HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTWritten examination

Thursday 3 November 2016 Reading time: 3.00 pm to 3.15 pm (15 minutes) Writing time: 3.15 pm to 5.15 pm (2 hours)

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Structure of bookNumber of questions

Number of questions to be answered

Number of marks

15 15 100

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof20pages.• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.

Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.

©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2016

SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2016

STUDENT NUMBER

Letter

2016HHDEXAM 2

Question 1 (6marks)a. ListoneservicethatiscoveredbyMedicareandexplainhowthisservicecanimprovethe

healthstatusofAustralians. 2marks

b. SelecttwovaluesoftheAustralianhealthcaresystemandexplainhoweachvalueisshowninthefundingand/oradministrationofpublichospitals. 4marks

Value1

Explanation

Value2

Explanation

InstructionsAnswerallquestionsinthespacesprovided.

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Question 2–continuedTURN OVER

Question 2 (8marks)ThefollowingdatarelatestothehealthstatusofIndigenousandnon-IndigenousAustralians.

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus(age-standardised

per cent)*

Incidence of type 1 diabetes

(per 100 000)†

Mortality with diabetes as

underlying cause(per 100 000)*

Indigenous 15 7 89.4

Non-Indigenous 4.7 10 15.6

Data:*AustralianInstituteofHealthandWelfare,The Health and Welfare of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples 2015,cat.no.IHW147,AIHW,Canberra,2015;

†AustralianInstituteofHealthandWelfare,Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Australia 2000–2013,‘Diabetes’seriesno.23,cat.no.CVD69,AIHW,Canberra,2015

a. UsedatafromthetabletocomparethehealthstatusofIndigenousandnon-IndigenousAustralians. 2marks

b. Identifyonenutrientthatcanactasariskfactorfortype2diabetes.Listonemajorfoodsourceofthisnutrientandoutlinethenutrient’sfunctionasadeterminantofhealth. 3marks

Nutrient

Major food source

Function as a determinant of health

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c. DescribeoneprogramthathasbeenimplementedtoaddresstheNationalHealthPriorityArea(NHPA)‘Diabetesmellitus’. 3marks

Question 3 (3marks)Outlineonefunctionofeachofthefollowingnutrientsasadeterminantofhealth.

• Protein

• Calcium

• VitaminD

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Question 4 (4marks)ThefederalgovernmentdevelopedtheAustralianDietaryGuidelines.NutritionAustraliahasusedtheseguidelinesasthebasisforthedevelopmentoftheHealthyEatingPyramid.

ChoosetwooftheAustralianDietaryGuidelinesandexplainhoweachisreflectedintheHealthyEatingPyramid.

1.

2.

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Question 5 (2marks)ConsiderthefollowinginformationregardingthehealthstatusofAustraliaandotherdevelopedcountries.

Indicators of health status for a range of countries (2013)

Country Adult mortality rate(deaths per 1000)

Infant mortality rate

(deaths per 1000 live births)

Life expectancy at birth

Incidence of tuberculosis(per 100 000

per year)Male Female

Australia 78 45 3.4 83 6.2

Iceland 61 37 1.6 82 3.6

Japan 81 42 2.1 84 18

Data:WorldHealthOrganization,‘PartII.GlobalHealthIndicators’,World Health Statistics 2015

Usingdatafromthetable,describethehealthstatusofAustraliacomparedtoIcelandandJapan.

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Question 6 (6marks)

Source:JerrilRechter,‘OurSportswomenShiningWorldwide’,Herald Sun,11August2015

a. IdentifyoneVicHealthstrategicpriorityinthe‘ChangingtheGame’programdescribedabove. 1mark

b. OutlinethepotentialmentalandsocialhealthoutcomesofVicHealth’s‘ChangingtheGame’program. 2marks

c. Oneoftheprinciplesofthesocialmodelofhealthisthatit‘addressesthebroaderdeterminantsofhealth’.

ExplainthisprincipleandprovideanexampleofhowitisevidentinVicHealth’s‘ChangingtheGame’program. 3marks

Due to copyright restrictions, this material is not supplied.

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Question 7 (8marks)InjuriesareasignificantcosttothehealthcaresysteminAustralia.‘Injurypreventionandcontrol’wasdeclaredanNHPAin1996.

a. Providetworeasons,otherthancost,why‘Injurypreventionandcontrol’wasincludedasanNHPA. 2marks

1.

2.

b. Provideoneexampleeachofanindirectcosttotheindividualandtothecommunityassociatedwith‘Injurypreventionandcontrol’. 2marks

Indirectcosttotheindividual

Indirectcosttothecommunity

c. ExplainhowtwoactionareasoftheOttawaCharterforHealthPromotioncouldbeusedtoaddresstheNHPA‘Injurypreventionandcontrol’. 4marks

1.

2.

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Question 8–continuedTURN OVER

Question 8 (12marks)

Cardiovascular disease death rates, by remoteness and sex, 2009–2011

300

250

200

150

100

50

0major cities inner regional outer regional remote and

very remote

deaths per100000

population

males females

Source:AustralianInstituteofHealthandWelfare,Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease – Australian Facts: Mortality,‘Cardiovascular,DiabetesandChronicKidneyDisease’

seriesno.1,cat.no.CDK1,AIHW,Canberra,2014

a. Identifyonetrendinthegraphabove. 1mark

b. Identifyonebiologicalandonesocialdeterminantofhealthandexplainhoweachcouldcontributetothetrendidentifiedinpart a. 4marks

Biological

Social

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c. Cardiovasculardiseasescontributeto14%ofthetotalburdenofdiseaseinAustraliaandNewZealand.

i. Whatismeantby‘burdenofdisease’? 2marks

ii. Howisburdenofdiseasemeasured? 1mark

d. Explainhowboththebiomedicalandsocialmodelsofhealthcouldbeusedtoreducetheburdenofdiseaseassociatedwithcardiovasculardisease. 4marks

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Question 9 (10marks)Goal16oftheUnitedNations’(UN’s)SustainableDevelopmentGoalsaimstopromotepeace,justiceandstronginstitutions.

a. DescribeGoal16. 2marks

b. ExplaintworeasonswhyGoal16isimportant. 4marks

1.

2.

c. Goal16reflectstheUN’sareaofaction‘worldpeaceandsecurity’.

IdentifyanotherareaofactionoftheUNandexplainhowitpromotessustainablehumandevelopment. 4marks

Areaofaction

Explanation

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Question 10–continued

Question 10 (9marks)ThefollowinginformationrelatestoanHIV/AIDSpreventionandcontrolprogramdeliveredbyWorldVisioninTashkent,Uzbekistan.TheprogramwasaimedatreducingtheHIVinfectionrate.

Theprogramaimedtopromotebehaviouralchangeamongyouthandmostatriskpopulations(MARPs).MARPsincludeinjectingdrugusers,sexworkersandmenwhohavesexwithmen.Theprogramcoveredawiderangeofactivitiesincluding:needleexchange,condomdistribution,healtheducation,counselling,HIV/STIhealthreferrals,outreachwork,stafftraining,andtheestablishmentofaninformationwebsite.TherewerealsoadvocacyinitiativesfocusedaroundWorldAidsDay(2004).Over24monthsatotalof24000visitorsusedthefacility:32%fortheneedleexchangeprogram,26%forcounsellingactivities,21%forHIVand/orSTItests,21%forotherservices.

Source:WorldVisionAustralia,Basic Health and HIV,policybrief,November2007,p.3;©WorldVisionAustralia2007;allrightsreserved;usedbypermission;www.worldvision.com.au

a. IdentifythetypeofaidrepresentedintheHIV/AIDSpreventionandcontrolprogramabove. 1mark

b. Usingtwoelementsofsustainability,evaluatetheHIV/AIDSpreventionandcontrolprogram. 4marks

c. ExplainhowtheHIV/AIDSpreventionandcontrolprogramcouldbringaboutimprovementsinhealth. 2marks

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d. Healthandhumandevelopmentareinterrelated.Thatis,healthinfluenceshumandevelopmentand,inreturn,humandevelopmentinfluenceshealth.

UseoneexamplefromtheHIV/AIDSpreventionandcontrolprogramtoillustratehowhealthandhumandevelopmentareinterrelated. 2marks

Question 11 (6marks)TheAustralianaidprogramfocusesontheIndo-Pacificregion.

a. EducationandhealthformonepriorityofAustralia’saidprogram.

IdentifyanotherpriorityofAustralia’saidprogram. 1mark

b. DescribeoneliteracyprogramthatmaybeimplementedintheIndo-Pacificregiontoincreaseeducationlevels. 3marks

c. Outlinehowtheliteracyprogramdescribedinpart b.couldimprovehumandevelopmentintheIndo-Pacificregion. 2marks

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Question 12 (8marks)TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)ispartoftheUNandwasestablishedin1948.Itworkstopromoteglobalhealthandsustainablehumandevelopment.OneWHOinitiativeisthedevelopmentoftheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl.Thisframeworkseekstoreducesmokingratesworldwide.

a. IdentifyaWHOprioritythatisreflectedintheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlinitiative. 1mark

b. SelectoneoftheUN’sSustainableDevelopmentGoalsanddiscusshowtheFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlcouldhelpachievethisgoalby2030. 3marks

Goal

Discussion

c. Define‘globalhealth’. 2marks

d. ExplainhowtheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalselectedinpart b.couldcontributetopromotingglobalhealth. 2marks

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Question 13 (9marks)a. Describeanimmunisationprogramthatcouldbeimplementedinadevelopingcountry. 3marks

b. Usingexamplesfromtheprogramdescribedinpart a.,describetheinterrelationshipsbetweenhealth,humandevelopmentandsustainability. 6marks

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Question 14 (5marks)Obesityisplacingaheavyburdenontheworld’spopulationinbothrichandpoorcountries.Almost30percentofpeoplegloballyarenoweitherobeseoroverweight.Two-thirdsoftheobesepopulationnowliveindevelopingcountries,whichalsoexperiencehighratesofundernutrition.

a. Explainhowglobalmarketinghascontributedtotheincreaseinthenumberofpeoplewhoareoverweightorobese. 2marks

b. UndernutritionismuchmoreprevalentindevelopingcountriesthaninAustralia.

Selectoneexampleofthephysicalenvironmentandexplainhowitcouldcontributetothisvariation. 3marks

Example

Explanation

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TURN OVEREND OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Question 15 (4marks)ThefollowinggraphcomparestheincomeandHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)ofChileandEquatorialGuinea.

Chile

EquatorialGuinea

similar income, different HDI value

25

20

15

10

5

0

.900

.800

.700

.600

.500

.400

income(GNI per capita,

thousands)

HDI

Source:UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,Human Development Report 2015: Work for Human

Development,UNDP,NewYork,2015,p.57

a. Explainhowtwocountriescanhaveasimilarincome(GNIpercapita)butaquitedifferentHDI. 2marks

b. WHOclassifiescountriesaccordingtotheirmortalitystrata.ChileisclassifiedasbeinginstrataBwhileEquatorialGuineaisclassifiedasbeinginstrataD.

WhywouldChilebeclassifiedasmortalitystrataBandEquatorialGuineabeclassifiedasmortalitystrataD? 2marks

2016HHDEXAM 18

Extra space for responses

Clearly number all responses in this space.

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2016HHDEXAM 20

Ananswerbookisavailablefromthesupervisorifyouneedextrapapertocompleteyouranswer.Pleaseensureyouwriteyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedonthefrontcoveroftheanswerbook.At the end of the examination, place the answer book inside the front cover of this question and answer book.