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Hazardous Waste Management. Chapter 15. Silent Spring Love Canal Times Beach and Seveso, Italy Bhopal, India. Methyl isocyanate Toxins Dioxin Pesticides. Why is it managed?. Federal HWM Laws (Sections 15.1 and 15.2). RCRA/HSWA. CERCLA/SARA. TSCA/FIFRA. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Hazardous Waste Management
Chapter 15
1
Why is it managed?
Silent Spring Love Canal Times Beach and
Seveso, Italy Bhopal, India
Methyl isocyanate Toxins Dioxin Pesticides
2
Federal HWM Laws(Sections 15.1 and 15.2)
3
Household and Other Special Haz Wastes
RCRA Hazard
Ignitable
Corrosive
Toxic
Reactive
None
Material
Bleach
Drain cleaner
Lighter fluid
Antifreeze
Aspirin
4
Who’s involved?
(Not to scale)
5
What can we do with this nasty, nasty stuff?(Sections 15.2, 15.4, and 15.5)
6
In-Class Activity
An industrial plant produces approximately 1000 kg/month of waste pentachlorophenol (C6Cl5OH). The plant decides to install an incinerator to dispose of the waste. Assume complete combustion. Note that this reaction requires water.
• How much oxygen is theoretically required to combust the material?
• How much acid is theoretically produced?
• What theoretical quantity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is required to neutralize the acid?
• In operation, why would you expect the quantities of air, acid, and caustic to be different from the theoretical amounts?
7
Which activities are the riskiest?
Action 4 tbs peanut butter daily Alcohol, cancer All cancers Background radiation Car accident, death Flesh-eating bacteria Home accident, death Homicide Radon in home, death Ski, death Smoking 1 pack/d, cancer Struck by lightening
8
Risk Assessment
Hazard Identification
Exposure Assessment
Dose-Response Assessment
Risk Characterization
9
Site Remediation(Section 15.2.1)
Levels of response
• Emergency response
• Long-term remediation
10
Soil water (root zone)
Unsaturated or vadose zone
Capillary fringe
Saturated zone (Groundwater)
Confining layer
Where is the contamination?
11
Pollutant Transport
12
Pollutant Transport
13
What can we do?
Remediation strategies
14
Containment: Pumping and/or Injection
15
Containment: Trenching/Slurry Wall Injection
16
Pump-and-Treat
17
AS and/or SVE
18
Excavation and . . .
19
In-situ Bioremediation
Nutrient injection
20
Phytoremediation
21
Natural Attenuation
22
In-Class Activity
Explain why the proposed process would be inappropriate for a site with the given contaminant. Offer a plausible alternative.
Volatile soluble organic – excavation & landfillingSoil in vadose zone contaminated with metals – pump & treatSoil in unsaturated zone contaminated with radioactive waste – in-situ bioremediation
23
In-Class Activity
Lake Jasmine is a 20-acre lake with an average depth of 30 ft. Yesterday afternoon four 55-gallon drums of Fuel Oil A and six 55-gallon drums of Solvent C fell off a truck during an accident, rolled into Lake Jasmine, and burst open on the rocky shore. The entire contents of all the drums spilled into the lake. Should local public health officials take measures to keep vacationers near Lake Jasmine out of the water? The allowable quantity in recreational waters of Fuel Oil A is 2.2 ppm, and the allowable quantity of Solvent C is 1.3 ppm.
24
Radioactive Materials and Waste
Sections 5.4 and 15.3
25
Choose the best answer.
A. Radiation is scary. Radioactivity is even scarier.
B. Radiation is a method of surveying in which points are located by knowledge of their distances and directions from a central point. Radioactivity is the intensity of a radioactive source.
C. Radiation is emitted energy without the absorption of any energy. Radioactivity is a characteristic natural, spontaneous process in which unstable atoms emit mass or energy.
26
Isotopes
Element with same atomic number but different mass number, e.g., H-1, H-2, H-3
27
Uses of Radiation
Historical/Discontinued
X-rays: Hair removal, Shoe sizing
226Ra: Hair tonic, Skin cream, Clock dials, Toothpaste, Chocolate bars
210Po: Spark plugs 232Th: Toothpaste, Dentures Uranium: Pigments,
Photographic toner, Adhesive tape dispenser
Current
235U, 239Pu: Reactor fuel 241Am: Smoke detectors 60Co, x-rays: Food sterilization x-rays, -rays: Medical instrument
sterilization 60Co, 131I, etc.: Radiation treatment Neutrons: Bomb detection, Illegal
drug shipment detection
28
There are lots of units Curie (Ci): decay rate Becquerel (Bq): decay rate, 1 per second Roentgen (R): rate of ionizations produced Rad (radiation absorbed dose): energy absorbed
from radiation Rem (roentgen equivalent man): energy
absorbed by tissue Gray (Gy): absorption of 1 J of energy per kg of
absorbing material Sievert (Sv)): dose equivalent to tissue damage
from 1 Gy of gamma radiation or X-ray = 100 rem29
Annual Radiation DoseLocation or Situation Dose
(mrem) Ramsari, Iran 48,000 Guarapari, Brazil 17,500 Radiation worker 5,000 St. Peter’s Square 800 NYC Grand Central Station 525 Background 300 – 400 Decommissioning 15
Internal
11%
Cosmic8%
Terrestial8%
Consumer Products
3%Nuclear Medicine
4%
Other<1%
Radon54%
Medical X-rays11%
30
Ionizing Radiation
31
Effects of Level of Ionizing Radiation
Dose (rem) Effects0 - 25 May reduce white
blood cell count25 - 100 Nausea, fatigue,
blood changes100 - 200 Nausea, fatigue, low
white blood cellcount, deathpossible
200 - 400 LD50, bone marrow &spleen damage
> 600 Fatal
32
Storage
33
Yucca Mountain
34
Vitrification
35
Radon
36
Half Life
Time required for half of original material to decay
Characteristic of an isotope
A = Aoe-t
t1/2 = ln 2
37
In-Class Activity
What would be the activity after 5 days of 1.0 Ci of radon-220?
On April 1, 2001 a waste containing Po-210 was found at an abandoned site. Its activity was 3.2 Ci. From site records, you estimated that the waste dated from 1952. What was the original activity?
38