Hazel Rhs Horticulture Level 2 Essay 1

8/10/2019 Hazel Rhs Horticulture Level 2 Essay 1

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Hazel Collette Dwyer J24110301 RHS 2/TMA 01

Assignment 01

1. State whether the following are gyno!"er! #$% or

angio!"er! #A%&

a. Pinus sylvestris' S(ott! )ine ' $

*. Bellis perennis' Coon Dai!y ' A

(. Daucus carota ' +il, Carrot ' A

,. Larix deciduas ' -ro"ean ar(h ' $

e. Quercus robur ' )e,n(late a ' A

f. Ilex aquifolium ' -ro"ean Holly ' A

2. State three ,ieren(e! *etween ono(otyle,on! an,

,i(otyle,on! an, gie a nae, ea"le of ea(h.

a. Mono(otyle,on5! 6owering "art! are !ally in three!

or lti"le! of three an, ,i(otyle,on5! 6owering

"art! are !ally in for!7 8e! or lti"le! of the!e.

*. Mono(otyle,on5! a!(lar *n,le! are !(attere,

throghot the !te an, no (a*i i! "re!ent !o

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!e(on,ary thi(ening ,oe! not o((r. Di(otyle,on5!

a!(lar *n,le! are in a ring aron, the !te an,

(a*i i! "re!ent !o !e(on,ary thi(ening ,oe!

o((r.

(. Mono(otyle,on5! leae! are !ally !tra" !ha"e, an,

hae "arallel ein!. Di(otyle,on5! leae! are not

!ally !tra" !ha"e, an, hae reti(late #*ran(he,%

ein!.

-a"le of a ono(otyle,on:

Lilium bulbiferum' Tiger ily

-a"le of a ,i(otyle,on&

Prunella vulgaris ' Self Heal

3. De8ne the following ter! in a few !enten(e! an, gie a

nae, ea"le of ea(h.

a. Annal

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A "lant whi(h gerinate!7 grow!7 6ower!7 !et! !ee,

an, ,ie! in one year or !ea!on. Har,y annal!

gerinate when the !oil i! (ool in !"ring or atn7

they are i"ortant e(ologi(ally a! they "roi,e foo,

for anial! an, gron, (oer to !to" !oil ero!ion.

Soe annal! are nown a! thero"hyte!: they hae a

!hort life (y(le7 !oetie! only a few wee! an,

then !rie the winter a! !ee,!. Many i"ortant

foo, (ro"! are annal!7 (ereal grain! for ea"le.

Annal! ay lie longer if they are "reente, fro

!etting !ee, *y reoing ,ea, 6ower! a! on(e !ee,!

are ,eelo"e, thi! !ignal! the en, of their life (y(le.

Annal! !ally "ro,(e any !all !ee,! to en!re

!((e!!fl (ontination of the !"e(ie!.

An ea"le of an annal&

Borago ocinalis' ;orage

*. Her*a(eo! "erennial

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A "lant in whi(h the aerial "art! ,ie ,own at the en,

of the growing !ea!on *t the root! !tay alie *t

,orant oer the winter an, "ro,(e a new "lant

ea(h !"ring for a n*er of year!. Her*a(eo!

ean! that the "lant ,oe! not hae "er!i!tent woo,y

#ligni8e,% !te!. )erennial ean! a "lant that grow!

for a n*er of year!7 ore than two.


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A "erennial "lant that !oetie! a(t! a! ,e(i,o!

"lant an, !oetie! a! an eergreen. =t ay ee"

!oe or all of it! leae! ,e"en,ing on fa(tor! !(h a!

e"o!re to win, an, te"eratre. =f it i! grown in a

war (liate7 it will ee" it! leae! in winter *t if it

i! grown in a (ol, (liate7 or there i! a "arti(larly

(ol, winter it will lo!e it! leae!.

-a"le of a !ei9eergreen&

Ligustrum vulgare' )riet He,ge

,. -"heeral

A "lant with a !hort life (y(le7 !oetie! only 4 ' >

wee!.

There are !eeral ,ierent in,! of e"heeral '

S"ring e"heeral! are woo,lan, "lant! whi(h grow

an, *lo!!o in early !"ring to tae a,antage of the

etra light *efore the tree5! leae! grow.

)age 9?924


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De!ert e"heeral! hae a !hort life (y(le to tae

a,antage of the !hort rainy !ea!on an, then they

!rie the re!t of the year a! !ee,!.

+ee,y e"heeral! are annal! with a !hort life

(y(le: they (an *e ery har, to get ri, of a! they (an

grow !eeral generation! in one growing !ea!on an,

"ro,(e any !ee,!.

-a"le of an e"heeral&

Dicentra cucullaria ! Dt(han5! ;ree(he!

4.


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,. Cell e*rane ' allow! (ertain !*!tan(e! in an, ot

of the (ell.

?. +here wol, yo 8n, the following&

a. A"i(al eri!te ' at the ti" of the !hoot! an, root!

*. a!(lar *n,le ' in the !te!7 root! an, leaf ein!

(. ateral eri!te ' in the !te! an, root! *etween

the "riary yle an, "hloe

,. )a(ing ti!!e ' throghot the "lant

@. De!(ri*e ea(h of the following in a few !enten(e! an, gie

a nae, ea"le of a "lant in whi(h ea(h (an *e fon,.

a. T*er ' A !"e(iali!e, ty"e of enlarge, !te !e, for

foo, !torage. They ,eelo" fro !tolon! n,ergron,

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an, !well a! they are 8lle, with !tar(h an,

(ar*ohy,rate!. +hen they are atre7 the !tolon

,ie! an, a new "lant ,eelo"! fro the t*er7 with

root! an, !hoot! growing fro no,e! that !"iral

aron, it.

-a"le of a "lant that grow! t*er!&

"olanum tuberosum ' )otato

*. Ta"root ' A large ta"ere, root fon, in any

,i(otyle,on!. =t i! !ally the "riary #8r!t% root an,

!e(on,ary root! grow fro it.

-a"le of a "lant with a ta"root&

#araxacum "ect$ %ulgaria' Dan,elion

(. Rnner ' A !"e(iali!e, horizontal !te whi(h grow!

a*oe gron, with long interno,e!. A,entitio!

*,!

,eelo" fro no,e! along the rnner an, grow a!

!e"arate "lant!.

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-a"le of a "lant that grow! rnner!&

&ragaria vesca' +il, !traw*erry

,. A,entitio! root ' Root! whi(h grow fro the !te7

leaf or a,entitio! *,!7 !(h a! on the rnner! of

!traw*erry "lant!. The!e grow fro *l*!7 (or!7

rhizoe! an, fro (tting!.

-a"le of a "lant with a,entitio! root!&

'arpobrutus edulis' Hottentot 8g

e. ;l* ' A large *, !rron,e, *y 6e!hy leae! that

!tore foo,7 with a !all !te at the *a!e that ha!

a,entitio! root! growing fro it.

-a"le of a "lant that grow! fro a *l*&

(llium triquetrum' Three9(ornere, lee

B.


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a. S"ongy e!o"hyll ' allow! e(hange of ga!!e!

*. Stoa ' allow! water a"or ot of the leaf

(. -"i,eri! ' "rote(t! the leaf fro lo!ing or a*!or*ing

too (h water

>. +rite a "aragra"h on ea(h of the following&

a. Ca*i

There are two lateral eri!te! "re!ent in

,i(otyle,on!. The 8r!t7 a!(lar Ca*i7 i! a

narrow

*an, of (ell! "re!ent *etween the "riary yle an,

"riary "hloe of !te! an, root!7 the (ell!

(ontine to ,ii,e an, in(rea!e the "lant5! girth. The

(ell! they

"ro,(e *e(oe !e(on,ary yle towar,! the (entre

an, !e(on,ary "hloe towar,! the ot!i,e. =n woo,y

,i(ot!7 the!e !e(on,ary ti!!e! *e(oe the woo,. =n

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!"ring it "ro,(e! large e!!el! of !e(on,ary yle

nown a! S"ring +oo, a! the !ea!on! "rogre!! the

e!!el! "ro,(e, get !aller an, are nown a!

Ser +oo,. ittle or no (ell! are "ro,(e, in the

winter. Thi! ,ierentiation oer the year i! nown a!

an Annal Ring an, i! how we (an tell the age of a

tree.

The !e(on, i! Cor Ca*i or )hellogen7 whi(h

,eelo"! in the (orte or fro the e"i,eri!7 it

"ro,(e! *o lie (or (ell! that *e(oe

i"regnate, with !*erin7 a way !*!tan(e whi(h

ae! the (ell! water"roof. Cor re"la(e! the

e"i,eri! an, i!

"ro,(e, annally in (ylin,ri(al layer! that ,ie after

they are flly fore,. They for the oter *ar of

woo,y "lant! an, "rote(t the fro water lo!! an,

inry.

*. )hloe

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)hloe (on!i!t! of liing (ell! nown a! !iee t*e!

an, !aller (o"anion (ell!. Siee t*e! are

elongate, (ell!7 their en, wall! are "erforate, to

allow oeent of 6i,! *etween the7 they lo!e

their n(lei ,ring ,eelo"ent *t hae a (lo!e

(onne(tion with their (o"anion (ell!. The "hloe i!

the tran!"ortation !y!te for !a" to trael aron,

the "lant. The "hloe "i(! " "hoto!ynthate #!tar(h

an, !gar! "ro,(e, *y "hoto!ynthe!i!% fro !gar

!or(e!7 !(h a! the leae! an, tran!"ort! it to !gar

!in! !(h a! frit! an, growth area! where it i!

nee,e,. Sa" (an oe in any

,ire(tion7 to whereer it i! nee,e, within the "lant or

to !torage organ! !(h a! t*er!.

(. -n,o,eri!

A !ingle layer of (ell! *etween the (orte an, !tele of

root! an, !oe !te!. The (ell! are tightly "a(e,

with no inter(elllar !"a(e. The ra,ial an, tran!er!e

wall! are i"regnate, with lignin an, !*erin7 thi! i!

(alle, the Ca!"erian !tri"7 aing the !ally "oro!

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(ell wall! water"roof an, for(ing water an, ,i!!ole,

ineral! to trael throgh the (yto"la! of the (ell!7

#!y"la!ti( "athway% rather than the (ell wall!

#a"o"la!ti( "athway%. Thi! gie! the en,o,eral (ell!

(ontrol oer the aont of water an, whi(h ineral!

are a*!or*e,. =t al!o gie! "rote(tion fro *a(terial

an, fngal atta(.

. +hat ,o yo n,er!tan, *y the following ter!E

a. Caly

The otero!t whorl of a 6ower7 !ally 39? !e"al!

thogh !oetie! they are oine, together. ften

the (aly "rote(t! the 6ower while in it! *,.

*. Staen

)age 913924


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The ale organ of a 6ower7 there are !ally !eeral

in ea(h 6ower7 (onne(te, to the re(e"ta(le. They

(on!i!t of a long thin 8laent with a !a( (alle, an

anther at the en,. )ollen i! "ro,(e, in the anther

an, relea!e, throgh !lit! or "ore!.

(. Monoe(io!

)lant! that hae *oth ale an, feale !eal organ!

on the !ae "lant.

Fro the $ree for Gone ho!ehol,5. Soe hae ale

an, feale 6ower! at the !ae tie '

!iltaneo!ly onoe(io!. Soe hae 6ower! of

one !e an, then 6ower! of the other !e '

(on!e(tiely onoe(io!7 thi! i! to aoi, !elf9

"ollination.

,. Cro!!9"ollination

+here "ollen fro a "lant i! (arrie, to the (ar"el of

another "lant therefore en!ring geneti( aria*ility

an, long9ter !rial.

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e. Stoata

)ore! in the e"i,eri! of the "lant that allow an

e(hange of ga!!e! an, water a"or. They are

!rron,e, *y gar, (ell! that (ontrol the o"ening

an, (lo!ing of the "ore.

f. -tiolation

-tiolation o((r! when 6owering "lant! gerinate

*t 8n, little or no light to hel" the grow. Thi! la(

of light a(tiate! ain! that in(rea!e a(i,ity in the

(ell wall!7 whi(h in trn a(tiate! e"an!in7 an

enzye that weaen! the (ell wall! allowing the to

elongate i(ly to 8n, a light !or(e. =t i!

(hara(teri!e, *y long wea !te! with few !"ar!e

leae! with a "ale yellow (olor nown a! (hloro!i!7

whi(h i! (a!e, *y la( of (hloro"hyll.

g. Iygote

)age 91?924


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A zygote i! the initial (ell "ro,(e, *y two ha"loi,

(ell! f!ing to *e(oe a ,i"loi, (ell. The ale

ha"loi, (ell7 the "ollen7 i! ,e"o!ite, onto the !tiga

#"ollination% it !en,! ot a t*e whi(h trael! ,own

the

"ollen t*e an, into the ole7 the feale ha"loi,

(ell7 throgh the i(ro"yle to fertili!e the egg.

10. State two nae, ea"le! of ea(h&

a. Dry ,ehi!(ent frit

(lliaria petiolata' $arli( !tar,

Papaver roeas' Coon "o""y

*. Dry in,ehi!(ent frit

'orylus avellana ! Hazel

)eliantus annus !Sn6ower

(. Fle!hy tre frit

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'itrullus lanatus ! +aterelon

"ambruca nigra ' -l,er

,. Fle!hy fal!e frit

Malus domestica' A""le

&ragaria * ananassa' Straw*erry

11.

a. State three e!!ential! for !((e!!fl gerination of a

!ee,&

1. +arth

2. Moi!tre

3. ygen

)age 91B924


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*. De!(ri*e the ,ieren(e *etween e"igeal an,

hy"ogeal gerination in a !hort "aragra"h giing a

nae, ea"le of ea(h&

=n e"igeal an, hy"ogeal gerination the ra,i(le

grow! into the !oil an, ,own towar,! graity to

an(hor the

"lant an, tae in water an, ntrient!. The ,ieren(e

*etween the ty"e! of gerination o((r! in the

(otyle,on!.

=n e"igeal gerination7 the (otyle,on! *rea throgh

the !oil an, *e(oe the 8r!t leae!7 !e, to

"hoto!ynthe!i!e energy for the "lant ntil the 8r!t

tre leae! hae grown.

=n hy"ogeal gerination7 the (otyle,on! !tay *elow

gron, an, relea!e their !tore, energy to the

"lle7 whi(h *rea! the !oil !rfa(e an, for! it!

8r!t leae!.

)age 91>924


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-a"le of a "lant with e"igeal gerination&

Quercus cerris' Trey oa

-a"le of a "lant with hy"ogeal gerination&

+ea mays' Maize

12. +hat ,o yo n,er!tan, *y the ter "hoto!ynthe!i!E =n

200 wor,!&

Car*on ,ioi,e water !ing light (hloro"hyllK oygen gl(o!e

+hat ' )hoto!ynthe!i! i! the "ro(e!! !e, *y green "lant!

to harne!! light energy fro the !n an, !tore it for later

!e.

+ho ' )hoto!ynthe!i! !e! (ar*on ,ioi,e fro the air7

water a*!or*e, *y the root! an, (hloro"hyll in!i,e

(hloro"la!t! to tran!for light energy fro the !n into

*io(hei(al energy in the *on,! *etween the ato! of

!gar ole(le!. ygen i! gien o a! a *y9"ro,(t into

the ato!"here.

+hy ' Cell! nee, energy to ,o their wor an, to

re"ro,(e. Mo!t of thi! energy inole! energy !toring

ole(le! (alle, AT)! #a,eno!ine tri"ho!"hate%7 there are

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illion! of the!e in!i,e eery liing (ell7 they only la!t a

few !e(on,! an, hae to *e "ro,(e, (on!tantly. )lant!

ae AT)! !ing light energy an, withot it "ro,(tion

!to"! an, the (ell!

wol, !oon ,ie7 !o "lant! !e "hoto!ynthe!i! to

a((late energy for !e when light i! not aaila*le.

+hen ' )hoto!ynthe!i! tae! "la(e ,ring the ,ay a! long

a! the te"eratre an, light inten!ity are high enogh

an, there are a,eate leel! of the other ne(e!!ary

fa(tor!: water an, (ar*on ,ioi,e. =f any ingre,ient i!

la(ing the law of liiting fa(tor! (oe! into "lay.

+here ' )hoto!ynthe!i! tae! "la(e in!i,e (hloro"la!t!

in!i,e e!o"hyll (ell! of green "lant!. =t *egin! in the

thylaoi,! an, (on(l,e! in the !troa.

How ' Chloro"hyll in the (hloro"la!t! a*!or*! light fro

the !n7 it i! (o*ine, with water an, (ar*on ,ioi,e7

throgh a !erie! of enzye (ontrolle, !te"! gl(o!e i!

"ro,(e,7 an, oygen i! relea!e, a! a *y9"ro,(t.

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13. State the ,ieren(e *etween aero*i( an, anaero*i(

re!"iration&

Aero*i( Re!"iration

$l(o!e ygen L Re!"iration K Car*on ,ioi,e +ater

energy

Anaero*i( Re!"iration

$l(o!e L Anaero*i( Re!"iration K -thanol Car*on ,ioi,e -nergy

or a(ti( A(i,

The ,ieren(e *etween the!e two for! of re!"iration i!

that anaero*i( re!"iration ,oe! not !e oygen a! a 8nal

ele(tron a((e"tor7 in!tea, ole(le! !(h a! !l"hr7

ethane or hy,rogen are !e,. Anaero*i( re!"iration i!

not a! e(ient a! aero*i( re!"iration7 2 AT)! "ro,(e, "er

gl(o!e ato7 (o"are, to 3> AT)! "er gl(o!e ato for

aero*i(7 *t thi! i! *e(a!e a lot of energy i! !till

(ontaine, in the wa!te "ro,(t! gien o.

14. De8ne tran!"iration an, e"lain how water an, ineral!

oe throgh the "lant.

)age 921924


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Tran!"iration i! the ea"oration of water throgh !toata

ainly fon, on the n,er!i,e of leae!.

+ater i! a*!or*e, fro the !oil into the root hair! *y

o!o!i! #,i!ion throgh a !ei "erea*le e*rane

fro an area of higher (on(entration to an area of lower

(on(entration%. Mineral! that are in !oltion with the water

are al!o a*!or*e, *y o!o!i!7 *t !oe ineral! are in

higher (on(entration within the "lant !o it e"en,! energy

fro AT) ole(le! to ,raw in ineral! again!t the

(on(entration gra,ient #thi! i! nown a! a(tie tran!"ort%.

The water an, ineral! in !oltion are ,rawn fro (ell to

(ell *y o!o!i!7 fro the root hair to the yle an, " the

!te to the leae! where it trn! into water a"or in the

!"ongy e!o"hyll. +hen the e!o"hyll ha! rea(he,

(a"a(ity7 the gar, (ell! !well an, o"en to allow the water

a"or to *e relea!e, throgh the !toa. +ater i! nee,e,

to ee" the (ell! trgi,. The 6ow of water fro the root! to

leae! i! (alle, the tran!"iration !trea.

)age 922924


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1?. +hat ,o yo n,er!tan, *y the ter! o!o!i! an,

,i!ion an, what i! the role of ea(h within the "lantE

a. !o!i!

!o!i! i! ,i!ion throgh a !ei "erea*le

e*rane fro an area of higher (on(entration to

an area of lower (on(entration.

=t! role within the "lant i! to ,raw water into the root

hair! fro the !oil7 whi(h ha! a high water

(on(entration7 then fro (ell to (ell along the

(on(entration gra,ient7 ntil it rea(he! the yle an,

then " throgh the "lant to the leae! an, ot into

the ato!"here7 whi(h ha! a low (on(entration of

water.

*. Di!ion

Di!ion i! the oeent of ato! fro an area of

high (on(entration to an area of lower (on(entration7

ntil the (on(entration i! eal. +hen the

)age 923924


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(on(entration i! eally ,i!tri*te,7 it i! !ai, to *e in

a !tate of eili*ri.

=t! role within the "lant i! to ,raw the water a"or

gathere, in the !"ongy e!o"hyll of leae! ot into

the ato!"here. Sin(e the (on(entration of water in

the ato!"here i! lower than the (on(entration

in!i,e the !"ongy e!o"hyll.

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Hazel Rhs Horticulture Level 2 Essay 1