HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENTWritten examination

Wednesday 5 November 2014 Reading time: 3.00 pm to 3.15 pm (15 minutes) Writing time: 3.15 pm to 5.15 pm (2 hours)

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Structure of bookNumber of questions

Number of questions to be answered

Number of marks

16 16 100

• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.

• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orwhiteoutliquid/tape.

• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.

Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof20pages.• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.

Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.

• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.

©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2014

SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education 2014

STUDENT NUMBER

Letter

2014 HHD EXAM 2

Question 1 (3 marks)a. Defi ne ‘disability adjusted life year (DALY)’. 2 marks

b. Defi ne ‘physical dimension of health’. 1 mark

Question 2 (2 marks)Consider the following information about key health indicators for three developed countries.

Life expectancy at birth

(both sexes)

Under-fi ve mortality rate (per

1000 live births)

Adult mortality rate (per 1000

population)

Mortality rate (per 100 000 population)

Male Female Communicable diseases

Australia 82 5 80 46 18

Denmark 79 4 103 62 27

New Zealand 81 6 85 55 15

Data: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2013: Part III: Global health indicators;© World Health Organization 2013

Using data from the table, describe the health status of Australia compared to Denmark and New Zealand.

InstructionsAnswer all questions in the spaces provided.

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Question 3 (5marks)DentalservicesaregenerallynotcoveredbyMedicare.However,inJanuary2014theChildDentalBenefitsSchedulewasintroduced.Itprovidesfinancialsupportforbasicdentalservicesforchildren.Tobeeligibleforthesebenefits:• thechildmustbeaged2–17years• thechild’sfamilymustreceivecertaingovernmentbenefits,suchasFamilyTaxBenefitPartA,

foratleastpartofthecalendaryear• thechildmustbeeligibleforMedicare.

a. StateonevaluethatunderpinstheAustralianhealthsystemandexplainhowitisevidentintheChildDentalBenefitsSchedule. 3marks

b. ListtwootherhealthservicesnotcoveredbyMedicare. 2marks

1.

2.

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Question 4 (5marks)

Australian life expectancy at birth – 1982 to 2010–2012

84

82

80

femalesmales

78age

76

74

72

701982 1987 1992 1997

year2002 2007 2012

Source:AustralianBureauofStatistics,‘Lifeexpectancyatbirth’,in3302.0 – Deaths, Australia, 2012

a. Comparethelifeexpectancyofmalestofemalesevidentinthegraph. 1mark

b. Explainhowonebiologicaldeterminantandonesocialdeterminantcouldcontributetothevariationsinlifeexpectancybetweenmalesandfemales. 4marks

Biologicaldeterminant

Socialdeterminant

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Question 5 (14marks)a. ProvidetworeasonswhytheAustralianDietaryGuidelineshavebeendevelopedbythe

AustralianGovernment. 2marks

1.

2.

b. ExplaintherelationshipbetweentheAustralianGuidetoHealthyEatingandtheAustralianDietaryGuidelines. 2marks

c. DietaryGuideline3statesthatanindividualshould‘limitintakeoffoodscontainingsaturatedfat,addedsalt,addedsugarsandalcohol’.

Explaintwowaysinwhichthisguidelinemayhelpreducetheincidenceofdiabetesmellitus. 4marks

1.

2.

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d. Saturated fat and trans fat are two types of fat. i. Explain the difference between saturated fat and trans fat. 2 marks

ii. List two food sources of saturated fat. 2 marks

1.

2.

e. The Australian Dietary Guidelines encourage individuals to consume breads and cereals.

Identify one major nutrient in breads and cereals, and the function of this nutrient as a determinant of health. 2 marks

Food source Major nutrient Function as a determinant of health

breads and cereals

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Question 6 (5marks)

1980 2008 1980 2008 1980 2008 1980 2008 1980 2008 1980 2008 1980 2008 1980 2008

world

Africa Asia LatinAmericaand the

Caribbean

Oceania Asia and Oceania

Europe NorthernAmerica

developing regions developed regions

obesity overweight, excluding obesity

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults, by region

80

percentage

70605040302010

0

Source:FoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)oftheUnitedNations,The State of Food and Agriculture,2013,p.17

a. Identifythedevelopingregionthathasshownthegreatestincreaseintheprevalenceofoverweightandobesitybetween1980and2008. 1mark

b. i. Giveoneexampleofglobalmarketingthatcouldexplaintheincreaseinthepercentageofoverweightandobesityindevelopingregions. 2marks

ii. Theincreasingpercentageofoverweightandobesityisaworldwideconcern.

Inrelationtothisincrease,explainonechallengefacedbydevelopingcountriesthatisnotfacedbydevelopedcountries. 2marks

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Question 7 (5marks)a. GiveoneexampleofhowdietaryadviceisprovidedbyNutritionAustralia.Describehowthis

examplemayhelpreducethelevelsofobesityinAustralia. 3marks

Example

Description

b. Outlineonedirectcostandoneindirectcostofobesitytothecommunity. 2marks

Directcost

Indirectcost

Question 8 (4marks)a. TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)classifiescountriesintofivemortalitystrata.

Onwhatbasisaretheseclassificationsmade? 2marks

b. Developingcountriesoftenshareanumberofsocial,environmentalandeconomiccharacteristics.

Identifyanytwoexamplesofcharacteristicscommontodevelopingcountries. 2marks

1.

2.

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Question 9 (7marks)a. ProvidetworeasonswhydementiaisidentifiedasaNationalHealthPriorityArea(NHPA). 2marks

1.

2.

b. Outlineonebiologicaldeterminantandonebehaviouraldeterminantthatmayactasariskfactorfordementia. 2marks

Biologicaldeterminant

Behaviouraldeterminant

c. Describeonehealthpromotionprogramthathasbeenintroducedtoreducetheburdenofdiseaseassociatedwithdementia. 3marks

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Question 10 (8marks)

Localprimaryschoolswillreceivesupporttoparticipatein‘walktoschool’opportunities…MonashCouncilhasreceived$10,000fromVicHealthtoimplementtheWalktoSchoolprogram…Theprogramisdesignedtoraiseawarenessofthephysical,environmentalandsocialbenefitsofactivetransport,andtoencourageschoolchildrentowalktoandfromschoolmoreoften.Asidefromsupportingschools,CouncilwillusethefundingtodevelopaMonashwalkingmapandonlineportal.

Source:Act!ve Monash,issue69,October2013

a. IdentifythestrategicpriorityofVicHealththatisaddressedbyfundingtheWalktoSchoolprogram. 1mark

b. OutlinehowtheWalktoSchoolprogramsupportsVicHealth’smission. 2marks

c. i. IdentifytwopriorityactionareasoftheOttawaCharterforHealthPromotion. 2marks

1.

2.

ii. SelectoneoftheabovepriorityactionareasandbrieflyoutlinehowitisreflectedintheWalktoSchoolprogram. 1mark

Priorityactionarea

Outline

d. Localgovernmentsareoftenresponsibleforhealthpromotionprograms.

Listtwootherresponsibilitiesoflocalgovernmentswithregardtohealthand/orhealthfunding. 2marks

1.

2.

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Question 11 (7marks)SouthSudan,acountryinAfrica,isincreasinglyreliantonemergencyaid,withthenumberofpeopleinneedoffoodaidincreasingsignificantly.Itisacountryinconflictandneedsurgentsupporttobeabletoprovideenoughfood,waterandessentialservicestoitspeople.Oxfamisanon-governmentorganisationworkinginSouthSudantoprovidepeoplewithsafedrinkingwaterandtoilets/latrines.Itrunshygienepromotionactivitiestopreventtheoutbreakofdiseaseandtoeducatepeopleaboutsafehygienepractices.ItalsoworkswiththeWorldFoodProgrammetohelpdistributefoodsupplies.

Source:adaptedfromwww.oxfam.org.au

a. Whatisemergencyaid? 1mark

b. UsetheOxfamaidprogramprovidedtoexplaintheinterrelationshipsbetweenhealth,humandevelopmentandsustainability. 6marks

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Question 12 (8marks)a. ManyAIDS-relateddeathsoccurindevelopingcountries.ThroughAustralia’soverseasaid

program,arangeofHIV/AIDSprogramshavebeenimplemented.

OutlinetworeasonswhytheDepartmentofForeignAffairsandTrade(DFAT)wouldsupporttheimplementationofanHIV/AIDSprograminadevelopingcountrytoreducetheburdenofdisease. 2marks

1.

2.

b. DescribeoneHIV/AIDSprogramthathasbeenimplementedinadevelopingcountry. 3marks

c. DFATworkswitharangeofmultilateralagencies,includingWHO.WHOhasdevelopedasix-pointagendaforactiontoimproveglobalhealth.

IdentifyandexplainonepointfromWHO’ssix-pointagendaforaction. 3marks

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Question 13 (4marks)Completethefollowingtablebyoutliningoneadvantageandonedisadvantageofthebiomedicalmodelofhealthandthesocialmodelofhealth.

Biomedical model of health Social model of health

Advantage

Disadvantage

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Question 14 – continued

Question 14 (7 marks)Millennium Development Goal 2 is to ‘achieve universal primary education’.

Adjusted net enrolment rate in primary education,1990, 2000 and 2011 (percentage)sub-Saharan Africa

western Asia

southern Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

south-eastern Asia

northern Africa

eastern Asia

0 20 40 60 80 1001990 2000 2011

5360

77

8386

92

7478

93

889495

9393

96

8089

97

979698

Source: The Millennium Development Goals Report 2013, United Nations, New York, 2013, p. 14

a. Using information from the graph, evaluate the progress made towards achieving universal primary education. 3 marks

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b. i. DescribethepurposeofMillenniumDevelopmentGoal2. 2marks

ii. Statetworeasonswhyitisimportanttoachievethisgoal. 2marks

1.

2.

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Question 15–continued

Question 15 (11marks)ConsiderthefollowingdataabouttheHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI)andmeaslesvaccination.

Country Human Development Index (HDI)2012

Measles vaccination (% of one-year-olds)

2010

Australia 0.938 94

TrinidadandTobago 0.760 92

Benin 0.436 69

CentralAfricanRepublic 0.352 62

Data:Human Development Report 2013,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),NewYork,2013,pp.144–146(Table1)andpp.166–169(Table7)

a. DescribetheHDI. 3marks

b. Usingthedataprovided,describetherelationshipbetweenmeaslesvaccinationratesandtheHDI. 1mark

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c. i. Describeanimmunisationprogramthatcouldbeimplementedthattakesintoconsiderationtwoelementsofsustainability. 4marks

ii. Explainhowtheprogramcouldimprovehumandevelopment. 3marks

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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Question 16 (5 marks)International Human Rights Day is observed on 10 December each year. Events are held on this day to educate people on the importance of human rights.In 2013, as part of an artwork by Mona Nicole Sfeir, WHO headquarters staff were invited to pour water into 365 glasses, each representing a day of the year. Each glass contained different words representing a human rights issue that affects global health. The words were written in ink that would dissolve in water. The aim of this event was to represent visually the disappearance of human rights.

a. Provide one example of a human rights issue that could have been in any of the 365 glasses. 1 mark

b. i. Explain what is meant by ‘global health’. 2 marks

ii. Outline how the example of human rights provided in part a. could impact on global health. 2 marks

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Extra space for responsesClearly number all responses in this space.

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Ananswerbookisavailablefromthesupervisorifyouneedextrapapertocompleteyouranswer.Pleaseensureyouwriteyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedonthefrontcoveroftheanswerbook.At the end of the examination, place the answer book inside the front cover of this question and answer book.