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Seattle University School of Law Seattle University School of Law
Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons
Homeless Rights Advocacy Project Law School Archives
5-4-2018
Hidden in Plain Sight: Finding Safe Parking for Vehicle Residents Hidden in Plain Sight: Finding Safe Parking for Vehicle Residents
Tyrone Ray Ivey
Jodleyn Gilleland
Sara Rankin Seattle University School of Law
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/hrap
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Ivey, Tyrone Ray; Gilleland, Jodleyn; and Rankin, Sara, "Hidden in Plain Sight: Finding Safe Parking for Vehicle Residents" (2018). Homeless Rights Advocacy Project. 14. https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/hrap/14
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Archives at Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Homeless Rights Advocacy Project by an authorized administrator of Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected].
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3173221
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Hidden in Plain Sight
Finding Safe Parking for Vehicle Residents
AuthorsT.RayIvey&JodilynL.Gilleland
EditorSaraK.Rankin
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3173221
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TheHomelessRightsAdvocacyPracticumisasectionoftheHomelessRightsAdvocacyProject(HRAP)attheSeattleUniversitySchoolofLaw’sKorematsuCenter.RayIvey,lawstudentatSeattleUniversityandmemberofHRAP,andJodilynGilleland,recentSeattleUniversitySchoolofLawgraduateandformerHRAPcohortmember,authoredthispolicybriefunderthesupervisionofProfessorSaraRankin.Theauthorsaredeeplygratefultotheseindividualsfortheirtimeandcontributionstothisbrief:
• FellowHRAPmembers,includingBrittanyChiechi,TranDinh,ChrisKranda,KatherineMeans,EvanieParr,ColleenRowe,andJocelynTillisch
• JenniferAdams,BridgeCareCenter• JeanDarsie,ScofflawMitigationTeam• LisaGustaveson,CityofSeattle• MadeleineHarnois,Attorney• RiannaHidalgo,Journalist• CatherineHinrichsen,SeattleUniversity• ReverendBillKirlin-Hackett,InterfaithTaskforceonHomelessness• KarinaO'Malley,LakeWashingtonUnitedMethodistChurch• GrahamPruss,UniversityofWashingtonDepartmentofAnthropologyandWeCount• MarkPutnam,AllHomeKingCounty• JessieRawlins,CityofSeattle• CassieRoach,NewBeginningsCounselingCenter• Dr.TeresaSmith,DreamsforChange• JessicaSo,WashingtonAttorneyGeneral’sOffice
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3173221
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments...............................................................................................2
ExecutiveSummary.............................................................................................4
Introduction.........................................................................................................7
CaseStudies........................................................................................................9
A.NewBeginningsCounselingCenter’sSafeParkingProgram,SantaBarbara,California........................................................................................................101.OperationalApproaches..........................................................................112.CommunityEngagementandPublicRelationsStrategies.......................173.LegalConsiderations...............................................................................19
B.DreamsforChange’sSafeParkingProgram,SanDiego,California............211.OperationalApproaches..........................................................................232.CommunityEngagementandPublicRelationsStrategies.......................283.LegalConsiderations...............................................................................29
C.LakeWashingtonUnitedMethodistChurch’sSafeParkingProgram,Kirkland,Washington.....................................................................................301.OperationalApproaches..........................................................................312.CommunityEngagementandPublicRelationsStrategies.......................343.LegalConsiderations...............................................................................36
ConclusionsandRecommendations..................................................................37
A.FundingSources.........................................................................................37
B.Relationships..............................................................................................39
C.ReputationalCapital...................................................................................40
D.FinalConclusions.......................................................................................41
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ThepopulationofunhousedindividualscontinuestoincreaseinKingCounty;however,availableindoorovernightshelterhasnotkeptpace.Thisshortagecontributedtoa76%increaseinthenumberofunhousedindividualscountedas“unsheltered”duringtheannualKingCountyPoint-in-Timecountsurveyssince2014.1Asignificantportionofpeoplecountedas“unsheltered,”though,cansecuretemporaryshelterinavehicle.Accordingtothemostrecentcount,vehicleresidentsmakeup42%oftheunshelteredpopulationinKingCounty.2
Theroadtohomelessnessisoftencomplexandindirect.Often,somecombinationof
uncontrollableexternalforces,unpredictableevents,unfortunateconsequences,andrandomchanceovercomesanindividual’sabilitytostaveofftheeventuallossofasafeandstablehousingoption.Aperson’svehiclecanrepresentapersonalrefuge:thelastremaininglinktoasenseofprivacy,stability,andpersonalautonomy.Adequatesheltersarealsocommonlyinaccessibletovehicleresidentsbecausethereisnoplacetoleavethevehicle.3Formany,theirvehicleistheirhome.4
Butvehicleresidentsareroutinelypunishedforthesecircumstances.Manylaws
criminalizenecessary,life-sustainingactivities,whichroutinelyaffectallunhousedpeople.Butvehicleresidents,specifically,aredisproportionatelyimpactedfromacomplexarrayoflawsregardingvehicles.Manyparkingrestrictionseffectivelybanishvehicleresidentsfrommajorpartsofthecity.5Often,vehicleresidentsareunabletopayforcitations,whichthenevolveintocriminalinfractions.6Otherlawscommonlyallowfortheimpoundmentofavehicularhome,forcingvehicleresidentstoendureevengreatertraumaonthestreet.
Theselawsdonotresultindeterrenceormeaningfulrevenue,buttheydoharmto
alreadyvulnerablepeople,makingthemmoreresistanttorecoveringfrompovertyandhomelessness.7Thisresultisnotonlyinhumane,butamountstoacostlyrotatingdoorthat
1CountUsIn,Reports,ALLHOMEKINGCOUNTY,http://allhomekc.org/king-county-point-in-time-pit-count/#reports(lastvisitedDec.1,2017).2CountUsIn,Seattle/KingCountyPoint-In-TimeCountofPersonsExperiencingHomelessness2017,ALLHOMEKING
COUNTY(2017),http://allhomekc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2017-King-PIT-Count-Comprehensive-Report-FINAL-DRAFT-5.31.17.pdf[hereinafter2017OneNightCountReport].3SUZANNESKINNERANDSARARANKIN,SHUTOUT:HOWBARRIERSOFTENPREVENTMEANINGFULACCESSTOEMERGENCY
SHELTER(May9,2016),https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2776421.4JessicaSoet.al.,SeattleUniv.Sch.ofLaw,HomelessRightsAdvocacyProject,LIVINGATTHEINTERSECTION3(May9,2016),https://ssrn.com/abstract=2776423[hereinafter“LivingattheIntersection”].5Id.6JustinOlsonet.al.,SeattleUniv.Sch.ofLaw,HomelessRightsAdvocacyProject,WASHINGTON'SWARONTHE
VISIBLYPOOR:ASURVEYOFCRIMINALIZINGORDINANCES&THEIRENFORCEMENT(May6,2015),https://ssrn.com/abstract=2602318orhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2602318[hereinafter"Washington’sWar"];seealsoLivingattheIntersection,supranote4.7Id.;Washington’sWar,supranote6.
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generatessignificantfiscaldrain.Accordingly,otherreportshavealreadyshownwhytheselawscanandshouldberevisedtomitigateharmtovulnerablevehicleresidents.8
SafeParkingProgramscanbepartofaninterimsolutionthatmitigatesharmto
vulnerablevehicleresidents.SafeParkingProgramsutilizeexistingpublicorprivately-ownedparkinginfrastructuretoprovidevehicleresidentswithasafe,reliable,andlegalplacetopark.Thisbriefisaresourceforanyoneinterestedinresearching,implementing,oradvocatingforSafeParkingProgramstomitigateharmtovehicleresidentsandtoofferthesevulnerableneighborssupportthatmightliftthemoutofpovertyandintostable,permanenthousing.ItsurveysresourcesandhighlightsthreespecificcasestudiesofcurrentlysuccessfulSafeParkingPrograms:NewBeginningsCounselingCenter,inSantaBarbara,California;DreamsforChange,inSanDiego,California;andLakeWashingtonUnitedMethodistChurch,inKirkland,Washington.
Finally,thisbriefsynthesizeskeyconsiderationsforanyoneseekingtoadvocateforor
implementaSafeParkingProgram.Theseareasinclude:OperationalApproaches.OperationalapproachestoSafeParkingProgramshelp
determinethegoalsandprimaryfunctionsoftheprogram.
• SuccessfulSafeParkingProgramsstartbyclearlyidentifyingtheirgoalsandthetargetpopulationtheywanttohelp.
• Twooperationalmodelsaretypical:acentralizedhostingmodeloraprivatizedmodel.
o Inacentralizedhostingmodel,theprimaryfunctionsoftheprogramareadministeredthroughoneorganization,suchasanon-profit.Thismodelallowsforprogrammaticefficiency,becausetheSafeParkingProgramcanutilizeexistingadministrativeresources.Dependingonthestatusoftheadministeringorganization,thismodelcanallowthepossibilityofgovernmentfundingandwidernetworksforoutreach.
o Inaprivatizedmodel,SafeParkingprogramsareaffordedgreateroperationalfreedomsbecausetheyarelesslikelytoberestrictedduetofundingcriteriaorgovernmentaloversight.Withaprivatemodel,SafeParkingProgramsareallowedgreaterdiscretioninhowtheychoosetooperatetheirprograming.Asaresult,communityengagementmaydiffer.
Sourcesoffunding.SafeParkingprogramsaretypicallyfundedfromthreemajor
sources:government,privatedonors,andindividualdonors.Eachsourcecomeswithprosandcons.
8LivingattheIntersection,supranote4.
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• SafeParkingProgramsfaceissuesaroundreliabilityoffundingresources,theflexibilityinwhichthefundingcanbeused,andtheoverallautonomythateachSafeParkingProgramwillreceiveiftheyacceptthefunding.Forexample,governmentfundingisoftenareliableandstablesourceoffundingbecausetherecipienttypicallyknowshowmuchmoneytheywillbereceiving,andwhentheywillbereceivingit.However,governmentgrantscanrestricthowrecipientscanspendthemoney.Fundingreceivedfromlargeprivatedonorsandindividualdonorsmayallowmoreflexibilityorfewerspendingrestrictions.However,usingprivatedonorsmayresultinamorelimitedorunreliablefundingstream.Positiverelationshipswithlocalgovernmentandlocallawenforcement.Safe
ParkingProgramsincreasetheirlikelihoodofsuccessiftheydevelopstrongrelationshipswithlocalgovernmentandlawenforcement.SuchrelationshipscanpositivelyaffectaSafeParkingProgram’soperationalplans,fundingapplications,lotprocurement,mediaexposure,andcommunityengagementandinteraction.
CommunityEngagement.SafeParkingProgramsalsobenefitfrominvestingin
positivecommunityrelationships.Programsbenefitfromdevelopingpositivereputationalcapital.CreatingthoughtfulandintentionalrelationshipswithinthecommunitycreatestrustbetweencommunitymembersandvehicleresidentsthatutilizetheSafeParkingProgram.
Theonlyrealsolutiontoaddressvehicleresidencyisanexittohousing.9Butinthe
crucialinterim,SafeParkingProgramscanmitigateharmandprovidecriticalstabilityforvehicleresidentswho,fortoolong,havebeenhiddeninplainsight.10
9Manyadvocatesandpolicymakersagreethatthatultimategoalofasafeparkingprogramistosecurepermanenthousing;however,thisgoalmaynotresonatewithsomevehicleresidents,whoalreadyseetheirvehicleastheirhome.Accordingly,someadvocates,suchasGrahamPruss,maysee“exittohousing”asa“euphemismforpropertyseizure.”E-mailfromGrahamPruss,ExecutiveDirector&Co-Founder,WeCount,toauthors(April12,2018)(onfilewithauthors).10ThankyoutoAshwinWarrior,whoseblogentry,EveryoneCounts:IncludingVehicleResidentsHidinginPlainSight,providedtheinspirationforthetitleofthisbrief.Ashwin’sblogisavailableatFiresteel,January29,2013,http://firesteelwa.org/2013/01/everyone-counts-including-vehicle-residents-hiding-in-plain-sight/
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Introduction In2015,theresultsoftheKingCounty’sPoint-in-Timecountofpeopleexperiencing
homelessnessreportedthatthetotalofunhousedindividualsincreased8%overtheprioryearandexceeded10,000individualsforthefirsttimeinover30years.11Thatsameyear,theKingCountyExecutiveandtheMayorofSeattlebothissued“statesofemergency”toraiseawarenessabouttheunderlyingissuescontributingtothedramaticriseintheunhousedpopulationandtoaccessemergencyfundingtoaddressthoseissues.12Otherlargecommunitiesacrossthewestwerereportedastakingsimilaractions—includingthecitiesofLosAngelesandPortland,andtheentirestateofHawaii.13Sincethen,thenumbershavecontinuedtoincreaseatasimilarrate,withthemostrecentKingCountyPoint-in-Timecountresultinginastaggering11,688unhousedindividualsinearly2017.14
Butthesenumbersonlytellpartofthestory.Oneprominentsegmentoftheunhousedor“unsheltered”populationisagroupsometimesdescribedas“hidinginplainsight”:vehicleresidents.15Whiletechnicallycountedas“unsheltered,”vehicleresidentsutilizetheirvehicleasaplaceofpersonalrefugeandshelter.Indeed,vehicleresidentsmakeupasignificantportionofKingCounty’stotalunshelteredpopulation16—42%in2017.17112015Results,SEATTLE/KINGCOUNTYCOALITIONONHOMELESSNESS,http://www.homelessinfo.org/what_we_do/one_night_count/2015_results.php(lastvisitedNov.26,2017).12DanielBeekmanandJackBroom,Mayor,countyexecdeclare‘stateofemergency’overhomelessness,originallypublishedNovember2,2015at11:23am,https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/mayor-county-exec-declare-state-of-emergency-over-homelessness/(UpdatedJanuary31,2016at10:41am)("[L]ocalleadersMondaydeclaredstatesofemergencyinSeattleandKingCounty.”).13Id.(“LosAngelesandPortlandtookthestepinSeptember….Hawaiifollowedsuitthispastmonth.”).14CountUsIn,HomelessnessinKingCounty:2017OneNightCountResults,ALLHOMEKINGCOUNTY(2017),http://allhomekc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-Count-Us-In-Infographic.pdf.Point-in-timecountssuchastheseareoftencriticizedasunderestimations.See,e.g.,PaulBoden,HomelessHeadCountsHelpNoOne,S.F.GATE(Feb.5,2013,7:26PM),http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Homeless-head-counts-help-no-one4254191.php("Point-in-timecountsareaminimumnumber,always.Theyundercounthiddenhomelesspopulationsbecausehomelesspersonsaredoublingupwiththehousedorcannotbeidentifiedbysightashomeless.").Thisundercountingcanbeespeciallytrueforvehicleresidents.NancyJoseph,ChampioningSeattle'sInvisibleHomeless,UNIVERSITYOFWASHINGTONCOLLEGEOFARTSANDSCIENCES:PERSPECTIVESNEWSLETTER(Dec.2012),https://artsci.washington.edu/news/2012-12/championing-seattles-invisible-homeless-0(quotingvehicleresidencyresearcherGrahamPrussexplainingthat“[t]okeeptheirlives,property,andhomessafe,[for]manyvehicleresidents....theirsurvivalstrategyincludesinvisibility”).15AshwinWarrior,EveryoneCounts:IncludingVehicleResidentsHidinginPlainSight,Firesteel,January29,2013,http://firesteelwa.org/2013/01/everyone-counts-including-vehicle-residents-hiding-in-plain-sight/.16HeidiGroover,"MyVanWasJustGone."HomelessAdvocatesAskCitytoStopTicketing,TowingVehiclesPeopleLiveIn,THESTRANGER(Oct3,2017at4:27pm),http://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/10/03/25450050/my-van-was-just-gone-homeless-advocates-ask-city-to-stop-ticketing-towing-vehicles-people-live-in.172017OneNightCountReport,supranote2.
Safe Parking Programs use public or private parking lots to provide vehicle residents
with a safe, reliable, and legal place to park.
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SafeParkingProgramshelpaddresstheuniqueneedsofvehicleresidents.Atthemost
fundamentallevel,aSafeParkingProgram(SPP)usesexistingpublicorprivately-ownedparkinginfrastructuretoprovidevehicleresidentswithasafe,reliable,andlegalplacetopark.Thisneedisoftenurgentandpersistentbecause“banishingvehicleresidencyisoneofthefastest-growingformsofcriminalization.”19Forexample,overthepasttenyears,citieswithlawsthateffectivelycriminalizevehicleresidencyincreasedastaggering143%.20Theselaws
includemeteredstreetparkingzones,21permit-onlyparkingzones,22timerestrictions,23restrictionsonvehicleoperability,24restrictionsregardinglicensingandregistration,25andevenprohibitionsdirectedspecificallyatvehiclehabitation.26
Whilecitiestypicallyjustifythesezoningrestrictionsasnecessaryforpublicorderorhealthandsafetyconcerns,27sometimestheyarearesponseto
pressurefromcommunitymembers,whofearthatallowingoccupiedvehicleparkingwillinviteproblemsstereotypicallyassociatedwithvehicleresidentsintheircommunities.28Thescopeandimpactoflawsthatcriminalizepeopleforlivingintheirvehicles—evenwhentheyhavenootherreasonablealternative—iswelldocumented.29
Scofflawordinancesexacerbatetheeffectsofcriminalization.Scofflawordinances
imposepenaltiesandfinancialburdensonalreadypoorpopulations,allowingfortheextra-judicialimpoundmentofvehiclesiftheirownerscannotpaythefines.30Theselaws18Groover,supranote16.19LivingattheIntersection,supranote4.20NATIONALLAWCENTERONHOMELESSNESSANDPOVERTY,HOUSINGNOTHANDCUFFS:ENDINGTHECRIMINALIZATIONOF
HOMELESSNESSINU.S.CITIES(2018),https://www.nlchp.org/documents/Housing-Not-Handcuffs.21E.g.SanDiegoLandUseOrdinance§86.0106;KirklandParkingOrdinance12.45.23022E.g.SanDiegoLandUseOrdinance§86.0143and§86.2014;KirklandParkingOrdinance12.45.24023E.g.SanDiegoLandUseOrdinance§86.0118;KirklandParkingOrdinance12.45.30024E.g.SanDiegoLandUseOrdinance§86.0137;SantaBarbaraZoningOrdinances30.175.030(M)25E.g.SantaBarbaraZoningOrdinances30.175.030(M);KirklandParkingOrdinance12.45.17026E.g.SanDiegoLandUseOrdinance§86.013727NATIONALLAWCENTERONHOMELESSNESSANDPOVERTY,NOSAFEPLACE:THECRIMINALIZATIONOFHOMELESSNESSIN
U.S.CITIES15(Nov.2011),https://www.nlchp.org/documents/No_Safe_Place[hereinafter“NoSafePlace”].28RiannaHidalgo,NowhereToGo,REALCHANGE(July22,2015),http://www.realchangenews.org/2015/07/22/nowhere-go(“[W]hatishappeningatlargewhenitcomestothenearly800peoplewholiveintheirvehiclesinSeattle...hasalltheelements:parkingregulationsthatofferlimitedoptionsandleadtoaconcentratedareaofvehicleresidents;visiblepovertyandsafetyconcernthatfuelsneighborhoodtensionsuntiltheyreachaboilingpoint;[]lawenforcementofficialscaughtinbetween[sic]therock-and-hard-placeoftryingtoenforceruleswithoutharmingvulnerablepopulations…andpublicmisperceptionsaboutwhothepeopletrulyarewhoresidewithintheRVs,trucksandcarsonthestreetsofSeattle.”).29See,e.g.,LivingattheIntersection,supranote4;Hidalgo,NowheretoGo,supranote28;NoSafePlace,supranote27.30LivingattheIntersection,supranote4.
“Even though it is safer than being outside, you still
wonder if your vehicle is going to be gone when you
get back to it. It's a small fear that I have every day.”18
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disproportionatelyaffectvehicleresidents,becausetheseresidentsrarelyhavesufficientfinancialresourcestopayparkingfines,letalonetheadditionalfinesthattowcompaniesimposeonresidentsseekingtoretrievethevehiclesfromimpoundment.31Inotherwords,parkingviolationscanleadtothegovernmentpushingthevehicleresidentsoutoftheirvehicles—theirhomes—andontothestreet.32Andunpaid,non-criminalviolationscanmutateintomisdemeanors,draggingvehicleresidentsintothecriminaljusticesystem,imposingfurtherdamagewithsubsequentfinancialburdensandsocialpenalties.33
Thisbriefisaresourceforanyoneinterestedinresearching,implementing,or
advocatingforSPPs.Itextractslessonsfromthreespecificcasestudiesofsuccessful,currentlyoperatingSPPs.34Theselessonsorganizearoundfourspecificissues:(1)initialimplementation;(2)ongoingoperations;(3)communityengagement;and(4)commonlegalconsiderations.ThelastsectionsynthesizeslessonsfromthesecasestudiesthatmayhelptosupportaspiringSafeParkingPrograms.
Case Studies ThissectionexploresthreeexamplesofSPPsinoperation:NewBeginningsCounseling
Center’s(NewBeginnings)SPPinSantaBarbara,California;DreamsforChange’s(Dreams)SPPinSanDiego,California;andLakeWashingtonUnitedMethodistChurch’sSPPinKirkland,Washington.ThesecasestudiesshedlightonhowdifferentSPPscanbestructuredandimplementedtomeettheneedsofvehicleresidents.
31RiannaHidalgo,ThePileUp,RealChange,August5,2015,http://realchangenews.org/2015/08/05/pile.ASeattlevehicleresidentrecentlywonanimportantvictoryinKingCountySuperiorCourt,whichrecognizedtheunaccountabilityofthetowcompanies'unilateraldeterminationofwhatfinestochargeforimpoundedvehiclesasviolatingtheEightAmendment'srestrictiononexcessivefinesascruelandunusualpunishment.SeeAmendedDecisionandOrderonRALJAppealat26,CityofSeattlev.Long,No.17-2-15099-1SEA(KingCty.Super.Ct.March9,2018).TheCityofSeattleisappealingthisdecision.32Groover,supranote16;seealsoT.RayIvey,TheCriminalizationofVehicleResidencyandtheCaseforJudicialInterventionviatheWashingtonStateHomesteadAct(SeattleUniversityLawReviewWorkingPaper,No.001/2018)(onfilewithauthors).33LivingattheIntersection,supranote4;seealsoACLU,INFORAPENNY:THERISEOFAMERICA’SNEWDEBTORS’PRISONS(2010),https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/InForAPenny_web.pdf;ALEXESHARRIS,A
POUNDOFFLESH:MONETARYSANCTIONSASPUNISHMENTFORTHEPOOR(2016).34Othergroupsthroughoutthecountryhaveexperimentedwithsafeparkingprograms.See,e.g.,OvernightParkingProgram,ST.VINCENTDEPAULSOCIETYOFLANECOUNTY,https://www.svdp.us/what-we-do/homeless-services/overnight-parking-progam/(lastvisitedApril28,2018).
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A. New Beginnings Counseling Center’s Safe Parking Program, Santa Barbara, California NewBeginnings’SPPinSantaBarbara,California,began“fourteenyearsago[with]a
formercountysupervisor,alocalnonprofit,afewhomelessadvocates,andsomewell-meaningcommunitymembers.”35
Keytotheoverallsuccessoflaunchingtheprogramwasearlysupportfromlocalgovernment.36Theideaoriginatedfromdiscussionsinaweekly“homelesscoalition”meetingattendedbyamemberoftheSantaBarbaraCountyBoardofSupervisorsandlocaladvocatesforhomelessnessissues.37TheearlychampioningoftheprogramfromtheCountyBoardSupervisorculminatedinthedraftingofcityordinances,bothinSantaBarbaraandtheneighboringCityofGoleta,toallowpropertyownerstoutilizetheirparkinginfrastructuretohostvehicleresidentsovernightasa“transitionalhousingalternative.”38
Evenwithcitysupport,
theprogramneededanexperiencednon-profittomanageit.NewBeginningsultimatelyagreedtoassumethisrole.39Fromhumblebeginnings—withonlyafewparkingspotson“localchurchesandnonprofit”properties—theprogramhas“grownintoacomplexsystemthatshelters150people…everynight.”40Theprogram’spresentcapacityincludes24communityparkinglots,donatedthroughadiversecoalitionofhoststhatinclude
35KristineJ.Schwarz,PrefacetoLOUISEJANSEN&ROBERTTAUBER,NEWBEGINNINGSCOUNSELINGCENTER’SSAFEPARKINGPROGRAMMANUAL,atvii,vii(2017).36TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,SafeParkingProgramCoordinatorandSeniorCaseManager,NewBeginningsCounselingCenter(Oct.13,2017).37LOUISEJANSEN&ROBERTTAUBER,NEWBEGINNINGSCOUNSELINGCENTER’SSAFEPARKINGPROGRAMMANUAL3(2017)[hereinafterNewBeginnings-SPPManual].38Id.39Id.at4.40Id.
New Beginnings Safe Parking Program
Years in operation 14
Number of lots 24
Type of lots Public and private/religious
Nightly capacity 150
Participants targeted All vehicle residents
Operating hours Overnight only (7pm - 6:30 am)
Organizational structure
Part of larger non-profit
Staffing strategy Min. /max. approach
Primary funding source
Government grants
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faith-based,nonprofit,governmental,andprivatebusinesspropertyowners.41Itssuccessalsogarnersattentionfromlocal,national,andeveninternationalmedia.42
NewBeginnings’SPPisausefulexampleofaprogramthatoperatedsuccessfullyfor
severalyearsandeffectivelyscaleditsprogramtoincreaseitsoverallcapacity.Thesectionsbelowexamine1)howtheprogramfunctionsoperationally;2)howitapproachescommunityengagementandpublicrelations;and3)whatprimarylegalconsiderationsitencounteredandhowtheyareaddressed.
1. Operational Approaches
TheNewBeginnings’SPPutilizesacentralizedhostingmodel.Inacentralizedhosting
model,theprimaryfunctionsforadministeringtheprogramarecoordinatedthroughoneorganization:inthiscase,NewBeginnings.43Thisorganizationalapproachhassomeoperationaladvantages.
Oneoperationaladvantageistheavailabilityoffunding.AlargesourceofNew
Beginnings’fundingfortheSafeParkingProgramspecificallycomesfromgrantsprovidedfromtheU.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,eitherdirectlytotheprogramorthroughfundsmanagedthroughtheCityandCountyofSantaBarbara.44Apotentialdownsideofthisfundingmodelisthatspecificusageandfollow-onreportingrequirementstypicallyencumbersuchgrants.45Duetothecentralizedhostingmodelandthesupportofthelocalgovernment,thisfundingstrategyisidealbecausetheprogramneednotcompeteforgovernmentgrantfundingwithanyothersimilarprograms.46Thus,theprogramenjoysarelativeamountoffundingstability,as“[r]evenuevolatility…appearslessaconcernwithgovernmentfundsthanwithprivatecontributions.”47
Anotheradvantageofoperatingaspartofalargernon-profitorganizationis
programmaticefficiency.DuetotheutilizationofNewBeginnings’existingadministrativeresourcestomanagefunctionssuchas:humanresources,finance,andotherorganizationalsupportactivities,theSPPcanfunctionwitharelativelysmallteam.48Thissmallteam,
41TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.42InezKaminski,NewBeginningsCounselingCenterGetsNationalCoverage,SANTABARBARAINDEP.(Friday,June29,2012),http://www.independent.com/news/2012/jun/29/new-beginnings-counseling-center-gets-national-cov/.43NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at4.44Id.at5.ThesegrantsincludeEmergencySolutionsGrants,CommunityDevelopmentBlockGrants,andContinuumofCareprogramfunds.See24C.F.R§570(2017);ContinuumofCareProgramLaw,Regulations,andNotices,HUDExchange,https://www.hudexchange.info/coc/coc-program-law-regulations-and-notices/(lastvisitedon10/31/2017).45NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at4.46Id.47KarenA.Froelich,DiversificationofRevenueStrategies:EvolvingResourceDependenceinNonprofitOrganizations,28NONPROFITANDVOLUNTARYSECTORQ.,NO.3,at246,260(Sept.1999).48NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at40.
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consistingoftwofull-timeandtwopart-timestaffmembers,coordinatesallfunctionsrelatedtorunningtheprogram.49
ToprovidebothageneralunderstandingofhowanSPPoperatesonafunctionallevel,
andtohighlightadditionaloperationaladvantagesofNewBeginnings’operationalapproach,thefollowingsectionsoutlinesomeoftheSPPstaff’sspecificoperationalresponsibilities.Thesefunctions,whichmightbetypicalinanysuchprogram,includenewparkinglotidentificationandacquisition;potentialparticipantoutreachandrecruitment;intakeandcasemanagement;andlotmonitoringandrulesenforcement.
a.NewParkingLotIdentificationandAcquisition
AllNewBeginnings’SPPstaffareencouragedtobe“onthelookoutfor”potentialnew
parkinglotsfortheprogram.51Thissearchincludeslookingfororganizations“engagedinaddressingtheissueofhomelessness”thatownpotentiallysuitableproperty.52Thesuitabilityofeachlotforthespecificneedsoftheprogramisacrucialconsideration.53Thetwoimportantcriteriaforsuitablelotsare:(1)thatthepublicdoesnotutilizethelotduringtheovernighthoursinwhichtheprogramoperates,and(2)thattheyarelocatedininconspicuousareas,suchasinindustrialzones,oroutsideofresidentialareas.54Theseconsiderationsallowfortheprogramtominimizeanypotentialconflictswithunsupportivecommunitymembersandtoprovideahighlevelofprivacyandprotectiontotheparticipants.55
Thegovernmentorreligiousorganizationstendtoownthepropertiesthatmakeforsuitablelots.56Inacquiringnewlots,programstaffaresensitivetothespecificconcernsandcircumstancesofthepropertyowner.Sincegovernmentpropertyisgenerallylargerandcentrallylocatedinrelativelyinconspicuousareas,governmententitiesmaynotbeparticular
49Id.50Froelich,supranote47.51NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at13.52Id.53Id.54Id.(“Oneofthemainreasonswhytheprogramissosuccessfulisthatit‘fliesundertheradar.’”)Thisisapotentiallycontroversialapproach,assomeadvocacyorganizationsmightcharacterizeitasforcedseparationfromthegreatersociety,tantamounttoexilefortheparticipants.SeeJoelJohnRoberts,DoPeopleExperiencingHomelessnessDeservetobeExiled?,POVERTYINSIGHTS(Aug.26,2013),http://www.povertyinsights.org/2013/08/26/do-people-experiencing-homelessness-deserve-to-be-exiled/.ThespecificwaysthatthisstrategyhascontributedtothesuccessoftheNewBeginningsSPParediscussedinthefollowingsections.55NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at40.56Id.
Revenue volatility may be less of an issue with government funds
than with private contributions.50
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abouthowthelotsareutilized.57Thoselotsareusuallymoresuitableforlargervehiclesandabroaderdemographicmixofparticipants.58NewBeginningsmaintainsflexibilitytoprovideforthespecificneedsofboththeparticipantsandthepropertyownersthroughthedesignationoflotsforspecificpopulations.59Theprogramservesaverybroadcross-sectionofthevehicleresidentpopulation.60
Becauseprivate-orreligious-ownedlotstendtobeinmoreconspicuousareas,suchas
residentialareas,thepropertyownersmaybemoresensitivetosurroundingcommunityconcernsabouthowthelotswillbeutilized.61However,somecommunityconcernsarenotbasedinfact,butratherinfluencedbypopularmisconceptionsaboutvehicleresidents.62TheSPPstaffattemptstolistentoandworkwiththeowners’limitationsandpreferences.63
AnotherimportantcriterionthattheSPPconsiderswhenacquiringnewlotsisthe
availablespaceforuse.Overtheyears,theprogramdeterminedthatitisbestnottooverfillavailablelots,soit“rarelyuse[s]morethat10%to20%ofthespaces”inalot.64PotentiallotownerstendtofeelmorecomfortabledonatingtheirspacestotheprogramknowingthatNewBeginningsissensitiveaboutthepotentialimpacttothesurroundingcommunity.65Thisspacebufferensuresparticipants’privacyandhelpsavoidpotentialconflictsbetweenparticipants.66
b.PotentialParticipantOutreachandRecruitment
Activeoutreachintheunhousedcommunityandparticipantrecruitmenteffortsare
vital.SPPstaffutilizesmanymethodsofoutreachandtargetedrecruitmentofpotentialparticipants.67SPPstaffattendregularlyscheduledcommunitymeetingsthatfocusonhomelessnessrelatedissuesandotherrelevantcommunityeventsorpresentations.68SPP
57Id.(“Wehavefoundthattheworkerswhoparkintheselotstendtobecivilservants.Theytendtoberelativelyaccepting,tolerant,andcompassionatetowardtheprogram’sservices.”).58Id.59Forexample,propertyownersmayrestrictordesignatethelotsoonlywomen,orfamilies,orlargervehicles,oradultsmayusethelot.Id.60Id.61Id.Acommonobstacletosupportiveshelterorhousingprojectsisoppositionbyespeciallyvocalcommunitygroups,oftenreferredtoasNIMBYism(orNotinMyBackyardactivism).See,e.g.,KateMeans,SeattleUniversityHomelessRightsAdvocacyProject,FAITHISTHEFIRSTSTEP:FAITH-BASEDSOLUTIONSTOHOMELESSNESS(SaraRankined.,2018);EvanieParr,SeattleUniversityHomelessRightsAdvocacyProject,ITTAKESAVILLAGE:PRACTICALGUIDANCEFORAUTHORIZEDHOMELESSENCAMPMENTS(SaraRankined.,2018).62TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36;seealsoVincentLyon-Callo,MakingSenseofNIMBY:Poverty,PowerandCommunityOppositiontoHomelessShelters,13CITYANDSOCIETY183,193(2001);RachelD.Godsil,BreakingtheCycle:ImplicitBias,RacialAnxiety,andStereotypeThreat,POVERTY&RACERESEARCHACTION
COUNCIL(Jan./Feb.2015),http://www.prrac.org/newsletters/janfeb2015.pdf.63Seetextdiscussingpropertyownercontractingandend-useragreements,infrapp.14-20.64NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at14.65Id;seealsoTelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.66Id.67NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at31.68Id.
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staffalsocultivaterelationshipswithothercommunityserviceorganizationsthatmayactasreferralsources,postflyersanddistributeinformationalpamphletsinpubliclocations,suchaslocalcollegesorcoffeeshops.69SPPstaffmayalsoconductoutreachtolocallandlordsandareabusinessestoraisegeneralawarenessoftheprogram.70
c.ParticipantIntakeandCaseManagement
OneofthemostimportantcontributorstothesuccessofNewBeginnings’SPPis
integratedcasemanagement.72Everyparticipantintheparkingprogramishighlyencouragedtoparticipateincasemanagementservices.73Casemanagementbeginsatintake.Newparticipantsbegintheprocesswhencompletinganintakeform.74ThisprocessallowsNewBeginningsstafftoconfirmthattheparticipantsmeetallprogramrequirements.75Participantsarethenplacedinlotsspecificallysuitedfortheirneeds,suchaswomen-orfamily-onlyrestrictedlots,orlargevehiclelots.76Atintake,theSPPstaffworkswiththeparticipanttoprepareacasemanagementplantoconnecttheparticipantwithresourcesandservicesbasedontheparticipant’sspecificneeds.77Suchplanscouldinclude“jobtutoring,resumepreparationandfacilitat[ing]outsideagencyconnectionsasneededtohelpparticipantsgainemploymentorobtaingovernmentbenefits.”78Theultimategoalofallcase
69Id.70Id.71Id.at69.72TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.73“CasemanagementishighlyencouragedbutwepracticetheHousingFirstmodelandcannotmandatesomeoneparticipatesinordertostayintheprogram.”E-mailfromCassieRoach,SafeParkingProgramCoordinatorandSeniorCaseManager,NewBeginningsCounselingCenter,toauthors(April17,2018)(onfilewithauthors).Generally,mandatorycasemanagementasabarriertoentryforparticipantsisapotentiallycontroversialpropositioninthehomelessadvocacyarena.SeeLow-BarrierShelters:AGoodThing,UNITEDWAYOF
KINGCOUNTY(Jun.23,2016),https://www.uwkc.org/homelessness/low-barrier-shelters/;seealsoHayatNorimine,Seattle’sFirstLow-BarrierEncampmentOpensinLictonSpringsWednesday,SEATTLEMET(Mar.31,2017,12:20pm),https://www.seattlemet.com/articles/2017/3/31/seattle-s-first-low-barrier-shelter-opens-in-lichton-springs-wednesday.TheHousingFirstmodelemphasizesthenecessityofprovidingstableandsecurehousingwithoutrequiringspecificparticipationincasemanagementpriortoaccess.See,e.g.,HousingFirst,NATIONALALLIANCETO
ENDHOMELESSNESS(Apr.20,2016),https://endhomelessness.org/resource/housing-first/.74NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at99-106.75Programeligibilityrequirementsinclude:driver’slicense,registration,andautomobileinsurancemustbecurrent;vehiclemustbeoperational;andapplicantmustbe“homelessandlivingintheirvehicle.”NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at69.Manyoftheserequirementsarestatutorillyorregulatorillyimposed.Seeinfranotes86-88andaccompanyingtext.76TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.77NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at71.78SafeParking,NEWBEGINNINGSCOUNSELINGCENTER,http://sbnbcc.org/safe-parking/(lastvisitedApril28,2018).
New Beginnings’ program eligibility requirements
include a current driver’s license, registration, and
automobile insurance; the vehicle must be operational.71
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managementis“totransitionprogramparticipantsintopermanenthousingandemployment.”79
NewBeginnings’SPPisset-upintwowaystopromoteregularcontactbetweencase
managersandparticipantstosupporttheintegratedcasemanagementapproach.First,participationintheprogramisthroughpermitonly.Thepermitidentifieswhichoneofthe24lotstheparticipantmayaccesseachevening.80Whileparticipantsmaycomeandgoastheypleasethroughouttheevening,providingflexibilityandasenseofpersonalautonomy,theyareaskedtoutilizethelotatleastfoureveningsaweek,ortheyrisklosingtheirpermittooneofthemanypotentialparticipantsontheprogram’swaitlist.81Thisrequirementsupportstheintegratedcasemanagementapproach,becauseitallowsstafftomonitorindividualcasesandtoprovidetargetedoutreach.Asaresult,thereissomecertaintyregardingwhereparticipantscanlikelybereached.82
Second,participantpermitsmustberenewedmonthly.83Themonthlyrenewal
requirementalsoensuresthatcasemanagersmaintainregularcontactwitheachparticipanttomonitortheparticipant’sprogressinimplementingthecasemanagementplan.84Activecasemanagementandmonitoringisakeyaspectofhelpingtoadvocatefortheparticipantsastheynavigatethebureaucraticbarriersthatoftenhinderprogressbackintostablehousing.85RegularcontactwiththeparticipantsalsoensuresSPPremainscompliantwithallregulatoryorstatutoryrequirements.86Manyoftheselimitations,includingtherequirementstomaintainvalidlicensingandregistrationstatus,forprogramparticipantsisafunctionoflocalordinances.87Makingtherequirementsmandatoryforparticipation,though,alsohelpswithmaintaininggoodrelationshipswiththepropertyowners,asitworkstoassuagesomeofthegeneralmisconceptionsaboutvehicleresidents.88
79Id.80TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.81Id.82Id.83Id.84Id.85Id.86Currentproofofvaliddriver’slicense,vehicleregistrationandinsuranceisrequired.SafeParking,NEW
BEGINNINGSCOUNSELINGCENTER,http://sbnbcc.org/safe-parking/(lastvisitedApril28,2018).87SantaBarbaraZoningOrdinances30.175.030(M).88TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.
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d.LotMonitoringandRulesEnforcement
Evenwithasmallteam,theprogramstaffareresponsibleforactivelymonitoringthelotsandrespondingtoanyissuesthatmayarise.89Staffspecificallymonitorthelotsforpotentialsafetyissues,rulesenforcement,andparticipantoutreach.90
ProactivemonitoringforsafetyissuesisaparamountconcernforNewBeginnings’
SPP.“[P]arkersreportthatfeelingsecureandconfidentinthemonitoringofthelotbytheprogramis...essential.”91Staffaretrainedtoproactivelyidentifypotentialissuesandtofollowcomprehensiveprotocolsforaddressingsafetyissuesofvaryingdegreesofseverity.92Participantsarealsoencouragedtoparticipateinmaintainingasafeenvironmentviareportinganyunusualbehaviorandavoidingdirectconfrontationswithotherparticipants.Monitoringstaffareexpectedtoaddresssafetyconcernsimmediately,toavoidpotentialescalation.93Duetotheimportanceofeffectivelotmonitoring,NewBeginningsintentionallyemploysSPPstaffwithexperienceworkingwiththeunhousedpopulation.94
Ruleenforcementisarelated,andequallyimportant,responsibilityoflotmonitoring
staff.Atintake,participantsmustagreetotheprogramrulesandareinformedthatviolationscouldcauseterminationfromtheprogram.96Rulesarepostedatallparkinglots.Toensureconsistentenforcement,SPPstaffmustbeveryfamiliarwiththeprogramrulesandrequirements.Theyarealsoencouragedandexpectedtoenforcetheruleswith“goodjudgment…[andtotryto]solveproblemsonsitewiththeleastoutsideinvolvement.”97
Finally,lot-monitoringstaffmustalso
provideparticipantoutreach.Lotmonitoringprovidesthestaffwithgoodopportunitiestoconnectwiththeparticipantsoutsideofthemoreformalintakeandpermitrenewalsettings.Whiletheseoutreacheffortsfeeddirectlyintothecasemanagementservices,maintainingregularcontactwiththeparticipantsisalsoimportantforafewotherreasons.First,SPPstaff
89NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at40.90Id.91Id.at17.92Id.at75-76,90-95.93Id.at17.94TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.95NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at40.96Id.at100.97Id.at15.
A family with deaf parents and three children were sleeping in
their car. Their special needs made communication with agencies
difficult. SPP staff intervened on their behalf, making phone calls, setting up meetings, and writing supportive letters explaining the
family’s situation.95
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canbuildrelationshipswiththeparticipantsthatallowthemtoproactivelyidentifyandaddresspotentialconflicts98andtoaddresstheuniqueneedsofindividualparticipants.99
Second,regularcontactallowsSPPstafftointerveneonbehalfoftheparticipants
whenevercontactwithoutsidepartiesisrequired,especiallyinlimitingtheparticipants’exposuretopotentiallytraumatizinginteractionswithlawenforcementorunsupportivecommunitymembers.100
2. Community Engagement and Public Relations Strategies
AnotherprimarycontributortotheoverallsuccessofNewBeginnings’SafeParkingProgramisitsactiveapproachtocommunityengagementandpublicrelations.NewBeginningsaimstobuildastrongreputationwithinthecommunitiesinwhichitoperates.102Manyofthespecificoperationalapproaches,discussedabove,supportthisstrategyofbuildingandmaintainingapositivereputation:forexample,theimportanceofprotectingtheprogram’sreputationinfluencesitsparkinglotsuitabilityrequirements,casemanagementfocus,andactivelotmonitoringapproach.Lotmonitorsareinstructedtorequestthattheprogramcoordinatorrespondtoanycommunitymemberissueorcomplaint.103Onceanissueisaddressedorresolved,theprogramcoordinatorisexpectedtofollow-upwiththespecificcommunitymemberthatraisedtheissue.InNewBeginnings’experience,“oncetheprogramandthelots[are]establishedandwellmonitored,complaintsfromneighbors[are]lessfrequentthananticipated.”104
NewBeginningsreliesonitspositive
reputationtobuildstrongoverallrelationshipswiththesurroundingcommunity,throughitseffortstoensuretheprogramhasanegligibleimpactonitslocalcommunity.Indoingso,theSPPcanproactivelydiffuseobjections.105Thus,therelationshipsinoculateNewBeginnings'SPPfromthefewindividualcommunitymemberswhomightsimplyobjecttotheprogram’spresenceinthecommunity.Mostofthesegeneralnegativeresponsesarebasedon“stigma
98Id.at18.99Id.at40.100TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.Formoredisussionontheimportanceofbuildingaproactiverelationshipwithlocallawenforcementseesuprapp.39.101Id.at55.102TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.103NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at14.104Id.at7.105Id.NewBeginning’sapproachcouldjustifiablybedescribedasconservativefromahomelessadvocacyprospective.Thisbriefattemptstoilluminatesomereasonswhysuchaconservativeapproachhasprovedsuccessfulforthisparticularcasestudy,butalsotohighlightalternativeapproachesrepresentedbytheothercasestudies.
“When police know a parker is in the Safe Parking Program, we find that they are much more
likely to consider the identified parker as a local citizen.”101
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andbias…[dueto]widelyheldmisconceptions.”106Garneringsupportfromotherstakeholder-relationships—suchaslocallawenforcementandgovernmentofficials107—theSPPismorelikelytoreceivethebenefitofthedoubtwhenanobjectionisescalated.108
NewBeginningsvaluesactivelycultivatingpositiverelationshipswithlocal
government.Asdiscussed,oneoftheprogram’sinitialchampionsandfounderswasaCountyBoardSupervisorwhohelpedpropeltheprogramintoexistence.109Thisrelationshiplaidthefoundationforthesupportthattheprogramreceivedfromothercountyandcitygovernmentofficialsandadministrators,bothinSantaBarbaraandinneighboringCityofGoleta.110
NewBeginningscontinuestoinvestinitsrelationshipswithlocalgovernment
stakeholders,regularlypresentingtothecityandadministrativeofficials.111SPPstaffalsomaintainrelationshipswithlocalstateandfederallegislativerepresentativeswhoprovidevaluablesupportforgrantfundingandaccesstogovernment-ownedparkinglots.112Theprogram’sfocusonmaintainingastrongreputation,whichitutilizestostrengthenthesekeygovernmentalrelationships,istoalwaysremainapprisedofandensurecompliancewiththelawsandordinancesthataredirectlyrelevantandapplicabletotheprogram.113
NewBeginningsalsoactivelymaintainsarelationshipwithanotherkeystakeholder:
locallawenforcement.NewBeginningsprioritizesensuringthatalllocalpoliceofficersknowoftheprogram.114“WhenpoliceknowaparkerisintheSafeParkingProgram,wefindthattheyaremuchmorelikelytoconsidertheidentifiedparkerasalocalcitizen.”115Thus,theprogramregularlyconductsinformationalpresentationsduringlocalpolicebriefings.116
Lawenforcementbenefitsfromreliablecontactwithinthecommunitywheneverthere
isareportedincidentinoraroundaprogramlocation.117Therespondingofficer’sawarenessoftheprogramiskey,becausetheSPPstaffhavefoundthat“officerswhodon’tknowaboutourprogramoftenthinkitisoneofourparkerswhenaproblemisoccurring.…[eventhough]about99.9%ofthetimeitisnot.”118Further,whentheprogramandpoliceshareanunderstandingofthegoverningregulationsunderwhichtheprogramoperates,thepolice“tendtobemoresupportive…whentheyunderstandthat[theprogram]isentirelylegal.”119
106TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote28.107Suprapp.39.108Id.109NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at3.110Id.111TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.112NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at3.113TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.114NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at55.115Id.116TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote28.117NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at55.118Id.119Id.at8.
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Relationshipsarealsoimportantintermsofbroaderpublicrelations.Unlikesomeotherhomelessresidentprograms,120NewBeginningsdoesnotprioritizeearlycommunitybuy-inbeforetheprogramstarts.Indeed,overtime,NewBeginningslearnedthatseekingcommunitybuy-inpriortoutilizinganewlotismostlycounterproductive.121Thecommunityoftenmisperceivessuchearlybuy-ineffortsasimplyingthatthecommunitywillhavesayintheday-to-dayoperationsoftheprogram.NewBeginningsfoundthatsuchearlybuy-ineffortstypicallyresultedinspendingmostofitstime“dealingwithhypotheticalproblemsexpressedbyconcernedcitizens”basedonuninformedmisconceptions.122Instead,NewBeginningsfocusesonworkingdirectlywitheachparkinglotownertoensureaproductiveandpositiverelationshipwiththatparticularstakeholderduringtheimplementationofanewSPPsiteandpursuesthepreviouslydescribeactivelotmonitoring,communityengagement,andrelationshipmanagementstrategiestomitigateanycommunityissuesthatmightarise.
Additionally,NewBeginningspursuesageneralpromotionalcampaignthroughlocal
massmediatobuildcommunityawarenessofitsprogram.NewBeginningsrunsinformationalpublicserviceannouncementsaboutitsSPPonlocaltelevision,123whichallowsNewBeginningstocontrolthenarrative.ThispositivenarrativecanbecarriedthroughintoanyinteractionsthatSPPstaffhavewithoutsidestakeholders.Thatway,ifcommunitymemberscomeacrossanSPPsite,theymightbemoreawareoftheservicesthattheprogramisprovidingtothecommunityandthedifferenceitismakinginparticipants’lives.Communityengagementandcommunicationarekey;however,NewBeginningsandotherSPPsalsomustconsidercommonlegalissues.
3. Legal Considerations
NewBeginnings’primarylegalconcernswithrunninganSPPcomefromfivedistinct
areas:insuranceliability,contractswithparkinglotowners,requirementsforgrantfunding,participantuseragreements,andcompliancewithlocalparkingregulations.124
First,NewBeginningsfoundmaintaininginsuranceliabilitycoveragerelativelyeasyto
resolvewhenextendingcoverageunderitsexistingpoliciestoincludeliabilityprotectionforthelotsandaddingthelotownersasadditionalinsureds.125Whiletheincreaseinpremiumcostsmaybesignificant,theprogramconsidersitanecessaryexpense.126Liabilityriskisaprimarybarriertoacquiringnewparkinglots,becauselotownerswanttoensuretheyare
120TranDinh,SeattleUniversityHomelessRightsAdvocacyProject&DavidA.Brewster,AnnaC.Fullerton,GregoryD.Huckaby,MamieL.Parks,UniversityofDenverSturmCollegeofLawHomelessAdvocacyPolicyProject,YES,INMYBACKYARD:BUILDINGADUSTOADDRESSHOMELESSNESS(SaraRankin,NantiyaRuan,ElieZweibeleds.,2018).121Id.at7.122Id.123TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.124Id.NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at13.125TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.126NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at13.
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indemnifiedfromanyliabilityarisingasaresultofSPPuse.127Providingliabilitycoverageeliminatesthisbarrier.128InNewBeginnings’case,theSPPwasalreadygenerallycoveredunderthepolicythatcoveredallofNewBeginnings’operations,anditsinsuranceproviderunderstoodtheSPPinworkingwiththeorganizationtoexpandliabilitycoverageovertheparkinglotsandaddingthelotownersasadditionalinsureds.129
Theprogramalsocontractswithallparkinglotowners.130Thisprocessbeginswiththecreationofamemorandumofunderstandingthatincorporatesanyspecificrestrictionsthatthelotownerrequestsregardingthelot,suchasrestrictingtheservicetowomenorfamiliesonly.131Aswithanycontractingsituation,itisimportanttoseeklegaladvice.132Again,inNewBeginnings’case,theSPPbenefitsfromaccesstotheexistinglegalresourcesavailableinthelargerorganization.
Anotherimportantprogrammatic
concernisremainingcompliantwithrequirementsforgovernmentgrantfunding.Mostfundsareencumberedwithrestrictionsontheiruse.Forexample,fundsprovidedthroughtheHUDContinuumofCareprogramarerestrictedto“eligibleactivitiesandadministrationrequirementsforassistanceprovidedundertherapidre-housingcomponent.”133RemainingfamiliarwithalleligibilityandreportingrequirementsforthegovernmentfundingsourcesandensuringthattheprogramremainscompliantisaconstantconcernfortheSPP.
Anissuedirectlyrelatedwithpreviouslegalconcerns—maintainingsufficientliability
insurancecoverage,contractingwithparkinglotowners,andcomplyingwithgovernmentfundingrequirements—issecuringuseragreementsfromprogramparticipantsduringtheinitialintakeprocess.134Useragreementsareimportantforthreespecificreasons.First,NewBeginnings’requirestheSPPtosecurealiabilitywaiverfromeachparticipant.135Second,theparkinglotownersfeelmorecomfortableknowingthatparticipantsagreetofollowthe
127Id.128TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.129Id.130Id.131NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at13.132Id.133ContinuumofCare(CoC)ProgramEligibilityRequirements,HUDExchange,https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/coc/coc-program-eligibility-requirements/(LastvisitedonOct.20,2017).134NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at109-12.135TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.Theprogramisnotrequiredtosecuresuchawaiverfromparticipantsasaprovisionofitsextendedinsurancecoverage,butchoosestodosoforpragmaticriskmanagmentpurposes.E-mailfromCassieRoach,supranote73.
Common legal considerations for SPPs include insurance
liability, contracts with parking lot owners, requirements for
grant funding, participant user agreements, and compliance
with local parking regulations.
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program’srulesandpolicies.136Finally,allparticipantsmustmaintaina“valid,currentReleaseofInformation(ROI)form”137tocomplywithHUDfundingHomelessManagementInformationSystemreportingrequirements.138TheROIalsoactsastheprogram’sagreementtokeepallclientinformationconfidentialandtoshareonlyinformationtheparticipantauthorizes.139
OnefinalimportantlegalconsiderationforNewBeginnings’SPPisensuringthatthe
programoperateswithinallrelevantparkingregulations.140Fortunately,NewBeginnings’benefittedfromthepassingofrelativelyfavorableandprogressivereforms.141InJuly2017,thecitycounciladoptedtheSantaBarbaraNewZoningOrdinance.ThisordinanceincludesprovisionsthatspecificallyallowforvehicleresidentswithRVstobehostedin“ParkingLotsofNonprofitOrganizations…[or]inCertainAreasofCertainZones…[orin]CityParkingLots”underspecificconditions.142However,theprogrammuststillrequirethatallparticipatingvehiclesmaintainlicenseandregistration,andremainfullyoperational,duetoanordinancethatrequires“vehiclesincapableofmovementundertheirownpowerorvehiclesnotcurrentlyregisteredforuse…[to]bestoredinanentirelyenclosedspace.”143
B. Dreams for Change’s Safe Parking Program, San Diego, California
DreamsisanotherexampleofasuccessfulSafeParkingProgram.LocatedinSan
Diego,California,thenon-profitorganizationservesSanDiego’svehicleresidentpopulationsince2009.145Dr.TeresaSmith,along-timesocialserviceprovider,initiallychampionedtheprogramafternoticinganincreaseinvehicleresidencyduringtherecessioninandaround2008.146Oneofherprimaryconcernswasthatmanyofthenewlyunhousedvehicleresidentssheencounteredwereunfamiliarwiththesocialservicesandassistanceprogramsavailableinthearea.147Thisgroupappearedtobecomposedof“workingfamilieswhoduetoanunanticipatedlife-changingeventfoundthemselveslivingintheircarswithnoideaofwhattodonext.”148Thus,Dreams’SPPwascreatedwiththe
136Id.137NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at82.138HomelessManagementInformationSystem,HUDEXCHANGE,https://www.hudexchange.info/programs/hmis/(lastvisitedonOct.20,2017).139NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at81.140TelephoneInterviewwithCassieRoach,supranote36.141Id.142CityofSantaBarbaraMunicipalCodeSection30.185.270.143CityofSantaBarbaraMunicipalCodeSection30.175.030.144TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,ChiefExecutiveOfficer,DreamsforChange(Oct.17,2017).145OurMission,DREAMSFORCHANGE,http://www.dreamsforchange.org/history-mission/(lastvisitedonOct.20,2017).146TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.147Id.148OurMission,supranote145.
Dreams struggled with a lack of local government support until
the recent Hep-A outbreak, which prompted a change.144
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missionto“drawupondocumentedbestpracticesforaddressingpovertyandtoapplythosepracticestomeettheuniqueneedsofthisstrugglingpopulation.”149
PriortostartingDreams,Dr.Smithworkedforananti-povertynon-profitorganization
inSanDiego.150Inthatrole,sheworkedwithagroupofgraduatestudentsfromSanDiegoStateUniversity’sSchoolofSocialWorkandCaliforniaWesternLawSchoolwhodevelopedtheideaofimplementingaSafeParkingProgram,whichresultedinafinalresearchprojectthat“laidthegroundworkforthe[SPP].”151Dr.SmiththencreatedDreamstoputtheideaintopractice.
Theprogramlaunched
in2009whenoneareachurchprovidedparkingfacilities.152
Thelocationwasselectedbecauseitwaslargeandinconspicuouslylocated.153Afewdifferentlotshavebeenutilizedovertheyears,buttheprogramremainedrelativelysmallservinglessthan75vehicles.154Thislackofexpansionislargelyduetoalackofsupportfromlocalgovernment.155Despitethatlackofgovernmentsupport,theprogram“served2,650individualsandfamilies.”156
Butanarea-widehealthcrisispromptedashiftinrelationswithlocalgovernment.As
theSanDiegorecoveredfromaHepatitisAoutbreakthatdisproportionatelyaffectedtheunhousedpopulation,157thecitymobilizedtoprovideincreasedsupportandfundingforhomelessnessserviceproviders.ThecityapproachedDreamstoexpanditsservicesasapartofthecity’scrisisresponseefforts.158Thecityofferedtofundtheexpansionofoneutilized149Id.150TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.151OurMission,supranote145.152TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.153Id.154Id.155Id.156OurMission,supranote145.157CaliforniaDeclaresEmergencytoFightHepatitisAOutbreak,KPBS(Friday,October13,2017),http://www.kpbs.org/news/2017/oct/13/california-declares-emergency-fight-hepatitis-outb/.158TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.
Dreams for Change Safe Parking Program
Years in operation 8
Number of lots 3
Type of lots Public and private/religious
Nightly capacity 150
Participants targeted Families and individuals
Operating hours Overnight only (6pm –7am)
Organizational structure
Direct service provider
Staffing strategy Lean and efficient
Primary funding source
Corporate/institutional donors/city
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parkinglotby20spaces,andprovidedanewparkinglotwith60additionalspaces.159Additionally,Dreamsanticipatessecuringadditionalcity-ownedlocationsasitsrelationshipwiththecitycontinuetostrengthen.160
ThenextsectionsexploreDreams’operationalapproaches,communityengagement
andpublicrelationsstrategies,andimportantlegalconsiderations,bothincomparisonandcontrasttotheNewBeginningsprogram.
1. Operational Approaches
Dreams“providesasafeparkingenvironmentandsupportiveservicesfortransitionalhomelesslivingintheirvehiclesforovernightstays….7nightsaweek,365daysayear.”161Organizationally,Dreamsalsoutilizesacentralizedhostingmodel,butdoesnotnecessarilybenefitfromthesameoperationaladvantagesasNewBeginnings’SPPduetotwospecificdifferences.
First,insteadofoperatingwithinalarger,preexistingnon-profitorganizationasNew
Beginningsdoes,DreamswasanewandindependententitycreatedexpresslytoinitiateaSafeParkingProgram.WhileDreamsaddedtoitsserviceofferingsovertheyears,162itisstillprimarilyfocusedonsupportingthevehicleresidentcommunityinSanDiego.163
Second,Dreamsdoesnotenjoyassupportive
andproductiveofarelationshipwithlocalgovernmentasNewBeginnings.WhileDreams’relationshipwiththeCityofSanDiegoappearstobechanging,thehistoriclackofsupportfromlocalgovernmentisdirectlyreflectedintheprogram’soperationalapproaches.
OnewaythesedifferencesarerepresentedinDreams’SPPcanbeseeninitsmixof
fundingsources.AsignificantproportionofDreams’fundingcomesfromprivatedonorsandsponsors,sourceswithbothbenefitsanddrawbacks.164Muchofthefundingisunencumberedwiththespecificusagerestrictionsandreportingrequirementsthattypicallyaccompany
159ProgramOfferingHomelessOvernightParkingtoExpand,KPBS(Monday,October16,2017),http://www.kpbs.org/news/2017/oct/16/program-offering-homeless-overnight-parking-expand/.160TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.161DREAMSFORCHANGE,SAFEPARKINGPROGRAMFORHOMELESSFAMILIESLIVINGINTHEIRVEHICLE(2017)(informationalflyer)(onfilewithauthor)[hereinafterProgramOverviewFlyer].162OurPrograms,DREAMSFORCHANGE,http://www.dreamsforchange.org/1899-2/program-summary/(lastvisitedOct.23,2017).163ProgramOverviewFlyer,supranote161.164Funders&Supporters,DREAMSFORCHANGE,http://www.dreamsforchange.org/history-mission/(lastvisitedOct.20,2017).
Some SPPs differ on approaches to parking lot
acquisition. One may strive to maintain smaller groups
in a lot, while another seeks larger groups to
build community.
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governmentgrantfunding.165Privatefundingcanallowforgreaterflexibilityinbudgetingandplanning.166Theprimarydrawback,though,isthatprivatefundscanbelessreliableandtakeconsiderablestafftimetoidentify,acquire,andmaintain.167SuchchallengesleadDreamstopursueanefficiencymaximizingapproach.Thisapproach“usesout-of-the-boxcollaborativemodelstoserveitsclients,tooperatewithleanefficiencies,andtoutilizeinnovativestrategiesforaccomplishingitswork.”168Fundingvolatilityisalsoacontributingfactortotheprogram’slackofsignificantexpansion.169
Thelackofprogrammaticsupportfromalargerorganizationorlocalgovernmenthas
influencedthefunctionaloperationsofDreams’SPP.UnlikeNewBeginnings,whichreceiveshumanresourceandlegalsupportfromthepre-existingnonprofit,Dreamsmustoperatewithlimitedstaffthrough“leanefficiences.”170Accordingly,DreamsdemonstratessomeimportanttacticalandphilosophicaldifferencesinhowDreamsapproachesthesameresponsibilitiesidentifiedinthepreviouscasestudy,including:newparkinglotidentificationandacquisition;potentialparticipantoutreachandrecruitment;intakeandcasemanagement;andlotmonitoringandrulesenforcement.
a.NewParkingLotIdentificationandAcquisitionSomeclearphilosophicaldifferencesexistbetweenDreamsandNewBeginnings’
approachtoparkinglotacquisition.WhereNewBeginningscautionsagainstover-utilizingtheprovidedparkingfacilitiesandcounselsmaintainingsmallergroupsateachlocation,Dreamsbelievesmaintaininglargergroupshelpstheparticipants“buildacommunityenvironment.”171MuchofDreams’overallsuccesscanbeattributedtothefosteringofthissenseofcommunity;participantssupporteachotherinwaysthattheprogramotherwisewouldnothavetheresourcestoprovide.172
Dreams’historicallystrainedrelationshipwiththeCityofVistamayexplainsomeofits
philosophicalapproachtoparkinglotutilization.173Earlyon,Dreamstargetedfaith-based-organizationownedlotslocatedinVistaaspotentiallyideallocationsfortheprogram.174Despiteitsefforttoworkwiththecitytousethesepropertieswithincitylimits,DreamsfoundtheCityofVistatobegenerallydisinterestedandcombative.175Theinventoryofsuitable
165Froelich,supranote47,at260.166Id.at250(describing“the‘pure’nonprofitorganizationasonedependententirelyondonations,ideallywithoutstringsattachedsothattheorganizationcanusethefundstotallyatitsowndiscretion”).167Id.at260("Astrategyrelyingonprivatecontributionsisassociatedwithhigherrevenuevolatilitycomparedtotheotherfundingstrategies.").168OurMission,supranote145.169TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.170OurMission,supranote145.171TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.172Id.173Id.174Id.175Id.
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parkingfacilitieswaslimitedbecauseDreamscouldneveraccessgovernment-ownedparkingfacilities.Insteadoffocusingonmaintainingalowprofilewithinthefewlotsitacquired,Dreamsintentionallysoughtprivately-ownedlocationsthatwerebothlargeandinconspicuouslylocatedtomaximizeusablecapacity.176
AnotherfunctionaldifferenceisthatDreamsintentionallyseeksgatedlots.177This
differencemeansthatDreamsdoesnotprovidepermitsforspecificlocations.178Instead,enrolledparticipantssign-inuponenteringthelot,anytimeduringtheoperatinghoursof6:00pmto7:00ameverynight,andmayleaveatanytime.179However,thegatescloseafter9:30pm,andparticipantsmaynolongerenterorre-enterthelotiftheyleaveafterthattime.180Whilethegatedlocationsprovideatangiblebenefitforsupportingthisapproach,fromapurelyfunctionalstandpoint,theyalsoprovidelesstangiblebenefits.Thegatedlocationslimitinteractionsbetweentheparticipantsandlawenforcement,unsupportiveoutside-communitymembers,andcuriouspassers-byorpotentialinterlopers.181Dreamsfoundthatthecommunity-at-largeislessconcernedabouttheprogram’spresence,sinceitis“contained”withinthegatedproperties.182
Whiletherecentchangeinrelationswiththecityresultedintheidentificationofat
leastonenewcity-ownedlocation,Dreamsintendstocontinueitscapacity-maximizing“communitybuilding”approach.183
b.PotentialParticipantOutreachandRecruitmentDreams’challenginghistoryinexpandingalsoplayedasignificantroleinitsapproach
toparticipantoutreachandrecruitment.Dreamseasilyrecruitedtheprogram’sinitialenrolleesthroughstreetoutreachandutilizationofalreadyestablishedconnectionsinthesocialservicesfield.184Sincethen,theprogramreliedonword-of-mouthanddirectreferralsfromotherserviceproviders.185Evenwiththispassiverecruitmentstrategy,theprogramstillmaintainsawaitlistforpotentialenrollees.186Whilethesizeofthewaitlistmightdroponcetheadditionalcapacityexpectedfromthecitycomeson-line,Dreamsdoesnotappeartoneedanysignificantchangeinapproachtoparticipantoutreachorrecruitment.
176Id.177Id.178Id.179Id.180Id.181Id.182Id.ButseeRoberts,supranote54.183TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.184Id.185Id.186Id.
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c.ParticipantIntakeandCaseManagementAnotherfunctionalareawherethelackofsignificantexpansionovertheyearsshaped
Dreams’approachisinparticipantintakeandcasemanagement.Dreams’approachdiffersinafewspecificways.
First,Dreamsdoesnotconsidersimplyprovidingparkingspacesalong-termsolution
foritsparticipants.Whilebothprogramsultimatelyseektomoveparticipantsintomorestablehousing,theDreamsForChangeprogramdescribesitsultimategoalaspreventing“thedownwardspiralofhomelessnessbybringingstabilitytofamiliesandindividualswhoarelivingintheirvehicles.”187Dreamsspecificallytargetsits“services[to]transitionalhomelessfamilies,childrenandindividualslivingintheirvehicle.”188Thisfocusonthe“transitional”natureofitsSPPparticipantsisakeydifferentiatorinhowDreamsbothidentifiesitsparticipantsanddeliversitsservices.MostparticipantsintheDreamprogram—70%ofwhomhaveasourceofincome—aretypicallyreluctanttoself-identifyasbeing“homeless,”butinsteadidentifyasbeing“inaperiodoftransition.”189ThistransitionalmindsetprovidesausefulframeforDreamsphilosophicalapproach.190Atransitionalapproachisintended“tofillinthegapsofgovernmentandsocialservices”thatappearedtofailthesegmentof“newly”unhousedindividualsandfamilieswhomakeupasignificantportionofthevehicleresidencypopulation.191
Indeed,theprogram’spostedeligibilityrequirementsrequireallparticipantstoaffirmativelyacknowledgethattheyare“willingtoworktowardstransition”intopermanent
187SafeParkingProgram,DREAMSFORCHANGE,http://www.dreamsforchange.org/the-safe-parking-program/(lastvisitedOct.20,2017).Thismayappeartobeaverysubtledifferenceinphilosophy,butaswillbeexplainedfurtherintheforthcomingsections,thefocusonthe“transitional”natureofitsparticipantscolorsmanyofthespecificdifferencesthatarisebetweenDreamsforChange’sandNewBeginnings’SPPs.188ProgramOverviewFlyer,supranote161.189TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.190Id.(“Itiseasiertoworkwithsomeonewithatransitionalmentality.”).191OurMission,supranote145.
Dreams’ Wrap Around Services
Emergency Needs Assessment Blankets, bottled water, toiletries, etc.
Workforce Development Resume building, interviewing skills, etc.
Resource Development Benefits eligibility, application assistance, etc.
Individual Financial Counseling
Credit report review, tax preparation, etc.
Community Building Resource sharing, network building, etc.
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housing,includingaprovisionindicating“[ifa]participantdoesnotseekpermanentshelter,theywillnotbeallowedtostayontheparkinglot.”192
Second,Dreams’approachtoservicedeliverythroughactivecasemanagementismoretargetedtowardthegoalofrapidrehousingandsecuringeconomicstabilityforparticipants.AllparticipantsmustagreetofullyparticipateinthecasemanagementservicesaspartoftheireligibilityfortheSafeParkingProgram.193“Casemanagersconstructanactionplanwitheachfamilyandparticipants,placingemphasisonpermanenthousingsolutions,employment,training,emergencysupportsandassetstabilizationandbuilding.”194Further,participantsmeetwiththecasemanagersonanightlybasis.195WhileDreamsmaintainspartnershipswithoutsideserviceorganizationstoassistparticipants,oneprimarydifferentiatoroftheDreamsprogramisthelistof“wraparound”servicesdirectlyprovidedtoallparticipants,196including:
• emergencyassistanceforfoodandwater,clothing,carrepairsandworkneeds
(gas,certifications,etc.)• housingsearchassistance• rentalanddepositassistance• workforcedevelopmentsoftskillsandemploymentsearch• publicbenefitscreen• individualfinancialcounselingwithcasemanager.197
Focusingonlong-termeconomicstabilization,Dreamsalsoemploysauniqueasset-
buildingmodelinitscasemanagementplansthatprovidesbasicpersonalfinanceeducationinmoneymanagement,financialplanning,andbudgeting.198Theprogram’sprimarymetricsforsuccessextendbeyondsimpleexittohousing,andthecasemanagementservicesdonotnecessarilyendwhenaparticipantcansecuremorepermanenthousing,as“casemanagerscontinuetoassistparticipantstoensurelong-termstabilization.”199
d.LotMonitoringandRulesEnforcementDuetosomeofthedifferentiatingcharacteristicsoftheDreamsprogramalready
identified,theSPPde-emphasizestheneedforactivelotmonitoringorrulesenforcement.First,thetargetedtransitional-mindedparticipants,coupledwiththeactive“community
192ClientEligibilityCriteriaforSafeParkingProgram,DREAMSFORCHANGE,http://www.dreamsforchange.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Client-Elgibility-Criteria-update.pdf(lastvisitedNov.25,2017)[hereinafterClientEligibilityCriteria].193Id.Butcf.discussionoflow-barrierservicesandtheHousingFirstmodel,supranot73.194ProgramOverviewFlyer,supranote161.195Id.196Id.197ProgramOverviewFlyer,supranote161.198Id.;TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.(“Thenumberonewayoutofpovertyisaccesstomoney.”).199ProgramOverviewFlyer,supranote161.
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building”approach,createsanenvironmentthatallowsforeffectiveself-policing.200ThepersistentcasemanagementensuresnightlycontactwithSPPstaff,furtherreducingtheneedforactiverulesenforcement.201Thecasemanagersareactuallyseenasmembersoftheparkinglotcommunity,andtheyareofteninvitedtointeractwiththeparticipantsbeyondtheircasemanagementfunctions,regularlysharingincommunityorganizedmealsandactivities.202Inprovidingeffectiveservicestotheparticipants,thecasemanagersoftenfindthat“it’snotduringthecasemanagementsessionsthattheylearnthemostusefulinformation,it’swhentheyarejusthangingout.”203
2. Community Engagement and Public Relations Strategies
Similarly,Dreams’approachtoparkinglotselectionandpersistentcasemanagementreducestheneedforSPPstafftoactivelyengagewiththepolice,localcommunitymembers,orthepublicatlarge.204OneoftheprimaryoperativecomponentsthatmakethispossibleisDreams’intentionalselectionofinconspicuouslylocatedandgatedparkinglots.Duetothehistoricallychillyrelationswithlocalgovernment,Dreamsbuildsreputationalcapitalwithinthegreatercommunityfrom“fly[ing]undertheradar.”205TheeffectivenessofthisstrategywasvalidatedwhenthecityacknowledgedDreamsaccomplishmentsinpartneringwiththeSPPtohelpaddresstheemergentHepatitisAcrisis.206
Whetherthisapproachmustchangegiventheprogram’sincreasedprofileinthenews
mediabecauseofitspartnershipwiththecityisstillanopenquestion.207However,Dreamsintendstoremaincommittedtoitsapproachofminimizingitsimpactonthecommunitythroughintentionallotselection,andmaximizingitsreputationthroughtargetedparticipantrecruitment,activecasemanagement,andcommunitybuildingstrategies.208
WhileDreamsdoesgenerallyseektoavoidandminimizetheneedtointeractwith
outsidecommunitystakeholdersthroughitsintentionaloperationalapproaches,itisunrealistictoimaginethiswouldeliminateneedforcommunityengagementorpublicrelations.WhenSPPstaffengagewithspecificstakeholders,whetherit’swiththepoliceorcuriousmembersofthepublic,theytryto“getacrosstheideathathomelessnesshasmanyfaces.”209ThissentimentisdirectlyinlinewithDreams’underlyingphilosophicalapproachandisechoedinallofitspubliccommunications,whichdescribesitsparticipantsasthe
200TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.201Id.202Id.203Id.204Id.205Id.206ProgramOfferingHomelessOvernightParkingtoExpand,KPBS,supranote159.207SeeCaliforniaDeclaresEmergencyToFightHepatitisAOutbreak,KPBS,supranote157;ProgramOfferingHomelessOvernightParkingToExpand,KPBS,supranote159.208TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.209Id.
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“transitionalhomeless”anddescribesitsservicesinpreventingordivertingitsparticipantsfromfallingintothemuchmoredifficulttoaddressclassificationof“chronichomelessness.”210
3. Legal Considerations
Dreamsmustalsocontendwithallfiveprimaryareasoflegalconcernsaddressedinthe
previouscasestudy:
• insuranceliability• contractswithparkinglotowners• requirementsforgrantfunding• participantuseragreements,and• compliancewithlocalparkingregulations
Mostofitsapproachesaresimilar.Anydifferencesaremitigatedasaresultofvariances
foundinoperationalapproachesalreadyhighlighted.Forexample,Dreamsdidnotfaceproblemswhenexpandingitsownliabilitycoverage
toincludetheparkinglotpropertiesoraddingthepropertyownersasadditionalinsured.211Usinganintentionalapproachtosecurefewer,larger,propertiesspecificallysuitedfortheprogram’stargetedparticipants,Dreamsmitigatedsomecomplexitiesincontractingwithpropertyowners.TheapproachallowedDreamstopursuestandardizedcontractingarrangementsandavoidtheneedtoaddressanyspecialsensitivitiesoftheindividualpropertyowners.212
However,duetothediversityofthepropertyownersthatDreamsworkswith,whomall
havevaryingdegreesofcontractingsophistication,theorganizationiswillingtoutilizeasimpleformleaseagreementwithanindividualorreligiouslandowner,butalsowillingtopursuethemuchmoreformalcontractingprocedurestosecurepropertyfromthecitygovernment.213Thus,Dreams’issuesarenotmuchdifferentthanthosefacedbyothernonprofits,particularlyifallnonprofitsareinsomewaybeholdentothepotentialrequirementsandexpectationsoftheirfundingsources.214
OnelegalareawhereDreams’situationismateriallydifferentfromthepreviouscase
studyisthedegreeofchallengeinvolvedincomplyingwithalllocalparkingregulations.UnlikeinSantaBarbara,“SanDiegoandsurroundingcommunitieshavestrictlawsregulating
210SafeParkingProgram,DREAMSFORCHANGE,supranote187.211TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.212Id.213Id.214Seegenerally,Froelich,supranote47.Similarlytoothernonprofits,DreamswouldstillneedtosecureliabilitywaiversandROIsinitsparticipantuseragreements.Thus,Dreamsfacesthesameissuesasothernonprofits,despitetheoperationaldifferencesalreadyidentified.
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overnightparkingoncitystreets.”215Acursorysurveyofthecityordinancesrevealsseveralspecificprohibitionsthatdirectlyaffecttheavailabilityoflegalovernightstreetparkingforprogramparticipants,includingtimerestrictions,216permittedzoningrestrictions,217specificprohibitionsforlargevehiclesandRVs,218andspecificprohibitionsfortheuseofvehiclesforhabitation.219Duetothishighlyrestrictiveregulatorylandscape,DreamsensuresthattheSPPcomplieswithallrules.220AstherelationshipbetweenDreamsandthecitystrengthens,thepotentialforadditionalexpansionviasecuringspecialusepermitsforadditionalpubliclyownedpropertyappearstobeapromisingprospect.221
C. Lake Washington United Methodist Church’s Safe Parking Program, Kirkland, Washington LakeWashingtonUnited
MethodistChurch(LWUMCortheChurch)inKirkland,Washingtonpresentsasignificantdepartureindesign,implementation,andapproachfromNewBeginningsandDreams.
TheLWUMC’sSPPbeganin
2011outofadesireforthechurchtorespondtothetremendousissuestheunhousedcommunityfaced.Thechurchfirstofferedvehicleresidentsaccesstoitsparkinglotwithlimitedhoursandnoaccesstotheinsideofthechurchfacilities.Carcamperscouldparkafter9p.m.buthadtoleavenolaterthan7a.m.thenextmorning.222Thisapproachwasultimatelyabandonedbecausethechurchfounditlimiteditsabilityto
215SafeParkingProgram,DREAMSFORCHANGE,supranote187.216SanDiegoMunicipalCodes§86.0126,§86.0106and§86.0118.217SanDiegoMunicipalCodes§86.0107and§86.0143.218SanDiegoMunicipalCodes§86.0139.219SanDiegoMunicipalCodes§86.0137.220TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.(“Weseekoutexisting[offstreet]parkinglotstoparkcars.”).221Id.222LynnThompson,‘Desperatelyneeded’:Churchprovidessafeparkingspacesforhomeless,THESEATTLETIMES
(September20,2015at6:33pm)https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/eastside/desperately-needed-safe-parking-spaces-for-homeless/,updatedSeptember21,2015at2:04pm.
Lake Washington United Methodist Church Safe Parking Program
Years in operation 6
Number of lots 1
Type of lots Church owned
Nightly capacity 35
Participants targeted
Women and families
Operating hours 24/7
Organizational structure
Church owned and operated
Staffing strategy Congregational volunteers
Primary funding source
Individual donors
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directlyinteractwiththepeopleitwasserving,andbecauseit“couldn’tofferthehelpthatcomesalongwithbuildingrelationships.”223Thechurchexperimentedwiththeprogramovertheyears,andnowhosts35vehicles24-hoursaday,7-daysaweek,providingasenseofsafetyandstabilitytonearly40individuals.224
ThemostapparentdifferencebetweentheLWUMCprogramandtheothertwocase
studies,isthatLWUMCisafaith-basedorganizationthatrunstheSPP.Thisdistinctionmayseemimmaterialatfirst,butitplaysoutinmoresignificantways,asevidenceinLWUMC’soperationalapproaches,communityengagementandpublicrelationsstrategies,andlegalconsiderations.
1. Operational Approaches LWUMCisachurchthatoperatestheSPPonchurchproperty.225Thisdistinction
impactsitsfundingstability.Becausethechurchfundstheprogramaspartofitsspiritualmission,theyhavecompleteflexibilityinhowitallocatesitsresources.226Thechurchisnotbeholdentoanyspecificfundingsources,becauseitscongregationcontinuestosupportitsdecisiontoservethisvulnerablepopulation.227
Generally,thisoperationalfreedomallowsthechurchtodesigntheprogramto
minimizetheburdensorbarriersimposedonitsparticipants.228Onesuchbarrier-reducinginnovationwasthechurch’sdecisiontoallowparticipantstoaccesstheparkinglot24-hoursaday.229Anotherinnovationwasthechurch’sdecisiontoallowtheparticipantstoaccessthechurch’sfacilities,including“accesstotheindoorbathrooms(thereisaportabletoiletintheparkinglot),kitchenandphone.”230Thekitchenaccessisauniqueservice,asparticipantscanstoretheirown
foodinarefrigeratorreservedjustforthemandreceivespecial“mealtimeaccess”tothekitchentopreparetheirownmeals“dailyfrom7to9ammostmorningsandfrom7to9pm
223TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,SafeParkingProgramCoordinator,LakeWashingtonUnitedMethodistChurch(Oct.17,2017).224Id.225Thompson,supranote222.226TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.227Id.228Id.229Id.230SafeParkingProgram,LAKEWASHINGTONUNITEDMETHODISTCHURCH(LWUMC),http://www.lwumc.com/do/community-involvement/safe-parking-program/(lastvisitedOct.24,2017).
LWUMC allows SPP participants 24-hour access to the lot and access to the church’s indoor
facilities, including bathrooms, kitchen, and phone.1
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everynight”outsideofthechurch’snormaloperatinghours.231ThechurchalsosecuredagrantthatallowsittoofferfreeWi-Fiaccess.232
Thisoperationalfreedomhelpsexplainseveralkeydifferencesinthechurch’s
approach.BecauseLWUMC’sSPPisnotoperatedasasocialserviceorganization,volunteersfromthecongregationmanagenearlyallofthenecessary“functions”oftheprogram,withminimalsupport,coordination,andsupervisionfrompaidchurchstaff.233
a.NewParkingLotIdentificationandAcquisitionParkinglotacquisitionisnotofsignificantconcerntotheLWUMCprogram.Instead,
thechurchismoreconcernedwithutilizingitspresentcapacitytoeffectivelyserveparticipants.234However,thechurchtriestoremainapprisedofsimilarprogramsofferedthroughotherchurchesororganizationsinthegreaterSeattle/KingCountyarea.235Whilethechurchseespotentialforacoordinatednetworkofareachurchesprovidingsimilarprogramstoincreasetheoverallcapacityofsafeparkinglocationsacrosstheregion,thisambitionisonlytheoreticalatthistime.236
b.PotentialParticipantOutreachandRecruitmentAnotherareawherethechurchhadnotfounditnecessarytodevoteconsiderable
resourcesorenergyisinparticipantrecruitment.TheSPPbegansmallandgrewtoitssizemostlyfromwordofmouth.237Thechurchmaintainsrelationshipswithlocalsocialserviceorganizationsandcommunitygroupsthatworkwithunhousedindividuals.238Asaresult,someofthenewparticipantsarealsoreferrals.239Ineitherinstance,thechurch’sgeneralapproachistolimitbarriers,allowingpotentialparticipantsto“justshowup.”240
231SAFEPARKINGHANDBOOKFORHOSTS,LAKEWASHINGTONUNITEDMETHODISTCHURCH3(April30,2016)(onfilewithauthor)[hereinafterLWUMCHostHandbook].232SafeParkingProgram,LWUMC,supranote230.233Seegenerally,LWUMCHostHandbook,supranote231.234TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.235Id.236Id.237Thompson,supranote222(quotingKarinaO’Malleystating“it’sbettertofeelpulledtodomorethanpressuredtodoless.Letitgroworganically.”).238TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.239Id.240Id.
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c.ParticipantIntakeandCaseManagement
Whilethechurchpursueditscalltoservethevehicleresidentpopulationwithagenuinedesiretolimitbarrierstoaccess,ithadtomakecompromisestoappeaseitscongregationandtoensurethatitcaneffectivelysupporttheneedsofitsparticipants.242Themostsignificantcompromisewastospecificallyfocustheprogramonserving“womenandfamilieslivingintheircars.”243Thisnarrowfocuslimitsboththeindividualsallowedtoutilizethechurch’sprogram—excludingmenandadultcouples—andthevehiclesallowed—excludinglargevansandRVs.244Whilethislimitationmaynotconformtothechurch’sbarrier-reducingethos,itprovedtobeapopulardecision,notonlywiththecongregation,butalsowiththeparticipantsthemselves.245“Somewomenintheprogramsayitbringsasenseofsisterhoodandunity.”246Thissenseofcommunityisakeycomponentintheprogram’soverallsuccessbecauseitallowsfortheparticipantstodevelop“acultureofrespectandresponsibility”foreachotherandforthechurch.247
Anothercompromisethatprovedtobeuniversallypopularistheimplementationofa
formalintakeprocessfornewparticipantsthatincludesacriminalbackgroundcheck.248Whileinitiallyimplementedattherequestofthecongregation,theparticipantshavealsoexpressedanappreciationforthesenseofsecuritythatcomesfromknowingthatallparticipantshavebeenscreened.249Wheneverapotentialnewparticipantarrivesatthechurch,aslongastheparticipantisawomanorwithfamily,theymaystayforonenight.However,within24hoursofarrival,theparticipantisexpectedtospeakwithachurchvolunteerthatcanassistwiththeintakeprocess.250
Thechurch“triestoemployaharmreductionapproach.”251Inassessingthe
backgroundcheckresults,potentialparticipantsareinformedtherearenotanyautomaticallydisqualifyingconsiderations.Additionally,thereisawillingnesstomeettheparticipantswheretheyareatinthatmomentintime.252
241J.GabrielWare,It’sMoreThanaChurchParkingLot.It’saSafeZoneforHomelessWomenandFamilies,YES!MAG.(Sep.15,2017),http://www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/its-more-than-a-church-parking-lot-its-a-safe-zone-for-homeless-women-and-families-20170915.242TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.243SafeParkingProgram,LWUMC,supranote230.244TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.245Id.246J.GabrielWare,supraat241.247TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.248LWUMCHostHandbook,supranote231,at9.249TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.250LWUMCHostHandbook,supranote231,at9.251TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.252Id.
“Some women in the program say it brings a sense
of sisterhood and unity.”241
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d.LotMonitoringandRulesEnforcementYetanotherareawhereLWUMC’sSPPdiffersconsiderablyfromtheotherSPPs
discussedisinitsapproachtolotmonitoring.Thechurchappliesitsgeneralharmreductionethostoitsrulesenforcementapproach.Ontheonehand,thechurchasksallparticipantstosigna“CovenantAgreement”whichoutlinestheprogram’sspecificrulesandexpectations,253butthechurchneverfeltobligatedtoprovidepersistentlotmonitoring.254Significantly,theCovenantAgreementrequiresnoformofparticipationwiththefaith-missionofthechurch,andinthatway,thechurchremainscommittedtoitsprimarygoalofreducingthelimitationsplacedonvehicleresidentsforparticipationintheSafeParkingProgram255.Inthechurch’sexperience,thesenseofcommunityandcultureamongtheparticipantsallowedforanenvironmentwheretheparticipantscaneffectivelyself-police.256Andwhennewparticipantsareaddedtothecommunity,theotherparticipants,andnotthechurch,takeresponsibilityforbringingthemintotheculture.257
Thisflexibleapproachtorulesenforcementcanbeseeninthechurch’s“requirement”
thatallparticipatingvehiclesremaininworkingcondition.258Thechurch’sstatedpolicyisthatit“draw[s]thelineatallowingvehiclestobetowedontothelot,”buteventhisisnotahardline,becausetheprogramismoreinterestedinfulfillingitscalltoservethisvulnerablecommunitythanitisinenforcingrulesthatcouldprovetobebarrierstothatmission.259ThechurchwillworkwithparticipantstoensurethattheSPPisservingtheparticipants’needs,ratherthanaddingtotheiralreadyconsiderableburdens.260
2. Community Engagement and Public Relations Strategies
LWUMC’scommunityengagementapproachevolvedovertheyears.Initially,the
churchdidnotfeeltheneedtoseekacceptanceorpermissionfromthesurroundingcommunity,asitsdecisiontoprovidethisservicewasdrivenfromitsgreatercalltoserve.261However,thechurch’sgoal,atleastinitially,wastominimizetheprogram’svisibilityintheneighborhood.Thiswasdonethroughlimitingthenumberofparticipants,andlimitingtheuseofthelotstoovernightparkingonly.262Thisstrategyappearedtoworkforabout2years,butthechurchrealizedthatitwaslimitingtheSPP’sscope.263Withsupportfromitscongregation,
253SafeParkingCovenantAgreement,LakeWashingtonUnitedMethodistChurch(Oct.3,2016)(onfilewithauthors)[hereinafterCovenant].254TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.255Id.256Id.257Id.258Covenant,supranote253,at2.259TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.260Id.261Id.262Id.263Id.
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theChurchexpanded,knowingitcouldnolongerhidethatitwasoperatinganSPPintheneighborhood.264
Asthechurchpredicted,thesurroundingcommunitynoticedtheprogramandsome
neighborscomplainedaboutthepresenceofthevehicleresidents.266Thischangemadeforsomecontentiousrelationsintheneighborhoodforashortperiod,buteventuallytheSPP
becameanaccepted,oratleasttolerated,partoftheneighborhood.Threemainfactorscontributedtothissuccessfulresult.First,theculturethataroseamongtheparticipantswasfoundedonadesiretobegoodneighbors.267Participantsactivelyensuredthatthechurch’sneighborshadnojustifiablecausetocomplainaboutanythingbeyondtheprogram’smereexistence.268
Second,thechurchtriedtoreachout
directlytothemembersofthecommunitywhocomplained.Throughdirect,personaloutreachwithinthecommunity,thechurchconnectedtheSPP’sgoalstothegreatermissionofthechurch’scalltoservice.269Andthechurchrespondeddirectlytothecommonmisconceptionsthatanimatedsuchresistance,speaking“directlytothevalueoftheprogram”inpersonalterms.270
Overtime,thechurchnoticedashiftinperspectivesamongitsneighbors;therealities
ofthecurrentaffordablehousingcrisesandtheslowrecoveryfromtherecentrecessioneventuallyreachedeventhisrelativelyaffluentareaofKingCounty.271Asapowerfulexampleofthisshiftinperspective,oneofthefirstneighborstocomplainabouttheSPPsubsequentlyreachedouttothechurchformoreinformationaboutittohelpanacquaintanceexperiencingafinancialcrisis.272
However,evenwithdirectpersonaloutreachefforts,someofthechurch’sneighbors
werenotsoeasilyappeased.ThefinalfactorthatallowedtheSPPtoachieveitscurrentstateofpeacefulcoexistenceintheneighborhoodisthatthechurchalwaysenjoyedthetacitapprovalofthelocalgovernment.273Anexampleoftheimportanceofthisearlysupportis
264Id.265Id.266Id.267Id.268Id.269Id.270Id.271Id.272Id.273Id.
One of the earliest neighborhood opponents
of the SPP has since asked for information about the SPP to
help an acquaintance experiencing a financial
crisis.265
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illustratedbyanincidentthatoccurredsoonafterthechurchexpandedtheprogram;oneneighbor’sattempttoescalateacomplainttothemayor’sofficeelicitedanunequivocalresponseinformingtheneighborthatthechurchcouldutilizeitspropertyinanylegalwayitsawfitandthatthegovernmentwouldnotinterfere.274
3. Legal Considerations
LWUMC’sSPPrealizesthemostbenefitinlegalconsiderationsbecauseitisassociated
withafaithorganizationandoperatesonchurch-ownedproperty.Thesebenefitsstemfromtwoprimarysources.First,becausethechurchisutilizingitsownresourcesandproperty,thechurchneednotsignanyunusualcontractsormeetanyspecificfundingrequirements.
Second,thechurch’sactivitiesaregenerallyprotectedundertheReligiousLandUse
ProtectionAct(RLUPA).275Thisstatutelimitshowthegovernmentcanregulatehowreligiousinstitutionsutilizetheirlandinexercisingtheirreligion.276InoneexampleofthesignificantdifferencethisprotectioncanmakeoccurredwhenagovernmentofficialaffirmativelyinvokedRLUPAtoaddressacomplaintabouttheprogramfromanareahomeowner.IninvokingRLUPA,theofficialstated“therewasnothingthegovernmentcando.”277Towhatextentthisisactuallytrueisfarmorecomplexthanwillbeexploredinthisbrief,278butitisillustrativeofamajoradvantagethismodelhasoverthepriortwocasestudiesinlegalconsiderations.
AlthoughtheCityofKirklandhasanordinanceprohibiting“abandoned”vehiclesor
vehicleswithexpiredorimproperregistrationfromparkingonpublicstreets,279becausethechurchallowsparticipantstoutilizeitsprivateparkinglot24-hoursaday,7-daysaweek,280theSPPdoesnothavetoensurethatparticipantscomplywithcityordinancesregardingoperabilityorlicensingandregistration.281
However,thereisstilloneareawherethechurchdealswithsomeofthesamelegal
considerations:liabilityinsurance.InLWUMC’scase,thechurchdiscoveredthatitsindividualinsurancepolicywaspartofagrouppolicynegotiatedthroughthelargerWesternJurisdictionoftheUnitedMethodistChurch,towhichitbelongs.Thisrelationshipmadeiteasier,and
274Id.27542U.S.C.A.§2000cc.276Id.277TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.278Foramorethoroughdiscussionoftherightaffordedfaithorganizationsprovidingsocialservices,seeKateMeans,SeattleUniversityHomelessRightsAdvocacyProject,FAITHISTHEFIRSTSTEP:FAITH-BASEDSOLUTIONSTO
HOMELESSNESS(SaraRankined.,2018).279Seegenerally,KirklandParkingOrdinances12.40.280ThechurchdoesaskparticipantstovoluntarilymovetheirvehiclestemporallyonSundaymornings,toensureenoughspacesareavailableforcongregationmembersattendingservices,butaspreviouslydiscussed,thisruleisenforcedwithaharmreductionapproach,andthechurchhasbeenwillingtoworkwithparticipantforwhommovingwouldbeahardship.TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.281Id.
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ultimatelycheaper,tosecurethepolicychangestoincludeliabilitycoverageoftheSPP.282However,attheinsurancecompany’srequest,thechurchincludesaliabilitywaiverinitsparticipantcovenantagreement.283
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Whilemanypotentialconclusionsandspecificlessonscanbedrawnfromthesethreeprecedingcasestudies,afewstandoutbecauseoftheircentralitytothesuccessfulimplementation,resilience,andexpansionoftheseprograms:(1)thesignificanceoffundingdecisions,(2)theneedtobuildkeyrelationships,and(3)theimportanceofgeneratingreputationalcapital.Thissectionattemptstoilluminatetheselessons,identifywhytheyappeartobesovitaltotheoverallsuccessoftheseprograms,anddistillthespecificcasestudiesintomorebroadlyapplicablerecommendationsorconclusions.
A. Funding Sources SPPsshouldunderstandtheramificationsofutilizingspecificfundingsources.While
thisissueisnotuniquetoSafeParkingPrograms,thecasestudiesillustratehowdifferentfundingsources,orthemixoffundingsources,candirectlyinfluencehowanSPPisdesignedandimplemented.
Dependenceoncertainfundingsourcescandriveaprogram’sscope.NewBeginningsis
adirectexampleofthiseffect.NewBeginningstracksandmonitorsspecificsuccessindicatorsdirectlyalignedwiththereportingrequirementsdictatedfromtheHUDgrantsuponwhichtheprogramheavilyrelies,andwhicharespecificallyrestrictedforcertainuses,suchasrapid
282Id.283Covenant,supranote253,at3.
PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCES
NBCC Dreams for Change LWUMC
Source Government Large Private Donors Individual Donors
• State/County ESGs • Grants: HUD CDB
& HUD CoC
• Verizon • Rancho Santa Fe • Leichtag
• Members of the congregation
Pros • Stability • Reliability
• Relative flexibility • Autonomy • Low acquisition costs
Cons • Goal displacement (rapid-rehousing)
• Goal alignment (“transitional homeless”)
• Acquiescence (compromises)
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rehousing.284Ifpermanenthousingoptionsaresimplyunavailable,exittopermanenthousingwilllikelybeapoorindicatorofsuccessfromtheperspectiveofmostvehicleresidents,285whichcouldputsuchfundingsourcesatgreaterrisk.
Whilenon-governmentalfundingsourcesmaybelessrestrictive,relianceonlarge
privatefundingsourcescanexertsimilarinfluencesonoperationaldecisions.286ThisinfluenceisrepresentedinDreams’approach.Thecritiqueofexit-to-housingasasuccessindicatorisespeciallyaptinSanDiego'stighthousingmarketwhere“thecounty'sapartmentvacancyrateplungedto3.7percent[inthespringof2017],downfrom5.4percentlastfall.”287
However,accesstofundingiscriticalinanyorganization.Withoutit,therewouldbeno
SafeParkingProgram.ThekeyforDreamsisidentifyingitsprogramasa“homelessnesspreventionordiversion”service288,andspecificallytargetingparticipantswhoidentifyasbeing“transitionalhomeless.”289Indoingso,Dreamscanstraightforwardlycommunicateadiscrete,andpresumablyachievable,objective—earlyinterventiontopreventprogramparticipantsfrombecoming“chronicallyhomeless”—whichcanbeempiricallymeasuredandquantifiedforlargecorporateorinstitutionaldonors.290
Thisfunding-sourceinfluenceisevenseeninLWUMC.Whilethechurchhasmuchmore
flexibilityandautonomyinhowitutilizesitsfunds,itisstillultimatelybeholdentothewillofitscongregation,itsprimaryfundingsource.Thisinfluenceisillustratedbysomeofthe“compromises”thatthechurchmadeinimplementingitsprogram,suchasits“womenandfamiliesonly”participantfocusoritsbackgroundcheckrequirement.Whilethesedecisionshaveultimatelyproventobepopularwiththeparticipants,theyillustratejusthowpowerfulaninfluencefundingsourcescanexertontheactualscopeofaSafeParkingProgram.
Itmaynotbepossibletoavoidthehighriskof“goaldisplacement”associatedwith
mostfundingmodels.291Therefore,identifyingandunderstandingtheramificationsofspecificfundingdecisionsiscriticaltothesuccessfulimplementationofanSPP.Duetothedirectinfluencefundingdecisionshaveonseveralfundamentalaspectsoftheprogram,includinghowtheprogramdefinesandmeasuressuccess,andevenitscorephilosophicalidentity,the
284NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at6-7.285TelephoneInterviewwithJesseRawlins,LegislativeAideforSeattleCityCouncilMemberO’Brien(Sept.22,2017).286Froelich,supranote47,at260(“Thelinkbetweenacorporation’scontributionpatternsanditsownself-interestappearstobegettingtighter….carefullytargetedgivingpracticescanresultingoaldisplacementinrecipientorganizations.”).287SanDiegoApartmentVacancyRatePlunges,KPBS(Monday,June26,2017),http://www.kpbs.org/news/2017/jun/26/san-diego-apartment-vacancy-rate-plunges/.288TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.289OurMission,supranote145.290KIRSTENA.GRONBJERG,UNDERSTANDINGNONPROFITFUNDING65(1993)(“Organizationaldonorsaremorelikelythanindividual[donors]torequirerecipientorganizationstoexhibitspecifiedtypesoforganizationalbehaviorasaconditionformakingthedonation.”).291Seegenerally,id.
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impactofthesedecisionswillalsolikelybeindirectlyrepresentedinlaterimplementationdecisions,includingitsoperationalapproach,itscommunityengagementandpublicrelationsstrategies,andhowitaddressesimportantlegalconsiderations.
B. Relationships BuildingandmaintainingcertainkeyrelationshipsisalsokeytoSPPsuccess.Thetwo
mostimportantstakeholdergroupsappeartobelocalgovernmentofficialsandlocallawenforcement.
BothNewBeginningsandLWUMCdirectlybenefitedfromtheearlysupportoflocal
government.ThisbenefitisperhapsmostclearlyevidentinNewBeginnings’case.HavingaCountyBoardSupervisorasanearlychampionoftheprogramhelpedtogarnersupportthroughoutlocalgovernmentalandresultedintheCityofSantaBarbaradraftingan“ordinancethatpermittedparkinglotownerstoallowtheovernightuseoftheirpavedparkingarea[sic]asatransitionalhousingalternative.”292Andtheprogramleveragesthoserelationshipstogarnersupportforitsfederalfundingapplications.293
ForLWUMC,itbenefittedfromitspositiverelationshipwiththecityprimarilyin
supportinthefaceofcommunityresistance.BecausetheprogramhadthesupportoftheCityofKirkland,upsetneighborswereencouragedtoengagewiththechurchdirectly.ThissupportlaidthegroundworkforthechurchtohavetheproductiveconversationsthateventuallyledtotheSPP’sacceptanceasanintegratedpartofthe
neighborhood.Similarly,allthreecasestudiesindicatedtheimportanceofmaintainingpositive
relationswithlocallawenforcement.NewBeginningstakesanactiveapproachthroughworkingdirectlywithlocalpolicetoensureawarenessamongtheofficersandactingasprimarypointofcontactforalllotrelatedissues.Dreamstakesamorepassiveapproach,intentionallydesigningtheprogramtocomplywithallregulatoryprovisions,selectivelychoosinginconspicuouslotlocations,andengaginginactivelotmonitoring.Ineithercase,theimportanceofremainingonpositivetermswithlocallawenforcementisclear.Thegoalisto
292NewBeginnings-SPPManual,supranote37,at3.293Id.
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ensurealignmentwithpoliceexpectationsandtominimizetheneedfordirectinteractionbetweentheparticipantsandlawenforcement.
SafeParkingProgramsshouldseektobuildandmaintainpositive,productive
relationshipswithlocalgovernmentandlawenforcementofficials.Theserelationshipscaninfluencetheeffectivenessoftheprogram’scommunityengagementandpublicrelationsandcanincreasetheparticipants’senseofstabilityandsecurity.
C. Reputational Capital Allthreecasestudiesalsohighlighttheimportanceofbuildingreputationalcapital.
EachofthethreeorganizationsleverageditsrespectivereputationtothebenefitofitsSPP.ForNewBeginnings,itsreputationgarnereditanincredibleamountofpositivemediaattention.294ForLWUMC,theprogram’sreputationofbeinga“goodneighbor”ultimatelyledtowinningoversomeofthemostresistantcommunitymembers.295ButperhapsthestarkestexampleoftheimportanceofreputationalcapitalisintheDreamscasestudy.Afteryearsofunsuccessfulattemptsatbuildingaproductiverelationshipwithlocalgovernment,DreamsbecameoneofthefirstbeneficiariesoftheCityofSanDiego’scrisisresponseactivitiesinthewakeofthesuddennationalmediaattentionfocusedontheHepatitisAoutbreak.296ThisbenefitisduelargelytoDreams’sterlingreputationwithinthehomelessnessservicescommunity.297
Twokeyconsiderationsappeartobedirectlyrelatedtohowthecasestudiesbuiltand
maintainedastrongreputation.ThefirstfactorcomesfromintentionallyconsideringthesuitabilityoftheparkinglotsandlocationschosenfortheSPP’sintendeduse.ThiseffectcanbeseeninthecontrastbetweenthelotsNewBeginningsandDreamstargeted,basedontheirrespectiveutilizationphilosophies.Dreamsisveryparticularaboutfindinglotsthatarelargeandinconspicuouslylocated,withaspecificpreferenceforgatedlots.ThispreferencestemsfromDreams’approachtolotutilization,whichistomaximizeusablespacetoallowfordevelopinganauthenticsenseofcommunityamongtheparticipants.Thesizeandinsulationoftheparkinglotlocationsisimportanttoensuringthattheprogramminimizesitspotentialnegativeimpactonthesurroundingcommunity.Conversely,becauseNewBeginningsintentionallylimitstheusageofitsparkinglotstoonly10-20%oftheactualcapacity,itsSPP294Kaminski,supranote42.295TelephoneInterviewwithKarinaO’Malley,supranote223.296CaliforniaDeclaresEmergencytoFightHepatitisAOutbreak,KPBS,supranote157;GaryWarth,HomelessWhoSleepinCarstoGetThirdParkingLotonCityLand,SANDIEGOUNION-TRIB.(Oct.16,2017,9:55am),http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/homelessness/sd-me-homeless-parking-20171016-story.html.297TelephoneInterviewwithTeresaSmith,supranote144.298Warth,supranote296.
“San Diego Mayor Kevin Faulconer announced Monday
morning that Dreams for Change will begin using 60 spaces in a
city-owned parking lot.”298
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cantargetmoreconspicuouslocations.NewBeginningsisalsowillingtoworkwithparticularlotownerstofurtherrestrictusageatspecificlotstocertaindemographicswithinitsparticipantcommunity.Whileinbothstudies,thesedecisionsappeartobeintentionallymadebytherespectiveprograms,thespecificcharacteristicsoflotscoulddictatewhichutilizationapproachwouldbebestatthestart-upofanewSPPinadifferentarea.Startingsmallandbuildingastrongreputationbeforetryingtoexpandinsizeorscopeisarecommendationthatcanbetakenfrombothcasestudies.
D. Final Conclusions SafeParkingProgramsarenotandcannoteverbeanultimatesolution.Nomatterhow
successfulaSafeParkingProgramisitwillnotendpoverty,itwillnotredistributewealthmoreequitably,anditwillnotprovidesafe,reliable,andaffordablelong-termhousingfortheentirepopulationofunhousedindividuals.Despitetheselimitations,vehicleresidents’immediateneedforsafe,legal,andreliableparking,especiallyovernight,cannotbeoverstated.Theperfectshouldnotbetheenemyofthegood.
SafeParkingProgramsprovideavitallyimpactfulsolutiontoanurgentneedfeltfroma
significantportionoftheunhousedcommunity.WhilethefullscopeandimpactofanyparticularSPPmaybelimitedbyfactorsoutsideofthecontroloftheorganizationattemptingtoimplementtheprogram—includingthesourceoffunding,thesupportoflocalgovernment,theextentofregulatoryhostility,andtheavailabilityofsuitableparkingfacilities—thesecasestudies,andthegenerallessonsandrecommendationsthatcanbedrawnfromthem,illustratethatSPPscanmeetthisimportantneedforthevehicleresidentstheyserve.
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