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Hel
ium
-3 M
inin
g A
eros
tats
in th
e A
tmos
pher
es o
f the
Out
er P
lane
tsJe
ffrey
E. V
an C
leve
, Bal
l Aer
ospa
ceC
arl G
rillm
air,
SIR
TF S
cien
ce C
ente
r, C
alte
chM
ark
Han
na, B
all A
eros
pace
Ric
h R
eine
rt, B
all A
eros
pace
Art
by D
avid
Sea
l of J
PL
Ref
eren
ce: V
an C
leve
et.
al. “
Hel
ium
-3 M
inin
g A
eros
tats
in th
e A
tmos
pher
es o
f the
Out
er P
lane
ts”,
200
2
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070014644 2018-05-29T18:04:07+00:00Z
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
2
Imag
ine
an In
terp
lane
tary
Fut
ure
Whe
re -
•d-
He3
fus
ion
prod
uces
mos
t of E
arth
’s e
nerg
y ne
eds
with
out
radi
oact
ivity
or c
arbo
n em
issi
ons
•S
pace
tran
spor
tatio
n ha
s be
en re
volu
tioni
zed
by a
n ef
ficie
nt fu
sion
pr
opul
sion
sys
tem
with
exh
aust
vel
ocity
up
to 0
.088
c
•S
pace
com
mer
ce is
stim
ulat
ed b
y th
e ex
iste
nce
of a
n in
terp
lane
tary
ca
rgo
wor
th $
3-M
a k
ilogr
am
•U
nman
ned
prob
es tr
avel
to th
e ne
ares
t sta
r sys
tem
s w
ith fl
ight
tim
es
less
than
a h
uman
life
time
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
3
He-
3 Fu
sion
for E
nerg
y &
Pro
puls
ion
d +
He3
-->
p +
He4
•re
acta
nts
are
stab
le a
nd s
tora
ble
•pr
oduc
ts a
re e
nerg
etic
, cha
rged
and
sta
ble
–E
ffici
ent e
lect
rical
gen
erat
ion
from
MH
D–
No
activ
atio
n an
d em
britt
lem
ento
f rea
ctor
ves
sel
–E
ffici
ent c
onve
rsio
n to
thru
st w
ith e
xhau
st v
eloc
ity u
p to
0.
088
c -->
~50
yr i
nter
stel
lar f
light
usi
ng k
now
n ph
ysic
s.•
3.6x
1014
J/kg
of d
-He3
mix
ture
= 1
.0x1
08kW
h/kg
–Fu
el is
abo
ut 2
0% o
f the
kW
h co
st o
f ele
ctric
ity–
If el
ectri
city
is 1
5¢/k
Wh
then
He3
has
a v
alue
of $
3M/k
g
He-
3 is
one
of t
he fe
w c
omm
oditi
es w
orth
inte
rpla
neta
ry fr
eigh
t cos
ts
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
4
Why
Out
er P
lane
ts fo
r He-
3?
•E
arth
: bre
edin
g of
triti
um fr
om e
ither
isot
ope
of li
thiu
m
by n
eutro
n bo
mba
rdm
ent,
trito
ns d
ecay
to H
e-3.
–
Con
tain
men
t, w
aste
pro
blem
s sa
me
as d
-t fis
sion
. –
US
A h
as n
o cu
rren
t cap
abili
ty.
–Li
thiu
m in
vent
ory?
•M
oon:
sol
ar w
ind
impl
ante
d in
rego
lith,
10
ppb
(10-
8 )
by m
ass
in u
pper
mos
t few
met
ers.
~10
00 y
r of 2
001
ener
gy n
eeds
-a s
tarte
r cat
alys
t?.
•O
uter
pla
nets
: pr
imor
dial
He3
, ~10
par
ts p
er m
illio
n (1
0-5 )
, ~10
9yr
of 2
001
ener
gy n
eeds
-the
ulti
mat
e en
ergy
sou
rce?
.
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
5
Whi
ch O
uter
Pla
net-J
upite
rP
ro:
•C
lose
st to
Ear
th a
nd S
unC
on:
•H
uge
grav
ity m
eans
retu
rn v
ehic
le h
as m
ass
ratio
>20
(nuc
lear
ther
mal
I sp
= 90
0 s)
–N
o m
ass
budg
et le
ft fo
r car
go!
•A
lot h
otte
r at a
any
giv
en d
ensi
ty–
Gal
ileo
prob
e ki
lled
by h
eat n
ot b
y pr
essu
re
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
6
Whi
ch O
uter
Pla
net-S
atur
nP
ro:
•N
ot a
s fa
r as
Ura
nus
and
Nep
tune
•R
apid
rota
tion
subs
tant
ially
redu
ces ΔV
to o
rbit
Con
:•
See
n as
dep
lete
d ~5
x in
Hel
ium
com
pare
d to
ot
her o
uter
pla
nets
–re
anal
ysis
of V
oyag
er d
ata
20 y
r lat
er re
stor
es th
at
5x-m
aybe
–w
on’t
know
for s
ure
until
we
send
an
entry
pro
be•
Rin
gs a
s a
navi
gatio
n ha
zard
–ne
ed c
lose
-in, c
o-or
bitin
g m
issi
on to
look
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
7
Whi
ch O
uter
Pla
net-U
ranu
sP
ro•
Prim
ordi
al H
e3 a
bund
ance
?•ΔV
to o
rbit
requ
ires
mas
s ra
tio <
5•
Clo
ser t
han
Nep
tune
Con
•A
xial
tilt
com
plic
ates
inte
rpla
neta
ry tr
avel
•Tw
ice
as fa
r fro
m E
arth
as
Sat
urn
Ura
nus m
ay b
e th
e cl
oses
t pla
net w
ithou
t maj
or p
ossi
ble
prob
lem
s --b
ut w
e m
ust r
etur
n to
bot
h Sa
turn
to b
e su
re
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
8
Do
we
real
ly k
now
how
muc
h H
e3 is
ther
e?•
He3
/He4
can
not b
e m
easu
red
by re
mot
e se
nsin
g•
He3
/H2
and
He3
/He4
ratio
s ha
ve b
een
mea
sure
d in
situ
only
by
Gal
ileo
at J
upite
r•
He3
/He4
ratio
of 1
0-4
to 1
.5x1
0-4
from
m
eteo
rs, s
olar
win
d, c
osm
olog
y•
Use
Gal
ileo
resu
lts fo
r He3
/He4
= 1
0-4
and
Voy
ager
resu
lts (?
) for
He4
/H2
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
9
•B
allo
on d
iam
eter
:
80 m
•
Tota
l Pla
nt m
ass:
14
6 to
nnes
•R
etur
n ve
hicl
e:
59 to
nnes
•To
tal l
ift n
eede
d:
205
tonn
es
He3
pla
nt
reac
tor
Bal
loon
Insu
latio
n
He-
3 M
inin
g w
ith B
allo
ons
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
10
Not
iona
l Dis
tilla
tion
Pla
nt C
once
ptTh
inki
ng B
ig a
bout
our
Spa
ce C
ryog
enic
s Fut
ure
pum
pH
eat e
xcha
nger
LHe
4.2K
X3=
10-4
X3=
2.5x
10-3
X3=
0.06
3X
3=0.
9
X3=
0.01
3X
3=6x
10-4
L 1.
2 K
L 1.
2 K
L 1.
2 K
GG
G
CH
4Ar
Sor
ptio
nR
emov
al
H2
JTLi
quifi
erH
2S
orpt
ion
Rem
oval
He
JTLi
quifi
er
CH
4Ar
LH2
17 K
LH2
22
K
HeR
Vpr
opel
lant
GH
260
K
23
45
67
8
X3
= H
e-3/
He-
4 ra
tioG
= g
asL
= liq
uid
GH
e
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
11
Ene
rgy
Eco
nom
ics
He3
/H2
= 10
ppm
Tabl
e 1
Stag
ePr
oces
sEn
ergy
(J)/g
He3
1, 2
, 3co
ol at
mos
pher
e to
16 K
7.2x
107
3liq
uify
H2 a
t 16
K3.
2x10
8
5co
ol H
e fro
m 1
6 K
to 4
.2 K
1.3x
107
5liq
uify
He a
t 4.2
K1.
1x10
7
6co
ol L
He f
rom
4.2
to 1
.2 K
1.2x
107
tota
l4.
3x10
8
Tran
spor
tatio
n on
2 y
r tra
ject
ory:
5x1
07J/
g H
e3E
nerg
y re
leas
ed:
6x10
11J/
g H
e3Th
eore
tical
ene
rgy
payb
ack:
~10
00
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
12
To E
arth
Bas
e fo
rM
aint
enan
ceO
pera
tions
Sta
rshi
p Fu
elin
g
He3
tank
er
He3
dis
tilla
tion
plan
t
reac
tor
Bal
loon
volu
me
Min
ing
aero
stat
Nuc
lear
ram
jet/r
ocke
t re
turn
veh
icle
To S
tars
The
Pers
ian
Gul
f of t
he S
olar
Sys
tem
, 215
0
The
mos
t val
uabl
e in
terp
lane
tary
com
mod
ities
are
refin
ed H
e-3,
de
uter
ium
, and
hea
vy m
etal
s
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
13
Nex
t Ste
ps
•Ju
pite
r Icy
Moo
ns O
rbite
r (JI
MO
) –
nucl
ear f
issi
on-p
ower
ed–
elec
tric
prop
ulsi
on fl
ight
sys
tem
–B
ig d
eal:
20
tonn
es, >
$4 B
, 10
kWe
–Fi
rst o
f a s
erie
s: P
roje
ct P
rom
ethe
us•
Sat
urn
Rin
g O
bser
ver
•U
ranu
s/N
eptu
ne O
rbite
r with
Pro
bes
•S
elf-d
eplo
ying
bal
loon
pro
bes
for M
ars,
Tita
n•
Dis
cove
ry/N
ew F
ront
iers
mis
sion
s to
oth
er re
sour
ce
site
s (M
oon,
ast
eroi
ds, c
omet
s) fo
r int
erpl
anet
ary
com
mod
ity e
cono
my
http
://w
ww
.jpl.n
asa.
gov/
jimo/
galle
ry.c
fm
8/25
/04
WS
-2 2
004
14
A T
rial B
allo
on ?
Sci
entif
ic b
allo
on m
issi
ons
to o
uter
pla
nets
, usi
ng
Pu
RTG
san
d/or
O2
burn
ers,
to s
tudy
•H
e3/H
e4 a
nd H
e/H
2ra
tio•
pres
sure
vs.
tem
pera
ture
for 1
< p
< 1
00 b
ar•
trace
gas
com
posi
tion
•en
try, d
eplo
ymen
t, an
d te
lem
etry
eng
inee
ring
expe
rimen
ts
A sc
ienc
e ba
lloon
cou
ld b
e as
smal
l as 2
.8 m
di
amet
er, a
nd u
se a
t mos
t 7 k
g of
Plu
toni
um a
s a
heat
and
pow
er so
urce