencies, organizations, and individuals

are encouraged to implement the recommendations that fall within their responsibility. The Task

Force believes the only feasible way to fully fund and implement the Action Plan is to further build

upon the cooperative nature and spirit of the Task Force and all its participants.

2. Implementation actions should strive to enhance efforts already underway within Hawaii, through

cooperative partnerships between willing agencies and landowners, whenever possible.

3. The recovery of Hawaiian forests is dependent, in part, on the establishment of one or more

experimental forests; such forests will meet their intended purposes only if they are accompanied

by appropriate research and training facilities. No costs for facitilities were included in this proposed

budget. It is expected those costs will be analyzed in the upcoming Tropical Forestry Plan.

4. New forest investment monies dedicated to implement the Action Plan should be matched by means

of cost-sharing contracts and incentive grants. It is hoped that new federal funds will provide the

seed money for this to occur.

5. This proposed implementation budget does not reflect the funding of all the recommendations in

the Action Plan. Individual agencies, organizations, and individuals should strive to achieve their

own base funding objectives, in part, by citing the appropriate Task Force recommendations.

Five implementation staff positions are recommended: project coordinator, forest planner, information

coordinator, contract manager, and support services. The project coordinator would supervise all positions

and report to an adVisory group from the cooperating and contributing entities involved with the Task

Force. Action Plan implementation would be organized around three major areas: Forest Resources;

Forest Partnerships; and Experimental/Demonstration Forests.

The Forest Resources Office would coordinate community and forest management planning activities,

run the forest information office, and help conduct and organize the forest inventories and monitoring

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activities called for in the Plan (recommendations 1, 2, 15, 19, 20, 21, 23). The forest planner and information

coordinator would work in this area.

The Forest Partnership Office would handle the grants program and coordinate all cost-sharing and incentive

contracts for both the state and federal agencies within the scope of the Action Plan (recommendations

3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 22, 25). The contract manager would work in this area.

The Experimental/Demonstration Forests Office would help establish and coordinate efforts affiliated with

the forests (recommendations 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 21).

Under this proposal, the five-year budget is organized around these three functional areas and is based

on 50/50 matching grants (federal/state-private) for cost-share activities, and 75/25 (federal/state-private)

for incentive contracts. It is hoped that it will be in the mutual benefit of federal, state, and private entities

to willingly contribute either directly or with in-kind services to the program to optimize new federal funds

received for the program. A subtitle "Hawaii Forest Recovery Enhancement Act" has been drafted for

possible appropriations in the reauthorization of the 1995 Federal Farm Bill.

Table 1: Proposed Action Plan Implementation Budget by Funding Source (1 ,000 dollars)

Funding Source Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total

Federal 2,191.3 3,140.0 3,177.5 3,127.5 2,465.0 14,101.0

State-Private 1,493.8 2,175.0 2,162.5 2,112.5 1,625.0 9,569.0

Total 3,685.0 5,315.0 5,340.0 5,240.0 4,090.0 23,670.0

Table 2: Proposed Action Plan Implementation Budget by Project Area (1 ,000 dollars)

Project Area Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total

Resources Office 950.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 1,350.0 5,850.0

Partnership Office 1,875.0 2,975.0 3,000.0 2,800.0 2,250.0 12,900.0

Exper/Demo Forest 500.0 700.0 700.0 800.0 700.0 3,400.0

Staff and Office 360.0 290.0 290.0 290.0 290.0 1,520.0

Total 3,685.0 5,315.0 5,340.0 5,240.0 4,090.0 23,670.0

Note: Assumptions are 100% of staff and office expenses provided by federal funds. Federal/state cost~sharing calculated as 75%/25% for incentive grants and 50%/50% for other program activities. Costs for experimental/demonstration forests do not include costs for construction of facilities, which should be estimated during the development of the Tropical Forestry Plan, to follow this Action Plan.

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SUMMARY OF GUIDING CONCEPTS

The guiding concepts of this Action Plan were developed by the Task Force based on the many similar

themes and ideas raised in the working group papers, field trips and meetings. These nine guiding concepts

serve as an umbrella to the twenty-five specific recommendations included in this Action Plan to meet the

intent of the Task Force's mission statement:

'To develop strategies for the long-term management, protection, and utilization

of existing and potential forest resources of the State of Hawaii.'

Guiding Concept 1: Working Relationships

Mechanisms that encourage greater cooperation and coordination to more fully manage, protect, and

use the forests of Hawaii are needed, This increased coilaboration is needed among all interests on all

ownerships for the forests. Addressing natural resource management issues on a larger, landscape level

will help meet forest health and sustainability goals islandwide.

Guiding Concept 2: Traditional and Community Uses

Traditional uses and cultural concerns of native Hawaiians and members of the local community should

be respected and appropriately accommodated. Establish a sensitivity towards the rights, responsibilities,

and practices of the indigenous culture of Hawaii and to the values and concerns of local community

members.

Guiding Concept 3: Stewardship of the Forest

Emphasize stewardship of Hawaii's forest resources by expanding existing programs to control introduced

pest species and prevent the entry of new pests to Hawaii; restoring native forests and creating habitat

for threatened and endangered species; assisting private landowners of rural and urban forests; reforesting;

managing game; and managing fire.

Guiding Concept 4: Incentives

Develop an aggressive incentive system to help manage, protect, and use Hawaii's forests. If private

landowners cannot see a long-term, consistent policy, they are unlikely to invest any resources in forest

recovery. Review federal, state, and local statutory, regulatory, and policy requirements that affect Hawaii's

public and private forests and make recommendations that will increase incentives and remove disincentives

regarding forest management

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Guiding Concept 5: Training and Education

Enhance, expand, and integrate capabilities of training and education programs focused on conservation

and natural resource management. There is a need to offer locally focused, locally available education so

the people of Hawaii can assume leadership roles in charting the future of Hawaii's forests. Support a

Center for Tropical Forests to serve as a focal point and catalyst for coordination of forest-related efforts;

be a tangible place for information sharing and education; and be multiagency in scope.

Guiding Concept 6: Research and Demonstration

Conduct research to improve understanding of the diverse environmental, cultural, and economic values

of Hawaii's forests. To support research and technology; transfer, develop and operate a network of

experimental and demonstration forests to develop and test methods for ensuring the recovery and

environmental and economic sustainability of Hawaii's forests. Before cooperative agreements are developed

to establish experimental forests, legal issues concerning administration of the experimental forests and

local, state, federal, and native Hawaiian rights should be addressed.

Guiding Concept 7: Planning, Inventories, and Monitoring

Develop, conduct, and maintain muttiresource inventories and monitoring programs of Hawaii's natural

and commercial forests. There is a particular need to gather data in a muttiresource format, and to design

inventory systems that will permit efficient updating. Also critical is the need to develop a centralized

system to coordinate and integrate resource information from the various agencies and organizations

that collect resource data.

Guiding Concept 8: Economic Development

Support and expand the forest products industry and create sustainable, commercial forests to promote

economic development and diversification within the state. Actions considered instrumental to this guiding

concept include management for sustainability of all forest resources and assurance of the right to use.

Guiding Concept 9: Innovative Funding

Encourage new funding for forest-related projects and programs. Innovative funding sources, such as

revenues from water yields and carbon sequestration, would permit forests to sustainably pay for their

upkeep. A multiagency grants program, whereby funds would be jointly raised, administered, and distributed,

would be in keeping with the cooperative spirit of those with overlapping interests in Hawaii's forests.

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Guiding Concept 1: Working Relationships

RECOMMENDATION 1: Using a partnership-based, ecosystem management approach, develop

a comprehensive management, protection, and utilization strategy for the forest resources

of Hawaii.

FINDINGS:

Mechanisms that encourage greater cooperation and coordination to more fully manage, protect, and

use forests (forest stewardship) are needed. This increased collaboration is needed among all interests

on all ownerships for the forests. Addressing natural resource management issues on a larger, ecosystem

level will help meet forest health and sustainability goals islandwide.

Meeting specific forest stewardship objectives for private, state, and federal landowners, and the protection

of private property rights are fundamental to the planning and management process.

Local community members have expressed interest in participating in the planning and management of

Hawaii's forests. Partnerships involving local communities, government, private sector, and private

organizations should be established to contribute to the development of feasible and community-supported

forest management strategies.

Current resources at the federal and state levels are not adequate to meet Hawaii's forest stewardship

needs. Developing coalitions is essential. Effective long-term partnerships with communities and the private

sector, developed through communication, compromise, trust, and mutual aid, will help plan for and manage

healthy forest ecosystems necessary to meet public needs.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Long-term forest stewardship, based on specific local needs, results in healthy, productive forest ecosystems.

The overall management, protection, and utilization strategies of Hawaii's forests are developed through

a comprehensive, ecosystem management planning process. Stewardship goals meet forest biodiversity

and sustainability objectives and seek more effective opportunities for public use of the forest, including

recreation, hunting, harvesting, and the creation of markets for forest products.

Partnerships involving local communities, government, private sector, and private organizations help

contribute to the development of realistic, cost-effective forest resource management strategies.

Information about Hawaii's forest resource is compiled, analyzed, and evaluated to help focus stewardship

goals and objectives. This information is monitored and evaluated over time. A Geographic Information

System (GIS) is actively used as a valuable information management tool to help address land use conflicts

and develop innovative planning solutions. A corporate information management system of required

information, technology, and processes is critical to the state's resource stewardship needs.

13

State Forest Resource Planning assistance, a USDA Forest Service program, is instrumental in helping

Hawaii develop a comprehensive forest resource management strategy. This capability will also help

forge the partnerships required to ensure effective communication and coordination.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Where appropriate, develop regional or islandwide "forest partnership working groups" (or other

advisory groups as needed) to help develop forest stewardship strategies. A key focus of the groups

will be community understanding of and involvement in forest resource management issues, part

of an overall strategy of community-based planning.

2. Convene a "Governor's Conference on Forest Stewardship" to identify high-priority forest resource

management issues facing the state within a year of the issuance of this Action Plan. This conference

will act to monitor accomplishments and update the Hawaii Tropical Forestry Recovery Action Plan.

3. Recruit and fill a State Forest Resource Planning position in the Hawaii Division of Forestry and

Wildlife. This position should focus on:

a) Coordination of the Hawaii Tropical Forestry Recovery Action Plan;

b) Development of partnerships and coalitions; and

c) Update the existing State Forest Resource Plan (see action item 4).

4. Using the input from the 'Governor's Conference" and the "forest partnership working groups• as a

catalyst, update and revitalize the current State Forest Resource Plan, using ecosystem management

approaches and concepts.

4. Develop legislative language in the Forestry Title of the 1995 Farm Bill to adequately authorize

federal assistance for the enhancement of Hawaii's tropical forests.

5. Implement an integrated, statewide forest resource information management system and locate

it in the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife or some other mutually-agreed-to entity. A

Geographic Information System component will be important technology for this system (see

recommendation 20).

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Guiding Concept 1: Working Relationships

RECOMMENDATION 2: Develop and conduct a balanced and objective Information program that

addresses all aspects of Hawaii's forests and incorporates Hawaiian concepts, such as

ahupua'a-based stewardship and information about native Hawaiian rights, through an

information office that provides support and guidance to existing and new environmental

education programs.

FINDINGS:

There is no existing, single source of forest -related information in the state. There is a need to provide

objective, factual information about programs necessary to protect, maintain, and use Hawaii's forests.

There is a need to inform legislators, agency administrators and staff, and other policymakers about the

importance of forests to Hawaii's communities, environment, and economy.

Information exchange is a two-way street. In addition to programs informing the public about Hawaii's

forests, programs should encourage resource managers and researchers to learn from community members

who know and use the forests.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

There is a recognized and well-known source of forest-related information in the state that serves as a

clearinghouse of information and issues in association with the Center tor Tropical Forests (see recommenda­

tion 15). Forest users, researchers, and managers are well informed in all aspects of forest use and access

concerns.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Establish an information office to be a clearinghouse and focal point for all forest-related information

in the state (as suggested in the 1990 Forestry 2000 conference). The office could provide information

about existing private, state, and federal programs related to Hawaii's forests, as well as emerging

issues, procedures, contacts, and available technologies.

2. Informational materials produced in behalf of the information office should emphasize Hawaiian

concepts, such as ahupua'a, miilama i ka 'iiina, and native Hawaiian rights, and encourage the

incorporation of the "Hawaiian perspective• into forest planning and management activities.

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3. The information office should develop and promote environmental education programs that objectively

address natural resource management to meet environmental, social, and economic concerns in a

balanced manner. The office should encourage groups, organizations, and agencies to conduct

well-rounded educational programs and provide support for those efforts. Community members

should be directly involved in the development of such programs to ensure the programs reflect

community members' input, needs, and skills.

4. The information office should coordinate and sponsor regular field trips on each island to encourage

and support interested community members' visits to forest sites to discuss problems and

opportunities for Hawaii's forests. When possible, these trips would tie into field trips and programs

currently offered by organizations or agencies.

5. The information office should coordinate a speakers bureau and provide topic experts to be used

by the existing network of academic, youth, and community environmental education programs.

6. Information developed for distribution should include all media. For example, a video could be

developed about Hawaii's forests, the Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery Act, recommendations of

the Task Force, and future opportunities for Hawaii's forests and people.

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Guiding Concept 2: Traditional and Community Uses

RECOMMENDATION 3: Establish a sensitivity towards the rights, responsibilities, and practices

of the indigenous culture of Hawaii.

FINDINGS:

Existing regulatory mandates and management directives are based almost entirely on external influences

and may ignore the values of the native Hawaiian population. Well-meaning experts may not be aware of

such values or of the needs and rights of native Hawaiians, and may have further aggravated the situation.

The people have become wary of the government that allows and sometimes may promote this trend.

Managers of natural resources and of public and private lands find it increasingly difficult, if not practically

impossible, to carry out their responsibilities.

There is a need to incorporate an appreciation of Hawaiian cultural values into discussions on forest

planning and decision making. It similarly becomes beneficial to address the needs of the Hawaiian

community from the perspective of how this community's overall needs are best served by governmental

acknowledgement and support of the people and organizations mandated to serve those needs. In doing

so, it is Important to recognize there is a diversity of opinion among Hawaiians, as there is within all ethnic

groups, and that there is no one generic or collective thought to represent all Hawaiian concerns.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Regulatory mandates and management directives within the state reflect those values and rights identified

as representative of Hawaiian cultural values and are inclusive of a balance of traditional rights and

responsibilities of forest users to contribute to the health and maintenance of Hawaii's forests.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Identify and promote understanding Hawaiian perspective to include the traditional values and

cultural concerns of native Hawaiians:

a) Convene a task force to identify native Hawaiian traditional values and cultural concerns,

including gathering, recreation, and replenishment; and

b) Develop and implement a public education program to promote understanding and

appreciation of native Hawaiian values, and the need for management programs that

adequately and appropriately address such values. Such programs could include broadcasting

programs on public television; public service announcements on commercial television and

radio; and educational classes using volunteer instructors and community resource speakers.

Ensure materials are objective, factual, and user ·friendly.

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2. Establish a process for planning and implementing management programs and activities for public

lands, as well as working with private landowners and managers, to secure permission from private

landowners for access to gathering from private sector lands. Provide culturally appropriate means

by which discussions of traditional values and concerns may be facilitated in those processes.

Provide the mechanism to hear, review, and accommodate, where appropriate and reasonable,

special considerations and specific requests from native Hawaiians.

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Guiding Concept 2: Traditional and Community Uses

RECOMMENDATION 4: Determine community forest practices, uses, and sites of local community

members and identify and implement forest management practices to meet their needs.

FINDINGS:

Existing regulatory mandates and management directives are based almost entirely on external influences,

and may ignore the values of the people of the local community. Community members are stressed and

resentful of the society and government that they perceive continues to ignore their values and needs.

Well-meaning experts may not be aware of such values and may have further aggravated the situation.

The local people have become wary of the government that allows and may promote this trend. Managers

of natural resources, and of public and private lands find it increasingly difficult, if not practically impossible,

to carry out their responsibilities.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Regulatory mandates and management directives are community-based and consider the values, needs

and desires of the local people. Traditional uses and cultural concerns of local community members are

respected and appropriately accommodated. Hunting opportunities on public lands are reasonably and

adequately provided for and assured. In turn, the local community recognizes and accepts the different

mandates of the respective land management agencies, including national parks and national wildlife

refuges that operate under federal statutes and regulations. There is mutual understanding and respect

between all interests concerning the management and uses of the lands and forest resources, and the

means for amicable and cooperative resolution of forest resources issues are in place. There is a healing

of wounds.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Identify and promote the understanding of local community members when planning or carrying

out forest management activities:

a) Prepare informational/educational material to include written publications and videos that

are objective, factual, and user-friendly; and

b) Develop and implement a public education program to promote the understanding,

appreciation of values, and need for management programs that adequately and appropriately

accommodate all people. This could include the broadcasting of programs on public television;

public service announcements on commercial television and radio; educational classes

using volunteer instructors/speakers from the community; and a public information office

to coordinate programs and disseminate information.

19

2. Provide the means whereby the various values, needs, and concerns of local community members

are equally considered and appropriately prioritized. Establish community-based processes for

planning and implementing management programs and activities on public lands that will include

public information and community input gathering and working groups with equal representation

from various interest groups that will work to arrive at fair and appropriate resolutions/

recommendations.

3. Provide the mechanism to hear, review, and accommodate, where appropriate and reasonable,

special considerations and specific requests. Those mechanisms could include direct communication

with agencies and direct communication through the working groups organized for the community­

based planning process (see recommendation 1).

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Guiding Concept 3: Stewardship of the Forest

RECOMMENDATION 5: Expand existing programs to prevent the entry of new invasive, introduced

species and increase active management to reduce forest damage by established introduced

pests in key forest areas, such as essential forest bird habitat and natural areas with high

native ecosystem values, while maintaining healthy game populations in other forest areas.

FINDINGS:

Hawaiian ecosystems are vulnerable to adverse impacts of invasive, introduced plant and animal pests

and uncontrolled populations of game animals. The main threat to Hawaii's surviving native species and

natural communities is considered the destructive effect of introduced species. For example, banana

poka, an introduced vine, has smothered thousands of acres of native forests on the islands of Hawaii

and Kauai. Ivy gourd, first discovered in 1985 as growing wild in the state, has smothered hundreds of

acres of lowland forests on the islands of Oahu and Hawaii.

Managers have had some success in controlling this damage by focusing on small areas. To date, promising

biological control agents against three widespread pest plants have been developed, and two more are

underway. However, more than seventy-five plants introduced to Hawaii have become serious pests in

native ecosystems; similar statistics are not known for insects and pathogens. Biocontrol and molecular

manipulation are the most promising techniques for long-term control of widespread, invasive weeds,

animal and plant pathogens, and insects. In the short term, the array of methods of control must include

chemical and mechanical methods.

There is an identified need for a coordinated state, federal, and private plan for expanding biocontrol to a

more fully operational scale, especially for forest pests. Current facilities, staffing levels, and funding levels

for the Hawaii Department of Agriculture and the USDA Forest Service Quarantine Facility may be the

biggest impediments to expanding biocontrol efforts for forest pests such as banana poka and gorse,

given the number of forest pests for which biological control are needed.

A sufficiently rigorous inspection system to prevent the entry of new pests and a substantive applied

research program on alien species and their control are critically missing elements in existing programs

for the long-term survival of Hawaii's forests.

Agencies and organizations are already working together in the state to prepare an Alien Species Action

Plan to identify muffiagency goals and responsibilities to fill the gaps in the current system, emphasizing

prevention as the most cost-effective form of control. However, much that is already known is not being

implemented to accomplish better protection of our forest resources right now.

21

The Hawaii Department of Agriculture, through the Governor's Agriculture Coordinating Committee,

organized the planning effort to develop the Alien Species Action Plan. That action plan is scheduled to

be completed by September 1994 and is to provide a blueprint for statewide coordination and on-the-ground

action. The USDI National Biological Survey has recently been funded to conduct a three-year inventory

of alien species throughout the state that is to be compatible with the statewide Heritage database and

the Geographic Information System (GIS) maintained by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii. The USDA

Forest Service provides research on biocontrol of forest weeds.

The animal welfare community and others believe a// animals deserve the respect and consideration due

any forest resource. Concern should be given to animals not desired and their removal humanely carried

out They request that sterilization be considered for use as an animal population control method in Hawaii.

The Animal Control Research Consortium is currently evaluating alternatives to identify the most effective,

humane, and cutturally appropriate methods for use by Hawaii's land managers.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Visitors, residents, and trade partners are well informed about the destructive impact of introduced species

to Hawaii's forests, and the flow of new pests into the state is dramatically reduced. New potential pest

species are intercepted before entering Hawaii by efficient port-of-entry sampling and inspection. Any

new infestations are rapidly and effectively eliminated by well-trained and prepared response teams.

Statewide control programs have reduced or eliminated forest ecosystem damage by established pests

in key forest areas, while maintaining healthy game populations in other areas identified as appropriate.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

The greatest need for better forest management is increasing the dedication of financial and human

resources to on-the-ground management:

1. Develop a prioritized inventory/list of established and potential pest species, plant and animal

pathogens, weeds, invertebrates, and vertebrates in Hawaii's forests to guide management actions

and funding. Convene a series of workshops with statewide representation. The Hawaii Division of

Forestry and Wildlife, in conjunction with the USDI National Biological Survey, and USDI Fish and

Wildlife Service, could lead an interagency effort. The objective of this effort and the development

of the list is to build consensus on how to focus available resources to most effectively target control

efforts for established alien pests.

2. Implement the 1994 Alien Species Action Plan to establish and maintain an effective statewide

integrated pest management strategy, including preentry prevention; port-of-entry sampling and

inspection; rapid response to new infestations; and statewide control strategies for selected

established pests. Participating agencies and organizations would identify their resource

contributions.

22

3. Increase human and financial resources committed by all federal, state, local agencies, and private

resource organizations to work with private landowners and local communities to expand management

of incipient and established pest populations in identified priority forest areas and to establish

secure, sustained yield hunting areas. Involved agencies include Hawaii Division of Forestry and

Wildlife, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, USDI National Park Service, USDA Forest Service, and

The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii.

4. Increase research on the status, biology, interaction, and control of the most aggressive alien plant

and animal species as described in the Hawaii Conservation Biology Initiative's 1992 and 1993

reports and on management of desired alien game species and their habitats. Preliminary analysis

indicates new researchers are needed in the fields of biology and dispersal of weeds, pig management

research, feral animal biology, and predator control. The Secretariat for Conservation Biology

could lead the long-term effort to gather basic information to develop cost-effective control and

management strategies.

5. Support the efforts of the Hawaii Animal Control Research Consortium to find the most effective,

humane, and culturally sensitive means of protecting native forests from problems associated with

pigs, goats, sheep, and axis deer, with particular concern for the most vulnerable, relatively intact,

and difficult areas. Those efforts should include:

a) Improving currently used control methods to make them more effective and humane;

b) Conducting a comprehensive survey for feral animal control methods that have promise for

application in Hawaii's special conditions;

c) Implementing Hawaii field tests for control methods that are already available and conducting

new research to prepare promising but undeveloped methods for field testing; and

d) Carrying out research and development under the guidance of a consortium of resource

managers, wildlife biologists, animal welfare interest groups, and the hunting community

with the intention that the methods developed from this work will be accepted for use

in Hawaii.

6. Support increased research for development of control methods for introduced small predator

species, such as rats, cats, and mongooses, which can impede forest restoration efforts.

23

7. Increase the capacity of the existing biological control program to identify effective agents for at

least ten priority weeds concurrently (include capacity for addressing priority pathogens and

invertebrates in the future). Add new capability to transfer biocontrol technology to managers for

statewide application and to monitor long-term effectiveness of the biocontrol agents. The USDA

Forest Service and Hawaii Department of Agricutture, with cooperators, including the USDI National

Biological Survey, could be lead agencies for this effort.

8. Implement an expanded Alien Species Awareness Program to reach a// visitors, residents, and

trade partners to enlist their help in controlling the spread of alien pests. For example, informational

videos describing problems created by introduced pest species are not always shown on commercial

airline flights entering and departing the state. The expanded awareness program could determine

why the videos are not regularly shown and resolve any problems limiting their use.

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Guiding Concept 3: Stewardship of the Forest

RECOMMENDATION 6: Protect and restore native forest ecosystems through adequate support

of existing state, federal, and private organizations' natural resource programs In an effort to

contribute to healthy forest ecosystems and the recovery of plant and animal species listed as

threatened and endangered.

FINDINGS:

Overall, nearly two-thirds of Hawaii's original native forest cover has been lost, including almost 50 percent

of rainforest ecosystems and 90 percent of the lowland plains once forested by other unique dry forests

(Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, et al: Hawaii's Extinction Crisis 1991 ). Many threatened

or endangered species depend on native ecosystems for their survival. In some cases, the most cost-effective

means to save threatened and endangered species in Hawaii is to protect the remaining intact native

forest ecosystems that support not only the species themselves but the surrounding native flora and

fauna on which they depend.

Currently state, federal agencies, and private landowners manage lands within the state that include

native ecosystems ranging from essentially pristine to significantly degraded. There appears to be broad

acceptance throughout the state of the need to maintain the existing pristine native ecosystems. There is

also interest on the part of many public agencies, organizations, and landowners in pursuing opportunities

to restore native ecosystems.

The primary public agencies responsible for managing lands that include native forests include the USDI

National Park Service and USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, and Hawaii Department of Land and Natural

Resources. Adequate funding for agency programs that maintain and protect native ecosystems and

their associated threatened and endangered species is considered essential if Hawaii's native forests are

to be maintained and restored.

Private organizations, such as The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, and many private landowners throughout

the state are also managing their lands for the protection of native species and ecosystems.

The USDI National Biological Survey will be a focal point in Hawaii tor inventory, monitoring, and scientific

inquiry, including information relating to native forest ecosystems. The Hawaii Heritage Program, maintained

by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, is a comprehensive database that includes information about

the location, condition, and status of endangered, threatened, and rare species and ecosystems across

the state.

25

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Species recovery plans have been completed and recovery efforts initiated for all federal- and state-listed

endangered species and when possible, recovery programs are coordinated at the ecosystem level.

Local communities are involved in the development and implementation of recovery plans.

Completed forest resource inventories provide the information needed to assess the current condition of

Hawaii's forests, and the ability of Hawaii's forest lands to support native species. Adequate funding exists

for the management or restoration of those forest ecosystems identified as suitable and feasible restoration

candidates.

Data analysis and policy development for forest stewardship is based heavily on GIS-generated maps

that show forest quality, distribution of endangered species, areas designated for preservation, and areas

suitable for rehabilitation. There is a broad understanding among forest managers, researchers, and the

public as to the existing condition of Hawaii's forests and their suitability and feasibility for restoration

efforts.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Programs necessary to preserve and protect native forests in Hawaii's national parks should be

'base funded' on a sustained basis as determined by the USDI National Park Service's western

region R-Map process.

2. Increase funding for USDI Fish and Wildlife Service's Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge and

other national wildlife refuges to expand existing reforestation efforts for degraded native ecosystems.

3. Provide funding to support acquisition and management of additional national wildlife refuges in

Hawaiian forest lands.

4. Increase additional funding for the USDI Fish and Wildlife Service to complete recovery plans and

management programs for federally listed threatened and endangered species; designate critical

habitat for threatened and endangered species where appropriate, and fully implement recovery

plans.

5. Increase permanent funding of the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife both for the ongoing

protection and management of native forests and to complete the Natural Area Reserve System

(NARS) to include currently unrepresented native forest ecosystems.

26

6. Ensure data collected by the USDI National Biological Survey is able to be incorporated in the

Hawaii Herttage Program to facilitate statewide access to current information regarding threatened,

endangered, and rare native forest species.

7. Support programs that encourage private landowners to manage their land for the protection of

native ecosystems and threatened and endangered species.

27

28

Guiding Concept 3: Stewardship of the Forest

RECOMMENDATION 7: Expand research and support for comprehensive game management efforts

to enhance hunting opportunities.

FINDINGS:

For many of Hawaii's people, hunting is an important activity and use of the forest. Game animals, all of

which have been introduced to Hawaii, are valuable resources for recreational and subsistence hunting.

Game animals and hunting are part of Hawaii's cultural heritage and the local lifestyle of many community

members, and should be managed in appropriate areas to perpetuate them for future generations. Many

believe game animals deserve the respect and consideration due any forest resource.

State of Hawaii wildlife program emphasis is on improvements to new hunting areas including game surveys,

habitat improvements, hunter access, and provision of facilities. The Wildlife Revolving Fund can be an

important mechanism used by the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife to support game managemem

and hunting programs, as well as other wildlife work. such as endangered species restoration. The Wildlife

Revolving Fund is authorized to be financed through hunting license fees, training programs, huming

and wildlife violation fines, sale of articles required for hunting, and works of art. If revenues to the revolving

fund were increased, those programs could be expanded.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Community invoivemem in the development of hunting regulations and game managemem objectives is

extensive and meaningful. There is understanding and support among community members for game

management objectives. The public recognizes that the different land management objectives of respective

areas may mean that game populations cannot be encouraged in all areas.

Adequate access is provided to identified hunting areas. Game management activities, including

enforcement, are carried out in the field by adequate numbers of trained staff capable of dealing with the

demands of the field. Illegal hunting is reduced by increased enforcement activities and increased information

and education outreach efforts. Active partnerships exist between community members, hunting groups,

resource managers, and researchers to collect data that contributes to the better understanding of

relationships between game population densities and vegetation conditions.

29

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Establish new hunting areas on private and state-leased lands by increasing funding to the Wildlife

Revolving Fund by implementing the proposal to initiate and manage a Hawaii Wildlife Conservation

Stamp and Artworks Program. More state lands presently under lease could be opened up to

hunting when leases expire and are renegotiated.

2. Develop new cooperative agreements with private landowners for public hunting areas.

3. Improve (hunting) access to land-locked state forest reserves and natural area reserves through

legislative action for funding condemnation, easements, or cooperative agreements wtth landowners.

4. Where feasible, use public hunting as first and primary technique of game control in state natural

area reserves and state forest reserves.

5. Increase permanent funding for law enforcement of hunting laws.

6. Expand existing Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Hunter Education program

that directly involves communtty members in the development of the training.

7. Develop and carry out game research to support comprehensive game management programs to

enhance hunting opportuntties. Pursue potential partnerships with local community members to

participate in collecting game management information; for example, collecting information through

established photo stations to document vegetation trends.

30

Guiding Concept 3: Stewardship of the Forest

RECOMMENDATION 8: Establish koa and other hardwood reforestation projects on formerly

forested lands to restore a full range of values and purposes, from commercial forests to

natural ecosystems.

FINDINGS:

There are excellent examples of establishing plantation forests and several ongoing programs to reestablish

native species to their former habttat. Many landowners and agencies wtthin the state are planting native

and introduced trees (Kamehameha Schools/Bishop Estate and Umikoa Ranch, BioEnergy Corporation,

USDI National Park Service and USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, and Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife).

Most of the working groups that discussed plantation and natural forest recovery did not consider the

current level of efforts to be adequate, however. Several reasons tor concern were expressed. They included

a high degree of uncertainty about future constraints including the inability to harvest, concern about

cost of operations, and property tax disincentives.

There are few, if any, examples of reforestation of forests being done for the benefit of, or in response to,

the desires of local communtties. The decisions are generally made for, not by, the local community.

Opportunities for reforestation, rehabilitation, and management exist on state-managed forest land. These

opportunities can be undertaken based on available information.

For rnost species other than koa and a few introduced trees like eucalyptus, basic biological understanding

is needed to begin a vigorous multiple species program. There is very little information on native species

genetics, other than koa and ohia, and even that information is fragmented. Seed supplies of important

native species for planting in specific sites are seriously lacking. Most plantation work is also limited by

the availability of appropriate tree seedlings. The principal source for seedlings is the State of Hawaii tree

nursery at Waimea, Hawaii.

The April 1991 workshop on Improvement of Acacia koa compiled information on koa and includes

recommendations for a genetic improvement program for the species. The University of Hawaii, Hawaiian

Agricultural Research Corporation, and the USDA Forest Service are beginning research on genetic quality

and seed source/site compatibility.

31

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Forest restoration and other actions on state lands are initiated only after the local community has been

involved in the planning process. Native Hawaiians and all members of the community accept the action

and species selection as appropriate. Under most site conditions, there is enough knowledge about species

requirements to predict growth and yield of koa at any age up to 75 years wrth reasonable accuracy.

There is a statewide Geographic Information System (GIS) database that allows access by most available

comprehensive GIS software. Based on existing GIS data, seed can be matched to any site, and those

sites that are incapable of producing acceptable growth and yield can be identrried. Landowners who

want to know what they can plant, and what the likely yield and quality will be, have such information

available at the local extension office. The information will be correct for the conditions on their land. If

landowners or managers commit to growing trees, they can be confident of a reasonable return on the

investment when the trees are ready for harvest.

The land manager is also confident that appropriate stand improvement activrties and harvest will be

allowed as the stand matures. The tax structure makes growing timber trees financially competrtive with

other crops. When landowners commit to long-term natural forest development, taxes are reduced while

there is no economic return on the growing crop. In certain situations, taxation of natural forest land may

be reduced further if the management plan meets specified requirements and management practices

follow the plan.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Develop and implement a balanced management program for state-managed public lands based

on a statewide, public process conducted on an island-by-island basis to obtain accurate data on

the human concerns, desires, and expectations for natural resources (see recommendation 1).

2. Develop a process for the cultural desires of native Hawaiians and local communrties to be integrated

into the plantation planning and management process (see recommendations 3 and 4).

3. Integrate local community groups into both the plantation planning process and into actual

participation in plantation establishment and management on state and federal forest plantations.

4. Establish a financial assistance program that will encourage landowners to establish plantations,

manage for natural forest values, and select the most preferred species based on site and qualities

most desired. Incentive programs could be tax based, low interest loans, or subsidies.

32

s. Provide expanded capacity for seedling production of both common and less common species

that have potential for use in plantations. Expand the capability of the state tree nursery to investigate

propagation technology of at least the top twenty likely plantation species, with the long-term objective

of expanding to fifty species. Based on the best available information, recommend planting seedlings

that originate from seed collected on-site. Establish seed zones for the principal native species

used in plantations and begin establishing koa seed orchards.

6. Develop and implement models of koa growth and yield that will make it possible to predict yield

estimates for a variety of sites. Encourage research that will enable prediction of koa productivity

based on site descriptors. The data on site quality should be included in the statewide Geographic

Information System database.

33

34

Guiding Concept 3: Stewardship of the Forest

RECOMMENDATION 9: Emphasize stewardship of non-federal rural and urban forests through

direct technical and financial assistance and management measures designed to keep Hawaii's

forests In a healthy, sustainable condition.

FINDINGS:

Approximately half of the two million acres of forested land in Hawaii are in private ownership. The ability

to protect important watersheds, native ecosystems, and produce renewable forest resources is significantly

dependent on these private lands.

Four programs underway in the state that are administered by the USDA Forest Service through the Hawaii

Division of Forestry and Wildlrre address urban and rural forestry issues:

Urban and Community Forestry

Kaulunani, Hawaii's Urban Forest Advisory Council, represents government agencies, tree groups, private

industry and community members. The council provides cost -sharing grants, information, technical

assistance, and training to municipal governments and volunteer groups in tree planting, inventorying,

selecting species, planting techniques, pruning, and other maintenance activities. The Kaulunani

Advisory Council has identified maintenance and education as emphasis areas to be addressed in the

November 21-22, 1994 Hawaii's Urban Forestry Conference to be held in Honolulu.

Forest Stewardship Program

The Forest Stewardship Program is a voluntary program of technical assistance to non-industrial, rural

private landowners for the protection, management, and enhancement of all forest resources, consistent

with the landowners' objectives for their property.

Stewardship Incentive Program

The Stewardship Incentive Program provides cost-share financial assistance to eligible landowners who

have agreed to follow a F ores! Stewardship management plan developed by a natural resource specialist

in accordance with landowner objectives. The objective of this program is, through incentives, to foster a

more long-term approach to the stewardship and management of private, nonindustrial forest lands. One

factor that has limited the Stewardship Incentive Program's application in Hawaii is the limited number of

consulting resource specialists available to develop management plans that meet the requirements of

the program.

Congress authorized a total Stewardship Incentive Program of up to $100 million per year through 1995; ·

however, nationally the program has been funded at less than $20 million per year since 1991. That level

of funding is inadequate for broad application of the program.

35

Forest Legacy Program

The goal of this program is to manage and protect environmentally important private forest areas that are

threatened by conversion to nonforest through the purchase of conservation easements. Participation by

private landowners in the program is strictly voluntary. Currently the state is developing an assessment of

need which will be submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture for approval.

Two State of Hawaii programs support stewardship of private forests established and administered by

the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife, and receive dedicated funding through the conveyance tax:

Forest Stewardship Program

This program allows cost-sharing for implementation of approved forest management practices. The state

program follows the same eligibility requirements of the federal program except it does not have an acre

or annual reimbursement limitation.

Natural Area Partnership Program

This program provides matching funds for the management of private lands of •natural area• quality (including

native Hawaiian ecosystems or essential habitat for endangered species) that are permanently dedicated

to conservation. This partnership funding can support a full range of management activities to protect,

restore, or enhance significant native resources or geological features.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Interested community members of all ages are aware of, and participate in, urban forest activities on all

islands. They are familiar with the many benefits provided by properly maintained urban forests. Many

local youth, civic, and community groups are active in urban forestry programs and partnerships. Throughout

the state, urban forests are inventoried and properly maintained. Funding is in place to start and maintain

urban forest programs. Tree planting and maintenance programs are active on all islands.

Interested landowners throughout the state have easy access to well-trained professional resource

specialists to assist them in developing stewardship management plans for their land. By taking advantage

of state and federal stewardship programs, landowners receive short- and long-term financial support for

activities to manage, protect, and use forests on their land.

36

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. The State of Hawaii should provide a legal mechanism to allow the Urban and Community Forestry

program to continue, supported by state, federal, and private funding.

2. Through cooperative partnerships, develop and implement a program for forest landowners and

resource specialists to train them to be forestry paraprofessionals with skills to write forest stewardship

plans. The training program should include: inventory methods; identifying property goals and

priorities; analyzing resource trade-offs; understanding environmental consequences of stewardship

decisions; meeting landowners' needs to ensure the management plan is used; developing a budget

and plan of work; and familiarity with terms of the cost -share programs.

3. Nationally, Congress should fund the Stewardship Incentive Program at the fully authorized level to

encourage forest management by more landowners.

37

38

Guiding Concept 3: Stewardship of the Forest

RECOMMENDATION 1 0: Utilize existing fire management expertise In a coordinated effort to

share knowledge and resources for prevention, presuppression and suppression, and vegetation

management activities. Enhance existing fire suppression capabilities, including private

sector resources.

FINDINGS:

Population growth resulting in increased residential developments and improved access to wildlands has

increased the potential for wildfire, placing public safety and natural resources at risk.

The Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources has the authority to prevent, control, and extinguish

wildland fires within forest reserves, public hunting areas, wildlife and plant sanctuaries, and natural area

reserves. The Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife and its partners maintain a wildland fire program

that oversees the protection of 3.3 million acres statewide. The Division cooperates with other fife-fighting

agencies to achieve similar objectives on other forest and grass lands. Joint training and equipment sharing

contribute to the •one team" concept for fire protection.

Fire statistics indicate an increase in the number and intensity of wildland fires. The abandonment of

agricultural fields, development of rural-urban interface areas, and increased access to wildlands have

exacerbated the threat to public safety and wildland resources.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Forest and wildland resources are protected at a level whereby fire does not interfere with the desired

sustained yield of products and services from these resources. Fire management activities are enhanced

by interagency cooperation and by private sector cooperation in prevention, presuppression, suppression,

and activities.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Increase and regularly revise existing fire prevention and management programs through information

and education, joint personnel training, and other agency cooperative efforts.

2. Provide personnel with training and certification in areas such as basic fire-fighting mobilization

and preattack planning, personal preparedness, command and control functions, and technical

fire-fighting skills.

39

3. Organize and develop staffing requirements to meet suppression objectives which are consistent

with resource enhancement goals, utilization of mutual aid assistance, implementation of mobilization

procedures, and development of reasonable control objectives, with due consideration for public

safety, structural protection, and threatened resource values.

4. Equip fire-fighting force{s) with sufficient resources to effectively protect wildland resources in a

safe and efficient manner including state-of-the-art equipment, tools and supplies, and use of

technological advances in presuppression and suppression, such as foam applications, new wildland

engines, and water tenders.

5. Preplan fire facilities and structures such as fuel breaks and/or firebreaks in management areas to

serve a dual purpose of habitat protection and defensible space for fire-fighting activity.

6. Integrate fire protection measures in all natural and cultural resource planning and management

activities.

7. Improve existing suppression/presuppression/management lire plans to include private sector

resources.

8. Increase community awareness through education focused on known user groups, such as hunters,

hikers, campers, bird watchers, and forest interest groups.

9. Improve the capability to use prescribed fire as a management tool.

40

Guiding Concept 3: Stewardship of the Forest

RECOMMENDATION 11: Make necessary amendments to the Hawaii's endangered species act

to allow responsible reforestation and long-term stewardship of native forests on public and

private lands, increase compatibility with the existing federal endangered species act, and

encourage regional habitat conservation planning.

FINDINGS:

A landowner committing to long-term reforestation of native forests will also provide habitat for native

birds that will probably include endangered species, especially on mountain pasture lands on the island

of Hawaii. Many private landowners will not invest resources to plant or commit to long-term stewardship

of native forests if they cannot recoup any of their investment by harvesting trees at maturity, because of

potential impacts to endangered plants or animals. A process is needed to deal with this situation or

native reforestation projects will be limited on private lands. Forest enhancement activities on public lands

that could be funded by limited salvage harvesting of dead or dying trees have also been limited within

the current interpretation of the state's endangered species act.

One of the differences between the state and federal endangered species acts is the absence of an 'incidental

take' provision in the state act. In the federal act, incidental take is defined as a taking that is incidental

to, and not the purpose of, the carrying out of an otherwise lawful activity. 'Incidental take' licenses are

only issued in situations where the taking does not appreciably reduce the survival and recovery of the

species in the wild, and where the applicant will, to the maximum extent practicable, minimize and mitigate

the impact of the taking. The federal 'incidental take' permitting process has been in place since 1982.

With the addition of an incidental take provision in the state act, a habitat conservation plan can be

implemented that would allow the management of degraded habitat through reforestation in exchange for

a license to selectively harvest a portion of that habitat over time. The result would be a net gain in habitat

for endangered species, and therefore benefit the species as a whole.

In other states and at the federal level, the habitat conservation planning process has provided the framework

for cooperative partnerships among the private sector, and local, state, and federal agencies. Particularly

in California, the process has evolved into larger regional planning efforts that involve all affected parties

and result in mutually agreed upon plans that provide for long-term habitat conservation needs, identify

where mitigation measures will be needed, and streamline the permitting process.

There are other major differences between the federal and state endangered species acts that need to

be reviewed to optimize species recovery efforts in Hawaii, such as designation of critical habitat, formulation

and implementation of recovery plans, and citizens' rights to enforce provisions of the acts.

41

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Federal and state endangered species acts are compatible and advance the interests of threatened and

endangered species and habttat conservation by encouraging reforestation and long-term stewardship of

native forests on private lands. The implementation of the federal and state endangered species acts,

that is based on sound science, minimizes social and economic impacts whenever possible, provides

greater predictabiltty for the public concerning effects of species listing on proposed or ongoing activities,

and avoids crisis management through cooperative approaches of federal, state, county, and private

entities that focus on groups of species' dependence of the same ecosystem.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEM:

1. Convene a workshop of all interested and affected entities to develop a consensus for legislative

amendments to the state's endangered species act to encourage reforestation and long-term

stewardship of native forest on public and private lands, increase compatibiliTy with the existing

federal endangered species act, and encourage regional habitat conservation planning.

42

Guiding Concept 4: Incentives

RECOMMENDATION 12: Amend Hawaii's tree farm law to acknowledge the right to harvest a

forest resource created by private investment and landowners who have agreed to practice

responsible forestry, based on an approved management plan.

FINDINGS:

The best way to encourage responsible forest management fueled by private investment is to remove

disincentives, recognize valid economic values, and minimize mandatory regulations. If private landowners

cannot see a long-term consistent policy, they are unlikely to want to invest any resources into forest

recovery. Portions of chapter 186 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes were repealed by the Fifteenth Legislative

Session in 1989 as a result of the transfer of real property taxing authority to the counties. Since section

186-1 0 of the Hawaii Revised Statutes was repealed, a landowner's right to harvest trees grown specifically

for a commercial purpose is unclear. Responsibly created tree farms can develop a sustainable rural

economy that is compatible with Hawaii's tourist industry, protects watersheds, enhances wildlife habitat,

and provides forest recreation opportunities.

The development of commercial forest industry in the wake of the reduction of Hawaii's sugar industry is

not only feasible but economically attractive enough to bring in private investment, and attractive enough

so that the state should not have to invest any public capital in commercial forestry. The key is to create

and leverage a large enough base of public and private lands available for commercial forestry combined

with an appropriate regulatory climate at both the county and state levels. Regulatory disincentives to

private investment for creating a commercial forest resource, be they perceived or real, should be replaced

with appropriate incentives wherever possible.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

The State of Hawaii conducts a clear process for private forest investors and landowners to participate in

commercial forestry by granting a right to harvest trees that are responsibly planted, managed, and harvested

according to approved plans as part of the state's tree farm program.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Develop guidelines to implement the provisions of the tree farm law amendment (Senate Bill 2956)

passed April 29, 1994. That amendment acknowledges the right to harvest a forest resource created

by private investment and landowners who have agreed to practice responsible forestry based on

an approved management plan.

2. Establish and implement Best Management Practices (BMPs) guidelines to reflect current professional,

environmental, and management objectives, and use these guidelines where appropriate under

the state's amended tree farm law.

43

44

Guiding Concept 4: Incentives

RECOMMENDATION 13: County governments should develop a fair and equitable property tax

assessment for forest lands that recognizes the economic potential and other public benefits

from expansion and enhanced management of Hawaii's forests.

FINDINGS:

At one time, a major portion of the private forest land was under the •surrender agreement," whereby

private landowners assigned their lands into the state forest reserve system in exchange for reduced

property taxes. Upon expiration of these agreements, the majority of landowners have opted not to keep

their lands in forest reserve status.

No tax classification for private forest landowners currently exists in Hawaii's real property tax system,

which is established by individual counties. Because of this, many private landowners cannot afford to

keep trees on their property. This has resulted in many private landowners raising cattle on forest land to

have their land classified as pasture, which has a relatively low tax rate, or totally clearing land for other

higher-value agricultural uses, such as macadamia nuts. This has resulted in deforested watersheds at a

time when development is requirirlg even more water, and it also discourages the direct economic and

natural resource benefits that can be derived from well-managed forests.

The irony is that such land produces poor quality forage and often is barely producing any economic

benefits. Thus the benefit to the landowner is in the tax savings. By leaving taxation at the same or lower

rate than under pasture use, and supplying a reasonable productivity tax at harvest, the landowner and

the public would benefit.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

A tax assessment structure throughout the state that at a minimum, does not discourage landowners

from keeping their lands forested, and ultimately, encourages the restoration of forests. Forested land is

not taxed at a higher rate than pasture land, which encourages private landowners to plant and manage

forests for both commercial and public interest benefits.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEM:

1. Work with individual counties to develop a fair and equitable property tax assessment for forest

lands that recognizes their potential economic and other public benefits.

45

46

Guiding Concept 5: Training and Education

RECOMMENDATION 14: Establish a program to develop and train qualified professionals,

technicians, and vocational specialists capable of leading Hawaii's agencies and communities

in a partnership to manage, protect, and use Hawaii's forests.

FINDINGS:

A lack of trained specialists currently inhibits efforts to survey, identify, and classify the plant, animal, and

microbe species present in Hawaiian forests. Restoration of Hawaii's forests requires extensive capability

for training, inventory, and research and major increases in private, state, and federal programs.

The University of Hawaii's Center for Conservation Research and Training and its Graduate Specialization

in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology has taken the lead in the development of a graduate

research and training program in conservation biology. However, formal undergraduate curricula in

conservation biology or natural resource management are still not offered in any Hawaii university at this

time. Nor is adequate undergraduate curriculum in forestry offered at the University of Hawaii or any other

institution within the state. The University of Hawaii at Hila will offer a beginning forestry course in the fall

of 1994 through the College of Agriculture. University level training is still in its infancy in locally focused,

locally available education for the people of Hawaii to assume significant roles of participation and leadership

in charting the future of Hawaii's forests, but with additional resources, the infrastructure is in place at the

University of Hawaii to develop a strong program in this field.

There is a need to train field staff to manage public forests and provide them with the technology, information,

sensitivity, and training to accomplish their jobs. Currently there are no institutions in Hawaii teaching

forestry programs at the technical and vocational level. Training in the form of internships is provided on

a limited scale by some conservation organizations with the state.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

The University of Hawaii has developed a cadre of local professionals (researchers and managers),

knowledgeable about the local biological, economic, sociological, and cuttural issues with the capability

of implementing effective natural resource management principles, and in focusing educational programs

in this area. The University of Hawaii is nationally and internationally recognized for its leadership in

evolutionary research and the Center for Conservation Research and Training combines the theoretical

aspects of ecology and evolutionary biology with the applied aspects of conservation biology to provide

a broader vision of conservation issues and encourage innovative solutions to management problems.

47

The training of the 'modern conservation biologist• with a strong background in the concepts of ecology,

evolutionary biology, ethnography, and sustainable development produces a cadre of professional field

managers armed with the necessary tools for developing effective management programs. Hawaii is viewed

as a natural center for supplying the growing demands for information and skills for the environmentally

sound management of tropical island resources.

Hawaii has a reliable supply of locally trained, qualified technicians and professionals able to sustain

healthy, well-managed, self-renewing forest systems, free from incompatible uses.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Increase funding for the University of Hawaii to support the development of an undergraduate

program in conservation biology, natural resource management, tropical forestry, forest socio­

economics, and ethnography to provide an opportunity for local people, through training received

in locally focused, locally available programs, to assume roles of participation and leadership in

charting the future of Hawaii's forests.

2. In cooperation with the Bishop Museum, provide the necessary resources to establish a program

for systematics research and education at the University of Hawaii to produce a cadre of locally

trained systematists to provide the expertise necessary to conduct a complete inventory of Hawaii's

unique biota.

3. Investigate potential niche roles or cooperative arrangements wtthin the Pacific islands region for

the training of forestry technicians in traditional forestry skills.

4. Establish or expand vocational training opportunities in wood-working and other forest products

related programs wtthin the state through existing community college and adult education programs.

5. Establish extension forester positions within the state to assist in training and technology transfer

of research results to public land management agencies and private landowners.

6. Support the expansion of the existing Cooperative Fisheries Unit at the University of Hawaii to

include wildlife research and training, which could include participation by the USDI Fish and Wildlife

Service, USDI National Biological Survey, University of Hawaii, and Hawaii Division of Forestry

and Wildlife.

48

Guiding Concept 5: Training and Education

RECOMMENDATION 15: Establish and operate a Center for Tropical Forests that will respond

to information, research, demonstration, education, training, and outreach needs associated

with the restoration and perpetuation of forests in Hawaii.

FINDINGS:

The many organizations and individuals working on and interested in Hawaii's forests have no visible

network of information and assistance available to them to support their efforts. No single organization is

systematically working on behalf of all the organizations and individuals to gather information from within

Hawaii, the nation, or the world that is relevant to Hawaii's forest management and research problems

and opportunities. Instead, each existing organization and individual maintains fragmentary and understaffed

libraries, disconnected information systems, and inadequately coordinated research activities.

There is no central source that the public may use to obtain forest information. Nor do adequate mechanisms

exist for providing outreach activities to the public on a continuing basis in local, state, national, or

international arenas. As a result, people in all walks of life are inadequately informed about local forest

issues and opportunities, and are unable to benefit from forest information being developed elsewhere

around the state, nation, and world.

There is an inadequate supply of laboratory and field research support capability for research and

demonstration projects. Similarly, there is an inadequate supply of classrooms and field teaching sites for

students and members of the public to use in learning about Hawaii's forests. Space needed for management

and communication personnel also is lacking. As Hawaii moves to a new era of both natural and plantation

forest management, foreseeable and emerging needs for field, laboratory, and office space, and the

capability for information management and transfer cannot be provided from any currently available source.

Potential cooperators exist who could contribute existing or planned new building space, computer and

other technical capabilities, and planted and natural forest to a network of information acquisition and

dissemination efforts. In one or more cases, offers of cooperation and joint funding already exist. What is

lacking is long-range vision and a plan to connect existing and future opportunities in ways that enhance

information development and transfer.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Hawaii's forest-oriented people have ready access to the latest information and field demonstrations on

all relevant forest recovery, perpetuation, and use issues, through a combination of library documents,

electronic media, and demonstration sites. Space in buildings and the field is available through cooperative

networks for carrying out the many tasks needed to perform responsible research, inform people, and

apply information to forest management and resource harvesting and utilization. Communication mecha­

nisms are in place to ensure interesting, responsible, and professional exchange of technical, traditional,

49

and value-oriented information so that people in all walks of life and in all corners of the state can make

informed decisions and can participate knowledgeably in developing and supporting sound management

policies and decisions.

Hawaii is able to reap the benefits of local application of knowledge developed elsewhere around the

world. Hawaii also is able to provide information and productive on-site experiences to visitors who come

from throughout the world to learn about Hawaii's experience with recovering and perpetuating tropical

forests.

Hawaii has established a Center for Tropical Forests that provides the framework and structure for achieving

these various information acquisition and application tasks. Each component of this Center, whether a

teaching classroom, research lab, field demonstration site, or public information repository, is connected

to all the other components with appropriate hardware, software, and interpersonal interactions so that

both individual components and Center as a whole bring focus to forest-related issues, develop the

information needed by the great diversity of participants, ensure coordination of many governmental and

non-governmental interests, provide tangible places and communication channels, and serve as a catalyst

for cooperative action.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Establish and operate a cooperative forest resources information network, staffed so that: ( 1) personal

and electronic access are available and materials are catalogued and made available to those

requesting information; (2) the latest relevant information from island, state, national, and worldwide

sources is continuously gathered, catalogued, and titles distribU1ed; and (3) literature searches are

provided upon request (see recommendation 2).

2. Develop a state-wide network of laboratories, field research and demonstration sites, classrooms,

information sites, conference rooms, and office space for forest research, demonstration, education,

and public outreach. Manage this network to encourage synergies among individual and organization­

al forest researchers, managers, users, and members of the public.

3. Encourage and capitalize on the willingness of potential partners on every island to adapt their

existing and planned activities to becoming components of a Center for Tropical Forests that will

manage the cooperative forest resources information network, coordinate the state-wide network of

sites, and facilitate appropriate application of technical, traditional, and value choice information to

the forest management programs of both public and private forest managers.

4. Develop a cooperative program for funding, managing, and siting a headquarters for the Center

and for guiding the identification and participation of its many partners.

50

Guiding Concept 6: Research and Demonstration

RECOMMENDATION 16: Enhance, expand, and integrate capabilities of all research programs

focused on conservation and resource management. More integrated, multidisciplinary research

programs must be implemented to be effective with the limited resources available.

FINDINGS:

Hawaii is in the midst of an extinction crisis. As of October 1993, 257 species of plants, birds, mammals,

reptiles and invertebrates have been federally and state-listed as threatened or endangered. An additional

133 species are either proposed for listing or have candidate one status for listing. The managers of

Hawaii's protected natural areas are trying to reverse Hawaii's extinction trends, but are hard pressed to

prevent the currently endangered species from going extinct. These protected areas lace threats from

habitat-modifying alien plants, competitive and disease-bearing alien animals, as well as habitat-destroying

fire. Little is known about the basic ecology of alien weeds--weeds that can cause fundamental changes

to ecosystem processes and adversely affect native ecosystems. Basic ecology concerning much of the

native fauna and flora is also unknown. Unfortunately, until such fundamental ecological information is

available, the effectiveness of management programs will be hampered.

Current research is addressing only a few aspects of conservation biology and natural resource management

needed for tropical forest recovery to be successful. Current research efforts by the various federal/state

agencies and nongovernment organizations (University of Hawaii, USDI National Biological Survey, USDA

Forest Service, Bishop Museum, Center for Plant Conservation, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association,

Stanford University, and a few others) are fragmented.

Research on tropical forest recovery and management is highly complex and involves all aspects of

preserving and restoring biological diversity. Virtually all of the biological sciences concerned with plants

and animals need to make significant contributions to knowledge about management and restoration of

damaged ecosystems. Some of the more critical biological sciences include: systematics; regeneration

biology; molecular biotechniques for assaying genetic variability; the dynamics of small populations (i.e.,

the biology of rarity); ecosystem structure, function, and sustainability; limits of ecosystem restoration;

invasive plant and animal biology; and forestry science.

The physical sciences that relate to ecosystem function are as important as the biological sciences. Examples

of these sciences include: hydrology of surface and ground water quality and yield; meteorology of

mesoscale weather systems; geomorphology; climatology; and soil science of stable and degraded

ecosystems. Clearly, no single organization or agency has the capability to address all aspects of tropical

forest recovery and management. There are even some science gaps in Hawaii if all organizations are

considered. The most serious are in the forestry sciences. Otherwise, the expertise needed to address

key issues of conservation biology and natural resource management are already in the state. The state

51

already has the capacity and expertise to develop a more comprehensive and integrated approach toward

Hawaii's environmental problems.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

All of the scientific expertise doing research on forest and associated ecosystems in Hawaii is functioning

through partnerships aimed at developing an integrated approach to the management and restoration of

island ecosystems. The research partnerships result in synergistic interactions among the conservation

researchers in Hawaii. Interactions between researchers and managers are intensified, resuking in better

integration of research and management, and more effective management application of new knowledge.

Discussions among researchers and between researchers and managers is continual and spontaneous.

Field exercises are frequent and easily arranged. All manner of communications are effectively used.

Manager's and landowner's questions are resolved by a visit or telephone call to a local forestry extension

office that either has the information or can quickly get it. There is continual improvement of the theories

of forest management and restoration through long-term research on the experimental forest. Advances

in theory and application are being applied in demonstration forests through partnerships between research

and management The main consequence of research and demonstration is better management of Hawaiian

forests, and ultimately, the successful increase and preservation of biological diversity in Hawaii.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Provide stable support to encourage partnerships among state, federal, and private organization to

bring the best available expertise together to conduct long-term, integrated research on problems

associated with forestry management and conservation biology.

2. Provide the necessary resources for the managers of the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife,

USDI National Park Service and USDI Fish and Wildlife Service to expand monitoring capabilities

so their on-the-ground resource programs can complement and support the expanded research

capabilities.

3. Support research on alien plants and animals that have been identified as top priority for addressing

Hawaii's conservation problems, including the expansion of current research efforts to include

priority insect and plant pathogens.

4. Support the establishment of a network of experimental forests, demonstration forests, and natural

area reserves to ensure continuous and focused programs on research, application, teaching, and

training.

5. Expand the mandate, membership, and support of the Secretariat for Conservation Biology to

include priority natural resource, socioeconomic, and ethnographic issues and needs occurring

outside of native ecosystems (such as agroforestry and production forestry). The mandate should

also include other U.S. flag islands and newly independent island nations in the Pacific.

52

6. Provide the necessary resources to expand the university's current programs to include a Terrestrial

Ecosystem Research Unit and a Sustainable Biosphere Program. Enhance hands-on research by

students in an expanded graduate program in ecology, evolution, conservation biology, and resource

management to provide a solid foundation for professional careers as managers, policymakers, or

academicians in conservation programs.

7. Provide financial support for graduate assistantships and in-service training. Support coordination

through the Secretariat for Conservation Biology to ensure collaboration among students, researchers,

and resource managers.

8. Expand exchange programs among national and international institutions to complement Hawaii's

strengths with expertise in areas that are either lacking or minimally addressed in Hawaii. For example

conservation, forestry, and agroforestry could be greatly enhanced at the University of Hawaii through

exchange programs involving other U.S. universities where there are complementary programs.

Manager/research exchange programs with other nations such as with New Zealand, and the Center

for International Forestry (CIFOR) in Bogar, Indonesia should also be encouraged where appropriate.

53

54

Guiding Concept 6: Research and Demonstration

RECOMMENDATION 17: Create a network of experimental forests with associated facilities

to meet scientific and management objectives to restore deficient or degraded forests.

FINDINGS:

Currently in Hawaii, there is no native or degraded forest land available for permanent, science-driven

research and training on ecosystem structure and function, forest condition and restoration, and global

climate change. Such permanent or long-term applications typically require dedicated experimental forests.

There are no officially designated experimental forests in Hawaii today. Under the terms of the Hawaii

Tropical Forest Recovery Act, the joint authority for establishing experimental forests in Hawaii is with the

Governor of Hawaii and the U.S. Secretary of Agricu~ure.

There are many good special use areas presently available for limited kinds of research. Lyon Arboretum,

the Natural Area Reserve System, Heritage sites, The Nature Conservancy Preserves, University of Hawaii

Experiment Stations, National Parks, and National Wildlife Refuges all have opportunities for specialized

investigations. A common problem is the limitation on manipulating plant communities on a prescribed

schedule. In some situations, with the agreement of the landowners, it is possible to establish a plantation

that will clearly meet a limited objective. It is usually not possible, however, to conduct activities that will

intentionally disturb the system to meet the research need to learn about ecological processes.

Agricuiture Experiment Stations are exceptions to the inability to manipulate plant communities. Unfortunate­

ly, Agricuitural Experiment Stations within the state are small parcels and few are located in forested

areas. Most would need to be restored to forest before significant ecological manipulations could be

done. However, the Hamakua and Kona stations have significant potential for forest ecology research,

but in both cases, the elevation span limits application to a few ecological conditions.

Supporting facilities needed for a functioning experimental forest are also lacking in Hawaii. Such facilities

include the capacity to carry out normal day-to-day scientific and educational activities. These activities

are field and laboratory functions required by resident and visiting staff, scientists, and students.

Selection of an experimental forest(s) is critical to the success of the science intended for forest recovery

in Hawaii. To meet the needs of forest recovery research in Hawaii, experimental forest(s) must represent

a broad range of forest communities, climates, and soils, and should include some natural forest, and

also low- and high-elevation severely degraded former forest land.

55

Definitions:

An experimental forest is a slice of landscape that provides an example of a major forest ecosystem. It is

specifically established and set aside for carrying out scientific experiments that may call for manipulating

the forest cover. An experimental forest is designated to meet the needs of science, and remains as a

designated site until the originating authority declares otherwise. Under the terms of the Hawaii Tropical

Forest Recovery Act, the joint authority for establishing experimental forests in Hawaii is with the Governor

of Hawaii and the U.S. Secretary of Agricufiure.

The experimental program may not always include research designed to meet the immediate needs of

resource managers. Normally any approved research includes hypothesis testing and nearly always will

produce reportable, objective data. Observations are usually made part of a continuing database that

becomes public information when the experiment has met the needs of the designed study. Data collected

from permanent plots normally is entered in a public database after the originating research is completed.

Research supported by an experimental forest(s) is for application and fundamental science.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Adequate experimental forests and associated facilities exist to provide for the necessary science needed

to restore and maintain Hawaii's forests. Facilities have been developed to meet the needs of vistting

scientists who operate within the guidelines established for the experimental forests. The facilities associated

wtth the experimental forest headquarters provide teaching and science laboratories appropriate to a

field site.

The experimental forest(s) contributes vital information to the managers of Hawaii's lowland and upland

forests. The experimental forest(s) also contribute vital information to the natural resource science community

within the state, nationally and internationally. Access to standard worldwide ltterature is available through

normal communication channels. The experimental forest(s) is part of an international network of

experimental forests wtth continuous demand from scientists for space to carry out research on ecosystem

structure and function and on forest recovery. Costs of maintenance and managing the experimental

forest(s) are partially covered by fees paid by visiting scientists.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Appoint a panel consisting of five or six people to include at least one scientist, a resource manager,

an educator, and a community member to look into the establishment of the Hawaii Experimental

Tropical Forest(s) and report on the results of their findings. This group's challenges should include

the following:

a) Identify potential locations for experimental forest(s) plus associated facilities;

b) Decide on the scientific mertts and problems associated wtth each afiernative location;

56

c) Ensure that at least one alternative location includes degraded former forest land, including

upland pasture land and lowland sugarcane land; and

d) Prepare a preferred priority list of alternative locations, including appropriate facilities.

2. The panel should prepare a report of findings and recommendations to be submitted to the Governor

of Hawaii and U.S. Secretary of Agricu~ure. The Governor and Secretary would receive the

recommendations and authorize completion of selected actions related to the location and extent

of the Hawaii experimental forest(s). This analysis would include at least the following:

a) Several alternative locations and sizes recommended by the panel in the first analysis;

b) An alternative to establish no experimental forests or facilities;

c) Estimated relative costs and benefits involved with each a~ernate location, including initial

and subsequent operating costs; and

d) Evaluation of the access to the facilities and surrounding experimental units for the alternative

locations.

3. Before final cooperative agreements are developed to establish experimental forest(s) in the state,

legal issues concerning the administration of the experimental forest(s) and local, state, federal,

and native Hawaiian rights must be addressed. It is important that the land owners and others

who have interests in a proposed site are voluntary participants in establishing the experimental

forest(s).

4. Provided the experimental forest(s) is established, a policy forum should be organized from the

appropriate groups that have a stake in the experimental forest(s) to provide a continuing critique

of the forest management. This forum should include the following people and be given the indicated

charges:

a) Scientists, managers, citizens from the general population, and local community members;

b) The forum should review the policy of experimental the forest management and make

appropriate suggestions. The experimental forest management should review the suggestions

and justify action to accept or reject; and

57

c) It should be the policy of the forest management to allow public entry by approval for typical

forest activities, such as gathering and hunting. Areas of the forest may be excluded when

those activities would have a serious adverse effect on research in progress. Special sensitivity

of treatments, equipment, or research objectives may justify reserving part of the forest from

particular public activities. The policy forum would participate in making those decisions.

5. Establish a network of forest managers and researchers to advise and provide a sounding board

for research proposals. The network would be a primary resource for establishing demonstration

forests to meet site specific research needs. Specific forest reserve areas should become part of

an expanded system of sites for comparison with experimental forest units that are subject to

manipulation.

58

Guiding Concept 6: Research and Demonstration

RECOMMENDATION 18: Create a network of demonstration forests on all Islands with a diversity

of willing landowners to provide an opportunity to use existing and new knowledge on the

ground and assist private forest landowners with currently available technical knowledge and

applied research.

FINDINGS:

Mutual understanding and cooperation between researchers and public and private natural resource

managers are sometimes lacking or at least inadequate. Efforts to enhance and ensure coordination of

management and research is urgently needed. Public acceptance and support of natural resource manager's

and researcher's efforts can be best realized only when those parties work in unity.

Although most attention has been focused on the technical aspects of management and research pertinent

to the recovery of Hawaii's forests and natural resource issues in general, the all-important •people factor"

also needs to be addressed in a comprehensive, inclusive manner. Without public support, even the best

knowledge and technology will be of little use.

Demonstration forests are needed to provide opportunities for short -term research or testing of new forest

management techniques that involve direct exchange between researchers and managers. Demonstration

forests could also provide the breadth of ecosystem coverage that is not possible with one or a few costly

experimental forests.

Opportunities for demonstration forest sites abound in Hawaii. Usually, the opportunities are near state

Natural Area Reserves or •conservation Reserve" forests that could provide control sites when research

manipulation requires comparison to unmanipulated sites. The greatest benefit from demonstration forests

is the opportunity to test new technology in an operational project To capitalize on the opportunities,

managers and researchers must establish and maintain communication.

Much information is currently available that could be implemented to accomplish a great deal of good on

the ground, especially to enhance degraded native forests and establish commercial forests using knowledge

and techniques developed over the past 30 years.

59

Definition:

A demonstration forest is a unit of a forest ecosystem set aside for the application of research findings to

show the relevance of the findings, and serve as a further test of the efficacy of the resuks. Demonstration

forests are established by forest managers in cooperation with researchers and are operated for the

benefit of the community at large, and especially for the forest management community. Demonstration

forests can be the focal points lor developing and demonstrating •environmentally friendlier" land use

technical applications. They can also provide more forest communities than represented by a single

experimental forest.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

A network of demonstration forests is established on all islands with a diversity of cooperating and willing

landowners, demonstrating land uses that meet landowner objectives. The demonstration forests, which

vary in size, ownership, and land use, provide an opportunity for people to see and experience forests

that can accommodate certain compatible and complementary uses, while not degrading the experience

of the users or the forest resource. They also allow an increased opportunity for communities to participate

in the stewardship of public resources and become focal points for developing and demonstrating

'environmentally friendlier" land use technical applications.

Some potential examples of demonstration forests include, but are not limited to: native ecosystem

protection; natural forest management; mixed species forest plantations: agrolorestry; traditional gathering;

subsistence hunting; ahupua'a-based stewardship--the traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending

from the uplands to the sea; and 'teaching forests' to serve as outdoor laboratories lor elementary and

high school students.

These demonstration forests are also used lor the application of research finding to show the relevance

of the findings, and serve as a further test of the efficacy of the results. They provide an opportunity to

test new technology in an operational project and assist private forest landowners with using currently

available technical knowledge and research. The information network that results from demonstration

forests provides an integrated and evolving database of current and appropriate forest management

techniques.

60

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Establish a network of willing landowners and managers, through incentive grants, who are interested

in participating in or cooperating with, general or specific demonstration forest projects.

2. Establish a mechanism for maintaining communication between landowners, managers, and

researchers that will provide information on current activities and potential useful applications ongoing

within the demonstration forest network. This process could be supported by the local information

office and by the Center for Tropical Forests (see recommendations 2 and 15).

3. Develop a database that describes existing and new demonstration forest(s) as they become part

of the network. It should include forest types, soils, and climate, short- and long-term objectives of

the landowner, and the type of research needed and considered appropriate for that specific

demonstration forest.

61

62

Guiding Concept 7: Planning, Inventories, and Monitoring

RECOMMENDATION 19: Update or complete and implement management plans for all publicly owned

and managed forests.

FINDINGS:

Publicly owned and managed forest throughout the state were established to meet a variety of specific

management mandates and objectives. Examples of such mandates and objectives include the recovery

of threatened and endangered plants and forest birds in the Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge,

watershed management and public recreation for Hawaii Forest Reserves, and protection of native forest

ecosystems in Hawaii Natural Area Reserves. In general, management plans display agency objectives

and intentions for the areas covered by the plan. Management plans can help provide a method of tracking

an agency's progress in accomplishing their stated management objectives. Management plans can

provide a focal point for resource information about an area.

The status of management plans for Hawaii's publicly owned forest varies among agencies. Some

management plans have not been updated from the early 1970s, while other management plans are

updated annually. For many agencies, current levels of funding and staffing are inadequate for the effective

development and implementation of management plans.

Local community members have expressed interest in participating in the planning and management of

Hawaii's forests. Partnerships involving local communrties, government, private sector, and private

organizations should be established to contribute to the development of feasible and community-supported

forest management plans.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Management plans for publicly owned forest lands are completed and updated regularly. The plans are

based on information that is accurate, timely, and relevant. All forest resources values, needs, and concerns

are accepted as legitimate and important components of any overall forest management scheme.

Community involvement in the development of management plans is extensive and meaningful. There is

a wide degree of understanding and support among community members for management objectives as

stated in management plans. The public recognizes and accepts the different mandates and objectives

of the respective agencies. Management, research, monitoring, education, and professional development

are all considered essential and complementary components of the communrty-based approach.

Management objectives are measurable whenever possible and management activities are generally

based on plans; activities that deviate from plans are justffied. Management activities, including inventories

and monitoring, are carried out in the field by trained staff capable of dealing with the demands of field

application.

63

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Increase funding for agencies to conduct inventories and surveys to provide relevant information

for development of management plans. Local communities and organizations should be involved

in identification of the type of data to be collected and used in the plans, and in the development

of management options.

2. Complete management plans. When possible, planning for all publicly owned forests in a region

should be coordinated to address the need to look at resource planning at a regional or landscape

leveL One possible method of developing management plans is contracting the effort out to private

sector planners who would work with all interested parties. Plans should be comprehensive and

specific, and contain measurable management objectives.

Community understanding and involvement in the development of management plans can be

encouraged through the use of forest partnership working groups, as described in recommendation 1.

Hold public meetings at convenient locations and times to allow for public input and review of

forest management plans.

3. Review and update, when necessary, management plans and resource databases at least every

6 years.

64

Guiding Concept 7: Planning, Inventories, and Monttoring

RECOMMENDATION 20: Strengthen the capacity of Hawaii's public land management agencies

to conduct resource inventories, surveys, and monitoring, and to manage the resulting data.

FINDINGS:

Statewide, knowledge of the condition and extent of Hawaii's forest resources is not always current enough

to facilitate effective planning and management There is a particular need to design inventory systems

that will permit efficient updating.

The status of resource inventories for Hawaii's publicly owned forests varies. Some inventories have not

been updated from the early 1970s and 1980s, while other inventories are updated annually. For many

agencies, current levels of funding and staffing are inadequate for effective collection and maintenance of

inventory data.

Many private landowners are reluctant to allow forest inventories to be conducted on their land, because

they do not perceive any benefit to themselves, and they perceive a potential detriment to themselves if

threatened and endangered species are discovered on their land.

There is no single repository within the state for survey and inventory data. Many agencies and organizations

such as the State of Hawaii, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, USDA Soil Conservation Service, USDI

National Park Service, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, and USDI National Biological Survey have Geographic

Information System (GIS) capability; however, there is no acknowledged GIS standard. Efforts to utilize

GIS are hampered by the lack of policies for exchanging data between agencies.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Forest management plans and natural resource inventories have been completed for all publicly owned

forests and for significant private forests. Surveys, inventories, and monttoring programs are in place that

fulfill information requirements of resource managers and planners. Resource information is contained in

computer databases integrated with the state's Geographic Information System database. Mechanisms

exist for adding new or additional data into existing databases. There is an ongoing dialogue between

resource managers and information providers regarding information requirements, data quality, and data

exchange. Access to information is easy and efficient

Available data layers on the State of Hawaii's Geographic Information System (GIS) include: forest canopy,

forest understory, hunting, land ownership, management objectives, recreation, aquatic resources, soils,

biological inventory, threatened and endangered species, fire history, hazards (erosion, fuel loading,

weed species, pests), wetlands, survey transects, archaeological and sacred sites, plantations, cultural

resources, and commercial species.

65

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1, Adequately fund and complete forest resource inventories. These inventories should be conducted

cooperatively between agencies and organizations and updated on a regular basis,

2. Coordinate statewide inventory and monitoring activities through the Hawaii Conservation Biology

Initiative's Secretariat

3, Establish Geographic Information System data sharing policies between state, federal and private

entities.

4, Establish a clearinghouse for forest inventory, survey, and monitoring information that would be a

focal point for disseminating results of inventories to interested agencies and organizations.

5, Address the issue of gaining access to private lands for field verification of inventory plots to ensure

that private landowners' concerns are satisfactorily resolved,

66

Guiding Concept 7: Planning, Inventories, and Monitoring

RECOMMENDATION 21: Require regular monitoring in all programs and activities to evaluate

the effectiveness of management practices, outreach efforts, research projects, economic

investments, and other forest-related activities.

FINDINGS:

Short-term and long-term monttoring programs have been initiated in a few protected forest areas in

Hawaii to determine the effectiveness of locally applied management techniques and to assess the current

status and long-term trends of key threats and special resources. However, there is no statistically sound

statewide system of monitoring stations or plots to provide forest managers and users with the reliable,

objective information they need to plan for and manage Hawaii's forest resources wisely.

Similarly, there is no statewide or local mechanism or questionnaire soliciting the public's viewpoints on

forest issues to guide and provide regular feedback on outreach efforts. A strong commitment to regularly

gather and use objective feedback information is critical to the continued health of Hawaii's forests, and

the satisfaction of Hawaii's forest users. Without appropriate quantrtative measurements, we cannot build

on our successes or detect and Jearn from our failures, leaving the future of Hawaii's forest management

to anecdotal evidence and chance.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Managers and the public are armed with regularly updated information to guide their efforts, including

statewide monitoring of key threats to guide management activities to priorrty areas and to identify effective

management techniques and periodic feedback from the community on priorities and concerns for forest

areas to guide public use and involvement programs.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Extend proposed natural area biological resource and threat monttoring system statewide. Modify

protocols as necessary, including increased use of remote sensing.

2. Conduct periodic comprehensive, statewide polls by islands and districts to obtain accurate data

on forest-related perceptions, uses, and needs from a representative cross-section of Hawaii's

people.

3. Develop and periodically apply a benefit/cost analysis to resource allocation within at least one of

Hawaii's demonstration forests, using a long-term horizon and fully recognizing both quantitative

and qualitative outputs provided by a healthy forest (scenery, air quality, etc.).

4. Require periodic monitoring to evaluate effectiveness in all publicly funded natural resource

management and conservation projects.

67

68

Guiding Concept 8: Economic Development

RECOMMENDATION 22: To promote economic diversification within the state, create sustainable

commercial forests by supporting the existing forest products Industry, and taking advantage

of new opportunities in the state as a result of land becoming available following economic

declines In sugar, pineapple and, to a Jesser extent, cattle ranching.

FINDINGS:

The existing forest products industry contributes $29,000,000 to the state's economy through the wholesale

level, employs over seven hundred people, and pays salaries in excess of $12 per hour (Hawaii's Forest:

An Inventory of Economic Potential 1993). In the past, public policy in the state has given lower value to

forestry. In addition, a general commitment is needed from policy makers to recognize that forest management

includes harvesting.

Current regulations that are considered to hinder forest-related economic development in the state include

conservation district zoning. The possibility of down-zoning can result in discomfort to a potential private

lender in that the collateral value of the property wiil likely erode and the cash flow will be impacted due

to complete or partial restrictions that accompany such actions.

The State of Hawaii has some of the best land in the world for growing trees due to its strategic location

to Pacific markets, stable government, developed infrastructure, sophisticated research facilities, and a

trained, sophisticated agricultural work force. A recent analysis of one potential scenario indicates Hawaii

has a window of opportunity for developing a sustainable forest industry. Prime forest land is available or

becoming available on the islands of Hawaii, Oahu, and Kauai to form the basis of a permanent wood

supply to processing units. The best land--former sugarcane land--will be available in ready-to-plant

condition, and an agricultural work force is located on each island. That potential land resource is to a

large extent held by private land holders, some of which have interest in developing forest resources.

Hawaii's forests contain a wide variety of commercial forest products, such as tree ferns and maile. More

information is needed to improve management of these resources and to market the products, while

maintaining sustainability of the resources.

For the speciality forest products segment of the industry such as crafts, market opportunities exist to

expand the industry, ff Hawaii-grown wood is available. A major concern of those currently involved in

that industry is the Jack of a sustainable supply of raw forest materials to meet demand. An inventory of

existing forest resources is needed, as well as an economic analysis of opportunities.

Many contributions of Hawaii's forest are Jess tangible than others, but those forest values contribute to

the economic well-being of communities and the state. For instance, clean, healthy air to breathe, unpolluted

water to drink, and topsoil in which to grow food are essential to sustain life, and yet only in recent years

69

have economists ventured to quantify those economic values. In the evaluation of forest issues in Hawaii,

environmental and societal cost and benefits derived from forests are not being thoroughly considered.

Cost-benefit analysis techniques are being applied to resource allocation and development decisions in

other parts of the world; however, no cost-benefit analyses specific to conditions in Hawaii are currently

being used to assist in making more informed management decisions for Hawaii's forests. Land managers

and the public need to know the costs and benefits of the many activities involved in managing Hawaii's

forests. Sound management requires selection of practices and activities that return acceptable benefits

lor the investments involved.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

A healthy, thriving forest products industry exists that maximizes local processing of forest products within

the state, producing both market and nonmarket forest products. The contribution to the state's economy

is $100,000,000, employing three thousand people at competitive wages.

Forest management actively contributes to Hawaii's economic stability while enhancing and protecting

the state's unique environment. All residents of the state benefit from those management activities.

Careful planning, visionary thinking, and appropriate implementation in the 1990s has provided the state

with forest resources that provide Hawaii with revenues, wildlife habitat, recreation, employment, and

clean water.

Over seventy thousand acres of degraded forest lands are reforested or rehabilitated in the state, using

koa, sandalwood, milo, and other species. Over sixty thousand acres of former sugarcane land are reforested

and support sustainable forest plantations. The health of the state's forest resources are vastly improved

because of actions of the forest products industry.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Create sustainable commercial forests on appropriate private and public lands. Cooperation between

government agencies, private landowners, and potential investors will be needed to achieve an

integrated forest products industry. Small landowner participation and forest cooperatives should be

encouraged.

2. Provide lair and just compensation lor public use of private resources. If economic development

and forest management are to take place, landowners need the right to use their forest resources.

If the right to use forest resources such as timber is denied, landowners need to be compensated

for immediate and future losses (see recommendation 1 2).

3. Conduct a comprehensive review of the regulatory environment for forest management activities,

and work to improve the regulatory environment to allow forest management to be economically

feasible. Identified improvements include:

70

a) Developing and implementing tax reforms regarding disincentives tor landowners to develop or

maintain forest land (see recommendation 13);

b) Developing and implementing insurance reform, both tort and workmen's compensation, to

encourage the expansion of forest-related employment opportunities; and

c) Modify existing procedures that inhibit beneficial land management practices in state

conservation districts.

4. Conduct a comprehensive market analysis to identify the major opportunities for the development

and expansion of Hawaii's forest products industry, and the costs and benefits of each. Some

already identified opportunities include the expansion of wood processing, product manufacturing

opportunities as value-added activities, and the creation of new forest resource industries, ranging

from biopharmaceuticals to ecotourism.

5. Support and expand the inventory and assessment of the use of existing koa resources, including

replanting koa for a sustainable resource, and the resolution of issues preventing selective harvest

(see recommendations 8 and 11).

6. Encourage the privatization of public land management activities to encourage forest-related

economic development, such as contracting noxious weed control, tree planting, and inventories.

7. Conduct research to enhance the economic development of Hawaii's forest resource industry,

including research on: koa genetics; alien species control; methodologies for quantitative and

qualitative analysis of costs and benefits associated with forest resources; restoration of threatened

and endangered species; economic analysis of production of forest resources, such as maile,

bees and honey, and valuable hardwoods.

8. Develop incentives for private landowners for watershed improvement and management (see

recommendation 23).

9. Develop islandwide or regional land use planning processes that include identifying possible forest

resource management conflicts with other land uses and land users (see recommendation 1).

71

72

Guiding Concept 9: Innovative Funding

RECOMMENDATION 23: Develop a program that allows a percent of the sale of water to fund

essential regional forest watershed management activities.

FINDINGS:

Water has long been recognized as the most important resource of Hawaii's forest lands. Mountain

watersheds are the primary source of water for the islands' urban, industrial, and agricultural areas. The

intimate relationship of these forested watersheds with a dependable supply of clean water was recognized

as early as 1880. Forested watersheds reduce rain's erosive effects, prevent soil from washing into the

ocean, increase infiltration rates into the soil, strip moisture from the clouds, and deliver a consistent and

dependable source of surface and artesian water. Existing native forests are excellent watersheds, and

they have been augmented by planted forests on disturbed and eroded sites.

In some mountain areas outside of the forest reserves, watersheds are deteriorating due to a loss of

forest cover. This has been encouraged by land speculation and county property tax structure. Current

operational budgets to manage state forest reserves are not adequate and declining. To ensure Hawaii a

clean source of water, the state's forested watersheds must be adequately managed, and incentives

should be provided to private landowners to protect their essential watersheds. Regional cooperation

and management is needed to optimize watershed management activities. The Task Force finds that the

costs of ensuring sustainable forest watersheds are not considered in the sale or use of the water resource.

It is crucial to make the economic connection between the use of the water resource and the management

of the watershed to ensure that the water resource will be available in the future.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Regional watershed management programs are funded from a fixed fee, to be paid by all public and

private users who consume water.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Enter into regional memoranda of understanding to develop management plans with various

landowners to protect and enhance essential watershed areas.

2. Develop a program by which a fixed fee, to be paid by all public and private users who consume

water, be used to implement regional watershed plans. The fee would be collected at the county

level, and allocated via a formula established jointly by the county water agency and the Commission

on Water Resource Management. Preliminary estimates indicate that the average private user's

costs would increase a few cents per day under this proposal.

73

74

Guiding Concept 9: Innovative Funding

RECOMMENDATION 24: Use carbon sequestration as a funding mechanism for Hawaii's forest

management programs.

FINDINGS:

Evidence now points to the validity of the global warming hypothesis, and political bodies around the

world (U.S. Department of Energy, World Bank, and United Nations) are taking steps to substantively

address it. Among the more attractive options is to encourage reforestation and better forestry practices.

Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide, the most deleterious greenhouse gas.

Carbon offset investments have been made by utilities, government agencies, and other significant emitters

of greenhouse gases. The purpose of offset investments is to achieve global emission reductions in the

most economically efficient way possible, in lieu of restrictive government intervention or emission taxes.

Forests, because they absorb or sequester carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, provide an excellent

vehicle for companies interested in this type of emission reductions.

Hawaii is in an excellent position to take advantage of the economic opportunities being created by this

newly recognized importance of forests. The reduction of Hawaii's sugar and pineapple industries has

created exciting potential opportunities for commercial forestry throughout the state. Many forest areas

are already protected and represent important carbon sinks. Although the level of funds available from

carbon offsets may not represent the total cost of any one specific forestry project, they could encourage

better forestry practices or higher value products needing longer rotation ages.

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Public and private landowners in Hawaii obtain funding for their reforestation and forest management

activities through an innovative form of financing known as "carbon offsetting.'

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Develop demonstration project areas with different types of forest management systems (e.g.,

forest plantations, natural forest management, native forest protection) for carbon offset opportunities.

2. Conduct discussions with utility companies to develop their interest in funding carbon offset forestry

projects in Hawaii.

3. Secure funding for Hawaii to participate in baseline monitoring of verification, and the audit of carbon

offset forestry projects.

75

76

Guiding Concept 9: Innovative Funding

RECOMMENDATION 25: Establish a grants program to support partnerships that link research,

management, and extension efforts for traditional cultural, social, economic, biological, or

other resource information and technology transfer needs.

FINDINGS:

Managers of Hawaii's forested and formerly forested lands today tend to make their management decisions

on the basis of their individual management goals and purposes, as mediated by the host of often conflicting

statutes, regulations, and other governmental policies expressed by a wide diversity of county, state, and

federal organizations. This decision-making process frequently overlooks the goals, values, and concerns

of adjacent land management units, and can cause a disconnection of the ecological, life history, and

cultural relationships that originally connected the resources on adjacent areas. This disconnection leads

to loss of native biological resources and ecological processes, not only from lands converted for

non-conservation purposes, but also from lands managed to sustain those resources with the long-term

result that the more sensitive elements of the native resources disappear completely.

Hawaii has the current mix of knowledge, trained personnel, and economic potential to begin action to

develop an ecosystem-based approach for restoring its native forests and developing a diversified forest

products economy. Because of the many diverse interests, value systems, and land ownerships involved

in forest restoration, management, and use, achieving an ecosystem-based approach will require intensive

and long-term cooperation in planning, inventory, monitoring, research, education, training, land manage­

ment, and economic development.

While some cooperation traditionally has occurred, and the creation and operation of the Hawaii Tropical

Forest Recovery Task Force has stimulated a great increase in the diversity and intensity of cooperation

being focused on forest concerns, there needs to be established a long-term, cooperative, and institutional­

ized mechanism for encouraging and supporting the creative partnerships that will be needed for the

recovery program to be effective.

The development of a cooperative grants program would link research, management, and extension

efforts; foster interdisciplinary collaboration; broaden participation in research activities; and provide funding

for applied research and extension efforts.

77

DESIRED FUTURE CONDITION:

Cooperative, voluntary partnerships form the basis for ecosystem management and are the deciding

factor in the success of the Hawaii Tropical Forest Recovery program. These cooperative partnerships

occur within and across research, development, inventory, monttoring, education, training, and management

activities. Their formation is catalyzed by a cooperative, jointly funded and managed competitive grants

program that emphasizes the breaking down of human barriers and the stimulation of interdisciplinary

programs that bring together appropriately talented people from all the different types of human endeavor

that can occur on forested and formerly forested land.

Within 2 years after initiation of the proposed activity, groups interested in forests and their resources will

be much more aware of each others' concern, needs, and potentials, and a few cooperative partnerships

will be underway. Within 5 years, changes in the resource characteristics of both natural and commercial

forests will be apparent, with most changes being of neutral to positive value to managers of adjacent

lands. Within 15 years, cooperative programs supportive of the values of all participants will be common,

and both native and commercial forests will be meeting the qualitative needs of their managing organizations.

SPECIFIC ACTION ITEMS:

1. Convene an interdisciplinary, multiorganizational working group to develop and propose a grants

program, taking approximately 6 months to come up with a proposal. The effect would be to affirm

the need for and value of interorganizational partnerships, identify a competitive, peer-reviewed

mechanism for stimulating the formation of such partnerships, and obtain an organization that will

commit to securing the partners needed to initiate a cooperatively funded and managed grants

program.

2. Circulate the proposed agreement widely to all potential interest groups for comment, endorsement,

and initial commitment of funds and personnel assignments. The effect would be to produce a

cooperatively funded and managed competitive grants program, establish available funding, establish

program guidelines and peer review requirements, issue a first call for proposals, and fund first

grants.

3. Operate the program, increase as possible, and review effectiveness every 5 years. The effect

would be to create cooperative partnerships, fund start-up projects, stimulate new funding sources,

stimulate formation of interdisciplinary work units that no individual organization could initiate or

fund by itself, stimulate innovation, and encourage public-private partnerships, and research­

management partnerships.

78

Appendix 1

HAWAII TROPICAL FOREST RECOVERY ACT

Congressional Bill S. 2679

To promote the recovery of Hawaii tropical forests,

and other purposes.

102!> CONGRESS 2D SESSION

£NCLOSUR.E l

S.2679

IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OCfOIU 11 1982

Rttern<! to the Commit~ o.n A&rleultllrt

AN ACT To promote tht reco\'ecy of Hawaii tropical torests, and

tor other purpose1,

1 Be if tn<Jde4 ~ 1M Se'/\Ole and H(N.Jt of &pruenta-

1 liva of eM Un(te4 Statu of Amtrlc4 In Ccngru1 assembltd.

1 - 1

1 - 2

2 1 SECTION I. SHORr TITLE.

2 This Act may be cited a.s the "Hawaii Tropical Forest

3 Recovery Aet".

4 SEC,!. RAW Ail TROPICAL FOREST RECOVERY.

S {a) ~ GEl\'"ER.A.L.-The International Forestry Co-

6 operation . .Act oC 1990 (16 U.S.C. 4501 et ·seq.) is

1 amended-

8 (1) by r-OOesignating sections 605, 006, 1tnd 607

9 as sedions 609, 610, and 611, respectively; and

10 (2) by inserting after section 604 the Col!owing

11 ne\v aeet.ionc:

12 "SEC. S.OS. INSTI'lVl'E OF PACIFIC ISLANDS FORESTRY,

13 "(a) ExrANSION.-The Secretary shall expand the

14 capabilities ot and construct additional facilitiu, u tunde

15 are appropriated tor the expansion and construction, at-

16 "(1) tho Institute ot Paeit5c hlandt Forestry;

17 and

18 "(2) tropic& toresu In the State of Hawaii.

19 "(b) TRoPICAl. FORESTRY Pw.N.-

20 "(1) IN GEl\"ERAL.-~ot later than 1 year after

21 the date oC receipt by the Secref..\cy ot the aetion

22 plan required by section 5(b) or the Hawaii Tropic.al

23 Forest ~covery .Act, the Secretacy shall prepare

24 a.nd submit U> the Committee on Agriculture and the

2S Commit~ on Jn~rlor and Insular AttaiN ot the

26 Hou~ ot Representatives, the Committee on Agri.

3

1 culturt, Nutrition, and Forestry o{ t.he Senate, and

2 to the Committees on Appropriations o! the House

3 of Representatives and Senate, a tropical forestry

4 plan to expand the capabilities of and construct ad·

' d.itional facilities under subsection (a).

6 "(2) ELE~fENTS.-The plan shan provide tor-

7 "(.!) the establishment of a model center

8 tor research, demonstration, ~ucation, train-

9 ing, and outrucll activitie' suitable tor trans-

10 terrlng sclentJt5e, technical, managerial, and ad·

11 mlnistrative usi~t.anee to iQvtrnmental a.nd

12 non·eovenunent.al organiu.tions seeJdne to ad·

13 dress problema a&soeiated with tropical forests

14 within and outside the United State..;

IS "(B) the acquisition or constnletion of fA·

16 eilitiu for ~earch, o!auroom instruction, And

11 housini near an experimental tropical forest in

18 the State ot Hawaii;

19 14(C) the acquisition or constnletion ot la·

20 cilities for the study and recovery of endana-ered

21 tropiCAl wildlife, t'lsh, a.nd plant species and tl1e

22 restoration ot thelr habitats;

23 "(D) the study of biolo~cal control of non·

24 oauve species that degrade or destroy native

25 forest eco~tems;

1 - 3

4

1 11(E) achieving a better HnderJ<f..tnding ot

2 global climate change and the significance of

3 achieving a reduction ot greenhouse gasec

4 through research associated with the unique at.

5 mosphenc conditions found in Hawaii and the

6 Paclllo Oc.ean;

7 II (F) a review or the extent to wluch exist-

s ing Federal Corest.ry programs can be utilized to

9 acllleve the purposes of the plani and

10 "(G) the establishment ot experlmental

11 tropical torut.a ln the St4t4 ot Hawa.il u au-

ll thorlzed by section 606.

13 "(3) CAP ABILlTY.-In preparing elemenu ot 14 the plan that address paragraph (2)(F), tlle ~-

lS retary shall identity the capability of the plan-

16 "(A) to promote a &realer undmt4ndlng

17 ot tropical forest ecosystem processu, cona.erva-

18 Uon biology, and biodiversity management;

19 "(B) to demonstrate the various benefits of

20 maintaining a tropical tore$t reserve system;

2.1 "(C) to promote sound watushed and for·

22 est man~ement;

23 "(D) to develop compatible land uses adja.-

24 cent to protected natural are.ls; and

1 - 4

5

1 u(E) to develop new methods o( reclaiming

2 and restoring degTaded land!.

3 "SEC. 600. HAW All EXPERIMENTAL TROPICAL FOREST.

-i "(a) DtFDilTlONS.-.!.s used in this section:

5 11(1) FoR~ST.-The t&rm 'Forc!t' means the

6 HawaU Experimental Tropical Forest.

7 ''(2) G<>V&RNOR.-The term 'Go\·ernor' mee.ns

8 the Governor ot Hawaii.

9 "(S) LA.NDs.-The term 1ands' means Ianda,

10 watert, and interest& in lands and wa.tera.

11 "(4) STATE.-The term 'State' muns the St.at.e

ll oC H&wail.

13 "(b) EST.A:BL!Sffi!EN'l' M'D MANAGE)!ENT.-At the

14 request o! the ~vernor, the. ~retary shall establish and

J S adroinist.ar within the St.a te a. Hawaii Experimental 'I'ropi·

16 CAl Forest. The Forest shall be mana.eed u-

17 "(1) a model ot quality tropiCAl forest man~-

18 ment whert harvestinr on a. sustainable yield basla

19 e&n be demonstraW:i in balance with natural re·

20 coum ccnservaUon;

21 11(2) a site for research on tropi.:al forestry,

22 oonservation biology, and natural resource man~·

23 roent; and

24 "(3) a center (or demonstration, education,

2S tl-oinlr-c, and outreach on tropl~l forestry, eonsen·a·

1 • 5

6

1 tion biology, and natural raources research and

2 man~ement.

3 ''(c) DELIN"E.!TIO~ OF THE LocATION OF THE F0&-

4 EST.-

S "(1) IDENTIFICATION OF w.NDS.-The Gov-

6 emor and tho Secretary shall ldentJfy one or more

1 suitable sites for the Forest in Iande withln tho

8 State. The identification ot each site shall be based

9 on scientific, ecolog1~, administrative, and such

10 other factors a.s the Governor and Secretacy consider

11 to ~ necessary or de:;irable to achieve the purposea

12 of this tectlon. Et.eh site ldentit5ed pumJnnt to tho

l3 pmeding sentence shall be ot S"Uttlclent siu and lo-

14 cated so that the site can be etrectively man~ tor

U Forest purposea.

16 11(2) EXTERJOR BOID.'D.A.RIES.-The e>."Urior

17 boundariea ot the Forect. lnoludlnr the boundari~

18 of all sites ldentitled for Forest purposea, shall ~

19 delineated on an oMcial map. The map shaD be

20 available for public inspection in the office ot the

21 Adlnin!strator ot the Division o( Forestry and Wtld·

22 life ot the Departn1ent ot Land and Natural R.e·

23 sources ot the State. The Governor and the &lc·

24 retary may from time to time, by mutual ~ement,

1 - 6

1

2

3

4

s 6

7

8

9

10

11

tl

13

14

lS

16

l7

18

19

20

21

22

23

24 2j

7

amend the of1"5clal map to lllOdil'y the boundaries o!

the Foresl

"{d) AUTHORITIES OF THE SECRETA.RY.-

1'(1) IN GEl-<'"ER.AL.-To earl')' out the purposes

ot tM ~tion, the Secretary is authoriz.ed-

"(.A) to administer the Forest In eoopera·

tion v;\th the G<Jvernor nnd 6f£ected Stale! agen· • tletj

"(B) to make grants and enter into con·

tracts and cooperative agreements with the

Federal Govemn~ent, the eovernment ot the

Stata, 10041 eovemments, corporations, non·

profit organitations and indiv1dnal•;

"(C) to exercise e.xistine authority with te·

spect to cooperative forest:)' and remrcll tor

Forest purposes; and 11(D) to !.\sue necessat)' rules and re~la·

Uons or apply exi~ttng rulea and regulations ap·

pficable t.o areas a.drnWs~red by the Forest

Ser.~u that are necessary or desirable t.o e.d·

minister the Fore$t-

"(l) tor the purposes described in rob­

section (b);

"(ii) to protect persons within the

Forest; and

1 • 7

1 . 8

8

1 "{iii) to preserve and protect th& re·

2 sources in the Forest.

3 "(2) LAND ACQUISl1ION.-The authority in see·

4 tlon 4 ot the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Re·

S sources Research .Aet of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 1643)

6 6haU be IIYI!ilable t¢ the Secretary to carry out thla

7 seetion.

8 11(3) STATUTORY CO~STRUCTION.-~othing in

9 this section is intended to afrect tlle jurisdiction of

10 the St!te, both civil and criminal, over any person

11 within tha Forest by reason or the establishment of

12 the Forest unde.r thia 'eotion, exc.cpt in the eue of

13 a penalty for an offense against the Unit~d States.

14 "SEC. MT. ANNUAL REPORT ON INS1ITUTES OF TROPICAL

IS FORESTRY.

16 "The ~retary. shaU make annual reports to Con·

17 aren on the prog;C$s1 needs. and long·ranre plaM of the

18 Institute$ of 'l'rop!eal Forestzy In meetine the require·

19 ments of section 24:07 of the Global Climate Chan~· Pre·

20 \-entlon Aet of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 6706), Such reports sha.U

21 be submitted by the Secretary pursuant to section S(e)

ll of the Fomt and &nge!a.nd Renewable Resources Plan•

23 ningActo£1974(16U.S.C.l606(a}).

9

1 "SEC. 008. DEmmiONS.

2 "!! used in this title (unless the context otherwise

3 ~):

4 "(1.) !NSTIT'OTES OF TROk'ICAL FORESTRY.-

5 The term 'Institutes of Tro{lkal Foresuy mean• the

6 Institute ot Tropical Forest.ty In Puerto Rico and

7 the Institute ot Pa.cl~c Islands Forestry established

8 under section 2407 of the Food, ~culture, Con-

9 &en'&tlon, and Trade .Act ot 1990 (7 U.S.(). 6706).

10 11(2) SECRE'tARY.-The tum '~retu)" mcana

11 the Secretary ot Agriculture.

12 "(3) STATE.-The term 'State' meanJ each ot 13 the 50 Sta~. Guam, .Americ.an Samoa, tJJe ~public

14 of Palau (until the Compad of Fru .US¢ciat.ion en·

1 S ttrt into efr$()t), Puerto Rieo, tlle VU"Jin Jslanda,

16 and tJJe Commonwealth ot Ule Northern Mariana Ia·

17 Janda!'

18 (b) CoNFOBlO!\G !l!EJ\"D)fENl'S.-

.19 (1) Section 602(b) ot the Intunatlonal Forestry

20 Coop(rnUon Act ot 1990 (16 U.S.C. 4501(b)) fa

21 amended by strikin~ "(hereinafter referred to in tJus

22 tiUe a.s the Secretary)"

23 (2) The heading of section 604 ot sneh Act (lG

24 U.S.C. 4503) i~ amended to l'eaA u rollow&:

1 . 9

1 . 10

10

I "SEC. 60-4, INSTTIVrE OF TROPICAL fORESTRY rN PVIRTO

2 ruco.-.

3 SEC. 3. TROPICAL FORESTRY RESEARCH AND ASSISTANCE.

4 (a) .AssiSTANCE.-To promote sound mana.gem~:ot

5 and c.on.sewatlon ot tropical forests of tile United States

6 and to promote the development and U'ans(er or technical,

7 man&.€erial, educational, and administrath·e skills to man·

8 age11 of tropical forest. within or ouuide the United

9 States, the Secretary of A8riculture ill authorized ~ pro·

10 vide assistance throu£h the Forest Sel"'.i~-e to eli~llle enti·

11 ties !n States with Wpical forests to-

12 (1) develop, promote, and demonstrate sustain·

l3 able harvesting ot nath·e woods and other forest

14 prvducts on a rusulnable yield basla In ba.lanca with

15 natural re.<:onrce eoucervat.ion;

16 (2) pron1ote habitat preservation and species

17 protection or recover)';

18 (3) protect !ndieenoua plant and animal species

19 and essential watersheds from non·native a.n.imalt,

20 plantt, a.nd patho~nCJ

21 (4) establish biological control agents tor non·

22 nati\'e species tiJat threaten natural ec.osystemsi

~ (5) establish a monitoring system in tropical

24 ro~ts to identify baseline conditions and determine

25 dt.t.rimental changes or improvcmcnf.s over time;

11

1 (6) detect and appraise stresses afrecting tropi·

2 cal forests caused by insect infestations, diseases,

3 pollution, t5re, and non-native anlma.l and plant spe·

4 cies, and by the influence ot people;

S (7) determine tJ.e causes of changes that are

6 de~ted throu~h experimenfJ~tion, intensive monitor-

7 ing, and data collection at affected tropical forest

8 sites; and

9 (8) engage in ~search, demonstration, edu·

10 utton, tr~ntng, and outreach that turthert the ob·

11 jectlves ot th!s smb$wtion.

12 (b) FORM OF .A.ssiSTA.NCE.-A.ssistanca provided to

13 eli~ible entitles under this section l'll4)' be in the tonn ot 14 g-rants, contracts, or cooperative a~emenu.

15 (e) DETil'tlTIONS.-As used In this se¢tion:

16 (1) Euomu S:NT11'Y.-'l'he tum "elicible en·

17 tit/' means a State rorester or equivalent State om.

18 clal, State, politleaJ subdivision ot a State, Federal

19 atenc)', private org-anization, corporation, or other

20 private person.

21 (2) STATZ.-The Uflll "St.lste" means each of

22 the 50 States, Guam, American Samoa, the Republic

23 ot Palau (until the Compact o( Free Association en·

24 tel"$ into effed), Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,

1 . 11

1 - 12

12

1 and the Commonll'ealth or thP. }\orlhern ~fariana r,. 2 lands.

3 SEC, 4. EAWAll TROPICAL FOREST RECOVERY TASK

4 FORe&

' {a) ESTABLISID!ENT.-There is established the Ha·

6 waii Tropic.al FoN~t ~covery Task Foroe (herco.ftcr in

7 thls section ~remd to as the 11TAsk Force") to advise

8 the Smetary of Agriculture with respect to tropical for·

9 ests and related ecosystems in the State of Hawaii.

10 (b) ACTION PLAN.-Not later Ulan 1 year at\er the

11 date ot tho tirst mcctinr ot the TMk Foru, tho TASk

12 Force thall submit to the Committees, ~cretaries, and

13 Governor referred to in subsection (k) an act.!on plan that

14 contalns findings and r~ommendations for rejuvenating

1' Hawaii'a tropical forest., includinr tindinp and ree-

16 ornn1endations oo-

17 (1) methods ot restorine the hMlth o( declining

18 or devaded tropical forest land;

19 (2) compatible usea within tropica.l fortst4, par·

20 tieularly agroforestry and the eult.!v6tion ot sc.arce or

Zl v!luable hardwoods and other forest products in Ha·

22 wail's tropic.a! Co rests;

23 (3) actions to encourage and accelerate the

24 identification and classification of unidentified plant,

25 animal, and microbe species;

1

2

3

" s 6

7

8

9

10

11

Jl

J3

14

IS

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

13

(4) actions to-

(A) promote public awareness ot tropic.a.l

forest preservation;

(B) protect thrutened and endangered •

~le.lj

(C) improve forest management and pl&.n·

n.ing; and

(D) promote public awareness ot the harm

caused by introduced species;

(5) the benefHs ot fencing or other mt~nt~gement

Mt.ivities for the pro~tion ot Hawaii's native plants

and animals from non·na live spec!u, lncludjnr t.he

fdentit'ieation and priorit.iu tor the treat where

these activities are appropriate;

(6) traditionol praefJus, uus, and needs ot n&•

tive Hawaiians In tropical forest.;

(7) mean• ot !mprovinr the health ot tropical

forests and related ecoS)"6t.e.ml in the Sta~ ct Ha·

waii through programs admlnJst.ercd by the See·

re~l)' ot .A(riculture and the ~cretacy ot the Int.e·

• nor;

(8) tbe capabiiity ot existing Federal, State,

and private forestry programs tor rejuvenating Ha·

'~aii'a tropical forests; and

1 - 13

14

1 (9) such other issues relating to tropical forests

2 ln HawaU as the Task Force considers appropriate.

3 (a) Co},Q>OSITION.-The Task Force shnll be CO!ll·

4 posed ot 12 members, of whom-

S (1) three members shall be appointed by the

6 Secretaxy ot ~culture, two ot whom shall be rep-

7 resentatives ot the Fomt Service and the Soil ~n·

8 ~rvation Servioe, respc.ctiveln

9 (2) two members shal! be appointed by the ~-

10 retary ot the Interior u representativea o( the Unit-

11 ed States Fish and Wildlife Service and the National

12 Park ~ce, rtSptctively;

13 (3) a!x tnemben ahaU be appointed by the Gov.

14 ernor ot Hawaif, ot whom-

15 (A) two membera shall be private ownera

16 ot tropic.al forest lands;

17 (B) two membm shall be experts In the

18 6e1d ottroplcal toresby. and

19 (C) two membert shall be rtpresen~tlY$1

20 ot Hawaii conservation organizationc that have

21 demonstrated e>.-perl.ise In the arw ot tropical

22 forest management, habitat prestl"\'lltion, and

23 allen sp~!es control or 'have demonstrated ef·

24 (ecth·e advoc.ae;y in the areac; and

1 . 14

1~

1 (4) one memht>r shall be the Adminhb-a!Clr ot

2 tho Department ot Land and Natural Resources,

3 State ot Hawaii, or the designated representative ot

4 the .Administra~r.

$ (d) lNJTIAL APPOlNTM:ENTS.-Appo!ntments under

6 thls $ect.ion to the Task Force shall~ made not later than

7 90 days a~r the date o( enactment o£ thls Act.

~ (e) CHAffiPERSOX.-The Task Fo~ shall &elect a

9 Chall'pmon from Among its members.

10 (f) VACANCI:tS.-A vacancy on the Tatk ll'oree shall

11 not affect ita powers and shall be tilled In tho s~mc man·

J 2 ner a.s the orlginal appointmenl

13 (g) CO){}'ENSATI0:0:.-

14 (1) IN OE}.'EIU.L.-A member of the Tuk

1S Force ab&ll not meive compensation as a result of

16 the perl'orm&.nu ot senieu tor the TAJk Force.

17 (2) TRAVEL :r.x:PENSES.-The members of t.be

18 Tuk Force shall be allowed travel expeMes, inctud·

19 inr per diem in lieu or &ubslatence, at rate.s author·

20 Ize.d tor employees of ~encles under subchapter I ot

21 cllapter S7 ot title 51 UniUd Statts Code, while

22 away from their homes or rP.gular plactc ot budnecs

23 in the performance ot services tor the Task Foree.

1 • 15

1 • 16

16

1 (h) MEETINGS.-The Task Force shall meet not later

2 than 180 days after the date or enadment o{ this Act and

3 shall meet at the call ol the Chairperson.

4 (i) VOTING.-The Task Force ahall a.ct and ~vise

.S b;y majorlt;y vote.

6 (j) AsSlST.ANCZ.-The Secretary ot Agriculture and

7 the Swetary or the Interior shan provide such assistance

8 and support as are necessary ~ meet the objectiv~ of the

9 Task Foree. The assislanC$ shall inelude malOne Federal

10 fa.ciJiU~1 equipment, tools, and f.echnica) &.ssi~Un<:e iiVaJl•

11 able on such f.lnns ~tnc\ condioons u thA apl\ropriAt.e See.

12 ret.1ty considers necessaey.

13 (k) REPORT.-The action plan rtqulred under cub-

14 section (b) shall be submitted to-

1.5 (1) t.~e Committee-s on A(r!eulture ancS Interior

16 ot the Houce ot Rep~'entatlvu;

17 (2) the Committees on !irieulture, Nutrition,

18 and Foresby- and Energy and Natural Resoums ot 19 the Sen,ate;

20 (3) the Secretary ot A(r!culture;

21 (4) the Secn:!.Ary ot t.ho Intuior; and

22 (5) the Governor ot HawaiJ.

23 (I) N'Ol\'APPLICABD.JT\' OF CERTA.!N i>ROVISIOl'IS OF

24 LAw.-Sections 7(d), 10((), and 14 o( the Federal .Advi·

17

1 sory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App. 2) shall not apply to

2 the Task Fo~.

3 (m) TER)~A1'ION.-The Task Force and authority

4 to carry out this section shall urmlna~ 180 days at't.er

S ~;ubm.itting the rep¢rl rtqul.re<l by ~btect.ion (b).

6 SEC. 5, A\JTHOR.IZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

7 There are authorized to be appropri&ted tuch sums

8 a! Are necessary to carry out s~tions 3 and 4.

Passed the Senate September 30, 1992.

Attest: WALTER J. STEWART,

Secretary.

1 . 17

Appendix 3

HAWAII TROPICAL FOREST RECOVERY ACT

Hawaiian Words

HAWAIIAN WORDS

PRONUNCIATION (from the 'Hawaiian Dictionary• by Mary Pukui and Samuel Elbert, i 986)

Consonants: p,k about as in English but with less aspiration h,l,m,n about as in English w after i and e, usually a lax v; after u and o, usually like w; after a or initially, like w or v

a glottal stop, similar to the sound between the oh's in English and oh-oh

Vowels: Unstressed: Stressed: a like a in above a like a in far e like e in bet e like ay in pay I like y in city I like ee in see 0 like o in sole 0 like o in sole u like oo in moon u like oo in moon

GLOSSARY

ahupua'a 'iilna

A land division usually extending from the uplands to the sea. Land, earth. Sovereignty, rule, independence. To invite, a welcoming. Native-born, one born in a place. Hawaiian; human being, man, person, individual. Hidden meaning. Taboo, prohibttion, sacredness, consecrated. Teacher; foundation. Ancestor, grand parent.

ea ho'oklpa kama'aina kiinaka kaona kapu kumu kupuna mahele The division of land in 1849 to Hawaiians and non-Hawaiians, and the beginning of

private land titles. makal malama mauka moku noa

'oplo pono

Oceanside. To take care of, tend, care for, preserve, protect, save, maintain. Mountainside. A land division, island, district. Freed of taboo, released from restrictions, profane. Youth, juvenile. Goodness, correct, proper, righteous. A distant mountain region, believed inhabited only by spirits (akua); wilderness. wao akua

wao kanaka An inland region, below the wao akua, where people may live or occasionally frequent.

'E mau ke ea o ka'aina I ka pono. • Hawaii's state motto, officially translated: 'The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness."

3-1

Appendix 4

HAWAII TROPICAL FOREST RECOVERY ACT

Matrix of Current or Potentially Involved Agencies and Organizations

f' ~

Currently or Potentially Involved Agencies and Organizations

working Tradition Education Plan/lnven Economic Funding ! Relations Local Uae Stewardship Incentive Training Research Monitoring Develop -

Private Landowners CB,IO TU IS,U,F,RF.ESA H,T ET RED.TC MP,IM CF w.cs.G Industry Assoc. CB,IO RF,ESA H,T, ET RED.TC MP,IM CF cs.G

Conservation Groups WR,IO TU IS,ESA H. ET RED,TC MP,IM W,G

Counties WR,IO U,F T MP.IM CF w

State DBEDT 10 T CF CS,G DLNR WR,IO TU IS,U,F,RF,ESA H,T ET RED,TC MP,IM CF W,CS DOA 10 IS CF W,CS DOE 10 ET DOH WR DOT WR IM HHL WR,IO TU IS,RF IM OHA WR,IO TU UofH 10 TU IS,U ET RED,TC IM CF G

Federal USDA 10 IS,U,F,RF ET RED.TC MP,IM CF USDI WR,IO TU IS,F,RF ET RED,TC MP,IM G DOD IS,RF MP,IM

--~

Acronyms: OBEDT•Depart of Buolno ... Econ Develop, & Tourlom; OLNR=Depart of Lend & Natural Roooureoo: OOA=Dept of Agrie; OOE=Dept of Edue; OOH=Dept of HeaHh; OOT=Dept of Transportation; HHL=Oept of Hawaiian Home Lande; OHA=Office of Hawaiian Affairs; U of H=Univ of Hawaii; USDA=US Dept of Agric; USDI•US Dept of Interior; OOD=US Dept of Defense

Recommendations: WR=Working Relationships; IQ,..Info Office; TU=Trad and Local Usee; H=RighHo-Harvest; ESA=End. Spec, Act T=Taxes; ET=Educ and Training; RED• Research, Exper and Demo Forests; TC.,..Center for Tropical Foreate; MP•Mgmt Plana; IM•Inventorin & Monitoring; IS•Intro Species; U•Urban and Rural Foreets; F=Fire Mgmt; RF..,Reforestation; CF=Susta!nable Commercial Foresta; W=Wate,..hed Mgmt Program; CS•Carbon Sequestration; G=Granta Program.