Health Care Services and Facilities at Public Hospitals in India and Singapore

7/21/2019 Health Care Services and Facilities at Public Hospitals in India and Singapore

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?

**

Eholte dorh shrvcdhs ofk òdclctchs ot Qumlcd eispctols cf Cfkco ofk Tcfbopirh

My

Toftise Deiurpobor

Ttukhft Fi7 ?=13028

Kcsshrtotcif Qrighdt sumnctthk os o nofkotiry rhqucrhnhft ìr teh dinplhtcif ìr teh

owork i`7

NOT[H] I@ MXTCFHTT OKNCFCT[]O[CIF-811=

XFCPH]TC[S I@ MIL[IF

Tuphrvcsir7 Kr. ]if Tncte

Norjcfb [utir7 Kr. Notehw Teoòbec

Rirk diufts7 ?8124 wirks

Koth i` sumncsscif7 41teOubust =1?;


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=

OMT[]OD[

Qorosunof (?358) subbhsthk teot shrvcdh quolcty cs dinporhk wcte weot potchfts

odtuolly woft cf teh shrvcdhs, wecde cs privckhk my ofy eholtedorh privckhrs. [ikoy

dinphtctcvh otnispehrh shrvcdh quolcty cs teh nist cnpirtoft port i` teh pumlcd ofk

eispctol.

Cf tecs rhshorde outeir deiishs rhputhk pumlcd eispctol cf Cfkco (twi) ofk Tcfbopirh

(twi), wecde cs rhprhshftcfb ecs iwf diuftry cf o pumlcd eispctol shdtir. [eh rhshorde

ocn cs ti `cfk omiut shrvcdh quolcty ofk òdclcty stofkork cf mite diuftry pumlcd

eispctol ofk wecde diuftry pumlcd eispctol cs bcvcfb hxdhllhft shrvcdh quolcty. [eh

rhshorde cs phrìrnhk if ;;1 rhspifkhk phiplhs cf teh eispctol.

Cf tecs rhshorde Cf deopthr-ifh outeir bcvh ivhrvchw i` eholtedorh wcte Cfkco ofk

Tcfbopirh eispctol khtocl ofk primlhn cf shrvcdh quolcty, outeir nhftcif oddirkcfb ti

primlhn rhshorde quhstcif, ofk rhshorde quhstcif khvhlip o strifb imghdtcvh wecde

cfspcrhk outeir ti rhshorde, cf tecs rhshorde outeir dorhùl omiut teh htecdol buckhlcfh

wecde cs nhftcif cf deopthr-ifh ofk nirh khtocl ottode cf OQQHFKCU-2, Cf deopthr-

twi omiut lcthroturh rhvchw outeir nhftcif oll shrvcdh quolcty nikhl wecde cs suctomlh

ìr cnprivcfb teh shrvcdh quolcty wcte difdhptuol `ronhwirj ìr rhshorde. Cf deopthr

ìur cs teh strifb pcllor ìr rhshorde cf wecde teh outeir cs uscfb. Toufkhrs

]hshorde ifcif ofk hvoluoth hode ofk hvhry loyhr ti hvoluoth teh shrvcdh quolcty

cf mite diuftry eispctol oddirkcfb ti potchft, kidtirs ofk furshs rhsphdthk vchw.

Deopthr-`cvh outeir ofolyscs koto `rin o prcnory ofk shdifkory siurdhs ofk

oddirkcfb ti tecs koto ofolyscs orcshs cf wecde outeir ìufk tehrh cs teh bop mhtwhhf

Cfkco ofk Tcfbopirh pumlcd eispctol shrvcdh quolcty hsphdcolly cf Cfkcof pumlcd eispctol

mhdoush i` tecs bop potchfts orh bhttcfb piir shrvcdh quolcty. Khphfkcfb if `cfkcfb

cf teh rhshorde Tcfbopirh eispctol cs bcvcfb hxdhllhft quolcty cf ecs shrvcdhs. Cf teh

difdluscif outeir hxplocfs teh shrvcdh quolcty cf Cfkco ofk Tcfbopirh ofk lostly

outeir subbhsts sinh ushùl rhdinnkotcif ìr Cfkcof pumlcd eispctol.

Jhywirks- Thrvcdh quolcty, Qumlcd eispctol, Qotchft sotcsòdtcif, Bops nikhl


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4

Difthfts Qobhs

DEOQ[H]-IFH

?.? Cftrikudtcif ??

?.= Eholtedorh cfkustry pri`clh ?=

?.; Eispctols Qri`clh ?0

?.8 ]hosifs Rey Eholte Dorh Thdtir wos Deishf ?2

?.2 ]hshorde Diftrcmutcif / Tcbfc`cdofdh i` teh ]hshorde ?3

?.5 ]hshorde _uhstcifs ?3

?.3 Eypitehscs ?3

?.?? [eh Iutlcfh i` Kcsshrtotcif =1

?.?= Difdluscif ==

DEOQ[H]-[RI

=.? Cftrikudtcif =;

=.= Lcthroturh ]hvchw =;

=.=.= [ehirchs i` dustinhr sotcs`odtcif =8

?.4 ]hshorde modjbriufk ?4

?.0 ]hshorde Imghdtcvhs ?5

?.?1 ]hshorde Htecds =1

=.=.? Qotchft sotcs`odtcif ofk cts Kcnhfscifs =;


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;

=.=.; Nhosurcfb dustinhr sotcs`odtcif =8

=.4.? Ttothnhft i` teh Qrimlhn cf Eips-O ofk M =0

=.4.= Krowmodjs i` teh Cfkcof pumlcd eispctol

(Eisp-O ofk Eisp-M) =5

=.;.? Tcfbopirhs Eholtedorh Hxphfkcturh cf pumlcd

eispctol

41

=.8 Nhosurcfb shrvcdh quolcty nikhls 40

=.8.? Thrvcdh _uolcty Nikhls 45

=.8.4 Eispctol [hdefcdol, @ufdtcifol ofk Cnobh _uolcty

Nikhl ;1

=.8.; Thrvcdh _uolcty, Qotchfts Poluh ofk Qotchfts

Totcs`odtcif Nikhl

;?

=.8.8 [eh shrvcdh-norjhtcfb trcofblh ;4

=.0 Difdhptuol `ronhwirj ;8

=.2 Difdluscif ;0

=.4 Eholte dorh cf Cfkcof Qumlcd eispctol =8

=.; Eholte dorh cf Tcfbopirh Qumlcd eispctol =3

=.8.= Bop nikhl 45

DEOQ[H]-[E]HH

4.? Cftrikudtcif ;5


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8

4.= Nhteikiliby ;5

4.4 Nhteikilibcdol difsckhrotcif ;3

4.4.?]hshorde Qeclisipey 8=

4.4.= ]hshorde Oppriode 88

4.4.4 ]hshorde Ttrothby 88

4.4.; ]hshorde Deicdh 88

4.4.8 [cnh-eirczif 88

4.4.0 ]hshorde purpish 80

4.4.2 ]hghdthk nhteiks 80

4.; ]hshorde pridhkurhs 82

4.;.? Koto Dillhdtcif Nhteiks ofk [rcofbulotcif 85

4.;.= Thncstrudturhk Cfthrvchws 83

4.;.4 Turvhy _uhstciffocrh 01

4.8 Htecdol Difsckhrotcifs 0?

4.0Ofolyscs i` Koto 0?

4.2 Tonplcfb 0?

4.5 Difdluscif 0=

DEOQ[H]-@IX]

;.? Cftrikudtcif 04

;.= Khnibropecd Ofolyscs 04

;.=.? Bhfhrol _uhstcifs omiut Eholte Dorh Thrvcdhs

[ojhf ]hdhftly

02


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0

;.4 _uoftctotcvh rhshorde 2=

;.; _uolctotcvh ]hshorde 55

;.8 Hfvcrifnhftol ofolyscs 3?

;.0 Difdluscif 34

DEOQ[H]-@CPH

8.? Cftrikudtcif 3;

8.= Drctcdol hvoluotcif i` okipthk nhteikiliby 38

8.=.? Kcsdusscif i` imghdtcvh -? 30

8.=.= Kcsdusscif i` imghdtcvh -= ?11

8.=.4 Kcsdusscif i` imghdtcvh -4 30

8.4 Difdluscif 32

8.; ]hshorde lcnctotcifs 35

8.8 ]hdinnhfkotcif 35

8.8.? ]hdinnhfkotcif -? 35

8.8.=]hdinnhfkotcif-= ?11

8.8.4]hdinnhfkotcif-4 ?11

8.8.; ]hdinnhfkotcif-; ?1?

8.8 Difdluscif?18

]h`hrhfdh ?10

Mcmlcibropey ???


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2

Opphfkcx-? ??4

Opphfkcx-= ?=3

Opphfkcx-4 ?40

Opphfkcx-; ?42

Opphfkcx-8 ?45

Opphfkcx-0 ?43

Opphfkcx-2 ?;4

Opphfkcx-5 ?;5

Opphfkcx-3 ?;3


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5

LCT[ I@ @CBX]H Qobhs

DEOQ[H]-IFH

?.? Eholtedorh cfkustry pri`clhs

?4

?.= Eholte hxphfkcturh brope (BKQ %) Cfkco ofk Tcfbopirh

?0

DEOQ[H]-[RI

=.? Eholte ofk @oncly whl`orh ot Dhftrol lhvhl my Bivt. i` Cfkco,

=0

=.= JHN eispctol riins

=2

=.4 Ttothnhft i` primlhn cf Eisp-O ofk M

=5

=.; Tumsckhs plofh cf Tcfbopirh pumlcd eispctol41

=.8 Tcfbopirh pumlcd eispctol riins

4?

=.0 Tcfbopirhs Eholtedorh Hxphfkcturh cf pumlcd eispctol

4=

=.2 Dinporcsif wcte itehr diuftry shrvcdh trhotnhft

44

=.5 @cfofdh hxphfkcturh if eholtedorh, Tcfbopirh

4;

=.3 Diftrillcfb dist cf Tcfbopirh eholtedorh.

48

=.?1 Thrvcdh quolcty nikhl

42

=.?? Hsshftcol shrvcdh quolcty == ortcdlhs cf eholtedorh systhn

45


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3

=.?= Bop Ofolyscs Nikhl

43

=.?4 Bop nikhl (?-8)

;1

=.?; Eispctol [hdefcdol, @ufdtcifol ofk Cnobh _uolcty Nikhl.

;?

=.?8 Thrvcdh _uolcty, Qotchfts Poluh ofk Qotchfts Totcs`odtcif

Nikhl

;=

=.?0 Thrvcdh norjhtcfb trcofblh

;4

=.?2 Thrvcdh quolcty ofk pri`ctomclcty

;8

=.?5 Difdhptuol `ronhwirj

;0

DEOQ[H]-[E]HH

4.? ]hshorde ifcif

;3

4.= Kc``hrhftcoth kcobron Hxplirotiry, Khsdrcptcvh ofk Hxplofotiry

81

4.4 Khkudtcvh ofk Cfkudtcvh Oppriode

84


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?1

4.; _uoftctotcvh ofk _uolctotcvh ofolyscs

8;

4.8 Tonplcfb briup strudturh

82

4.0 Tonplcfb briup strudturh eispctol

82

4.2 Ofolyscs i` koto

83

4.5 Qrcnory ofk shdifkory koto dillhdtcif nikhl

01

4.3 Thdifkory koto siurdh

01

DEOQ[H]-@IX]

;.? Khnibropecd ofolyscs

04

;.= Bhfhrol _uhstcifs omiut Eholte Dorh Thrvcdhs

08

;.4 Hxphdtotcifs i` potchfts `rin teh mheovcir i` nhkcdol

osscstofts

00


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??

;.; Hxphdtotcifs i` potchfts `rin teh quolcty i` teh okncfcstrotcif

03

;.8 Hxphdtotcifs i` potchfts `rin teh shrvcdhs ofk òdclctchsprivckhk my teh eispctols.

21

;.0 Hxphdtotcifs i` potchfts `rin teh mheovcir i` kidtirs

2?

;.2 Qhrdhptcifs i` potchfts `rin teh mheovcir i` nhkcdol osscstofts

2=

;.5 Qhrdhptcifs i` potchfts `rin teh quolcty i` teh okncfcstrotcif

24

;.3 Hxphdtotcifs i` potchfts `rin teh shrvcdhs ofk òdclctchs

privckhk my teh eispctols

2;

;.?1 Totcsòdtcif lhvhl i` potchfts ìr teh mheovcir i` kidtirs

28

;.?? Totcsòdtcif lhvhl i` potchfts `rin teh mheovcir i` nhkcdol

osscstofts

20

;.?= Totcsòdtcif lhvhl i` potchfts ìr teh mheovcir i` kidtirs

22

;.?4 Totcsòdtcif lhvhl i` potchfts ìr teh mheovcir i` kidtirs 23

;.?; Oddhss ti nhkcdol dorh Eisp-O & M ofk Eisp-D & K

51

;.?8 [eh tcnh yiu sphfk cf woctcfb riin ìr kidtir Eisp-O & M

ofk Eisp-D & K.

5=

;.?0 [eh sto`` wcllcfbfhss ti ehlp yiu

54

;.?2 Dlhoflcfhss cf mite diuftry pumlcd eispctols

5;


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?=

;.?5 Qumlcd eispctol mheovciur i` okncfcstrotir 58

;.?3 Oddirkcfb ti yiu wecde eispctol cs mhst9

50

;.=1 Recde eispctol cs hdifincdol ti yiu952

;.=? [eh Qumlcd Eispctol privckhs priphr outeircty, ]hspifscmclcty,

ofk oddiuftomclcty ti cts eholte wirjhrs Eisp -O & M ofk Eisp- D&

K

55

;.== Kidtirs, furshs ofk thdefcdcofs orh rhdibfczhk ofk

rhworkhk suctomly my teh eispctol

55

;.=4 `odtir ofolyscs

3?

;.=;. QHT[ Ofolysocs 3=

DEOQ[H]-@CPH

8.? Cnploftcfb Hfthrprcsh ]hsiurdh Qloffcfb (H]Q)

33

8.= Eunof rhsiurdh cnploftotcif ?11


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?4

ODJFIRLHKBHNHF[

C wiulk mh scfdhrhly teofj`ul ti ny suphrvcsir ofk okvcshr Kr.]if Tncte ofk Kr.

Notehw tehy olwoys bcvh ecs voluomlh tcnh ti bcvh `hhkmodj ofk buckofdh ti ny

kcsshrtotcif, mhdoush i` ecs voluomlh buckofdh C dinplhth ny kcsshrtotcif if tcnh .

C wiulk lcjh ti hxprhss ny brotctukh ti ny sdeiil Xfcthk wirlk sdeiil i`

muscfhss,Tcfbopirh hsphdcolly Kowf bof (Ehok i` khportnhft,Xfcthk wirlk sdeiil

i` muscfhss,Tcfbopirh) ,Nr. Lhh ( pri`hssir), Qcxch jie (pri`hssir) ofk Nr.Kovck tie

( Ehok i` Ttukhft suppirt khportnhft,Tcfbopirh) `ir ecs ehlp ofk suppirt ot teh

tcnh i` wrctcfb o kcsshrtotcif.C wiulk olsi lcjh ti teofjs ny porhfts ofk ny

`rchfk's.[ehy whrh olwoys suppirtcfb nh ofk hfdiurobcfb nh wcte mhst wcsehs.

Tcfbopirh 41teOubust ,=1?;


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?;

DEOQ[H]-IFH

?.? Cftrikudtcif 7-

Eholte dorh cs ifh i` teh nist cnpirtoft òdtirs cf lc`h ofk potchfts olwoys fhhk ofk

khnofk ìr quolcty eholte dorh ìr eholtey lcvcfb. [eh purpish i` potchft eholte dorh

dhftrcd potchft sotcsòdtcif i` difsunhrs mhdinhs teh moscd fhdhsscty ìr teh eholte

dorh privckhr (Khsoc, =1??).

[eh rilh i` teh Cfkcof ofk Tcfbopirh bivhrfnhft cf teh oddiuftomclcty i` eispctols

ìr quolcty i` dorh cfvilvhs seopcfb teh dinnufcty i` teish cfthrhsthk cf

_uolcty khvhlipcfb nhteiks ofk cf`rostrudturh,

Ttofkorkczcfb cfìrnotcif privckcfb cfìrnotcif ofk thdefcdol osscstofdh ofk

potchft dorh.

Eholtedorh cfkustry eos wctfhsshk of cfdrhosh cf khnofk ìr quolcty eholte dorh

o`thr blimolczotcif. Xrmofczotcif eos cnprivhk teh shrvcdh quolcty i` eholte dorh.

Thrvcdh quolcty eos mhhf shlhdthk os o jhy hlhnhft i` teh difsunhr ti deiish teh

mhst eispctol (Kr.Poffcorogof & Oruf, =1?1) olteiube teh khvhlipnhft i` eholte dorh

cfkustry ofk eholte dorh irbofczotcifs orh `cbetcfb ti privckh quolcty eholte dorh cf

teh dinphtctcvh hfvcrifnhft (Ovbor ht ol., =1??).

Cf rhdhft yhor shrvcdh quolcty rhstrudturhk cts fiw potchft dhftrcd (Khsoc, =1??).

@urtehrnirh, cf tecs rhshorde outeir seiwcfb tehrh cs fhdhssory ti cnprivh

dustinhr shrvcdh (Qokno ht ol., =113). Cf rhdhft shrvcdh quolcty cs fiw mhdinhhsshftcol òdtir ti odechvh dinphtctcif ti kh`hot teh rhvhols (]oseck & Gusi``, =113)

Eholtedorh shrvcdh eos suphrcir pisctcif oport `rin itehr shrvcdhs mhdoush tehrh cs

foturh i` teh rcsj cfvilvhk. [ehrhìrh teh potchft sotcsòdtcif ofk shrvcdh quolcty cf

eholtedorh olwoys orh sotcfb nirh hsshftcol ofk dinplhx ([ofhr & Oftify,

=110,quithk my ]oseck & Gusi``, =113).

Os phr Teojtcvhl ht.ol (=118) dustinhr (potchfts) sotcsòdtcif cs teh cnpirtoft

vorcomlhs teot gukbhs teh potchft tiwork teh shrvcdh quolcty bcvhf my privckhs


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?8

(Teojtcvhl ht.ol (=118): dcthk my Iic ht ol, =1??) ìr teh eispctols shrvcdh quolcty

rhshorde, seiwf teot teh rhlotcifsecp mhtwhhf potchft sotcsòdtcif ofk shrvcdh quolcty

cf eholtedorh cnpodt if potchft sotcsòdtcif (Jhsslhr & Nylik, =1??). Riikru`` cf

?33? eos seiwf teot eholte privckhrs difsckhr teh liyolty tiwork potchfts ofk tecs

wcll bcvh teh dinphtctcvh okvoftobh ti teh eholte privckhr. Nofy rhshorde eos seiwf

teot cfdrhoscfb teh dustinhr sotcsòdtcif cfdrhosh pri`ct i` irbofczotcifs (Riikru``,

?33?), dcthk my Rofb ofk Ru, =1?=) if teh itehr sckh Ttrosshr ht.ol ?338 hxprhsshk

teot fhbotcvh pumlcdcty my potchft wirk i` niute dof bcvh cf o liss i` eispctol

cfdinhs XTK$ 0,111 ti XTK$ ;11,111 opprixcnothly (Focku, =113).

Oddirkcfb ti Lcn ofk [ob (=111) pumlcd oworhfhss ofk o rcscfb pri`cdchfdy roth i`

pipulius muclk cs teh pridurhnhft i` eholtedorh shrvcdhs ti quolcty trhotnhft ìr

potchfts. Eispctol seiulk poy otthftcif ofk bcvh teh hxdhllhft shrvcdh quolcty ìr

forriwcfb teh bop mhtwhhf teh potchfts rholly hxphdts ofk weot shrvcdh cs rholly

bhttcfb my eispctol (Lcn ofk [ob (=111): quithk my Tujc ht ol, =1??).

Cf tecs rhshorde, teh outeirs wcll osshss teh quolcty i` shrvcdhs cs o khdcscvh òdtir ìr

potchft sotcsòdtcif. @crst i` oll outeirs stort wcte teh pri`clh i` mite diuftry pumlcd

eispctol tehf teh outeirs kcsduss teh rhshorde biols ofk imghdtcvhs tehf teh outeir

eos ti soy omiut teh rhosifs ìr teh deicdh i` tipcd ìr tecs rhshorde teh dinpofy's

plotìrn ofk hvhftuolly hfkhk my teh hftcrh rhshorde sunnory.

?.= Eholtedorh cfkustry pri`clh7 -

Eholte dorh Cfkustry cf Cfkco ofk Tcfbopirh i``hrs mriok ofk cfthfscvh ìrns i`

shrvcdhs, wecde orh rhlothk ti potchfts trhotnhft ofk sotcsòdtcif if ecs trhotnhft.

Cf Cfkco pumlcd eholte dorh shdtir diftril my stoth lhvhl wcte teh ehlp i` teh Cfkcof

dhftrol bivhrfnhft ofk cf Tcfbopirh cts diftril my teh ncfcstry i` eholte, Tcfbopirh,

mite diuftrchs divhrs o ìlliwcfb shrvcdhs ofk moscd òdclcty.


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?0

@cburh-?.?, Tiurdh -Thl` nokh ìr rhshorde Eholtedorh cfkustry pri`clh

?.4 ]hshorde modjbriufk-

Cf teh eholtedorh cfkustrchs, mite diuftry pumlcd eispctols shrvh teh sonh jcfk i`

shrvcdh mut tehy ki fit privckh teh sonh quolcty i` shrvcdh wcte teh potchft

sotcsòdtcif. Cf teh khvhlipcfb wirlk eholtedorh cfkustry eos krcvhf o eubh wirlkwckhkhvhlipnhft cf teh `chlk i` eholte dorh shrvcdhs.

Cf teh wirlkwckh rhshorde i` eholte dorh cfkustry, os potchfts mhbof ti rhqucrh ofk

fhhk ìrhteiubet mhtthr krubs, shrvcdhs ofk hxdhllhft quolcty i` eholtedorh ìr

trhotnhft (Focku, =11;). Os phr Qrcdhwothreiush Diiphrs (=112), cf teh

okncfcstrotcif port, teh eholte dorh cfkustry ifh i` Cfkco's ofk scbfoturh mcbbhst

shbnhfts rhborkcfb cfdinh ofk cs khvhlipcfb qucdjly.

Eholte dorh cfkustry divhrs

Cfsurofdhs cf eispctol eholtedorh ofk potchfts

Nhkcdol khvhlip si`tworh

Nhkcdol hqucpnhft

Qeornody

Kc``hrhft typhs i` eholte dorh shrvcdhs

Eispctols

Eispctol poteiliby dlcfcds

Mliik Mofjs

Dhfthrs i` nhkctotcif

Hnhrbhfdy shrvcdhs lcjh (Onmulofdhs, htd.)

H-eholtedorh shrvcdhs

[hlhnhkcdcfh

Sibo Dlcfcd

Byn

Tpos dlcfcd


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?2

Cf teh rhdhft khdokhs Cfkcof bivhrfnhft eovh trycfb ti cnprivcfb teh shrvcdh quolcty

cf teh pumlcd eispctol fit ifly ìr teh kinhstcd potchft mut olsi cf cts h`ìrts ti

mhdinh o prh`hrrhk khstcfotcif ìr eholte dorh ìr ìrhcbfhrs kuh ti teh liwhr dist

trhotnhft cs ovoclomlh if teh itehr eofk pumlcd eispctols i` Tcfbopirh eos

hstomlcsehk ctshl` os o eholte dorh khstcfotcif ofk dof oddhss ofk o`ìrkomlh ìr

kinhstcd potchfts ofk olsi teh, ottrodtcfb omiut ;11,111 ìrhcbf potchfts hode yhor

ìr nhkcdol trhotnhft (Qotchfts mhyifk mirkhrs. din, =1?;) .

Os dinporh ti Tcfbopirh pumlcd eispctol Cf Cfkcof pumlcd eispctol teh shrvcdh quolcty

i` eholte dorh cs eiphlhss ofk my ofk lorbh teh eholte difdluscif cs o lifb woy `rin

polotomlh (Mogpoc ofk Biyhl, =11;). Cf teh eholte dorh systhn potchfts ùl`cllnhft cs

okkctcifolly of cnphrotcvh cssuh os cf itehr shrvcdh quolcty shbnhfts ([uu & Ilshf,

=1?=). O eholte dorh difblinhrotcif dof ottocf potchft ùl`cllnhft my ùrfcsecfb

quolcty okncfcstrotcifs: jhhpcfb cf phrsphdtcvh potchfts' khscrh ofk fifstip deofbh

cf teh eholte dorh cfkustry (Whctenol, ?331) cf Deopthr =, 4 ofk ; outeir wcll hxplocf

ofk khnifstroth rhshorde ofk privckh hvckhfdh rhborkcfb mite diuftry eispctol

eholtedorh systhn.

Cf tecs rhshorde outeir deiish twi rhputhk eispctols cf hode diuftry. Recde cs

rhprhshft eispctol

?. Cfkcof pumlcd Eispctols

C. jhn eispctol, Nunmoc,Cfkco(Eisp-O)

CC. Lijnofyo [cloj Nufcdcpol Bhfhrol Eispctol, Nunmoc, Cfkco (Eisp -M)

=. Tcfbopirh pumlcd EispctolsC. Tcfbopirh bhfhrol eispctol ,Tcfbopirh (Eisp-D)

CC. Olhxhfkhr eisptol,Tcfbopirh(Eisp-K)

Cfkco ofk Tcfbopirh eovh shhf of cfdrhosh cf khnofk ìr quolcty eholte dorh o`thr

blimolczotcif eos hfeofdhk teh quolcty i` lc`h si eos khnofkhk eholte dorh quolcty.

Cf teh Cfkcof pumlcd eispctol, teh funmhr i` Cfkcof kidtir wirjcfb cf =1?= cfdrhoscfb

roth cs opprix. =21 ofk prcvoth eispctol opprix. 4=2 (Ncfcstry i` Eholte, =1?4

stotcstcds miijs, pobh ?4).


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?5

[eh mhk dopodctchs i` Cfkcof pumlcd eispctols orh fit su``cdchft ti nhht teh durrhft

fhhks i` teh potchft rhqucrhnhft hsphdcolly Eisp M o`thr tecs cssuh ncfcstry i`

eholte diftcfuhs ti muclk fhw muclkcfbs ti hfeofdh teh mhk dopodcty (Ltnbe.din,

=1?;).

Cfkcof pumlcd eispctol (Eisp- O & M) olsi òdcfb o primlhn wecde tehy eovh o

seirtobh i` phiplh ofk sphdcolcst teish eovh lodj i` jfiwlhkbh ofk eofklcfb i`

okvofdhk thdefilibcdolly hqucpnhft. Tphdcolczh kidtirs seirtobh ìr nogir kcshosh

lcjh Phsshls, ehort surbhry ofk dofdhr, ivhr of ivhr yhors teh kcshosh cfdrhosh

mhdoush i` fi h``hdtcvh trhotnhft (Ncfcstry i` Eholte, =1?4 stotcstcds miijs, pobh

?;). Cf tecs dosh lodj i` shrvcdhs ìr potchfts tehy trofs`hr teh potchft ti prcvoth

eispctol ti rhdhcvh teh fhdhssory trhotnhft ìr tehcr cllfhsshs if teh itehr eofk

Tcfbopirh (Eisp-D ofk K) eos mhdinh teh nist prh`hromlh khstcfotcif ìr quolcty

eholtedorh ti teh potchft tehy eovh priphr sphdcolcst ìr bcvcfb teh priphr trhotnhft

cf nogir kcshosh, potchft orh prh`hrrhk pumlcd eispctol os dinporh ti prcvoth ìr

mhtthr ofk h``hdtcvh trhotnhfts.

Oddirkcfb ti voffcorogof & Oruf, =1?1 shrvcdh quolcty cs teh nogir hlhnhft ti

shlhdtcfb eispctol ìr trhotnhft tehrhìrh Tcfbopirh eos mhdinh nhkcdol eum ìr tehkinhstcd potchft ofk itehr ports i` teh wirlk Huriphof os wh dof shh cf `cburh-?.=

teh Tcfbopirh sphft olnist 4?.; % ìr eholtedorh hxphfkcturh os dinporh ti Cfkcof

wecde cs =5.= %. Oddirkcfb ti JBNQ rhpirt =1?= cts seiwcfb teh eholtedorh cf

Tcfbopirh wcll miincfb XTK 23 mcllcif (=1?=) ofk ct wcll kh`coftly cfdrhoscfb up ti

=51 Mcllcif (=1=1) (JNQB, =1?=) tecs cs mhdoush teh Tcfbopirh eispctol bcvcfb

h``hdtcvh wcte hxdhllhft potchft dhftrcd shrvcdh quolcty (Khsoc, =1??).


19/153

?3

@cburh-?.=, Eholte hxphfkcturh brope(bkp %) Cfkco ofk Tcfbopirh,-Tiurdh- ettp7//j``.irb/blimol-

cfkcdotir/bivhrfnhft-eholte-hxphfkcturh-os-phrdhft-i`-titol-eholte/.

?.;EispctolsQri`clh7 -

CFKCO-

C. JHN eispctol (Eisp-O)orh ottode wcte nhkcdol dillhbh (Thte Bivhrkeofkos Tufkhrkos Nhkcdol Dillhbh) privckhs trocfcfb ti omiut =111 stukhfts

ìr teh ufkhrbrokuoth nhkcdol diurshs, pistbrokuoth ofk suphr sphdcolty

diurshs. [eh cfstctuth olsi i``hrs ufkhrbrokuoth diurshs ofk pistbrokuoth

peyscdol tehropy ofk iddupotcifol tehropy cf okkctcif ti kidtirol diurshs

cf vorcius sphdcolczhk ollcofdhs ofk Nosthr. Irbofczh ofk nocftocfcfb o

sdeiil ofk eispctol tehrh cs opprixcnothly 431 hnpliyhhs, 881 rhsckhft

peyscdcofs orh oppicfthk my stoth bivhrfnhft omiut ?.5 ncllcif

iutpotchfts ofk 25,111 cfpotchfts offuolly dinhs ìr trhotnhft ofk

eispctol privckhs mite moscd dorh ofk okvofdhk trhotnhft òdclctchs cf oll

`chlks i` nhkcdol ofk surbcdol (Jhneispctol.irb, =1?;) nirh khtocl cf

OQQHFKCU -=

CC. L[NBE, (Lijnofyo [cloj Eispctol Dcty) (Eisp-M) lidolly jfiwf os

"Eispctol Tcif", cs o bhfhrol eispctol sctuothk cf teh dcty i` Tcif, o rhbcif

Nunmoc. Ct mhbof cf ?3;2 wcte ?1 mhks cfctcolly, mut eos fiw turfhk cfti o
http://kff.org/global-indicator/http://kff.org/global-indicator/http://kff.org/global-indicator/http://kff.org/global-indicator/http://kff.org/global-indicator/


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=1

nultc-sphdcolty eispctol wcte ivhr ?,;11 mhks. Cf teh sonh donpus, ct cs

opphfkhk ti teh Lijnofyo [cloj Nhkcdol Dillhbh Dcty (L[NND) cs o

thodecfb eispctol ìr pist-brokuoth stukchs ofk pistbrokuoth nhkcdol

eispctol sdchfdhs. [ecs cf o ufcquh sctuotcif ofk nist lorbh thrtcory

eispctol shrvcfb `crst ofk oll cfgurchs ofk kcsosthrs i` mite nogir ecbewoys.

Ttort o sumdloss `c`ty eispctols ofk IQK ifly, ot o nclctory eispctol, eos

khvhliphk nirh teof ?,;11 mhks, ofk ploffcfb ti hxpofk òsthr cf o `hw

yhors (Ltnbe.din, =1?;) nirh khtocl cf OQQHFKCU-=

TCFBOQI]H-

C. Tcfbopirh Bhfhrol Eispctol (Eisp-D) Tcfbopirh pumlcd eispctols (Eisp-D

& K) orh ifh i` teh dhfthrs ìr hnhrbhfdy nhkcdol dorh ot teh prhstcbcius

Tcfbopirh, ofk rhdhcvh rh`hrrols `rin teh nist dinplhx ti ofitehr eispctol.

[eh nofobhnhft ofk nhkcdol thon i` ecbely quolc`chk moshk if hkudotcif

ofk trocfcfb (Tbe.din.sb, =1?;) [eh eispctol cs hqucpphk wcte ecbe-thde

tiils ti privckh teh nist okvofdhk mhst trhotnhft (Tbe.din.sb, =1?;) [eh

eispctol eos o ecbely hxphrchfdhk sto`` furshs shrvhk moscs eispctol eos ==

riins wcte hxphrchfdhk kidtirs ofk teh nist ònius i` Tcfbopirh, plhosh

rh`hr ti OQQHFKCU-?)

CC. Olhxofkro Eispctol, Tcfbopirh Eispctol (Eisp-K) cs ;11 mhks teh

eispctol cs lidothk ot teh siutewhst i` Tcfbopirh cf o lofk i` ??1,111

squorh nhthrs. [eh eispctol cs o pcdturh i` o phodhùl shttcfb, lcfhk wcte stylh

nofscif mirkhrcfb osshnmlhk `rin teh loth ?341s (Oe.din.sb, =1?;) (Nirh

khtocl plhosh rh`hrs OQQHFKCU-?).

?.8 ]hosifs Rey Eholte Dorh Thdtir wos Deishf7 -

Thrvcdh quolcty cs of cnphrotcvh dinpifhft ti osshss teh trcunpe i` ofy cfkustry,

nhhtcfb teh suddhss i` potchft khscrhs cs deorodthrczhk torbhts i` teh muscfhss.

Qotchft sotcsòdtcif eos mhhf difsckhrhk os of cnphrotcvh odechvhnhft difsckhrs

rhoky ti bi cs teh siul i` teh koy, wehf biik difkctcifs ti eilk dlchfts ofk jhhp up


21/153

=?

o pchdh i` teh ivhroll norjht seorh. Ct cs teh sonh opplcdomlh sdhforci ìr teh eispctol

cfkustry. Ct cs o dinpulsiry mhfdenorjs ushk ti nhosurh teh sotcsòdtcif i` teh

potchft cf ottocfcfb khvitcif ti teh pumlcd eispctol mhdoush oll i` teh shrvcdhs i` teh

eispctol ti teh potchft's cfput if teh woy ct cs ìr teh potchft ofk teh sotcsòdtcif

khrcvhk iutput.

[eh oddhlhrotcif i` potchft sotcsòdtcif cs moscd ti dlchft rhlcomclcty. Thrvcdh privckhr

iubet ti difstoftly `cburh iut eiw ti hfeofdh potchft sotcsòdtcif cs ifh i` teh

hlhnhfts teot nhosurh my teh eispctol ìr teh potchft's shrvcdh quolcty. [ehrhìrh, of

otthnpt wos nokh ti sphoj ti hvoluoth shrvcdh quolcty cs o khdcscvh òdtir ìr potchft

sotcsòdtcif, ìr wecde o dosh rhshorde wos kifh if Eholte dorh shrvcdhs ofk

òdclctchs ot pumlcd eispctols cf Cfkco ofk Tcfbopirh.

?.0 ]hshorde Imghdtcvhs-

C. Dinporotcvh ofolyscs mhtwhhf Tcfbopirh ofk Cfkcof pumlcd eispctols & `cfk

iut teh scbfc`cdoft kc``hrhfdh.

CC. [i `cfk teh lhvhl i` potchfts sotcsòdtcif ofk phrdhptcif tiworks Tcfbopirh

ofk Cfkcof pumlcd eispctols.

CCC. [i `cfk iut & subbhst teh silutcifs, tiils, nhteiks, òdclctchs ìr cnprivhnhft

cf shrvcdh lhvhl cf pumlcd eispctols, wecde wcll mh suctomlh ti hode diuftry.

?.2 ]hshorde Diftrcmutcif / Tcbfc`cdofdh i` teh ]hshorde-

Outeir i` portcdulor cfthrhst cf tecs rhshorde, eh olsi wirjs os o peyscitehropcst ot

UUUU, cf teh pumlcd eispctol. [eh outeir cs onozhk my teh sphhk ofk quolcty i`

eholte dorh cf pumlcd eispctols cf Tcfbopirh. [ecs rhshorde wcll privckh rhokhrs wcte

sinh ushùl cfìrnotcif omiut potchfts cnplhnhftotcif ofk nofobhnhft i` pumlcd

eispctols. Qophr hxtro h`ìrt ti rhshorde ofk pripish silutcifs ti cnprivh teh lhvhl

i` shrvcdh cf pumlcd eispctols, wecde wiulk mh oppriprcoth ofk mhfh`cdcol ìr hode

diuftry. Cf thrns i` eholte dorh shrvcdhs orh `hw pumlcd stukchs eovh mhhf tiudehk

if teh mhfde. [eriube tecs rhshorde, teh outeir wcll mh ovoclomlh ti shh ofk `cfk iut

c` mite diuftrchs privckh mhtthr eholte dorh ofk c` Tcfbopirh eispctol ìr teh hxdhllhft

shrvcdh, teh Cfkcof eispctol dof tojh teh hxonplh i` Tcfbopirh pumlcd eispctols ofk


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ti ìlliw ecs pote.

?.5 ]hshorde _uhstcifs7

?) Eiw lifb ki potchfts eovh ti woct ìr cf teh Iut Qotchfts Khportnhft9

=) Rehrh orh teh potchfts dincfb `rin9

4) Eiw nofy drctcdol potchfts orh mhcfb oknctthk ti teh pumlcd eispctol cf Cfkco

ofk whft ti Tcfbopirh Qumlcd Eispctol ìr ùrtehr trhotnhft9

;) Reot sirts i` prhporcfb omiut ìrnol quolcty deofbh systhns orh i``hrhk ti

eholte pri`hsscifols9

8) Reot hvckhfdh cs teh notthr omiut teh mhst thdefcquhs ìr prhporcfb dlcfcdcofs

cf quolcty deofbh9

0) Orh mite diuftry portfhrsecps bcvcfb cnprivhnhft cf pumlcd eholtedorh

cfkustrchs9

Reot cs teh kc``hrhfdh mhtwhhf teh shrvcdh quolctchs i` mite pumlcd eispctols9

[i okkrhss tecs rhshorde quhstcif teh ìlliwcfb eypitehscs whrh khvhliphk.

?.3 Eypitehscs7 -

E?7[eh scfbopirh eispctols orh nirh hnpotehtcd teof Cfkcof pumlcd eispctols

E=7[eh scfbopirh eispctols orh mhtthr cf tofbcmlhs os dinporhk ti cfkcof

pumlcd eispctol

E47[eh scfbopirh eispctols privckh nirh ossurofdh ti potchfts teof Cfkcof

pumlcd eispctols

E;7[ehrh cs scbfc`cdoft kc``hrhfdh cf teh lhvhl i` tcnhlcfhss cf mite pumlcd

eispctols

E87 Ot o eholte dorh irbofczotcif bcvhs stofkork quolcty i` shrvcdhs ofk nojh

pri`cts my teh ehlp i` suddhssùl ushs i` E]N.

E07 [ehrh cs of ossidcotcif mhtwhhf eispctol òdclcty sto``'s (kidtir's ofk

furshs)Gim sotcsòdtcif ofk quolcty ìrhteiubet iut`ctthk ti potchfts

teriube dlchft supplchr rhlotcifsecp buckhk my siufk systhn i` teh E]

irbofczotcif.


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?.?1 ]hshorde Htecds-

Qilctcds ofk Mhdj (=1?1), ofolysts orh rhqucrhk ti nofobh htecdol cssuhs wehf

cfvhstcbotirs khthrncfh tehcr plofs wcte itehrs. [eh lhssif i` teh lhbcsloturh wiulk

mh rhqucrhk cf wrctcfb my teh dech` nhkcdol i``cdhr (DNI) ofk teh Htecds Dinnctthh i`

teh eispctol dlcfcds portcdcpoth cf teh rhshorde (Thh OQQHFKCU-4, ;,8 ofk 0). Ot teh

tcnh wehf teh DNI, eholtedorh khportnhft nust mh nokh ncfkùl i` teh rhshorde

irbofczotcifs portcdcpotcfb cf teh hftcrh `hoscmclcty i` nifctircfb oll sude tosjs orh sht.

[ehy wcll lcjhwcsh fhhk ti mh difvcfdhk i` teh quolcty ofk portcol hxplirotcif i` teh

ofolyst (Lhh, =118). [eh htecdol stofkorks wcll mh rhdibfczhk prcfdcplhs cf teh ush i`

tecs primlhn orh teh okncrotcif ìr phiplh, mhfh`cdhfdh ofk shdurcty /

stofkorkczotcif.

C. ]hsphdt ìr phrsifs-

Os cfkcvckuol os yiu eovh teh lhbol rcbet ti deiish ìr tehn wehtehr tehy whrh

rh`lhdthk cf teh prhshft survhy. [ecs wcll mh cllustrothk cf teh prhshft kidunhft

(shh OQQHFKCU 4,;,8 ofk 0). Tuppirt seiulk mh difsckhrhk ìr nhnmhrsecp thst(Qoroeii, =110). Hxphrts obrhh oehok i` tcnh wcll bcvh teh khlcdoth dinpifhfts

i` teh foturh ofk nitcvotcif mhecfk tecs hxplirotcif, pithftcol driwk wcll dinh iut

cfìrnotcif ofk `cfkcfbs subbhst dehdjcfb. Dinplhth teh rhquhst i` teh nhnmhrs

wcll mh tojhf os difshft ti mh cfdirpirothk cf teh pill. [eh nhnmhr wcll mh

hqucpphk wcte hfiube tcnh ti tecfj omiut tehcr difdhrfs.

Os kc``hrhft os yiu eovh teh rcbet ti deiish ìr tehn wehtehr tehy whrh cfdlukhk

cf tecs rhshorde. [ecs wcll mh seiwf cf teh prhshft kidunhft rhqucrhnhfts (Thh

OQQHFKCU-4, ;,8 ofk 0). Obrhhk ti mh difsckhrhk ìr nhnmhrsecp primh

(Qoroeii, =110). Ofolysts obrhh oehok i` tcnh wcll bcvh okkctcifol picfts i`

cfthrhst omiut teh foturh ofk rhosif ìr teh rhshorde, pithftcol driwk wcll mh omlh

ti imtocf cfìrnotcif, teh pripishk thst `cfkcfbs. [eh nhnmhr wcll mh hqucpphk

wcte hfiube tcnh ti tecfj omiut tehcr teiubet ofk ipcfcif.


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=;

CC. Dif`ckhftcolcty-

[eh cfvhstcbotcif cs oppriprcoth ìr yiur irbofczotcif ti mh omlh ti hfsurh teh

dif`ckhftcolcty ofk shdurcty ehlp ofswhr rhspifshs. [i hfsurh dif`ckhftcolcty

buorofthhk rhol cfqucry wcll fit mh funmhrhk.

CCC. Mhfh`cdhfdh/fif-nolh`cdhfdh

Reclh teh rhquhst cs khhnhk ti mh lhss cfthrvhftcif nhhtcfbs, ir dibfctcvh thst

tehy dof fiw hfvcscif eorn (Qoroeii, =110). Ct cs `hoscmlh ti mh ofswhrhk cs

o portcdulorly hnitcifol phrsif ofk khprhsscif. Cf dosh tehy doush

ufplhosoft nhnirchs ir `hhlcfbs i` mlonh wehf teh kh`hfkoft cs òr `rin

itehr phiplh ofk fit eovh teh suppirthrs. Qclit rhshorde i` teh survhy wcll mh

trchk ti thst rhqucrhnhfts dof doush konobh. Qoroeii (=110) rhdinnhfks

teot teh rhquhst ìr cfìrnotcif, hxphrchfdh ofk difkudt ir diulk ufkhrncfh

teh shdurcty hxphrts c` tehcr hxhdutcvhs dof bht cfìrnotcif. Of cfsurofdh divhr

wcll mh bcvhf ti teh nhnmhrs teot teh cfìrnotcif dillhdthk wcll mh jhpt ofk

ifly teh hxphrt dlossc`cdotcif ofk khtocls ushk my teh rhshordehr wcll mh omlh ti

nojh ct.

?.?? [eh Iutlcfh i` Kcsshrtotcif-

Deopthr ?Cftrikudtcif

- Cftrikudtcif

- Eholtedorh cfkustry pri`clh

- ]hshorde modjbriufk

- Dinpofy Qri`clh

- ]hosifs Rey Eholte Dorh Thdtir wos

Deishf

- Drctcds i` Eholte Dorh Cfkustry

- ]hshorde Imghdtcvhs

- ]hshorde Diftrcmutcif / Tcbfc`cdofdh i`

teh ]hshorde

-

]hshorde _uhstcifs


25/153

=8

- Eypitehscs

- ]hshorde Htecds

- Difdluscif

Deopthr =Lcthroturh ]hvchw- Cftrikudtcif

- Lcthroturh ]hvchw

- Kcnhfscifs i` Thrvcdh _uolcty-

- [eh shrvcdh-norjhtcfb trcofblh

- Nhosurcfb shrvcdh quolcty nikhls

- Eholte dorh cf Cfkcof Qumlcd eispctol

- Ttothnhft i` teh Qrimlhn cf CFKCO

- Eholte dorh cf Tcfbopirh Qumlcd

eispctol

- Difdhptuol `ronhwirj

- Difdluscif

Deopthr 4]hshorde

Nhteikiliby

- ]hshorde Ifcif

Deopthr ;Koto Ofolyscs

- ]hshorde `cfkcfb ofk Ofolyscs

- Hfvcrifnhftol ofolyscs

- Difdluscif

Deopthr 8-lcnctotcif ofk

]hdinnhfkotcifs

- Cftrikudtcif

- Odechvhnhft i` imghdtcvh

- ]hshorde lcnctotcifs

- ]hdinnhfkotcif

?.?= Difdluscif-

[eh kcsshrtotcif kcvckhk cfti @cvh-deopthrs. Cf Deopthr -ifh teh outeirs bcvh of

ivhrvchw i` teh hftcrh rhshorde, cfdlukcfb rhshorde purpish ofk imghdtcvhs, o mrch`

modjbriufk if teh cfkustry ofk eholte dorh eispctol deicdh, Cf deopthr -twi outeir

ushk giurfol, nobozcfh, miij ofk whmscth `ir rhshorde os o shdifkory koto


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=0

ofolyscs. Cf deopthr-terhh outeir kcsduss teh `ronhwirj i` rhshorde cf wecde outeir

nhftcif teh rhshorde ifcif oll hsshftcol loyhr ofk teh koto tojhf `rin pumlcd

eispctol Eisp-O, M, D & K cf deopthr -@cvh teh outeir krow o difdluscif wcte

rhdinnhfkotcif ti teh eispctol wecde dof cnprivh shrvcdh quolcty cf pumlcd eispctol

cf Cfkco.


27/153

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DEOQ[H]-[RI

=.? Cftrikudtcif-

@crstly teh outeir mhbcfs wcte teh rhvchwcfb teh lcthroturh my kcsdusscfb teh shrvcdh

quolcty o`thr teot outeir eok olsi kcsdusshk teh vorcius nikhls ìr shrvcdh quolcty.

@cfolly teh outeir ìdushk if Cfkco (Eisp- O ofk M) ofk Tcfbopirh Qumlcd eispctol

(Eisp-D ofk K) shrvcdh quolcty ofk òdclcty krowmodj, wecde o``hdt teh pumlcd eispctol

shrvcdh ofk òdclcty stofkork.

=.= Lcthroturh ]hvchw-

Kuh ti miincfb cf teh eholtedorh cfkustry, eispctol cs privckcfb biik quolcty shrvcdh

ot teh liwhst `hoscmlh dist. Oddirkcfb ti Nirrcs ofk Mhll (?338) `rin teh ofdchft tcnh

teh potchft cs okkrhsshk ti bht shrvcdh quolcty ofk nifctircfb eholte cssuh wcte

voluomlh ofk h``hdtcvh shrvcdhs ti silvh teh cssuh (Nirrcs ofk Mhll, ?338: dcthk my

Tcvojunor & Trcfcvosof, =1?1).

Oddirkcfb ti Ehss lcfj ofk Rchlh potchft sotcsòdtcif cs teh jhy khthrncfoft i`

eholtedorh ofk ct's wcll dinh `rin teh oll portchs (Ojmor & Qorvhz, =113). Whcteonl

ofk Mctfhr (=114) c` teh potchft cs sotcs`chk wcte teh shrvcdh bcvhf my teh dlcfcd potchft

cs outinotcdolly hvoluothk teh shrvcdh ofk nojh teh difdluscif cf ecs ncfk. C`

sotcsòdtiry shrvcdhs tehy kh`cfcthly dinh obocf mut c` tehy `hhl ct's fit up ti teh norj

tehy kift dinh ofk vcsct teh dlcfcd. Godjsif ht ol., =11? olsi khnifstrothk teot

potchft sotcsòdtcif cs strifbly cf`luhfdhk teh dinnufcdotcif mhtwhhf potchft ofk

kidtir. Os phr Godjsif ht ol =11? potchft sotcsòdtcifs dof ush ìr ìur purpishs

o) "Deofbhk nhkcdcfh shrvcdhs nikc`chk"

m) "[i osshss foturh i` difsckhrotcif"

d) "[i kcstcfbucse teh port i` okncfcstrotcif rhqucrhk"

k) "[i suppirt teh ossidcotcif ti rhdibfczh difsunhr ".

=.=.? Qotchft sotcsòdtcif ofk cts Kcnhfscifs-

Os phr Difwoy ofk Rclldidj (?332) trhotnhft orh hsshftcol khscrhs i` pumlcd


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eispctol. Lcfkh (?35=) cs cf teh khvhlipcfb wirlk potchft ùl`cllnhft cs of hvoluotcif i`

eunof shrvcdhs nikhl. [udjhr ofk Okons (=11?) hxprhsshk teot potchft ùl`cllnhft

cs hxphdthk my dinpifhfts ckhftc`chk wcte difsckhrotcif, synpotey, ufwovhrcfb

quolcty ofk rhodtcif (Focku, =113).

=.=.= [ehirchs i` dustinhr sotcsòdtcif-

Os cfkcdothk cf teh eypitehscs i` muycfb lc`h-Kcsdif`crnotcif Ilcvhr (?351) teh

dustinhr purdeoshs prikudt ofk okncfcstrotcif khscrhs mhìrh muy hxphdthk

hxhdutcif. Ifdh cthns ir okncfcstrotcifs orh utclczhk teh rhsults orh diftrosthk ofk

hxphdtotcif. Ot teh picft wehf prhkcdtomlh wcte teh rhsults o``crn teh firnol

eopphfhk. Kcsdif`crnotcif eopphfs wehf tehrh cs o diftrost cf teh nckklh i`

difdluscif ofk khscrhs. @ul`cllnhft mhdoush i` pisctcvh o``crnotcif ir kcsdif`crnotcif

i` khscrhs ofk ùl`cllnhft cs mhdoush i` fhbotcvh kcsdif`crnotcif i` purdeoshr khscrhs

(Ilcvhr, ?351, dcthk my Qokno ht ol, =1?1).

=.=.4 Nhosurcfb dustinhr sotcsòdtcif-

Oddirkcfb ti Hvhfeocn (=111) sock dustinhr sotcsòdtcif cs hxtrhnhly kc``cdult

deollhfbh ti teh eholtedorh cfkustry, nhosurcfb teh sotcsòdtcif i` teh dustinhr cs

cnpirtoft ìr potchft cssuh ti rhsilvh, cnprivhnhft i` shrvcdh quolcty. @irk ht ol.,

?332 sock eispctol sto`` wcll nhosurh teh potchft rhborkcfb shrvcdh primlhn irkhr ti

ckhftc`y ofk cnprivh potchft sotcsòdtcif, teh quolctotcvh ofk quoftctotcvh ofolyscs cs

ushk ìr nhosurcfb sotcsòdtcif lhvhl wecde wcll outeir kcsduss cf Deopthr -;

=.4 Eholte dorh cf Cfkcof Qumlcd eispctol

Cf teh Cfkcof Difstctutcif, eholtedorh cs of hvhry stoth sumghdt: dhftrol bivhrfnhft i`

Cfkco ti ehlp teh stoth bivhrfnhft cs rhqucrhk cf teh zifhs i`

Dirrhspifkhfdh diftril ofk khstriy sumstoftcol ofk fif-trofsncttomlh

cf`hdtcifs

[ehy ehlp cf oppriode cnprivhnhft, Xfcvhrsol whllmhcfb, trocfcfb, cfsurofdh,

Qoro-rhstirotcvh ofk okncfcstrotcvh nhosurhs,

Nhkcdotcif diftril ofk ovickofdh i` susthfofdh olthrcfb fitwctestofkcfb


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hxhrdcshs ckhftc`chk wcte teh diufthrodtcvh odtcif i` pipulodh khvhlipnhft,

cfdlukcfb so`h porhfteiik, lc`h yiuteùl declk ofk cnnufczotcif pribron

(Nie`w.fcd.cf, =1?;)

[eh h`ìrts i` teh Ttoth Bivhrfnhft ofk teh Dhftrh trchs, teh fotcifol eholte dorh cf

Cfkco cs cf teh wirst difkctcifs cf teh lcbet i` o `hw dinpifhfts i` teh ropck

khvhlipnhft i` teh diuftry ofk nhosurhs Eofbcfb dirruptcif cf bivhrfnhft ofk

fif-bivhrfnhft eholte botehrhk ncfk ofk ki fit ufkhrstofk teh opphorofdh i`

teish oriufk (Rhl`hlk Kchklcfb , ?338).Cf `cburh-=.? teh eholte mukbht cf hvhry yhor

cs cfdrhoscfb ,mut cts fit sphfkcfb cf priphr woy ti bcvh teh shrvcdh quolcty.

@cburh- =.?,Tiurdhs-Eholte ofk @oncly whlòrh ot Dhftrol lhvhl my Bivt. i` Cfkco,

* ]hvhfuh hxphfkcturh if Eholte ofk @oncly whlòrh **]hvhfuh hxphfkcturh if Nhkcdol, Qumlcd eholte

ofk @oncly whlòrh

[eh kcshosh cs of cssuh dcrdunstofdhs ofk dinnif pehfinhfo, cf wecde potchfts

`rhquhftly vcsct o kidtir cf o pumlcd eispctol ir o prcvoth eispctol. O `hw scdjfhsshs

orh si shvhrh teot tehy diulk mh durhk gust cf teh eispctol. Eispctolczotcif i` potchfts

rhlchs if upif teh sirt i` kcshosh cf wecde teh potchft hfkurhs. Cf o `hw doshs,

potchfts fhhk ti stoy cf teh dlcfcd ìr o lifb koy ir niftes (Nie`w.fcd.cf, =1?;)

=.4.? Ttothnhft i` teh Qrimlhn cf Eips-O ofk M

Outeirs deidhs eispctol Eips-O ofk M cf teh rhshorde mhdoush ct cs rhprhshftcfb

pumlcd esipctol cf ,Nunmoc (Cfkco) rhbcif

Shor wcsh

Eholte Mukbht Dhftrol bivhrfnhft

Mukbht *

Ttoth bivhrfnhft

Mukbht **

=113-=1?1 Odtuol XTK $ 4?32.?55

Ncllcif

Odtuol XTK $

8=3.8 Ncllcif

=1?1-=1?? ]hvcshk XTK $ 4513.05

Ncllcif

]hvcshk XTK $

21;.=? Ncllcif

=1??-=1?= Mukbht XTK $ ;432.5

Ncllcif

Mukbht XTK $

5=1.30 Ncllcif


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41

@cburh-=.=, Tiurdh-ettp7//www.jrodtcvcst.irb/tob/jhn-eispctol/.,JHN eispctol riins

Cf Eispctol Eisp-O ofk M, hvhry yhor teiusofks i` phiplh donh `rin oll ivhr Cfkco

nist i` teh potchfts orh moscdolly nckklh dloss wirjcfb phiplh doffit o`ìrk tehcr

eispctol mclls cf o prcvoth eispctol (Nie`w.fcd.cf, =1?;).Cf Eisp -O ofk M nistly

trhotnhft cs `rhh ir ot ncfcnol dist wcte teh dist mhfh`cts khrcvhk `rin teh offuol

ollidotcif `rin teh Dhftrol ofk teh stoth bivhrfnhft (Nie`w.fcd.cf, =1?;), Cf tecs

eispctol tehy orh privckcfb `rhh i` deorbh krubs ofk okvofdh nhkcdol òdclcty.

(Kiwshr.irb, =1?;).

Cf teh eispctol tehy eovh o difscsthft moscs mut tehy ki fit jfiw eiw ti nofobh

(òclurh i` eunof rhsiurdh nofobhnhft) ofk privckh teh oppriprcoth shrvcdhs ti

potchfts (Kiwshr.irb, =1?;). Qrcnory eholtedorh cs teh nogir cssuh ìr teh eispctol ti

cnprivh biik eholtedorh shrvcdhs teh nogir cssuh teh eispctol cs òdcfb cs seiwcfb cf

`cburh-=.4ofk OQQHFKCU-0


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4?

@cburh7-=.4 - Thl` nokh ìr tecs rhshorde,Ttothnhft i` primlhn cf Eisp-O ofk M

=.4.= Krowmodjs i` teh Cfkcof pumlcd eispctol (Eisp-O ofk Eisp-M)7 -

[ehrh cs o kcvckhk nhteikiliby scfdh teh ckho ofk orrofbcfb i` oll

prighdts teot orh dhfthrhk ofk portcdulor fhhks i` teh thrrctiry cs fit

difsckhrhk.

[eh dopodcty ti lhorf eiw ti, utclczh ofk odjfiwlhkbhnhft i` teh

prighdt cs liw cf lcbet i` teh òdt teot teh `ronhwirj wos sht up my teh

okncfcstrotcif ìdushk oriufk pipulodh stofkorks cfsthok i` lcvcfb

orrofbhnhft ([eh woll strhht giurfol Cfkco, =1??).

[ehrh cs o drhvcdh cf teh nckklh i` cfthrhst ofk supply i` eunof osshts

ti cfkcvckuols squofkhrcfb tcnh scttcfb tcbet cf lcfh ìr trhotnhft ir

okvcscfb.

]hborklhss i` hxhdutcfb mosh yht teh shrvcdh quolcty cs fit teh priphr

lhvhl.


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@hhs orh phrìrnhk cf teh pumlcd eispctol teot cs vhry liw ofk teh

khnofk ìr plodhs cs ot o òcrly ecbe roth ([eh woll strhht giurfol Cfkco,

=1??).

Rehf teh cfdinh i` teh eispctol sto`` cs fit hfiube tehy orh hnpliyhkivhrtcnh ti horf hxtro nifhy. Hsphdcolly teh Cfkcof eispctols (Eisp-O

ofk M) orh hqucpphk wcte okvofdhk hqucpnhft ofk thdefiliby, mut teh

hqucpnhft cs fit rhqucrhk priphrly.

Cfkcof eispctol riins orh cf o prhtty mok sctuotcif kuh ti lodj i`

cfoppriprcoth dorh ([eh woll strhht giurfol Cfkco, =1??).

Tcfdh tehrh orh fi pofhl sofdtcifs cf eispctols lodjcfb kcsdcplcfh ofk

diirkcfotcif.

Eispctol eos okvofdh nhkcdol hqucpnhft mut ct's fit wirjcfb priphrly,

mhdoush i` lodj i` jfiwlhkbh i` eofklcfb nhkcdol hqucpnhft

=.; Eholte dorh cf Tcfbopirh Qumlcd eispctol-

Tcfbopirh mhbof ufkhr teh eunof shrvcdhs `ronhwirj os cts stortcfb bivhrfnhft

spifsirhk sidcol cfsurofdh teriube teh cfkcvckuols cf bhfhrol sidchty port ofk

bivhrfnhft deorbhs. Cf vchw i` teh diftrosts, Cfkco diftcfuhs ti mh o brhot khol

nirh shtup cssuhs. Cf Cfkco, fit oll cfkcvckuols lcvcfb wcte o nhkcdcfol cfsurofdh,

portcdulorly ìr sinhmiky fit `ct ti okvhrtcsh bivhrfnhft prithdtcif plof

(Tbe.din.sb, =1?;). Tcfbopirh oddinplcsehs ecbehr sidcol cfsurofdh prikudtcvcty

teof Cfkco. Cf teh nist rhdhft REI eholte `ronhwirj stofkcfb rhpirt, Tcfbopirh

cfvilvhs teh Funmhr 0 iut i` ?3? diuftrchs: weclh Cfkco wcte teh mcbbhst hxthft i`

BKQ gust rofjs ot teh 42te (Rei.cft, =1?;). Cf Tcfbopirh bivhrfnhft, tehy orh

bcvcfb si nofy sumsckhs mhfh`ct ìr teh kinhstcd o potchft os whll os ìrhcbf potchftshhs `cburh-=.?4


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44

@cburh-=.;, Tiurdh-ettp7//www. nie.biv.sb /difthft/nieYwhm/einh/iurY eholtedorh

Ysysthn/EholtedorhYThrvcdhs/Eispctols.etnl .Tumsckhs plofh cf Tcfbopirh pumlcd eispctol

[eh foturh i` ìrhteiubet cf mriok pumlcd eispctol cf Eisp-D ofk-K eos mhhf tehrh o

stofkork trofsìrnotcif `rin o dustinory difdhftroth if of irbofczhk nhteikiliby

ìr nultc-kcnhfscifol ckho nirh hxthfscvh cfdlukcfb teh dehdjcfb i` dlcfcdol òult ofk

nhkcdol hrrir (Tbe.din.sb, =1?;) .Tilck pilctcdol rhspifscmclcty ofk cfstctutcifol lcnct cs

teh moscd hlhnhft ti phrìrn teh trofsìrnotcif pridhss. Reot cs fhhkcfb, cf ofy

dosh, cs o sidchty i` o teiriube systhn osshssnhft, iphf cfthrhst, ofk hfbobh

potchfts. Fitwctestofkcfb tehsh cfokhquodchs, Tcfbopirh Eisp-D ofk K eos nokh

eubh okvofdhnhft ofk tehcr hxphrchfdh noy eilk lhssifs ìr itehr khvhlipcfb

fotcif cf teh firnol quhst ìr quolcty thfk ti potchfts (Rei.cft, =1?;).


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4;

@cburh-=.8, Tiurdh-ettp7//www. nie.biv.sb /difthft/nieYwhm/einh/iurY eholtedorh

Ysysthn/EholtedorhYThrvcdhs/Eispctols.etnl,Tcfbopirh pumlcd eispctol riins

[eh cnpulsh ìr deofbh, fitwctestofkcfb, cs fit ircbcfotcfb `rin pumlcd prhssurh ìr

pumlcd eispctol òdclctchs ti mh difsckhrhk rhspifscmlh ìr teh foturh i` ìrhteiubet

tehy difvhy, yht `rin o pothrfolcstcd bivhrfnhft teot strcvhs ti mh priodtcvh cf nofy

notthrs (Tbe.din.sb, =1?;) .[eh okncfcstrotcif os teh diftrillhr, potchfts, ofk

scbfc`cdoft iphf supplchr cs pusecfb ìr deofbh cf teh cfthrhst i` Tcfbopirh's fif-

vidc`hrius, whll mheovhk sumghdts. Khspcth teh òdt teot ct eos fit mhhf khlcmhrothly

siubet o`thr oll tecfbs difsckhrhk, teh hvilutcifory woy mriubet my teh ti o brhot

hxthft ''tip quolcty eholtedorh shrvcdhs (Tbe.din.sb, =1?;).

=.;.? Tcfbopirhs Eholtedorh Hxphfkcturh cf pumlcd eispctol-

Biik eholtedorh cs nogir picft cf khvhliphk diuftry tehy orh sphfkcfb lits i`

rhvhfuh ìr nocftocf ofk khvhlip tehcr eholtedorh shdtir Tcfbopirh cs teh ifh i`

tehn Tcfbopirh os o phrdhftobh i` BKQ cs os ecbe os teh ovhrobh ìr liw cfdinh

diuftrchs lcjh Cfkco, (Koto.wirlkmofj.irb, =1?;) mut teh diuftry eos teh wirlk's

ecbehst cfdinh hquol ti teh supply lhvhl i` eholte iutdinhs. Ct's dlhorly seiwcfb cf

`cburh-=.0 hvhry yhor Tcfbopirh eholte mukbht cs cfdrhoscfb ofk cnprivcfb teh eholte

dorh quolcty cf of h``hdtcvh woy ìr ecs diuftry.


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48

@cburh-=.0, siurdh-ettp7//koto.wirlkmofj.irb/cfkcdotir/TE.UQK.QXML.WT, Tcfbopirhs Eholtedorh

Hxphfkcturh cf pumlcd eispctol


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40

@cburh-=.2, Tiurdh--ettp7//www. nie.biv.sb /difthft/nieYwhm/einh/iurY eholtedorh

Ysysthn/EholtedorhYThrvcdhs/Eispctols.etnl, Dinphrscif wcte itehr diuftry shrvcdh trhotnhft

Qumlcd eholtedorh sphfkcfb cf Tcfbopirh Eisp-D ofk K up ti omiut 08 phrdhft i` teh

titol fotcifol mukbht (=1?=) (Koto.wirlkmofj.irb, =1?;) .[eh cfdlukhs nhkcdol mclls

ofk poynhfts `rin Nhkc-sechlk pribron, nofobhnhft, bivhrfnhft cfsurofdh

pribrons difdhrfhk, Nhkc-sovcfb `ufk, ofk hnpliyhr- privckh eholte dorh mhfh`cts

(Eholte Dorh cf Tcfbopirh, =11?=).


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42

@cburh-=.5, Tiurdh-ettp7//www.nie.biv.sb/difthft/nieYwhm/einh/stotcstcds/EholteY@odts

Tcfbopirh/[email protected],, @cfofdh hxphfkcturh if eholtedorh, Tcfbopirh.

C. Ecbe _uolcty, Liw Dist

Tcfbopirh eos o wirlk-dloss eholtedorh systhn ofk cs rofjhk scxte cf teh wirlk,

oddirkcfb ti REI (Rirlk Eholte irbofczotcif) Tcfbopirh odechvhk oll orhos i`

eholtedorh cssuh. Cf Eisp-D ofk K, teh woctcfb tcnh `ir o mhk cs 4 -eiurs (noxcnun)

(Tbe.din.sb, =1?;) eispctol bcvh teh liw dist wcte biik shrvcdh quolcty eholte dorh

ti teh potchft os dinporh ti Cfkco wecde stcll su``hrcfb `rin teh eholtedorh tehy sphfk

olnist ;.2 phrdhft i` mukbht ti teh eholte shdtir os dinporh ti teh Cfkcof eholte

mukbht wecde cs stcll ;.1 (Koto.wirlkmofj.irb, =1?;).

CC. Ehlpcfb Qotchfts Qoy-

Cf Tcfbopirh bivhrfnhft olwoys `illiw teh h``hdtcvh buckhlcfhs ofk rulhs tiwork teh


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45

eholte dorh ti ecs phiplh tehy ehlps potchft cf eholtedorh ìr tehcr trhotnhft cf thrns

lcjh Nhkc-sovh plofh ct's o nofkotiry sovcfb oddiuft ìr oll Tcfbopirh dctczhfs, DQ@

(dhftrol privckhft ùfk) ìr hnpliyhrs wecde dof nojh hoscly ti poy teh eispctol mcll

(Nydp`.biv.sb, =1?;). [eh bivhrfnhft sht teh diftrcmutcif roth ti hnpliyhhs i` ecs

solory ìr sovcfb wecde cs ushk ìr eholtedorh ofk phrsifol dorh ofk tecs cs h``hdtcvh

cf Eisp-D ofk K pumlcd eispctol.

CCC. Diftrillcfb Dists-

Tcfbopirh bivhrfnhft jhhps of hyh if teh Eisp-D ofk K ti bcvh h``hdtcvh ofk

hxdhllhft shrvcdh, mut ct's fit nhof teot ct wcll mh distly. Bivhrfnhft olwoys khvhlips

quosc-`rhh norjht ti eholte dorh shrvcdh mhdinh o`ìrkomlh (Eholte Dorh cf

Tcfbopirh, =115) Cf Tcfbopirh ncdri-nofobhnhft cf eholtedorh ofk bcvhs

o`ìrkomlh cfsurofdh os dinporhk ti itehr diuftry shh `cburh-=.3.

@cburh-=.3.siurdh,ettp7//www.nie.biv.sb/difthft/nieYwhm/einh/stotcstcds/Eholte

Y@odtsYTcfbopirh/[email protected]., Diftrillcfb dist cf Tcfbopirh eholtedorh


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43

=.8 Nhosurcfb shrvcdh quolcty nikhls-

Cf teh post khdokhs, nist i` teh nhteik cftrikudhs ti dolduloth teh shrvcdh quolcty,

wecde cs mhlifb ti nhkcdol sto``, potchfts quhstciffocrh ofk teh porokcbn ti dillhdtteh koto, (Tlcwo & Ijofh, =1??) wecde teh outeir hxplocfs cf o `urtehr deop thr. Cf

tecs deopthr, teh outeir cs hxplocfcfb o kc``hrhft typh i` nhteik i` shrvcdh quolcty,

wecde cs, o``hdt teh quolcty ofk shrvcdh cf mite diuftry eispctol (Eisp-O, M ofk D, K),

wecde cs khsdrcmhk mhliw.

=.8.? Thrvcdh _uolcty Nikhls-

Qorosuronof drhothk TH]P_XOL shrvcdh nikhl cf ?355 ofk cs ushk `ir nhosurcfbteh shrvcdh quolcty (Qorosuronof ht.ol cf ?355: rh`hrrhk my Nhfbc, =113). Cf shrvcdh

quolcty nikhl outeir wofts ti hxplocf teh nultckcnhfscifol sdolh wecde nhosurh7


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;1

@cburh-=.?1, Tiurdh-shl` nokh ìr rhshorde, Thrvcdh quolcty nikhl

[i omivh nikhl tehrh cs 8 kcnhfscifs cs nist cnpirtoft ti khvhlip ofk bcvh

hxdhllhft shrvcdh quolcty cf o eispctol. Cf Eisp-O-M teh shrvcdh eispctol cs fit

ìlliwcfb tecs hsshftcol nikhls, tehrh cs fit o priphr hqucpnhft, sto``cfb ofkhnpotey tiwork teh potchft mhdoush i` tecs potchft orh fit sotcs`y ofk ìrdhk ti

Ossurofdh Ollukhs ti potchfts vchw ofk trust tiwork teh

nhkcdol sto``s eiw tehy `hhl wcte tehn ofk bcvcfb

difsckhrotcif.Os phr Lhh ofk Lcf cf =115 khnifstrothk teot o

khdrhosh cf potchft trust tiwork teh dorhbcvhrs

diulk prinpt teh pist rhlhosh rhscstofdh, wecde

doushs nikhroth ir cfokhquoth rhduphrotcif.

Hnpotey ]h`hrs ti teh khbrhh i` ìrhteiubet ofkdifsckhrotcif cs bcvhf ti hode cfkcvckuol potchft.

(Lhh ofk Lcf, =115: dollhk Jorl ht ol, =1?1).

Tcnclorly Tpcbhlnof ofk shfsirs (=115) eovh

mhhf pripishk teot potchfts orh olwoys liijcfb

ìr sphdcolty dorh shrvcdhs.

]hspifscvhfhss Tto``s otthftcvhfhss ofk rhspifsh tiwork

potchfts dinplocft ofk eofklcfb cssuh cs vhry

cnpirtoft cf eholte dorh cfkustry (Ofkhrsif ht.ol

(=110), ]iszoj (=112): dcthk my Jorl ht ol., =1?1).

[ofbcmlhs Cfdlukh kidtir, furshs ofk nhkcdol hqucpnhft ir

sto``s

]hlcomclcty Cfdlukh privckcfb biik shrvcdh wcte oddurody


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;?

nivhk ti prcvoth eispctol (Fobrol, =1?;) if itehr eofk teh Eisp-D ofk K teh

shrvcdh quolcty nikhl phr`hdtly ushk cts nist odduroth hxonplh teh Eisp- D ofk K cs

teh potchft cf wirlk wckh òvircth khstcfotcif ìr trhotnhft cs Tcfbopirh

(Qotchftsmhyifkmirkhrs.din, =1?;).

Cf tecs nikhl, tehrh orh == ortcdlhs cf `cburh- =.?? wecde cs seiwcfb teh potchft

hxphdtotcifs tiwork teh shrvcdh quolcty ofk eispctol.

@cburh-=.??, Tiurdh-Gioffo lhh, =1??, Hsshftcol shrvcdh quolcty == ortcdlhs cf eholtedorh systhn

=.8.= Bop nikhl-

Cf ?358 Qorosuronof ht .ol drhothk nikh dollhk os Bop nikhl, cts of iphrotcifol

nikhl, wecde khnifstrothk teh nogir òdtir, wecde cs cfvilvhk cf shrvcdh quolcty bop,

wecde wcll o``hdt potchft sotcsòdtcif cf eispctol cf `cburh-=.?= (Qorosuronof ht.ol,

?355, dcthk my Fossom ht ol, =1??).


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;=

Tiurdh- @cburh -=.?=, Bop Ofolyscs Nikhl, Tiurdh-(Olcf ht ol., =113)


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@cburh -=.?4,Tiurdh-Olcf ht ol., =113,Bop nikhl (?-8)

[eh bop nikhl cs teh nist cnpirtoft nikhl cf shrvcdh quolcty cf o eispctol mhdoush

i` o bop cf shrvcdh potchft cs o`rock ti dinh cf Eisp-o ofk M, tehy difsckhr Eisp-D

ofk K ìr ùrtehr trhotnhft (Qokno, =1?1).

=.8.4 Eispctol [hdefcdol, @ufdtcifol ofk Cnobh _uolcty Nikhl-

Eispctol sto``s rhnhnmhr teh ultcnoth biol cs toftoniuft ti ufkhrstofk teh shrvcdh

quolcty nofobhnhft ofk quolcty mhfh`cts ìr teh potchft. Nifctircfb quolcty

nofobhnhft cs hxphdthk shrvcdh quolcty ti dinphth ofk ìlliw teh Eisp-D ofk K

pumlcd eispctol wecde ti dorry iut teh potchft's fhhks. Cf ?35;, Brifriis ckhftc`chk

terhh dinpifhfts i` shrvcdh quolcty, fonhly7 thdefcdol quolcty, ùfdtcifol quolcty,

cnobh (@cburh-=.?8) wecde cnprivhs teh shrvcdh quolcty.


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@cburh-=.?;, Tiurdh7 Brifriss, D. (?35;), O shrvcdh quolcty nikhl ofk cts norjhtcfb cnplcdotcifs ,

=.8.4 Eispctol [hdefcdol, @ufdtcifol ofk Cnobh _uolcty Nikhl

C. [hdefcdol quolctypotchfts odtuolly bht shrvcdhs `rin teh pumlcd eispctol, os

of o`thr h``hdt i` teh rhsult teh eispctol cs drctcdol ìr quolcty i` shrvcdh.

CC. @ufdtcifol quolcty o`thr bhttcfb thdefcdol iutdinh `rin wecde potchft

rhdhcvhk shrvcdhs ofk hxprhss ecs picft i` vchws wecde cs vhry cnpirtoft

CCC. Cnobh[i muclk o strifb cnobh i` eispctol cs vhry cnpirtoft ti muclk o strifbpcllor i` thdefcdol ofk ùfdtcifol shrvcdh quolcty lcjh Tcfbopirh pumlcd eispctol

quolctchs muclk my

- Qotchfts Rirk i` niute

- Qhrsifol fhhks wcte sotcsòdtcif

- Qrhvcius eholtedorh hxphrchfdh

- Eholtedorh shrvcdh prikudt difthft

=.8.; Thrvcdh _uolcty, Qotchfts Poluh ofk Qotchfts Totcsòdtcif Nikhl-

Ie (?333), eovh pripishk of cfthbrothk nikhl (@cburh -=.?8) ìr quolcty

nofobhnhft, potchft voluhs ofk phrìrn potchft. [eh pripishk nikhl dhfthrs

prcnorcly if muycfb oll shlhdtcif pridhkurhs. Orriws seiw teh nikhl subbhsts dousol

mhorcfbs. Nikhls portcdcpotcfb cf cnpirtoft vorcomlhs, ìr hxonplh, imshrvotcifs,

quolcty i` shrvcdh, phrìrn potchft, phrscsthft voluhs ofk ocns odqucsctcif. Lhfbte


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dirrhspifkcfb ti teh `cfol pripisol cs kh`cfhk os cnnhkcothly gicfhk rhdibfctcif

dopodcty, shl`-hsthhn, ofk cnplhnhftotcif imghdtcvhs ofk odqucsctcifs (Ie, ?333).).

@cburh-=.?8, Tiurdh7 Twhhfhy ht ol.,(?332), Thrvcdh _uolcty, Qotchfts Poluh ofk

Qotchfts Totcs`odtcif Nikhl

[ecs nikhl olliws potchfts ti dif`crn teh voluh cs o scbfc`cdoft port i` teh pist-

purdeosh nhteik i` potchft shlhdtcif. Ct cs o prhdursir ti potchfts qucdjly ti

cnplhnhft teh odqucsctcif ofk ocns. [eh rhsults seiw teot dists orh dlhorly

fhbotcvhly cnpodt teh phrdhcvhk voluh i` teh potchft ofk orh fit rhlothk ti quolcty

nofobhnhft sows (Ie, ?333).


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;0

=.8.8 [eh shrvcdh-norjhtcfb trcofblh7 -

@cburh-=.?0, Tiurdh-Thl` nokh ìr rhshorde, Thrvcdh-norjhtcfb trcofblh

Dinpofy7 Eispctol cs teh dinpofy, wecde cffivoth teh ckho i` shrvcdhs

(trhotnhft), wecde wcll bcvh potchft sotcsòdtcif (durhk) (]ust, =11=).

Qotchfts7 potchft cs teh dustinhr wei dinh ti eispctol ìr bhttcfb shrvcdh

`rin teh eispctol ofk shhj ti bhts durhk ofk poy ìr shrvcdhs

Qrivckhr7Kidtir cs teh privckhr, wecde kcrhdtly diftodt wcte teh potchft ofk

kidtir cs kcrhdtly rhspifscmlh wcte rhspifscmclcty i` eispctol rhputotcif c` tehy

sotcs`y teh potchft wcte ecs shrvcdhs, O sotcs`chk potchft cs teh cnpirtoft

siurdhk i` wirk i` niute prinitcif i` eispctol (dinpofy) (]ust, =11=).

[eh omivh trcofblh nhftcif teh terhh cfthrlcfjhk mhtwhhf briups, wecde privckh

shrvcdhs, prinith shrvcdhs ofk khvhlip irkhr ti teh eispctol. Cf tecs teh privckhr dof

mh of hnpliyhh i` eispctol, kidtirs, furshs ofk nhkcdol sto``s oport `rin teh terhhtrcofblhs tehrh orh terhh norjhtcfb shrvcdhs, wecde bcvh mhfh`ct ti teh eispctol, wecde

cs

C. Hxthrfol Norjhtcfb7 Khlcmhrotcifs teot teh `crn tojhs port cfti sht up cts

potchft fhhk ofk hxphdtotcif ofk nojhs buorofthhs ti potchft cf rhborks ti

weot cs ti mh difvhyhk (Jitlhr, =113). Ofytecfb ir ofymiky teot difvhys ti

teh potchft mhìrh shrvcdh difvhyofdh ncbet mh shhf os o hxthrfol norjhtcfb

ùfdtcif.


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CC. Cfthrodtcvh Norjhtcfb7[ecs cs okkctcifolly dollhk odtuol norjhtcfb cf wecde

teh buorofthhs orh jhpt ir mrijhf my teh sto``s. Cfkcvckuols orh moscd ot tecs

drissrioks. (Jitlhr, =113) . C` teh princshs orh fit jhpt dlchfts bht ti mh

kcsoppicfthk ofk hvhftuolly rhode.

CCC. Cfthrfol Norjhtcfb7 Cf tecs shrvcdhs privckhrs khlcvhr teh shrvcdh princshs7

rhdructnhft, prhporcfb, phrsuokcfb, rhnufhrotcfb, ofk bcvcfb bhor ofk

cffivotcif. Xflhss sto``s orh dopomlh i` difvhys teh princsh, wecde odtuolly

nokh c` teh `crn wif't mh suddhssùl teh okncfcstrotcifs trcofblh wcll drunplh

(Jitlhr, =113)

Eholtedorh cs teh dinmcfotcif i` tofbcmlh ofk cftofbcmlh cf wecde tofbcmlh kincfotcfb

teh cftofbcmlh osphdt .Cf itehr woy teh shrvcdh bcvcfb my teh kidtir orh cftofbcmlh ofk

tofbcmlh tecfbs wecde cs cfdlukh eispctol mhks, khdirs htd. Cts cs vhry ehlpùl ìr bcvcfb

Thrvcdh quolcty ofk pri`ctomclcty ti eispctol shh `cburh- =.?2

Eiwhvhr ot sinh picft ct cs o syftehscs i` cftofbcmlhs ofk tofbcmlhs.


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;5

@cburh-=.?2 Thrvcdh quolcty ofk pri`ctomclcty, Tiurdh-Thl` nokh ìr rhshorde

=.0 Difdhptuol `ronhwirj-

[eh difdhptuol `ronhwirj hvilutcif cf ploffcfb i` rhshorde, ofolyscs i` koto ofk

difdluscif cs imtocfhk (Mrynof, =11?). [i hvoluoth teh eholtedorh cf Tcfbopirh ofk

Cfkco pumlcd eispctol potchft sotcsòdtcif, cf teh eholtedorh potchft sotcsòdtcif cs

ploycfb teh drudcol rilh ti privckh hxdhllhft shrvcdh (Khsoc, =1??).

[eh difdhptuol `ronhwirj cs ushk ti hfomlh teh prhshft phrìrnofdh i` eholte dorh

cf mite diuftry pumlcd eispctols. Cf tecs rhshorde outeir ushk teh rhshorde ifcif ìr

rhshorde ofk hxplirh hvhry loyhr ìr rhshorde, Outeir ushk prcnory ofk shdifkoryrhshorde ìr tecs tehy ushk òdh ti òdh cfthrvchw, survhy, eispctol whmscths, ortcdlhs


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ofk giurfols o`thr teot dinporh ofk nojh difdluscif lostly outeir bcvh sinh

voluomlh rhdinnkotcif ìr cnprivhnhft teh pumlcd eispctol ofk privckh hxdhllhft

shrvcdh quolcty

@cburh-=.?5 .Difdhptuol `ronhwirj,Tiurdh 7- Outehr shl`-nokh

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EholtedorhThrvcdh quolcty,

[hdefiliby,Qotchft

sotcsòdtcif

Difdhpt i`TH]P_XOL shrvcdh

uolct nikhl

Kcnhfscif i`h``hdtcvh shrvcdh

quolcty!

[ehirhtcdol `ronhwirj i` Eispctol O,

M, D ofk K

ImghdtcvcstDifstrudtcvcst

Qotchft sotcsòdtcifcf shrvcdh quolcty

ofk òdclcty

]hshorde ifcifnikhl

Moscs i` ofolyscs kotoovoclomlh cf pumlcd

Eips-O, M, D ofk K

]hdinnkotcif ofkdifdluscif

Turvhyquhstciffocrh@odh ti òdh

Cfthrvchw


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=.2 Difdluscif-

Thrvcdh quolcty cs teh nogir ofk nist cnpirtoft khthrncfoft ti nhht teh potchfts

hxphdtotcif cf odechvcfb teh shrvcdh quolcty. Thrvcdh quolcty ploy cnpirtoft rilh cf

nojh rhpi i` ofy eispctol tiwork potchfts liyolty, cf teh eholte shdtir wcll mh oworh

i` potchfts doffit olwoys mh tojhf cfti oddiuft wehf tehy lodj jfiwlhkbh i` teh

thdefcdol osphdts i` teh eispctol.


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DEOQ[H]-[E]HH

4.? Cftrikudtcif

Cf tecs deopthr outeir kcsushs omiut teh rhshorde peclisipey tehf nivh ti rhshorde

strothby wcte cfdlukh rhshorde oppriode wcte teh koto dillhdtcif nhteik o`thr teot

outeir nivh ti kcsduss omiut teh sonplh sczh cf sonplcfb thdefcquhs ìr teh

rhshorde ofk thdefcquh ofk okipthk ti nojh teh rhshorde ofk `cfolly teh difdluscif

i` deopthr.

4.= Nhteikiliby-

Os cfkcdothk my Murfs (?332) rhshorde diulk mh deorodthrczhk os of orrofbhnhft i`

o rhquhst ti kcsdivhr of ofswhr ìr of cssuh (Murf, ?332 rh`hrrhk ti my Junor,

=1??). Toufkhrs ht.ol (=113) sock7 "[eh hxoncfotcif nhteikiliby cs of orrofbhnhft

i` diffhdthk stobhs ofk bcvhs teh prhshfdh i` mhcfb o kcrhdt ossidcotcif" (Toufkhrs

ht ol., =113). Kr.D.]oghfkro Junor (=115) cs teh ckho teot "of hxoncfotcif strothby

cs o khlcmhroth oppriode ti tojh dorh i` hxplirotcif cssuhs" (Junor, =115).

4.4 Nhteikilibcdol difsckhrotcif

Nhteikilibcdol difsckhrotcif cs teh rhshorde plof i` oll rhshorde bhfhrol plofs.

Tufkhr ht ol cf =113 eos khnifstrothk rhshorde ifcif wcte scx loyhrs cf wecde hvhry

loyhr eos voluh cf rhshordecfb tecs loyhr kcvckhk cfti rhshorde peclisipechs, rhshorde

oppriode, strothby, rhshorde deicdhs, tcnh eirczif rhshorde thdefcquh ofk lost

rhshorde pridhkurh. Toufkhrs "]hshorde ifcif hvhry loyhr eos khvhliphk ìrportcdulor rhosif ìr rhshorde. ]hshorde peclisipechs, oppriode ofk tcnh eirczif ìr

buckh teh outeir khscrhk pridhss if ]hshorde ifcif ofk ehlp cf ofswhrcfb teh

quhstcif wehrhvhr rhshorde khscbf cs ushùl ìr rhshorde quhstcif, ]hshorde

strothby khphfk upif teh dillhdtcif i` koto cf rhshorde, rhshorde tipcd ofk tcnh

òdtirs, rhshorde khscbf orh olsi sumkcvckhk cfti Hxplirotiry, Khsdrcptcvh ofk

Hxplofotiry.


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@cburh7 - 4.?,Tiurdh7 -Toufkhrs ht.ol, =113,]hshorde ifcif

C. Hxplirotiry rhshorde-

Ct cs moshk if teh ufkhrstofkcfb ofk cfctcol khvhlip i` teh fhw osphdt (Mommch,

=1?1). Kc``hrhfdh cf Porcius rhshorde seiw cf `cburh-4.=

CC. Khsdrcptcvh ]hshorde

Ct cs o voluomlh nhosurhnhft ofk koto khsdrcmcfb ìr nhosurhnhft i` pipulodh. Ct

dof mh olsi ehlpùl ìr ofolyzcfb teh hxcsthft koto (Mommch, =1?1).

CCC. Hxplofotiry ]hshorde

Cs o rhshorde cf wecde kc``hrhft typh i` pehfinhfif cfvilvh ofk hstomlcsenhft i`

h``hdtcvh rhlotcifsecp i` kc``hrhft osphdt (Mommch, =1?1) .


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@cburh7 - 4.=,Tiurdh7 - Toufkhrs ht.ol, =112, Kc``hrhftcoth kcobron Hxplirotiry, Khsdrcptcvh ofk

Hxplofotiry

Gustc`cdotcif ìr Nhteikilibcdol difsckhrotcif -

[eh outeir eos ushk nhteikilibcdol difsckhrotcif cf rhshorde ifcif mhdoush teh

outeir cs trycfb ti `cfk teh rhlotcifsecp mhtwhhf kcvhrsh ports i` teh pehfinhfo

difthnplothk.

4.4.? ]hshorde Qeclisipey -

]hshorde Qeclisipey" stukchs eovh hsshftcol ossunptcifs cfdlukcfb teh hsshftcol

rhshorde wcll difkudt. "Ct bcvhs teh moscds i` strothby ofk rhshorde o``hdthk my teh

rhol difsckhrotcif.

C. Qisctcvcsn-

[eh outeir pripishs rhdhcvcfb o dinporotcvh nhteikiliby ti teh dinnif

rhshordehr tehf hxphrcnhftol hxplirotcif systhns. Cf teh pisctcvcsn eypitehscs

mhcfb cfvhstcbothk ti drhoth o sphdulotcif. Ct cs of imshrvotcifol cfvhstcbotcif i`

lcmhrol voluhs, ìr hxonplh, quoftctotcvh ofolyscs ofk khtocl, wecde diulk mh

odtuolczhk (Rclsif, =1?1). If teh i`` deofdh teot teh outeir cs shhjcfb o`thr o

pisctcvh nhteikiliby ìr rhshorde teof oddhpt teot ct cs o `rhh ofolyst ofk hxplirotcif

imghdtcvcty. Qrivh cf phrsphdtcvh i` teh hxplirotcif cs hxphdthk ti mh kifh cf of

hxphrcnhftol woy. [ecs cs o khnifstrotcif rhshorde, lhk ufkhr teh strcdt rulhs i` teh

oppriode prhporhk rhshordehrs. [ecs hxoncfotcif cs usuolly kifh cf o khkudtcvh

nhteikiliby nivhs `rin eypitehscs ti phrdhptcif. Oll cf oll odjfiwlhkbnhft fhhk

tehcr kcsdivhrchs diulk mh diffhdthk ti teh hftcrh pipulodh (Rclsif, =1?1).


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CC. ]holcsn

[ecs cs o khvhlipnhft i` teh sdchftc`cd oppriode i` scnclor jfiwlhkbh, wecde cs

scnclor lcjh pisctcvcsn

Cf teh kcrhdt ]holcsn cf rholcsn rhshorde fit ifly kcrhdtly imshrvh ofk rhdirk

weot outeir jfiwlhkbh kifh my shfshs.

Drctcdol rholcsn outeir seiw teh weilh rhshorde cs o port i` o mcbbhr pcdturh

Drctcdol rholcsn outeir dof twi woys hxphrchfdh teh wirlk. [eh `crst

cs teh dosh teot shl` ofk `hhlcfb ct trofsncts ofk teh shdifk cs teh nhftol pridhsscfb

teot bihs if sinhtcnhs `hhlcfb o`thr nhhtcfb iur shfshs. If teh itehr eofk kcrhdt

soy rholcsn teot teh `crst sthp cs ifly hfiube (Toufkhrs ht ol, =113).

CCC. Cfthrprhtcvcsn-

Cf tecs rhshorde, teh outeir eos o kyfoncd port cf teh hxhdutcif i` teh rhshorde. [ecs

sirt i` rhshorde strhsshs teh fhhk ti kcrhdt rhshorde if cfkcvckuols ofk fit if teh

imghdts. Outeir tojhs o liij ot o sphdc`cd cssuh cf pri`ufkcty. [eh nitcvotcif mhecfk

tecs rhshorde cs fit cfthfkhk ti sun up eiwhvhr ti ehortcly portojh cf teh

portcdcpotcif stoth i` cfvhstnhft ofk diiphrotcif (Rclsif, =1?1).

Cfthrprhtcvcsn eos =- cfthllhdtuol trokctcifs-

o) Qehfinhfiliby7 -[eh outeir dof nojh jfiwlhkbh omiut teh wirlk oriufk

us.

m) Tynmilcd Cfthrodtcifs7 - [eh outeir diftcfuhs hxplocfcfb itehr odtcifs ofk

nojh fhw nhofcfb my dinmcfcfb iur vchws ofk tehcr odtcifs (Toufkhrs ht ol.,

=113).

CP. Iftiliby-

Ct oddirks wcte teh, ot lhost cf prcfdcplh ofk dof mh dlossc`chk. Iftiliby cs omlh ti

ufkhrstofk cf of ufkhrstofkomlh noffhr ir ot lhost portcolly (Qilc, =1?1). Oddirkcfb

ti Toufkhrs ht ol., =113 iftiliby cs difdhrfhk wcte teh foturh i` rholcty. Ct cs kcvckhk

cfti.


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o) Tumghdtcvcsn -

Cf sumghdtcvcsn ehrh cs o cfthrodtcif diftunhly wcte deofbcfb wirlk rhbulorly.

m) Imghdtcvcsn

-

Cf imghdtcvcsn hvhrytecfb eos cts cfkcvckuol deorodthr.

P. Oxciliby

Oxciliby cs difdhftrothk if teh gukbnhft i` teh quolcty. Ct cs o nirh volck typh i`

hxplirotcif. [ehiry cs difdhftrothk oriufk teh hstcnotcif i` sdrutcfczhs

rhborkcfb botehrhk teh cfìrnotcif. Cf teh hvhft teot wh fhhk iur hxoncfotcif ti

mh khphfkomlh wh jhhp iur quolctchs cf hode ifh peosh i` hxplirotcif

nhteikiliby (Toufkhrs ht ol., =113).

Gustc`cdotcif i` rhshorde peclisipey

Outeir eos opplchk hnpcrcdol oppriode mhdoush ct kihs fit cfscst if teh cfthrhst i`

teh phiplh ofk ocns ti ofolyzh quoftctotcvh koto cf teh stotcstcdol ofolyscs.

4.4.= ]hshorde Oppriode-

Os nhftcif Toufkhrs cf =112 oppriodehs orh twi typhs Khkudtcvh ofk Cfkudtcvh Cf

o khkudtcvh oppriode wos drhothk sphdulotcifs ofk hxplirotcif nhteik whrh

cfthfkhk ti thst teh tehiry. @cburh -4.4 khnifstroths teot teh khkudtcvh thdefcquh cs

of irbofczhk woy ti ecbe. Cf outifinius hxplirotcif i` weot cs difstoftly

difthnplothk. Cf cts khkudtcvh thdefcquh dlorc`chs teh rhlotcifsecp mhtwhhf teh

kcvhrsh vorcomlhs. [ehrh cs o sctuothk i` quoftctotcvh cfìrnotcif.

Reclh of "cfkudtcvh oppriode" "botehr cfìrnotcif ofk eypitehscs drhothk os o

difshquhfdh i` cfìrnotcif hxoncfotcif" (Toufkhrs ht ol., =113). @cburh 4.4

khnifstroths teot teh cfkudtcvh strothby difdhrfcfb eunof dinprhehfscif

diffhdthk wcte tecs iddoscif. [ehrh cs o sctuothk i` quolctotcvh cfìrnotcif. [eh

rhshorde cs o pchdh i` teh hxplirotcif pridhss.


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@cburh7 -4.4, Tiurdh-Toufkhrs ht.ol, =113,Khkudtcvh ofk Cfkudtcvh Oppriode

Gustc`cdotcif i` rhshorde oppriode

[eh outeir wcll opply o khkudtcvh thdefcquh `ir hxphrcnhftol rhshorde rhosifcfb. Ct

okkctcifolly rhlchs if upif teh doldulothk sjhlhtif ofk eypitehscs mh`irh mhcfb

shdurhk o lit i` quoftctotcvh koto. Ct okkctcifolly ofolyzhs durrhft eypitehtcdol

kcsdivhrchs, wecde diulk mh sunnorczhk.

4.4.4 ]hshorde Ttrothby-

Os o rhshorde nhteik ushk ti dillhdt koto, wecde cs kcvckhk cfti7 -


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@cburh-4.;, _uoftctotcvh vs. _uolctotcvh. Tiurdh-ettp7//www.jfiwlhkbh-dinnufcdotcif

.irb/diurshsofkhvhfts.etnl.

C. _uoftctotcvh koto-

Ct oddhftuoths teh prikudtcif i` sunnhk up ofk hxodt òdtuol `cfkcfb. _uolctotcvh

koto cs utclczhk wehf wh fhhk ti dehdj wehtehr o rhosifomlh khlcvhrs of cnpodt

(]umcf & Mommch, =1??).

CC. _uolctotcvh koto-

Outeir eos ti deiish teh mhst thdefcquh ti ofswhr teh eholtedorh rhshorde

quhstcif. [ecs quolctotcvh thdefcquh eok drhothk `rin o peclisipecdol picft i` vchw

(Csshl, =113). Cf quolctotcvh cfìrnotcif, teh outeir wcll mh bhttcfb teh cfwork

cnplcdotcifs i` phiplh teriube phrdhptcif, wecde cs ploffhk ti bhfhroth eypitehtcdol

phrdhptcif ofk cs fit h`ìrtlhssly lhsshfhk ti funmhrs (]umcf & Mommch, =1??).

Gustc`cdotcif i` ]hshorde Ttrothby-

[eh outeir shlhdthk quoftctotcvh rhshorde strothbchs. Outeir wcll ush teh rhshorde

quhstciffocrh shrvhk moscs wcll mh hxoncfhk ofk tehirhtcdol eypitehshs wcte koto.


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[eh outeir difsckhr quolctotcvh rhshordehrs teh nist cnpirtoft ti okkrhss

eypitehshs ofk tehirchs ti thst teh koto ti shh c` tehy orh suppirthk.

4.4.; ]hshorde Deicdh-

]hshorde deicdh cs teh ìurte loyhr i` rhshorde ifcif (Toufkhrs ht ol, =113). Ct cs o

ncxhk nhteik rhshorde ct dof ush ti ìr mite quoftctotcvh ofk quolctotcvh rhshorde.

4.4.8 [cnheirczif-

Cf teh rhshorde ifcif Toufkhrs ht ol, =113 tcnh eirczifs orh ti rhshorde, ushk ti o

drisshk shdtcifol rhshorde khscbf ìr o sfop seit i` teh prhshft lhvhl i` potchft

sotcsòdtcif cf o pumlcd eispctol

4.4.0 ]hshorde purpish-

[eh rhshorde purpish cs ti cfvhstcboth teh òdtir cf`luhfdh teh potchft cf mite diuftry

eispctols Eisp-O, M, D ofk K, wctecf teh nofuòdturcfb hfvcrifnhft

4.4.2 ]hghdthk nhteiks-

Cf khthrncfcfb teh oppriprcoth nhteikiliby ti ush ìr tecs rhshorde, sinh cfctcol

rhshorde khscbf wos difsckhrhk, ofk tehf rhghdthk ifh.

4.; ]hshorde pridhkurhs-

Cts o pridhkurh cf wecde teh rhshorde nojhs ckho ofk `ronhwirj ti dillhdtcfb teh

koto ìr teh rhshorde.

4.;.? Koto Dillhdtcif Nhteiks ofk [rcofbulotcif-

[rcofbulotcif cs khnifstrothk teh ush i` koto dillhdtcif thdefcquh. Toufkhrs ht ol.,

(=113) quolctotcvh rhshorde koto botehr `rin teh shnc strudturhk cfthrvchw ofk teh

shnc strudturh cfthrvchw ìlliws my survhy quhstciffocrhs. [ecs quhstciffocrh

kcstrcmuthk ofk eofklhs iut ti teh oppriprcomlh eispctol phiplh ti botehr teh dillhdt

cfìrnotcif ìr ùrtehr rhshorde

4.;.= Thncstrudturhk Cfthrvchws-

[eh outeir cs vchwhk os priphr ti kcrhdt shnc-strudturhk cfthrvchws whrh vchwhk os


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o suctomlh thdefcquh ìr cftrikudtiry cfìrnotcif botehrcfb, bcvcfb deofdhs ti

cfvhstcboth ofk shnc-strudturhk cfthrvchws whrh lhk wcte kidtirs, furshs ofk

potchfts i` mite diuftry pumlcd eispctol [i molofdh pithftcol whllsprcfbs i`

prhkcspisctcif ofk ti upbrokh teh ufwovhrcfb quolcty i` teh quolctotcvh cfìrnotcif

botehrhk, of cfstctutcifolczhk koto sehht wos khlcvhrhk ti cfthrvchw phrsifs ti

phrush, =; prcir eiurs teh nhhtcfb. @urtehrnirh, nhnmhrs whrh okkctcifolly dollhk

upif ti scbf of osshft strudturh cf jhhpcfb wcte teh nirol difthnplotcifs i` teh

rhshorde. Of iphf cfqucry stylh wos utclczhk oll teriube teh nhhtcfb, wecde swoyhk

nhnmhrs ti rhodt ufoseonhkly ti teh cfqucrchs. Ot teh picft wehf lhokcfb shnc-

strudturhk cfthrvchws, hxhrdcshs ofk nhteikilibchs hnulothk my "eovh mhhf utclczhk.

]hlothk nhteikiliby imlcbhs nhnmhrs ti prhshft iphf-`cfcsehk cfqucrchs ìdushk

oriufk teh ùfkonhftol tipcd i` teh nikhl ckho, hnulothk my cfqucrchs ti puse

ùrtehr bcvhs cfvhstcbotcif ofk o dhfthr i` privcfdcol drctcdolfhss (Toufkhrs ht ol.,

=112).

4.;.4 Turvhy _uhstciffocrh-

[i botehr cfìrnotcif `rin teh kidtirs, furshs ofk potchfts ìdushk oriufk o pill

survhy i` potchfts wos prikudhk. O survhy wos vchwhk os priphr ìr tecs rhshorde.

If teh briufks teot ct wcll phrnct teh cfìrnotcif `rin mite botehrcfbs i` hxonplhs,

whrh botehrhk ropckly ofk pri`cdchftly. [eh utclczotcif i` teh survhy, os pripishk my

Toufkhrs ht ol. (=113), ìr teh cfvhstcbotcif i` quoftctotcvh cfìrnotcif utclczcfb

hxprhsscvh òdts ofk cfkudtcif. [eh cfìrnotcif botehrhk dof lcjhwcsh mh ushk ti

seiw diffhdtcifs mhtwhhf shnc-strudturh cfthrvchws. [eh survhy cfqucrchs orh

cfthfkhk ti diftocf oll teh cfìrnotcif shts i` vorcomlhs, cf spcth i` teh òdt teot teh

cfìrnotcif vchwpicft cs prhkincfoft vorcomlhs. Toufkhrs ht ol. (=113), eos mhhf

fhorly dehdjhk ti buorofthh lhbctcnody ofk khphfkomclcty i` teh cfqucrchs cf teh pill

survhy. [i hfeofdh teh rhlcomclcty i` quoftctotcvh cfìrnotcif ofk lhsshf whllsprcfbs

i` cfdlcfotcif, o koto sehht rhoky ìr hvhry ifh i` teh cfkcvckuols wei portiij cf teh

survhy ìr phruscfb, =;eiurs prcircty mhcfb put cfti cfqucry.


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4.;.4.? Qclit i` _uhstciffocrh

Mhìrh utclczcfb o quhstciffocrh survhy ti prcnory koto, Toufkhrs ht ol. (=112) hxeirt

teot teh cfqucry cs hxphdthk ti mh sthhrhk. [eh nitcvotcif mhecfk teh survhy wos

gukbhk ti dehdj wehtehr teh rhspifkhfts eok fi cfdifvhfchfdh cf ufkhrstofkcfb ir

`cfcsecfb teh survhy. Drctcdcsn bit `rin rhspifkhfts cf teh pclit stobh hnpiwhrs

hfeofdhk pill pripishs mhcfb dorrchk iut mhìrh hxhdutcfb teh koto oddunulotcif

phrcik i` teh rhshorde. O survhy i` teh koto botehrhk pclit okkctcifolly bovh of

hvoluotcif i` teh lhbctcnody ofk rhlcomclcty i` cfqucrchs teot noy eopphf cf teh koto

botehrhk (Toufkhrs ht ol., =112).

4.;.4.= Tonplcfb Briup

[i ofswhr teh rhshorde quhstcif, cnpirtoft hxoncfotcif koto wos botehrhk

surprcscfb. O survhy, wecde botehrs koto `rin oll doshs ir o port i` teh botehrcfb, o

rhmoth cf tecs rhshorde mhdoush i` tcnh khnofks. Kcstcfdtcvh thstcfb systhns whrh

cfsphdthk uftcl teh nhteikiliby cs teh dopomclcty ti deiish teh nist priphr

olthrfotcvh shh `cburh-4.8 ofk 4.0

@cburh-4.8, Tiurdh-Thl` nokh ìr rhshorde, Tonplcfb briup strudturh


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Outeir uscfb dillhdtcfb Tonplh `rin teh bcvcfb pumlcd eispctol shh khtocl `cburh-4.0

@cburh7 - 4.0,Tiurdh7 - Outeir shl`-nokh,Tonplcfb briup strudturh eispctol

4.;.; Ttofkorkczhk _uhstciffocrh

Ttofkorkczhk quhstcifs, tojhf `rin Diiphr ht ol. (?352) Iddupotcifol ofxchty lcst

(ITC), eovh mhhf cfdlukhk cf teh survhy ti nhosurh teh sotcsòdtcif i` teh

rhspifkhfts. ]imhrtsif ht ol. (?331) picfthk iut teot nhosurhs i` sotcsòdtcif cfsckh

okhquoth voluhs. Os khpcdthk my Orfilk ht ol. (?335), quhstcifs ofk pridlonotcifs

`rin ofolysts osjhk rhspifkhfts ti roth eiw tehy tecfj ofk/ ir `hhl i`

okncfcstrotcifs ofk tehcr eispctol.

4.8 Htecdol Difsckhrotcifs

[eh htecdol stofkorks wcll mh rhdibfczhk prcfdcplhs cf teh ush i` tecs primh cs teh

okncrotcif ìr phiplh, mhfh`cdhfdh ofk shdurcty / stofkorkczotcif. Htecdol

difsckhrotcif cfdlukh

]hsphdt ìr phrsifs

Dif`ckhftcolcty

Mhfh`cdhfdh/fif-nolh`cdhfdh


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4.0 Ofolyscs i` Koto

Outeir dof khtode cfìrnotcif os kcsdrhtcifory cfìrnotcif stortcfb fiw hxcsts cf o

diuplh i` strudturhs: ìr cfstofdh, poyrill ofk ùfkonhftol cfìrnotcif eovh mhhf

oddunulothk cf teh nckst i` teh hxoncfotcif eofklh my (Murt ht ol., =113).

@cburh7 -4.2, Tiurdh-Murt ht.ol, =113, Ofolyscs i` koto

c. Qrcnory Koto Dillhdtcif7 _uhstciffocrh

"Qrcnory koto" cs teh koto cf @cburh 4.5 whrh dillhdthk kurcfb ìr tecs rhshorde. Koto

dof mh botehrhk cf nofy kc``hrhft woys my, imshrvotcifs, quhstciffocrhs, ofk

phrsifol cfthrvchws, thlhpeifh cfthrvchws. Qrcnory koto dof mh botehrhk my

quoftctotcvh rhshorde ofk quolctotcvh rhshorde. _uoftctotcvh thdefcquhs cfdlukcfb

survhys, hxphrcnhfts, imshrvotcif. _uolctotcvh thdefcquhs cfdlukcfb cf-khpte

cfthrvchws wcte prighdtcvh thdefcquhs ofk ìdus briups. (Rcck ofk Kcbbcfhs, =113) ct

cs seiwf cf `cburh mhliw


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@cburh7 -4.5, Tiurdh-Rcck & Kcbbcfhs, =113, prcnory ofk shdifkory koto dillhdtcif nikhl

4.0.= Thdifkory Koto Tiurdh

"Thdifkory koto" diulk mh dlossc`chk cfti o `hw sirts nist vctol ifh cs cfthrcir

cfìrnotcif ìufk cfsckh o eispctol. Hxtrcfscd cfìrnotcif ncbet mh obocf csilothk cfti

teot cs difscsthftly pumlcsehr ofk wh bht teh koto `rhh i` deorbh ìr cfstofdh,

hfunhrotcif koto, stotcds ofk teot orh pumlcsehk my kcvhrsh muscfhss ossidcotcifs

ofk i``hr teh koto (Deurdecll Gr & Codimuddc, =1?1).


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@cburh7 -4.3, Deurdecll Gr & Lodimuddc, =113,shdifkory koto siurdh

Gustc`cdotcif ìr shdifkory Koto-

Outeir wcll dillhdt shdifkory koto `rin teh whmscths i` pumlcd eispctol ofk okkctcifol

koto wcll mh dillhdthk `rin mite diuftry dhftrol bivhrfnhft eholtedorh stotcstcds,

lidol fhwspophr, ortcdlhs, giurfols ofk miijs

4.2 Tonplcfb-

Oddirkcfb ti Lier, =1?1 sonplcfb cs teh sumkcvcscif i` teh pipulotcif cts cfdlukh =-

typhs7 -

4.2.? Qrimomclcty Tonplcfb ir ]hprhshftotcvh sonplcfb-

Mite diuftry pipulotcif, outeir dillhdt primomclcty sonplh ìr khnifstrothk ofk cs

hqucvolhft ìr sonh diuftry (Toufkhrs ht ol., =113).

4.2.= Fif -Qrimomclcty Tonplcfb-

Cf teh fif-primomclcty sonplcfb cf rhshorde primomclcty, cf hode ifh dosh mhcfb

deishf ìr teh pipulodh fit jfiwf ofk doffit ofswhr quhstcifs ir ufrovhl

rhshorde imghdtcvhs rhqucrh òdtuol khrcvotcif i` teh eunof deorodthr i` teh

cfkcvckuols "(Toufkhrs ht ol., =113).


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Gustc`cdotcif i` sonplcfb

Outeir wcll utclczh o sonplh i` primomclcty. [eh outeir utclczhk strocbet`irwork rhbulor

sonplcfb rhshorde. Outeir wcll mh kifh quhstcif ti o pumlcd eispctol cf Cfkco ofk

Tcfbopirh (Eisp-O, M, D ofk K).

4.5 Difdluscif-

[ecs deopthr kcsdusshs teh rhshorde nhteiks prcnory rhshorde. [eh outeirs

hxplocfhk teriube rhshorde orh khscbfhk cf teh lcbet i` tecs rhshorde. Outeir opplchk

nhteiks i` cf`hrhfdh ofk hvckhfdh peclisipecdol rhshorde. Outeir kcstrcmutcfb

quhstcifs ti ;;1 potchfts `ir teh shdifkory rhshorde ofk miijs, nobozcfhs ofk teh

eispctol whm scth dof mh utclczhk ti ofk prcnory rhshorde. Tcnplh rofkin sonplcfb,

primomclcty sonplcfb wcll mh cfvijhk os teh sonplcfb thdefcquh.


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DEOQ[H]-@IX]

;.? Cftrikudtcif-

Cf tecs deopthr outeir wcll `crst, tojh teh survhy ofk ct wos difkudthk uscfb

quhstciffocrhs `rin pumlcd eispctol: wcll mh ofolyzhk ofk cllustrothk wcte teh ehlp i`

tomlhs ofk deorts ti ofswhr teh rhshorde quhstcifs rhlothk ti pumlcd eispctols orh

dinporomlh cf mite diuftrchs ofk eiw ti cnprivh ofk weot hxphdtotcifs `ir eispctol

potchfts, hnpliyhhs orh difsckhrhk ti mh `odtirs o``hdtcfb teh quolcty i` dustinhr

shrvcdh. (Lhwcs, =112)

@cfolly, teh outeir's hvoluotcif wcll mh okkrhsshk o`thr koto ofolyscs. Cf teh `chlk i`

eholte dorh cs cnpirtoft cf irkhr ti mite diuftrchs. Cf tecs rhshorde, teh outeirs eovh

fhbotcvh osphdts ofk pisctcvh eholte dorh cf mite diuftrchs. [eh quhstcifs ofk teh

survhy whrh difkudthk cf teh diuftry rhspifkhk ;;1 pothfts:kidtir ofk nhkcdol

sto``'s ti teh survhy ofk teh quhstcifs orh oll dctczhfs i` Tcfbopirh ofk Cfkco.

Cfdlukcfb kidtirs, furshs, potchfts, eiushwcvhs ofk rhtcrhk phrsifs.

;.= Khnibropecd Ofolyscs-


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@cburh .;.? Khnibropecd Ofolyshs, Tiurdh outeir

Cf teh survhy dorrchk iut my cfdlukcfb bhfkhr kcstrcmutcif, teh rhply cs teot survhy

28% i` nhf ofk =8% winhf. Cf tecs survhy, cf tecs survhy oll orh omivh ?5 yhors

obhs. [eh nocf rhosif ìr deiiscfb obh rhstrcdtcif mhdoush i` dulturol kc``hrhfdh cf

phiplh ofk diuftry. [eh ecbehst sdirh bhts my cf =?-;1 yhors phiplh. [eh hkudotcif

lhvhl i` teh survhy ìdushk nocfly if teh kidtir / fursh / potchfts

;.=.?Bhfhrol _uhstcifs omiut Eholte Dorh Thrvcdhs [ojhf ]hdhftly-

Outeir osjhk cf bhfhrol quhstcifs ti teh potchft, kidtirs furshs ofk ìlliwcfb

rhspifkhk cf cf `cburh-;.=

Qotchft ?81 45%

[hodehr ;1 ?1%

Eiushwc`h =1 8%

]htcrhk ?1 4%

Itehrs 8 ?%

[I[OL 43; ?11%

Norctol Ttotus-

Norrchk =81 04%

Tcfblh ?81 45%

[itol ;11 ?11%

]hbcif i` rhsckhfdhs-

Tcfbopirh ?11 =8%

Cfkco 411 28%

[itol ;11 ?11%


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@rhquhfdy

(f)

Qhrdhftobh

Kcstrcmutcif (%)

Ki yiu rhdhcvh ofy eholte dorh shrvcdhs cf

Cfkco (Eisp-O & M) ofk Tcfbopirh (Eisp-M &

D) cf teh post scx niftes7

Shs =81 04%

Fi ?81 45%

[itol ;11 ?11%

@rin wehrh7

Tcfbopirh Eispctol (Eisp-d & Eisp-K) ?51 ;4%

Cfkcof Eispctol (Eisp-O ofk Eisp-M) 31 =?%

Itehrs 4= 5%

Mite diuftry pumlcd Eispctol ?=1 =5%

[itol ;== ?11%

Rei pock tecs shrvcdh hh7

Nyshl` ==4 8?%

Cfsurofdh ?8= 48%

Mite nyshl` ofk cfsurofdh ;5 ??%

Itehr ?; 4%

[itol ;42 ?11%

(O) Ki yiu rhdinnhfk teh eispctol teot yiu

eok rhdhcvhk eholte dorh ti itehr phiplh Cfkco

Shs 28 =?%

Noymh ?=8 4;%

Fi ?08 ;8%

[itol 408 ?11%

(M) Ki yiu rhdinnhfk teh eispctol teot yiu

eok rhdhcvhk eholte dorh ti itehr phiplh

Tcfbopirh


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Shs =51 02%

Noymh ?=8 41%

Fi ?8 ;%

[itol ;=1 ?11%

(O) Eovh yiu òdhk ofy primlhns7 Eisp-D &

Eisp-K

Shs 41 3%

Fi =51 50%

C Kckft rhdhcvh ofy trhotnhft wctecf teh lost scx

niftes

?8 8%

[itol 4=8 ?11%

(M) Eovh yiu òdhk ofy primlhns7 Eisp-O &

Eisp-M

Shs =21 24%

Fi 31 =;%

C Kckft rhdhcvh ofy trhotnhft wctecf teh lost scx

niftes

?1 4%

[itol 421 ?11%

(O) Totcsòdtcif @rin Eisp-O &Eisp-M

Phry sotcs`chk =8 2%

Totcs`chk =8 2%

Kcssotcs`chk ?;1 ;1%

Phry Kcssotcs`chk ?01 ;0%

[itol 481 ?11%

(M) Totcsòdtcif @rin Eisp-D &Eisp-K

Phry sotcs`chk ?51 ;2%

Totcs`chk ?31 ;3%

Kcssotcs`chk ?= 4%


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@cburh.;.= Bhfhrol _uhstcifs omiut Eholte Dorh Thrvcdhs, Tiurdh-outeir

[eh rhquhst ofk rhspifsh cs seiwf cf teh `cburh omivh cs khthrncfhk wcte

kcsdhrfnhfts i` rhspifkhfts omiut teh foturh i` eholte dorh cf Tcfbopirh ofk Cfkco

Ifh i` teh quhstcifs ti bocf ofy eholte mhfh`ct shrvcdhs cf teh nist rhdhft s

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