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8/12/2019 Health Wellness Agriculture - AC Laurena
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Health and WellnessAgriculture
for UP Los Banos
Antonio C. Laurena, PhD
Research Professor, Inst itute of Plant Breeding
andConstancio C. de Guzman, PhD
Professor, Crop Science ClusterCollege of Agriculture
University of the Philippines Los Banos
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Topic Outline
Aggie Crops for Health and Wellness
Rice, Corn, Coconut, Sugarcane and Banana
Fruits and Vegetables
Tuber Crops and Seed Legumes
Specialty Crops for Health and Wellness
Herbs
Pharma Crops and other GM Crops
Source of Natural Products
Summary and Conclusion
Introduction and Background
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Definition of Terms
functional foods
nutraceuticals
phytochemicals and zoochemicals
health supplements
wellness
pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics
bioactives
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Functional foods foods, that by virtue of the
presence of biologically-active components,provide a health benefit beyond basic
nutrition. (ILSI, North America).
Nutraceutical any substance that is a foodor a part of a food that provides medical or
health benefits, including the prevention and
treatment of disease.
US Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (1989)
nutrients pharmaceuticalnutraceutical
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Rice, Corn and Coconut
Brown rice, rice bran oil andfermented rice with red yeast
High lysine corn (low glycemic index)
Virgin coconut oil (VCO)and monolaurin
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Sugarcane and Banana
Sugarcane-- source of alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs)
-- source of the phytoalexin piceatannol
(a stilbene)
Banana-- complex genome (A and B)
-- table bananas and plantains (cooking type)-- major source of potassium, tryptophan and
oligofructans
-- polyphenols and oligofructans
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Fruits and Vegetables
Papaya as AntiCancer and Health DrinkBionormalizer and BioEnzyme
Mangosteen as Health Supplements(xanthones)
Watermelon(with High Citrulline)
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Bio-Catalyzer
Improved food digestion andnutrient absorption
Increased egg production in
ducks
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Fruits and Vegetables
VegetablesAmpalaya against diabetes
Malunggay vegetable for all seasons
glucosinolates and bioflavonoids
Other indigenous vegetables
Alugbati, Pako, Saluyot, Katuray
Himbabao,Kulitis and Labong
Polypeptide P
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Source: K Becker 2003
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Source: K Becker (2003)
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Jed W. Fahey, Sc. D.
Co-Founder of Brassica Protection
Products (BPP)
Moringa oleifera: A Review of the Medical
Evidence for its Nutritional, Therapeutic and
Prophylactic Properties. Part 1.Funding: Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Foundation
American Institute for Cancer Research
National Cancer Institute
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Six different phytochemicals in malunggay seeds and leaves
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Zija (zee-jah) is a nutritional supplement beverage
with a unique 100% natural blend of five parts of
the Moringa oleifera tree with over 90 naturally
occurring nutritional compounds.
A Healthy Drink
from Malunggay!!!
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Moringa oleifera is the most nutrient-rich
plant discovered todate with 90 substances
essential for propernutrition and good
health. Out of the
total 90, 46 areanti-oxidants
and 36 are
anti-inflammatories.
http://www.zijamoringahealth.com/index.html
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Tuber Crops
Purple yams with bioflavonoids(antioxidant activity)
Sweet potatobeverage/health drink (Japan product)
source of bioactives
Cassava
(substrate for probiotics)
Yacon(oligofructans)
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Seed Legumes
Soybean good sources of nutraceuticalsbioflavonoids, protease inhibitors and
anti-cancer bioactives
Velvetbean good source of L-DOPA
Other seed legumes
winged bean and malunggay seeds
(potential sources of anti-cancer bioactives)
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ISOFLAVONES
TRYPSIN
INHIBITORS
BIOACTIVE
PEPTIDES
VITAMINS MINERALS
PHYTOSTEROLS
SOY
PROTEINS
SOY OIL AND
FATTY ACIDS
LUNASIN
SOY FIBER
SAPONINS
PHYTIC ACID
OTHERS
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Specialty Crops for Health and Wellness
Herbs/Sources of Natural Products
Banaba
Lagundi
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Specialty Crops for Health and Wellness
Herbs/Source of Natural Products
Luyang Dilaw
-- cucurmin
Star Anise
shikimic acid
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Specialty Crops for Health and Wellness
Pharma CropsTobacco production of proteinaceuticals
Tomato production of anti-HIV oral vaccine
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HIV-1 is an RNA virus and during infection stably integrates
an equivalent DNA into the human host genome. It staysthere dormant for a long time until it awakens to wreak havoc
on the human host. The viral protein responsible for the
activation is the Tat protein.
Disease Progression of HIV
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Gene Gun TechniqueGene Gun TechniqueDNA coated
golden particles
Gene gun
Cell division
A plant cell with
the new gene
Transgenic plant
Plant cell
Cells DNA
Marni Cueno made a synthetic Tat
gene and transferred it to tomatousing the gene gun.
The transgenic tomato was able to
express the Tat gene derived from
HIV-1.
Tomato extracts injected at mouse
skin (intradermal) cause both the
humoral and cellular immune
responses.
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Transient expression and immunogenicity of HIV-1 Tatfusion protein in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Marni E. Cueno, Yurina Hibi, Katsuo Karamatsu, Yasuhiro Yasutomi,
Antonio C. Laurena and Takashi Okamoto
Paper submitted to Transgenic Research (2010?)
Extracellular secretion of transiently expressed HIV-1
Tat-Gus fusion protein affects cytokinin metabolism in
stunted tomato calli/plantletsMarni E. Cueno, Yurina Hibi, Antonio C. Laurena and Takashi Okamoto
Paper submitted to Nature Biotech (???)
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"Containment of herbicide resistance through
Genetic engineering of the chloroplast genome
Nature Biotechnology, April 1998, 16:345-348.
"Engineering Cytoplasmic Male Sterility via the
Chloroplast Genome by Expression of
-Ketothiolase Plant Physiology, July 2005,
138:1232-1246.
http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~daniell/
Chlorogen's proprietary chloroplast transformation
technology (CTT) facilitates hyper-expression of
recombinant proteins in tobacco chloroplasts.
CTT is based on the inherent nature of chloroplasts
to hyper-express genes during plant leaf development.
Each plant cell contains approximately 100
chloroplasts, each of which can have up to 100 copies
of the total plant genome (all the genes within the plant
and the proteins they produce). Therefore, a single cell
can produce up to 10,000 copies of a specific protein,as opposed to only one or two in the single cell nucleus.
The chloroplast has the capability to assemble complex
proteins such as monoclonal antibodies and human cell
regulators. Therefore, CTT has potential to be a most
efficient method of producing important therapeutic
proteins in plants.
http://www.chlorogen.com/technology.htm
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Prof. Robert Birch
GM sugarcane Sugarbooster
This produce isomaltulose without affecting
sucrose yield resulting in a two-fold increase
in total sugar yield in the harvested juice.
The sucrose isomerase gene from Pantoea
dispersa was inserted into sugarcane
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Q117 N3.2 N3.2H
Sugarcane plants were 16 months old with 59 internodes
in the third vegetative generation.
GM sugarcane
Ref. Wu L and RG Birch.2007. Doubled sugar content in sugarcane plants
modified to produce a sucrose isomer. Plant Biotech J 5:109-117
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Why Isomaltulose?
10x the value of sucrose
Low glycemic index
Anti-acariogenic
Potential raw material
for other chemicals
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Can the Philippines develop its
own GM sugarcane?
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Multiple genes, simple traits
6 Genes: fatty acid ACP thioesterase
acyl carrier protein
acetyl CoA carboxylase
Sources: coconut
Trait: modification of FAs
Strategy: over expression
antisense
Present Status:
A lot of coconut genes
but no available
reliable tissue culture
regeneration system
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THE FRENCH PARADOX
The French Paradox was
the term coined for the fact
that there was low incidence
of heart disease among the
French people, who ate a
relatively high fat diet.
The active ingredient in red wine with the
French Paradox attributes was ascribed
to resveratrol.
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Chemical Structure of Resveratrol
Resveratrol
(trans-3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene)
Phytoalexin antimicrobial compound
Other attributes inhibits lipid peroxidation,
scavenges free radicals, alters eicosanoid
metabolism, inhibits platelet aggregation,
anti-inflammatory activity, modulates lipid
metabolism, and anti-cancer activity
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CHSRS
Biosynthesis of Resveratrol
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RS GENE from peanut
KNOWN RS GENE
cys1693
AHRES-1 EXON 1 INTRON 1 CATALYTIC SITE AHRES-2
EXON 25
MISSING LINK
5
3
Resveratrol Synthase Gene
AHRES-2
AHRES-INT
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Entomopathogenic bacterial chitinaseSerratia marcescens BizioStrain LPC BIOTECH 1748 (11 Sm)
-- Gram-negative bacterium belonging to thefamilyEnterobacteriaceae
-- an enteric insect pathogen
-- one of the most efficient bacteria for chitin
degradation
-- produce up to 5 different chitinolytic enzymes
upon induction with chitin
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2.1 kb
chitinase gene
Partial DNA sequence
of the chitinase gene
(T7 orientation)
ccctttaccc tgactaaaac ttgcgctcga
cgccctccgt gaaggatatc tgccgaatcc
gcccttatcc tctcggaata aaggaatcag
ttatgcgcaa atttaataaa ccgctgtgcg
ctgttgatcg ggcacgctgt gtaccgcggg
aaggtcgacg cccgggcaag ccgaccatcg
cctggggcaa caccaagttc gccatcgttg
aattgaccag gcggctaccg cttataataa
A full length novel chitinase gene was isolated
from a local strain of Serratia marcescens.
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Unlike the genome, the proteome is dynamic.
Extensive modulation of protein expression
and function at multiple levels
Post-translational modification makes protein
more diverse and complex
Proteolysis for processing and/or cleavage ofproteins into new fragments with often
unique bioactivities
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Proteases account for a significant
proportion of the total genomeIn the human genome, 2% of all human genes
are proteases and protease inhibitors.
The potential for generating a vast array of
proteolytically cleaved peptides with diverse
bioactivities (yet to be discovered)
The greatest number of cryptic peptides dis-
covered so far is derived via cleavage of
extracellular matrix and milk proteins
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Bioactive peptides with a biological activity inaddition to the nutritional value
specific protein fragments that have a positiveimpact on body functions or conditions and
may ultimately influence health
Korhonen and Pihlanto, 2006
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Cryptome was proposed to represent the cryptic
subset of peptides residing within the proteome.
Crypteins were defined as cryptic peptides withvarying bioactivities liberated from the parent
protein via proteolytic cleavage
Food proteins as a potential source of
bioactive peptides
Autelitano et al, 2005 Drug Discovery Today
Cryptome Pharmaceuticals
Melbourne, Australia
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Hypo-
cholesterolemic
Anti-
microbial
Anti-
microbial
2.antagonistAnti-
thrombotic
Cyto-modulatory
Anti-appetizing
1.agonistAnti-oxidative
Immuno-
modulating
Mineral-
binding
OpioidAnti-
hypertensive
Cardiovascular Nervous Gastrointestinal Immune
Types of Peptide Bioactivity
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Food proteins as a potential source of
bioactive peptides
Animal proteins Plant proteins
MilkEggs
Meat
PlasmaGelatin
Fish
SoybeanSunflower
Rapeseed
CerealsOther legumes
Moringa
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ISOFLAVONES
TRYPSIN
INHIBITORS
BIOACTIVE
PEPTIDES
VITAMINSMINERALS
PHYTOSTEROLS
SOY
PROTEINS
SOY OIL AND
FATTY ACIDS
LUNASIN
SOY FIBER
SAPONINS
PHYTIC ACID
OTHERS
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Maruyama and others
2003
immuno-modulatorytrypsinsoy protein
isolate
Allison and others
2003
anti-obesitynonesoy proteinisolate/flakes
Yoshikawa and others
2000
hypocholesterolemic
nonesoybean
glycinin
Wu and others 2000/
Kodera and Nio 2002
hypotensivealcalase enzyme/
Protein D3
defatted soy
meal/soy protein
Kim and others 2000anti-cancerthermolasedefatted soy
protein
Pena-Ramos and
Xiong 2002
antioxidantpepsin, papain
and chymotrypsin
soy protein
isolate
ReferencesActivityPreparationSource
Bioactive Peptides from Soybean Protein
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Lunasin is a small subunit of the
2S albumin in soybean
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Regulatory networks affected by genes
upregulated by lunasin
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Historical Background
A dividing mammalian cellshowing the separation of
the daughter chromosomes.
Benito O. de Lumen/ProfessorDepartment of Nutritional Science
and Toxicology
College of Natural Resources
Univ Calif Berkeley
The discovery of the anti-cancer peptide
lunasin by Prof. de Lumen owes a lot toMaria Jamela R. Revilleza
Alfredo Galvez
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4482%hydrolyzed soy protein
3884.2-88.2%isolated soy protein
2860-76%soy protein concentrate
14NDsoy powder
1250%soy flour
1350%soy flakes
1448%soy flour
Lunasin content of commercially
available soy proteinsSample protein mg/g flour
Source: De Mejia and others (2004)
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Multiple Uses of Moringa
Human food Functional food
Pharmaceutical/
nutraceuticals
WaterTreatment
Animal/fishfeed
Medicinal
Plants
Other Alternative
or New Uses
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Malunggay Beyond Nutrition:
Functional Food Promoting Wellness
Antibiotic Activity AgainstHelicobacter pyloriH. pylori is a bacterium discovered in the mid-1980s.
It is an omnipresent human pathogen prevalent in the
poorest of poor populations worldwide.
It is a major cause of gastritis, gastric and duodenal
ulcers and a major risk factor for gastric cancer.
H. pylori is susceptible to some compounds presentin Moringa oleifera.
Further clinical studies are being done to validate
this findings.
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An anti-microbial peptide (AMP) was isolated,
purified and characterized from the seeds of
Moringa oleifera.
This cationic 10 kDa peptide has bactericidal
activity againstEscherichia coli, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes.
Reference: Suarez et al. 2005. Structure-function charac-
terization and optimization of a plant-derived antibacterial
peptide. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
49:3847-3858.
Bioactive Proteins/Peptides
in Malunggay
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We have cloned lunasin homologs
in two other plants:
Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
Malunggay Moringa oleifera
We are interested in the gene structure oflunasin-like genes in winged bean and
malunggay and their biological role in
seed development.
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Application of Biomarkers
Measure symptoms of lifestyle-
related diseases (cancer, diabetes,
Atherosclerosis, etc.)
Development of novel type of
functional foods adapted forindividual health condition
urine,
blood
ingestionTailor-made
Disease Prevention
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Antibody chips
Add sample(saliva, urine or blood)
Add secondary antibody(enzyme-labeled)
Chemiluminescencedetection
Analysis
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How do we select appropriate markers?
A strategy is the combined use of accumulated
knowledge in genomics and DNA/protein chip
technology.
Prof. Toshihiko Osawa
Graduate School of Bio-
Agricultural SciencesNagoya University, Japan
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Animal Products for Health and Wellness
Milk, Meat and Eggs
PUFAs
Bioactive peptides
as products of
proteolysis
Shark Cartilage
as Anti-Cancer
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Cryptome was proposed to represent the crypticsubset of peptides residing within the proteome.
Crypteins were defined as cryptic peptides with
varying bioactivities liberated from the parentprotein via proteolytic cleavage
Food proteins as a potential source ofbioactive peptides
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SummaryAgricultural and specialty crops have broad
and/or specific diversity of biochemicals asnutrients and nutraceuticals
Some of these crops have already been exploited
fully or to a limited extent on a commercial scaleby individual countries
Plant genetic engineering will play a very important
role in the development of crops with enhancednutrition and health-promoting properties.
Peptides and proteins in agricultural and specialty
crops are rich sources of bioactive substances.
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Recommendations
The College of Agriculture should initiate anintegrated program for agriculture towards
health and wellness.
Such a program can focus on a very limitednumber of crops based on available human
resources, funding and existing infrastructure.
CA may need to link up with other collegessuch as the CAS, government agencies and
the private sector.
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International Initiatives by the Asian Vegetables
Research and Development Center (AVRDC)
Nutritional security, diet diversification,
and human health
To assess, improve, and promote the nutritional
and nutraceutical values of indigenous vegetables
(IVs) and to assist their adoption by resource-poor communities.
VISION
UUnder the 3-year Medium Term Plan (2007-2009):
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An Indigenous Vegetable Field Day at the Bicol
Integrated Agricultural Research Center (BIARC),
organized by DA-BAR
and AVRDC-The
World Vegetable
Center in Pili,
Camarines Sur onMarch 28, 2007.
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Field Day on Indigenous Vegetables at the Departmentof Agriculture -Eastern Visayas Integrated Agricultural
Research Center (DA-EVIARC) on October 25, 2006 in
Babatngon, Leyte.
Field Day on Indigenous Vegetables at the Department
of Agriculture Northern Mindanao Integrated AgriculturalResearch Center (DA-NOMIARC) on September 1921,
2006 in Bukidnon.
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The Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)
Crop Science Cluster
4031
Let food be thy medicineand medicine be thy food
Hippocrates 2500 BC