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Healthcare and Life Sciences

Healthcare is one of the largest sectors in terms of revenue and employmentHealth is a sector which will never get affected by recession.1HealthCareHealth care is the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in humans

Health care is delivered by practitioners and other care providers.Healthcare industry consists of hospitals ,nursing homes2History of HealthCareHealthcare history from ancient times to colonial era to the modern day.Healthcare systemsPrimary careSecondary careTertiary care

Short history of the healthcare :discussion about major world events that impacted the healthcare industry as it stands now.

Home has long been the upholder of health care for ancient human beings as for much of the history ofhuman civilization everything from birth to disease was handled by experts within ones own house.in which people learned the medicinal properties of plants through trial and error, and then passed on that knowledge to others. Humans have long recorded their secrets for curing sickness, over centuries ofexperiment and experience - an exercise in trial, error, and success, the result of which began to be recordedIt later became a subject of purposeful study by many different cultures including the Persian, Egyptian, Greco-Roman, Indian, and Chinese cultures.

//The discoveries that brought up a lot of impact that led to the start of health care industryanesthetics, syriznges, antiseptics, x-rays,.//The discovery of penicillin in 1941 revolutionized medical care and totally changed the patterns of disease that threatened humanity." In 1896, Roentgen discovered X-ray; Medical imaging has now become the largest revenue producing entity within a Health Care facility.// Doctors started to initiate prepaid arrangements for their services, foreshadowingthe medical insurance and administration field that is in place today.With the advent of infectious diseases like malaria, plague ,tuberculosis etc National governments started working towards protecting their citizens against those threats which led to huge advances in vaccinations,preventions, and treatments.

Despite over 100 years of controlefforts, malaria still caused a large number of deaths in children in developing nations. Eradication campaignshave made people in the health care industry aware of how vulnerable they are, in spite of moderndevelopments and technology.they understood that the delivery of medical care was a limited part of improving health and social conditions.these conditionscalled upongovernments to build national plans for primary health care infrastructure that provide basic healthcare services from bottom up..A country of rich culture and heritage. Where there was man, there was need for medicine. Medicine today is a cumulative knowledge gathered for centuries. India, due to its ancient knowledge and practice initiated the system of healthcare not just through the physical ailment of the patient but also the environment and other elements. Unlike modern medicine during those times, medicines were dealt with plants, minerals, stars, spirits and voodoo. Treatment was done mainly by priests, herbalists, sorcerers and magicians

Primary careIt refers to the work ofhealth care professionalswho act as a first point of consultation for allpatientswithin the health care system.[6][7]Such a professional would usually be aprimary care physician or nurseor family physician

Secondary careIt includesacute care: necessary treatment for a short period of time for a brief but serious illness, injury or other health condition, ,cardiologists,urologistsanddermatologists.

Tertiary careTertiary careis specialized consultative health care, usually forinpatientsExamples of tertiary care services arecancermanagement

3Introduction to Life SciencesThelife sciencescomprise thefields of sciencethat involve the scientific study of living organisms, such as plants,animals, andhuman beings, as well as related considerations likebioethicsThe Life Science industry is made up of many sectors PharmaceuticalsMedical devices Biotechnology and diagnostics

Pharmaceutical sector is regulatory- and compliance-controlled IND to NDA = 10 to 15 yearsNew Drug Application Investigation of a New DrugAdvancing Sciences

combines the information stored in the different databases and uses various toolsto search, inspect, compare and combine these data.4Advancing SciencesShifting innovations from chemistry-based to biology-based advance data management or bioinformaticsEffective management values specialists handling scientific data, massive databases of clinical drug and discovery data.

Pharmaceuticals are innovation-based, focusing on new discoveries in science and advances in technology. the part of IT sector that could peep(help in) into will be the effective data management of massive data that is the result of the research and data mine the knowledge from the large amount of data.

5Health Care Terminology Subscriber Member Provider Claims Coinsurance Copayment Deductible Lifetime maximum

Subscriber - Person who pays the premium and under whom the family is covered

Member - Who receives medical coverage under a subscriber. Dependents of the family.

Provider - In simple words. Any place where we can go and get treatment. Formal definition Any individual, institution, or agency that provides health services to health care consumer.

Claims - An invoice from the provider to the doctor for the services rendered.

Coinsurance - A form of medical cost sharing in a health insurance plan that requires an insured person to pay a stated percentage of medical expenses after the deductible amount, if any, was paid. Coinsurance is where we and our insurer share the cost. Copayment - A form of medical cost sharing in a health insurance plan that requires an insured person to pay a fixed dollar amount when a medical service is received. The insurer is responsible for the rest of the reimbursement

A copay is what you pay when you visit the doctor, Copays vary by policy, and can change if you see a specialist instead of a regular doctor, or seek treatment out of your provider's network.

Deductible - A fixed dollar amount during the benefit period - usually a year - that an insured person pays before the insurer starts to make payments for covered medical services.

6How do coinsurance and copays work?

Suppose that gary has fallen sickHe pays a copayment of $25 to the physician first(consultation fee)After getting treatedhe has to pay a bill of 1250$Where hasnt paid the deductible of$250 till then to insurance company So he first pays the deductible of $250 as his medical bills are more than the deductible this timeSo now he has to pay a bill of$1000Where his coinsurance % is 20%So he pays $200And the remaining amount $800 will be taken care by the insurance company.This is how the copayment ,coinsurance and deductibles work

Lifetime maximum is the maximum amount that an insurance can pay in his lifetime

7Health Care Terminology HMO and PPOHMO PPO

There are different types of plans for different types of peopleSuppose if a person selects hmo(health management organizationThis insurance company have negotiated discounts with hospitals and doctors in this areaHe may be paying lower premiums but his doctor and hospital options are very limitedHe has to be with in the network to receive the coverageFirst he has to choose a health care proffesional all the surgical decisions will be made by him(much preffered than the patients decision)

But with ppo gary assumes more responsibility for his health care decisions but he pays more for that If garry has a ppo he can choose from a larger n/w of health care proffesionalsUnlike in hmo gary can go out of the n/w providers but he has to pay more

To summarize hmo s provide smaller premiums but more restrictionsBut ppo costs a little more and encourages u to stay in a n/w but gives us more options than hmo

There are three general classifications of medical insurance plans: fee-for-service (indemnity), Security or protection against a loss or other financial burden. managed care (e.g., HMOs and PPOs), high-deductible health plan (HDHP). Older persons may be eligible for Medicare coverage.

. In managed-care plans, insurance companies contract with a network of doctors and hospitals to provide cost-effective health care. Managed-care plans include health maintenance organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), and point-of-service (POS) plans.

An HMO operates as a prepaid health-care plan. You normally pay a monthly premium in addition to a small copayment for a visit to a physician, who may be on staff or contracted by the HMO. Copayments for visits to specialists may be higher. The insurance company typically covers the amount over the patient copayment amount.Each covered member chooses or is assigned a primary-care physician from doctors in the plan. This person acts as a gatekeeper for his or her patients and, if deemed necessary, can refer patients to specialists who are on the HMOs list of providers. Because HMOs contract with doctors and physicians, costs are typically lower than in indemnity plans.(refer word doc)

8Health Care Terminology Enrollment period Capitation

Enrollment:The enrollment period is the period of time where an Individual can be enrolled in an offering for a 'Closed' enrollment type (defined start and end date). This is determined for all offerings. An enrollment ties a membership to a contract for a specific offering

Enrollment primacy Enrollment Primacy is a hierarchy defined by Healthways that determines which disease is considered primary when the disease identification algorithm executes. Each disease is put into a classification of Super-Core, Core, Non-Core, or Sub-Core; each disease is assigned a numeric value that corresponds to its place in the hierarchy. Disease hierarchy can vary by contract. For example, Diabetes (DM) has a value of "6000" and Heart Failure (HF) has a value of "5000" in the hierarchy. Therefore, DM would be the primary disease if an Individual was identified for both. An Individual is assigned a primary enrollment, and that information is used for billing and outcomes reporting. The Customer can also contract with us without primacy.

CapitationCapitation fee is a fee or payment of a uniform amount charged per person. In medicine, Capitation (healthcare) is one mechanism to pay physicians, where in a fixed payment remitted at regular intervals to a medical provider by a managed care organization for an enrolled patient. In education, it is an additional fee collected to cover expenses not included in other fees such as tuition.

9Health Care Terminology PHI HIPAACOB ICD Codes ICD10 List of ICD-9 codes 001139: infectious and parasitic diseasesList of ICD-9 codes 140239: neoplasmsList of ICD-9 codes 240279: endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders HL7

Phi:Protected health information (PHI) is any information about health status, provision of health care, or payment for health care that can be linked to a specific individual. This is interpreted rather broadly and includes any part of a patient's medical record or payment history.

personal health information (PHI), also referred to as protected health information, generally refers to demographic information, medical history, test and laboratory results, insurance information and other data that is collected by a health care professional to identify an individual and determine appropriate care.example

Internet protocol addressesBiometric identifiers (i.e. retinal scan, fingerprints)Full face photos and comparable images

The information in your medical record is used to monitor your health, coordinate the care you receive, and ensure that quality healthcare is being deliveredbut thats just the beginning. It also travels to many different places both inside and outside the healthcare system. Your information may be used for research, as a legal document in cases where evidence of care is needed, and to pay for the care you receive.

HipaaHealth Insurance portability and accountability act of 1996Portability-guarantees health coverage when employees change jobsAccountability-establishes national standards for protecting health dataHIPAA protectshealth insurancecoverage for workers and their families when they change or lose their jobs. Title II of HIPAA, known as the Administrative Simplification (AS) provisions, requires the establishment of national standards forelectronic health caretransactions and national identifiers for providers, health insurance plans, and employers.[2](more)

publicize standards for the electronic exchange, privacy and security of health information

The intent is to protect the privacy of your health information. What's different is that HIPAA puts some very specific rules in place about when, how, and what kind of information can be shared. Also, it makes sure that the person whose information is being shared is aware of that possibility.

Your healthcare provider and your insurance company have to explain how they'll use and disclose health information.You can ask for copies of all this information, and make appropriate changes to it. You can also ask for a history of any unusual disclosures.If someone wants to share your health information, you have to give your formal consent.You have the right to complain to HHS about violations of HIPAA rules.Health information is to be used only for health purposes. Without your consent, it can't be used to help banks decide whether to give you a loan, or by potential employers to decide whether to give you a job.When your health information gets shared, only the minimum necessary amount of information should be disclosed.Psychotherapy records get an extra level of protection.

COB

Coordination of benefits is the practice of ensuring that insurance claims are not paid multiple times, when an enrollee is covered by two health plans at the same time. COB determines which plan is primary and which is secondary. primary plan will pay the claims first and the unpaid balance will be paid by the secondary plan to the limit of its responsibilityExampletwo working spouses have health insurance coverage at their respective places of employment. When one spouse becomes ill, his/her policy at work will become the primary plan and the health insurance plan of the other spouse becomes the secondary plan. The medical expenses incurred will be paid by the primary plan and all other medical expenses not covered by the primary plan will be paid by the secondary plan..

ICD (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and other related health problems )a health care classification system, providing a system of diagnostic codes for classifying diseasesThe ICD is revised periodically and is currently in its tenth revision.which was based on the principle of distinguishing between general diseases and those localized to a particular organ or anatomical site,

The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.

List of ICD-9 codes 001139: infectious and parasitic diseasesList of ICD-9 codes 140239: neoplasmsList of ICD-9 codes 240279: endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disordersList of ICD-9 codes 280289: diseases of the blood and blood-forming organsList of ICD-9 codes 290319: mental disordersList of ICD-9 codes 320359: diseases of the nervous systemList of ICD-9 codes 360389: diseases of the sense organs

Sprains and strains of joints and adjacent muscles (840848)(840) Sprains and strains of shoulder and upper arm(841) Sprains and strains of elbow and forearm(842) Sprains and strains of wrist and hand(843) Sprains and strains of hip and thigh(844) Sprains and strains of knee and leg(845) Sprains and strains of ankle and footThere are about more than 1000 icd codes in icd codes 9th version

He fills out a form with name ,date and insurance details Using jims information the hospital information system(HIS) creates a new patient record and issues an id for himThe doctor will look at the history of the patient and writes some observations to be madeJims doctor also want to conduct an x-ray so she schedules a time and place using the hospitals information radiology information system (RIS).Because of HL7 jim didnt need to fill out separate forms for id and x-ray as the hl7 messages are interoperable between all the systems.Doctor is able to easily observe the jims details and add the observations and schedule his /her x-ray timimg without any paper work (which is a time consuming processHl7 enables all these systems interact with each other so that healthcare providers actually care for the health of their patients .every time information need to flow between systems text based messages generate specific events and the information is sentNow jims registration and result of x-ray will be sent to his(hospital information system)Hl7 is the language these systems are using to communicateAll that the system needs is a hl7 translatorHl7Before hl7 there was no standard for sharing the data.Systems had to be manually notified and time consuming custom interfaces have to be designed to connect each and every system.HL7, which is an abbreviation ofHealth Level Seven, is a standard for exchanging information between medical applications. This standard defines a format for the transmission of health-related information.HL7 messagesinclude patient records, laboratory records and billing information.

EachHL7 messageconsists of one or more segments. A carriage return character (\r, which is 0D in hexadecimal) separates one segment from another. Each segment is displayed on a different line of text. (as seen in the sample HL7 message below)EachHL7 segmentconsists of one or more composites (also known as fields). A pipe(|)character is used to separate one composite from another.If acompositecontains other composites, these sub-composites (or sub-fields) are normally separated by^characters.

ExampleMSH|^~\&|EPIC|EPICADT|SMS|SMSADT|199912271408|CHARRIS|ADT^A04|1817457|D|2.5|PID||0493575^^^2^ID 1|454721||DOE^JOHN^^^^|DOE^JOHN^^^^|19480203|M||B|254 MYSTREET AVE^^MYTOWN^OH^44123^USA||(216)123-4567|||M|NON|400003403~1129086|NK1||ROE^MARIE^^^^|SPO||(216)123-4567||EC|||||||||||||||||||||||||||PV1||O|168 ~219~C~PMA^^^^^^^^^||||277^ALLEN MYLASTNAME^BONNIE^^^^|||||||||| ||2688684|||||||||||||||||||||||||199912271408||||||002376853

TheMSH(Message Header) segment contains information about the message itself. This information includes the sender and receiver of the message, the type of message this is, and the date and time it was sent. Every HL7 message specifies MSH as its first segment.ThePID(Patient Information) segment contains demographic information about the patient, such as name, patient ID and address.TheNK1(Next of Kin) segment contains contact information for the patient's next of kin.ThePV1(Patient Visit) segment contains information about the patient's hospital stay, such as the assigned location and the referring doctor.

If a composite contains other composites, these sub-composites (orsub-fields) are normally separated by^characters. If a sub-composite also contains composites, these sub-sub-composites are normally separated by&characters.PID||0493575^^^2^ID 1|454721||DOE^JOHN^^^^|DOE^JOHN^^^^|19480203|M||B|254 MYSTREET AVE^^MYTOWN^OH^44123^USA||(216)123-4567|||M|NON|400003403~1129086|In this segment, the fifth composite is the patient name, which isDOE^JOHN^^^^. (The four ^^^^ characters at the end of this composite indicates that it has a total of six sub-composites, and that only the first two of the sub-composites are defined.)Pv1 to describe his visit details

HL7 v2.x has allowed for theinteroperabilitybetween electronic Patient Administration Systems (PAS), Electronic Practice Management (EPM) systems, Laboratory Information Systems (LIS), Dietary, Pharmacy and Billing systems as well asElectronic Medical Record(EMR) orElectronic Health Record(EHR) systems. Currently, HL7s v2.x messaging standard is supported by every major medical information systems vendor in the United States.[22]

10HL7 Message

Example for a HL7 messageMSH|^~\&|EPIC|EPICADT|SMS|SMSADT|199912271408|CHARRIS|ADT^A04|1817457|D|2.5|PID||0493575^^^2^ID 1|454721||DOE^JOHN^^^^|DOE^JOHN^^^^|19480203|M||B|254 MYSTREET AVE^^MYTOWN^OH^44123^USA||(216)123-4567|||M|NON|400003403~1129086|NK1||ROE^MARIE^^^^|SPO||(216)123-4567||EC|||||||||||||||||||||||||||

Hl7 messages are made up of sequence of segments they serve as the building blocks for hl7 messagesEach segment is located on its own line where it groups relevant group of information

In hl7 there are over 100 segments each of these are identified by 3 letter acronym

When we look inside a segment we find that it is made up of fields and composites they are simple data types like a string or a numberFields in this segment are separated by a pipe characterInformation about the message is always found in msh segmentIn msh segmentIt contains information about who sent it,where its going when it was sent ,and even whats expected insideMSH|^~\&|EPIC|EPICADT|SMS|SMSADT|199912271408|CHARRIS|ADT^A04|1817457|D|2.5|In the ninth segment we could see adt and a04 separated by a ^ characterIt tells us the type of message it can be about patient admission ,patients order or the result of a laboratory testHere adt is the type that is admission in this case and a04 represents the event it is registration

ExampleMSH|^~\&|EPIC|EPICADT|SMS|SMSADT|199912271408|CHARRIS|ADT^A04|1817457|D|2.5|PID||0493575^^^2^ID 1|454721||DOE^JOHN^^^^|DOE^JOHN^^^^|19480203|M||B|254 MYSTREET AVE^^MYTOWN^OH^44123^USA||(216)123-4567|||M|NON|400003403~1129086|NK1||ROE^MARIE^^^^|SPO||(216)123-4567||EC|||||||||||||||||||||||||||PV1||O|168 ~219~C~PMA^^^^^^^^^||||277^ALLEN MYLASTNAME^BONNIE^^^^|||||||||| ||2688684|||||||||||||||||||||||||199912271408||||||002376853

TheMSH(Message Header) segment contains information about the message itself. This information includes the sender and receiver of the message, the type of message this is, and the date and time it was sent. Every HL7 message specifies MSH as its first segment.ThePID(Patient Information) segment contains demographic information about the patient, such as name, patient ID and address.TheNK1(Next of Kin) segment contains contact information for the patient's next of kin.ThePV1(Patient Visit) segment contains information about the patient's hospital stay, such as the assigned location and the referring doctor.

If a composite contains other composites, these sub-composites (orsub-fields) are normally separated by^characters. If a sub-composite also contains composites, these sub-sub-composites are normally separated by&characters.PID||0493575^^^2^ID 1|454721||DOE^JOHN^^^^|DOE^JOHN^^^^|19480203|M||B|254 MYSTREET AVE^^MYTOWN^OH^44123^USA||(216)123-4567|||M|NON|400003403~1129086|In this segment, the fifth composite is the patient name, which isDOE^JOHN^^^^. (The four ^^^^ characters at the end of this composite indicates that it has a total of six sub-composites, and that only the first two of the sub-composites are defined.)Pv1 to describe his visit details

HL7 v2.x has allowed for theinteroperabilitybetween electronic Patient Administration Systems (PAS), Electronic Practice Management (EPM) systems, Laboratory Information Systems (LIS), Dietary, Pharmacy and Billing systems as well asElectronic Medical Record(EMR) orElectronic Health Record(EHR) systems11Commercial Health Care Plans MedicareMedicaidMedigap

Medicare is govt sponsored health care for seniors and disabledIts govt sponsored healthcare for seniors and disabledMedicare is provided to cover people for social securityIt works a lot like health insurance except that it is funded by governmentWe become permanently eligible when u turn 65 years or become medically disabled before 65It is divided into several parts likePart a part b part c and party d

Medicaid is often provided for servicing the poor people

MedicareAmericans pay into throughout our working lives and enroll in after they retire or in case of a serious disability.It pools the resources of the entire nation to protect older and disabled Americans from the risk of an unforeseeable financial disaster in the event of an acute illness, an injury, or an expensive chronic condition.All American workers finance the program and all are covered by it once eligible: no one is excluded because of their age, health status, or their income. Meanwhile the program is obligated to pay for all necessary care for the eligible population, wherever they live in the country and whatever else may be true about their history, prospects, and preferences. Medicare only denies claims for medically unnecessary care.They will be eligible automatically when they reach the age of 65A covers inpatient hospital stays, care in a skilled nursing facility, hospice care, and some home health careB covers services like outpatient care and doctor services also covers some preventive services to maintain ur health.C covers part a,part b and sometimes part d and is managed by private insurers approved by medicareD helps lower prescription drug coverage a covers hospital stays b covers doctors visitsOutpatient carecan refer to any type of service offered that does not involve an overnight stay in a medical facility.partAPart A covers inpatient hospital stays, care in a skilled nursing facility, hospice care, and some home health carePart bPart B covers 2 types of servicesMedically necessary services:Services or supplies that are needed to diagnose or treat your medical condition and that meet accepted standards of medical practice.Preventive services:Health care to prevent illness (like the flu) or detect it at an early stage, when treatment is most likely to work best.You pay nothing for most preventive services if you get the services from a health care provider who acceptsassignment. Part B covers things like:Clinical researchAmbulance servicesDurable medical equipmentMental healthInpatientOutpatientPartial hospitalizationGetting a second opinion before surgeryLimited outpatient prescription drugs

MedicaidEach state operates a Medicaid program that provides health coverage for lower-income people, families and children, the elderly, and people with disabilities.The eligibility rules for Medicaid are different for each state, but most states offer coverage for adults with children at some income level. In addition, beginning in 2014, most adults under age 65 with individual incomes up to about $15,000 per year will qualify for Medicaid in every state.

It fills the gap b/w expenses reimbursed by medicare and the total amount charged.they are private supplemental health insurance plansMedigap refers to various private supplementa lhealth insuranceplans sold toMedicarebeneficiaries in theUnited Statesthat provide coverage for medical expenses not or only partially covered byMedicare. Medigap's name is derived from the notion that it exists to cover the difference or "gap" between the expenses reimbursed by Medicare and the total amount charged. As of 2006, 18% of Medicare beneficiaries were covered by a Medigap policy.[1]

12Stakeholders perspectives on ITPhysicians Deluge of information to process & manage Shorter decision and patient interaction span Regulatory Compliance & performance pressures (P4P)

PayersEnsure greater accountability of transactions Ensure adherence to correct/ cost-efficient treatment path

Key Drivers for IT implementation

Competitive & regulatory pressures Enhancing quality of clinical careReducing Medical errors & evolving physician support tools Cost pressures

13An example

Lets suppose doctor x who is still usi ng the oudated paper chart system who writes out the prescriptions in charts and shares the frustration overimproperly filed or even lost chartsThey planned a switch from medical reports to electronic medical records

Electronic medical records help a lot in analysing the data of a patientTrack and give him the appointments regarding various tests or visits he has to make to a doctorInstead of the chart system he used to use and write the prescriptions and maintain all those records

That would really be helpful for the further interventions or encounters with the customer.

And also explain telemedicineWhat is Telemedicine???Telemedicine is set to revolutionize health care system Telemedicine is delivery of health care information across distances using telecom technology video conferencing between the patient at remote hospital with the specialists 90% of the patients do not require surgery so the Dr. generally need not touch the patient, need not to be at the same place. So Patient can be treated from the diff location14Distinction of Healthcare in INDIA and USIndiaUS% of GDP4-5%16.2%HealthCare SystemMixedMostly PrivateOut Of Pocket Payment70%10-12%Life Expectancy(m/f)63/6676/81Infant Mortality Rate (per thousand)668In India the total expenditure as percentage of GDP is as low as 4-5 %. Whereas in US it is well beyond world standards, as high as 16.2 % of GDP.

The Indian Healthcare system can be considered as a Mixed Healthcare System where there is a government health infrastructure which provides healthcare at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. In addition to this there is a strong presence of private healthcare infrastructure which is growing stronger by the day with decline of trust of people in public hospitals. While in US the system is majorly privately funded where the employers are supposed to fund for the employees working with them. There is public funding is available only for unemployed people who cannot afford to purchase health insurance.

Out of the pocket payments account for 70% of healthcare costs in India which warrants a work up on strengthening of financing mechanisms like insurance. On the other hand in US the out of pocket expenditure stands at around 10-12%.

With the perspective of outcomes, in India the Life expectancy at birth m/f (in years) is 63/66 while that for US is 76/81.Another important factor is Probability of dying under five (per 1000 live births) which indicates the load of infective diseases which affect children and the ability of the healthcare system to deal with them . In India the Probability of dying under five is as high as 66 per 1000 live births while that of US is 8 per 1000 live births.

India has a universal health care system run by the local (state or territorial) governments. Government hospitals provide treatment at taxpayer expense. Most essential drugs are offered free of charge in these hospitals.where as the united states doesnt have a health care system15Conclusion The Indian healthcare sector can be viewed asa glass half empty or a glass half full. The challenges the sector faces are substantial, from the need to improve physical infrastructure to the necessity of providing health insurance and ensuring the availability of trained medical personnel with theopportunities available equally

Growing population and economy One driver of growth in the healthcare sector is Indias booming population currently 1.2 billion and increasing at a 2% annual rate By 2030, India is expected to surpass China as the worlds most populous nation11

In which electronic data about the patient has to be secure against all attackers,hackers and intruders (according to hipaa)The patient health records have to be electronically available which are interoperable between different applications that are useful in healthcare industry

Healthcare is one of Indias largest sectors, in terms of revenue and employment.Health is a sector which will never get affected by recession.

16Healthcare in 2020?

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