Hazards, Risk and Ethics

7/31/2019 Hazards, Risk and Ethics

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HazardRisksEthics20101

Hazards, Risk and Ethics

Nor Mariah Adam, PhD PE

Fakulti Kejuruteraan,UPMSerdang


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Definitions

Incident: Happening, event

Hazard: Something with potential to causeharm/danger

Crisis: Touches all levels of society e.g. water crisis,economic crisis, affect emotions, stress, long term:weeks, years

Risk: The likelihood that the danger from a particularhazard is realized

Ethics: The science which treats nature and groundof moral obligations


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Definitions

Directive MKN 20:

Incident involving large number of loss oflives, extensive property destruction, withpotential to affect public safety and security,not expected, affect routine activities


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Prevention

Prepare Emergency Response Plan e.g.

hysteria, food poisoning, pregnant staff Practice safety culture

Duties of Safety Committee,

OSHA 1984,

CIMAH?


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Hazard

Acronym USA Department of Justice:

Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA)

B-NICE for biological, nuclear, incendiary,chemical and explosive incidents


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Hazard

Biological: SARS, exotic diseases e.g. ibola,re-appearing e.g. smallpox, TB, anthraxinvolves insects, plants, birds, animals,human, bacteria

Nuclear: radiation, natural e.g. radondaughters (half-life 2days), man-made

e.g. X rays


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Types of Hazard

Ergonomics e.g. repetitive movements,improper set-up of workstation

Physical: radiation, magnetic fields, extremepressure, noise, poor IAQ, extremetemperature

Psychosocial: stress, violence Safety:slip/trip, inappropriate machine guard,

equipment malfunction or breakdown


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Hazard

Incendiary:

Weapons of mass destruction Botox, sarin,

Batu Pahat

Jenalik 2000 JRA 1974: AIA Building


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Mechanical Hazards

Common mechanical injuries: puncturing,

cutting and tearing, shearing, straining etc Risk assessment in machine operation

Machine guarding self assessment

Feeding and ejection system

Robot safeguards

Control of hazardous energy (lockout/tag out)


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Hazard of Temperature Extremes

Thermal comfort

Heat stress and strain Cold stress

Burns and their effects

Chemical burns


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Pressure Hazards

Sources of pressure hazards

Boilers and pressure hazards High temperature water hazard

Hazard of unfired pressure vessels

Hazard of high pressure systems Cracking hazard in pressure vessels

Pressure dangers to humans


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Chemicals

Applications in buildings, plants, ship, port,

aircraft, vehicles Not adequate to know dangerous, must how

it is dangerous

Meaning of unit e.g. ppm, LD50 dan MSDS

(Material Safety Data Sheet)

Entry through oral, skin, breathing


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Chemicals

15 million chemicals (natural or man-made)

60,000 at work 2000 new chemicals each year

2000 fauna flora extinct


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Hazard

Explosions:

Pepper Carbide

Terrorism: MKN Directive18

Public security : MKN Directive 19


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e Crime 1995-1999 MalaysiaCheat CC Breach Forge Palsu Card1995 2348 26 1245 298 368 28

1996 2321 42 1288 276 364 24

1997 3917 328 1876 443 115 471998 4840 522 2521 541 139 104

1999 4195 1100 2191 380 152 72

total 17621 2018 9121 1938 1138 275

RM m 1336 4460 2316 194.9 8.1 3.62


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e Crimes


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Malaysian e Acts

Computer Crimes Act 1997 enforced 2000

Digital Signature Act 1997 enforced 2000 Telemedicine Act 1997 enforced 1999

Copyright (Amendment) Act 1997 enforced1999

Communication & Multimedia Act 1998enforced 1999


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Regulations

Safety in Transportation, can not carrypetrol/diesel in public transport

Classification, Packaging and LabelingRegulations 1997

Use and Standards of Chemicals Hazardous

to Health Regulations, 2000 Scheduled Waste Regulation 1989

Declaration of Dangerous Goods (DG)


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Regulations

OSHA 1994

Environmental Quality Act 1974 Chemical Industry Major Accident Hazard

Uniform Building By Law 1984


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Regulations

Maritime Laws

Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952 EQA 1974

Fisheries Act 1985

Continental Shelf Act 1966

Petroleum Mining Act 1966 MARPOL Protocol 1978 (pollution from

ships) & OPRC 1990


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Fire Safety

Prank calls > 1 million per year,

Fire triangle Active fire protection fire extinguisher, hoses,

sprinkler systems, PA system, control panel)

Passive fire protection (compartmentation,means of egress, dead end limits)

Prevention Unit


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Fire Incidents

Long holidays, at night 12- 4 am

Not enough water supply Hydrant has clearance


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Building Regulations

Uniform Building By Laws 1984

Sarawak Building Ordinance 1994 Keutamaan adalah perlindungan nyawa

Fire Services Act 1988 (341)

berkuatkuasa 1 Januari, 1989, untukpelabuhan, kapal (vessels)

VTS- vessel traffic services


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Quotation

We can never guarantee that our plans and intentions will notbe thwarted by disaster. Even when we think we are as safe ascan be, we can never disregard completely the possibility thatsome unforeseen destructive event may put us in danger, orupset our orderly everyday affairs. Sometimes we say suchevents occur because of bad luck or misfortune, implying thatwe are subject to external and unfathomable forces which wemust accept, since we have no possibility of controlling or

influencing them.

Turner, 1998


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Port

55,000 registered sailors in Malaysia, IMO/SOLAS

Largest single plant in the world at MLNG Bintulu

Dedicated berth first in the world 1962

Bintulu most modern and expensive port(RM700,000 min per call)

Handling of dangerous goods DG

Declaration of DG , associated goods VTS (Vehicle Traffic Surveillance)

Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)


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Lock-up

Putrajaya, Cheras, Sentul, Brickfields,Gombak dan Petaling Jaya, Kajang, Ampang

Safety Checklist Nebraska Jail Standards(1995), Prison Act 1955 (Act 537)

Less drill, poor lighting

Overcrowded


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Rehabilitation Centers: Pusat

Serenti

Graduates more knowledgeable on loopholes in the law

70% IPTA/IPTS students are female all overthe world

Security staff not aware on safety, use of

PPE, CCTV, back-up, training and motivation


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Vandalism

Tahun Kos (RM) Pusat

1 1996 3,399,430 Karangan Kedah, Besut, Jeli

2 1997 350,750 Perlop Perak, Jelebu

3 1998 968,915 Karak,Perlop, Perlop, SgPetani, Jeli, Dengkil

4 1999 1,015,930 Jerantut, Sg Ruan Pahang, BtMertajam, Perlop, Karak

5 2000 500,000 Muar

6 2001 1,536,900 Tampoi


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Eco-tourism

Safety of tourists to follow internationalstandards e.g hassle to ladies

Grading of river

Grading of accommodation

Registration

Embassy information Multi lingual tourist guide

Toilets


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Traffic

2 million cars enter KL, 1 million leaves KLPoint duty

Noise from vehicles, whistle

No suitable PPE gloves, sunglasses

Protection from oncoming cars

Human rights


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Greg 1996

Heavy floods, rain intensity1 in 100 years

Handling of bodies, rubbish gloves Foreign unregistered workers, kind neighbors

Non Muslim, different culture

Basic needs of responders, debriefing


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Longhouse

10-110 pintu

One longhouse fire involves1000 persons Combustible materials

Location away from main roads

Elderly High fire load


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MHI, NMHI Selangor

Major hazard installation

Nom major hazard installation Illegal factories


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Carnival

High occupancy (5,000 becomes 30,000)

Basic needs: toilet, accommodation, tagging, trafficflow, registration, water supply, electrical supply,food, special diet, safety, rubbish, food poisoning,empty water bottles

Food handling and food handlers: freezer, fridge

Tent from combustible materials

VIP


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Modes for Hazard

Dormant: the situation has potential to behazardous for environment

Potential: hazard in position to affectpersons, property or environment

Mitigated: potential hazard has been

identified but actions have been taken tocontrol hazard


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Understanding Hazard and Risks

Example ofHazard

Risks likelihood harm will occur dueto exposure to hazard

Electricity Worker may be electrocuted due toexposure to inadequately insulatedwire

40 kg bag Worker can suffer back strain fromlifting

Carbonmonoxide CO

Suffer from CO poisoning becauseusing petrol operated pump in a well


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Mitigation

worst scenario becomes IAP (incident actionplan)

Add SOP (standard operating procedure)and ICS (IC cannot FLOP)

Combination becomes ERP (emergency

response planning)


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IAP + ICS = ERP

IAP = Incident action plan

(primary, secondary) ICS = Incident Command System

(written emergency management)

ERP= emergency response planning


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Scenario

Plane landed in the streest on an Indonesianpregnant woman Sg Buluh

Hazardous chemicals flowed into e.g. RhineRiver

Flash flood: safe to stay in the car?


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Integrated Mitigation

Directive MKN 20 integrated multi-agencyapproachfor:

Natural disaster: e.g.storm, landslide,drought flash flood

Industrial disaster e.g.explosion BrightSparklers,fire, CIMAH

Transportation: road traffic, river, maritime,air transport


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Directive MKN 20

DG

Building collapse, special structure Aviation accident

Rail accident

Open fire

Dam burst, gas release, nuclear, haze(API>300)


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Disaster Stages

Incubation Stage/ Pre- Disaster

Turning Point Disaster Occurs, reaches peak

Towards normalcy

Post Disaster


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What next?

Use ICS- Incident Command System,international standard based on Californian

forest fire IC (Incident Commander) cannot FLOP

(finance, logistics, operations, planning)

Snowball effect:

1 s require 1 bucket water air, 10 minsrequires 1 fire engine, 1 hour late nothing


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MKN 20?

For all

premise/ factory/ office lanjutan Fire Act 3411988 effective February 2006: ERT

JKKP (OSHA 1994)


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ICS

Incident Commander Chief

- Safety officer

- Liaison Officer (LO)

- LO for VVIPs

- One for 5-7 items

- According to expertise


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Incident Commander

Finance Logistics Operations Planning

Safety Officer Liaison Officer

Spokesperson

Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate

Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate Subordinate

Information Officer


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MKN Levels

MKN Level 1 District level (> 2 mukim)(DO, OCPD)

MKN Level 2 State level (> 2 districts)(MB, KP)

MKN Level 3 National level (> 2 states)

(PM atau wakil, SUK, IGP) e.g. Tsunami Kota

Kuala Muda, Aceh,Head Operations Bomba except biological nature or no

PPE e.g. anthrax


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Operations

Hot zone red

Warm zone orange Green zone

One entry/exit: tag in tag out

Accountability


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ERP components

Mission, objective

Accountability and authority

Distribution of plan

Supplies MoU with suppliers e.g.warehouse, lorries,face mask, blankets, mobile toilets, first aid kits,gloves, medicine

Register volunteers, experts data list Location data

Hazard evaluation


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ERP Components

Reporting procedure

Evacuation procedure Mitigation procedure

Special procedure e.g. President, OKU

Equipment shutdown

Normal operations

Training, record


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Hazard Identification

Common during long weekend holidays

Back track event Identify incubation period

Retard incident growth

Probability of incident

Effect of incident


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Competent Authorities

Identification and hazard analysis conductedin systematic way

ERP management to relevant authorities

ERP elements practiced and drills conducted


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ERP

Development ERP

Tabletop excercise Improve ERPdrill annually or every 6

months for different scenario

Frequency

Commitment from top management


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Safety

PPE (personal protective equipment)

e.g. tag in tag out, (near miss), improvehabits

No replacement for LIFE


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Safety Audit

Electrical fault (overload, arching)

Chemical Biological

General safety

Fire prevention

Natural disaster potential


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Safety: TB, HIV victims

Use disposable gloves

During CPR use disposable pocket mask Medical garbage e.g.blood, vomit, pus

disposed according to Act EQA 1974

Please be kind to yourself first


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Training and drill Chemical properties (toxicity) Reporting procedure in emergency Know the trigger system Location fire protection system and how to use it PPE, BA Procedure leaving scene, debriefing, declaration end of

exercise Frequency Reporting Lessons learnt


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Data

Data analysis e.g. weather, height of waterlevel at river, dam

Applications for handling DG

Static electricity

Control of relative humidity

Public domain: internet, tv


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Fail to plan Plan to FAIL

Plan your work, work your plan


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Something to Ponder

Develop procedure : 12 months

Check procedure: 1 month Destroy procedure : 1 day

Message:dont GIVE UP

Documents

Hazards, Risk and Ethics