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11 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC Company ConfidentialLighting LLC Company Confidential
High Power White LED TechnologyHigh Power White LED TechnologyHigh Power White LED TechnologyHigh Power White LED Technologyfor Solid State Lightingfor Solid State Lightingfor Solid State Lightingfor Solid State Lighting
Paul S. MartinPaul S. MartinJ. J. BhatBhat, C., C.--H. Chen, D. Collins, W. Goetz, R. H. Chen, D. Collins, W. Goetz, R. KhareKhare, A. Kim, M. , A. Kim, M. KramesKrames, C. , C.
Lowery, M. Lowery, M. LudowiseLudowise, G. Mueller, R. Mueller, G. Mueller, R. Mueller--Mach, S. Mach, S. RudazRudaz, D. Steigerwald, , D. Steigerwald, S. Stockman, S. S. Stockman, S. SubramanyaSubramanya, S, S--C Tan, J. Thompson, T. C Tan, J. Thompson, T. TrottierTrottier
22 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Who is LumiledsWho is Lumileds
•• Fully integrated light source supplier that coFully integrated light source supplier that co--develops optimized system solutions!develops optimized system solutions!
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
•• LED diceLED dice
•• LuxeonLuxeon Power Light SourcesPower Light Sources
•• Arrays of High Flux LEDs on Arrays of High Flux LEDs on a metal core PCBa metal core PCB
•• Automotive, Traffic Signals, Signage & Contour SolutionsAutomotive, Traffic Signals, Signage & Contour Solutions
33 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
OutlineOutline
•• Competition in the market for Illumination, Incandescent & FluorCompetition in the market for Illumination, Incandescent & Fluorescent Bulbs.escent Bulbs.
•• LED MetricsLED Metrics
•• Options for making white light from LEDsOptions for making white light from LEDs
•• Lumileds power white LED performanceLumileds power white LED performance
•• Some interesting demosSome interesting demos
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
44 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
How Much Energy is Used for LightingHow Much Energy is Used for Lighting
•• In 1999 the US used 3 Trillion In 1999 the US used 3 Trillion kWhr kWhr of Electricity!of Electricity!
•• 20% or 600 Billion 20% or 600 Billion kWhr kWhr of of Electicity Electicity generated was used in Lighting!generated was used in Lighting!
•• Incandescent/Hal. lamps burn 40% of electricity to produce 15% oIncandescent/Hal. lamps burn 40% of electricity to produce 15% of light!f light!
•• Fluorescent/HID lamps use 60% to produce 85% of light!Fluorescent/HID lamps use 60% to produce 85% of light!
•• Illumination market is $60Billion/yr and growing slowly, ~2%/yrIllumination market is $60Billion/yr and growing slowly, ~2%/yr
Illumination MarketsIllumination Markets
55 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Incandescent BulbsIncandescent Bulbs•• Incandescent = hot light, emitted from a (tungsten) filament at Incandescent = hot light, emitted from a (tungsten) filament at around 2800around 2800ooKK
•• Disadvantages:Disadvantages:•• mostly inframostly infra--redred•• glass vacuum envelope & filament both break easilyglass vacuum envelope & filament both break easily•• <15 lm/W luminous (<5% power) efficiency<15 lm/W luminous (<5% power) efficiency•• fire hazard, burnt fingers, maintenancefire hazard, burnt fingers, maintenance
•• Advantages:Advantages:•• Radiant coolingRadiant cooling•• Cheap 0.0005$/lumenCheap 0.0005$/lumen•• klm klm per package!per package!
Illumination MarketsIllumination Markets
Basic disadvantage: no chance to come close to DAYLIGHT = 6500oK
black body spectra
0
0.2
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0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
po
wer
sp
ectr
a, n
orm
.@60
0 n
m 3000K
4000
5500
6500
7500
µmCourtesy Gerd Mueller LL
66 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Fluorescent BulbsFluorescent Bulbs
•• Fluorescent = cold light, emitted by phosphors excited by gas diFluorescent = cold light, emitted by phosphors excited by gas discharge.scharge.•• Advantages:Advantages:
•• High efficiency 80+lm/W & High Flux High efficiency 80+lm/W & High Flux klmklm/lamp/lamp•• Moderate cost for large lamps 0.002$/lmModerate cost for large lamps 0.002$/lm
•• Disadvantages:Disadvantages:•• Lifetime short <10,000 hrs resulting in high maintenance.Lifetime short <10,000 hrs resulting in high maintenance.•• Glass vacuum envelope leaks/breaks, ballast noisy.Glass vacuum envelope leaks/breaks, ballast noisy.•• Mercury!!Mercury!!
Illumination MarketsIllumination Markets
Basic Advantage: any color temperature possible by tri-color mixing
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800nm
rad
. flu
x, a
.u.
0.0
0.2
0.4
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0.8
1.0
1.2
rad
. flu
x, a
.u.black body 3600 K
fluorescent, CCT=3600 K
Ra = 83
Courtesy Gerd Mueller LL
77 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Illumination MarketsIllumination Markets
Assumptions for using LEDs in lightingAssumptions for using LEDs in lighting
•• LED lamps will be far more expensive than incandescent, halogen LED lamps will be far more expensive than incandescent, halogen or or fluorescent lamps for at least a decade.fluorescent lamps for at least a decade.
•• The expensive LED lamp must pay for itself through lifetime enerThe expensive LED lamp must pay for itself through lifetime energy and gy and maintenance savings.maintenance savings.
•• The lighting industry has spoiled the users with superb color reThe lighting industry has spoiled the users with superb color rendering and ndering and color control.color control.
•• Near term LEDs must dominate monochrome and penetrate white nichNear term LEDs must dominate monochrome and penetrate white niches!es!
88 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
OutlineOutline
•• Competition in the market for Illumination, Incandescent & FluorCompetition in the market for Illumination, Incandescent & Fluorescent Bulbs.escent Bulbs.
•• LED Technology & metricsLED Technology & metrics
•• Options for making white light from LEDsOptions for making white light from LEDs
•• Lumileds power white LED performanceLumileds power white LED performance
•• Some interesting demosSome interesting demos
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
99 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Tower of Babble?Tower of Babble?
LED MetricsLED Metrics
optical power out / electric power in = Wall-Plug-Efficiency, WPE, (%,W/W)
photons out / electrons in = External Quantum Efficiency, EQE, %
photons internally generated / electrons in = Internal Quantum Efficiency , IQE, %
photons out / photons generated = extraction efficiency, %, ηηext
photon energy / applied voltage (times electron charge) = electrical efficiency, %, ηηel
lumens out / electric power in = luminous efficiency [lm/W]
luminous efficacy, LE [lm/W] = luminous equivalent of the emission spectrum
luminous efficiency = IQE*ηext*ηel*LE
IQE*ηext = EQEEQE*ηel = WPE
WPE*LE = lm/W
1010 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
LED LED SkulduggerySkulduggery
LED MetricsLED Metrics
1) Quoting EQE without Vf or WPE
2) Quoting low duty factor results
3) Quoting WPE without current or current density & total power out.
4) Quoting WPE without temperature
5) Quoting Cd without Flux
Paul’s Top 5 Sins What am I hiding?1) Vf, power efficiency
2) Thermal resistance, heating
3) GaN in particular has strong dependence of WPE on current not much light comes out of a device at very low currents!
4) WPE is strongly dependent on junction temperature forAlInGaP, less so for AlInGaN.
5) Radiation pattern
1111 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Tower of Babble take 2 for white LEDsTower of Babble take 2 for white LEDs
LED MetricsLED Metrics
How well can a source reproduce “natural” colors = Color-Rendering-Index, Ra, %(100 = sunlight, 85 = office, 60 = cabinet/lantern light)
Color Correlated Temperature = CCT, Kelvin (x,y coordinates normal to black body curve)
10,000K
5000K3300K
2500K
0.0
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0.7
0.8
0.9
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
CIE1931
Planckian locus
tungsten, 2850K
halogen, 3100K
daylight, 6500K
Phosphor Converted LED = PCLED
LED photons pump phosphor which emits secondary, and longer, wavelength of light.
Stoke’s shift = Difference in wavelength between absorbed and emitted photons. Emitted photons
always have longer wavelength, i.e. lower energy!
1212 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
OutlineOutline
•• Competition in the market for Illumination, Incandescent & FluorCompetition in the market for Illumination, Incandescent & Fluorescent Bulbs.escent Bulbs.
•• LED Technology & metricsLED Technology & metrics
•• Options for making white light from LEDsOptions for making white light from LEDs
•• Lumileds power white LED performanceLumileds power white LED performance
•• Some interesting demosSome interesting demos
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
1313 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Three methods of Generating LED White LightThree methods of Generating LED White Light
•• Each method has potential strengths!Each method has potential strengths!
White Light from LEDsWhite Light from LEDs
RGB LEDs
Red + Green + Blue LEDs
470 525 590 630 (nm)
Blue Peak
Green Peak
Red Peak
Blue LED+
Yellow phosphor
Binary Complimentary
470 525 590 630 (nm)
Blue LEDSpectrum
Phosphor Emission
Combined Spectrum
UV LED + RGB Phosphor
UV LED + RGB phosphor
410 470 525 590 630 (nm)
UV LEDSpectrum
Phosphor Emission
Combined Spectrum
1414 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Combining Red, Green and Blue LEDsCombining Red, Green and Blue LEDs
•• Advantages:Advantages:•• Long term likely the most efficient!Long term likely the most efficient!•• Dynamic tuning of color temperature possible!Dynamic tuning of color temperature possible!•• Excellent color rendering!Excellent color rendering!•• Very large color Gamut available!Very large color Gamut available!
•• ChallengesChallenges•• Color Feedback required today to account for LED degradation witColor Feedback required today to account for LED degradation with T & t!h T & t!•• Color mixing tricky!Color mixing tricky!•• YellowYellow--Green Gap!Green Gap!
White Light from LEDsWhite Light from LEDs
NTSC
LEDCCFL
EBU
1515 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Lumileds LCD Backlight!Lumileds LCD Backlight!
•• 20 Green, 10 Red, 10 Blue20 Green, 10 Red, 10 Blue Luxeon’sLuxeon’s, ~ 1000 lumens!, ~ 1000 lumens!
•• Today LED Solution has 140% Color Gamut and 120% CCFL power!Today LED Solution has 140% Color Gamut and 120% CCFL power!
Combining Red, Green and Blue LEDsCombining Red, Green and Blue LEDs
Both displays showingBoth displays showingthe same slidethe same slide(red only background)(red only background)via a splittervia a splitter
LED solutionLED solution
CCFL solutionCCFL solution
1616 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
The YellowThe Yellow--Green Gap!Green Gap!
•• Eye Sensitivity Peaks right in the middle of the YellowEye Sensitivity Peaks right in the middle of the Yellow--Green GaP!Green GaP!
White from RGB LEDsWhite from RGB LEDs
450 470 490 510 530 550 570 590 610 630 650 850
Wavelength (nm)
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Co
nv
er
si
on
E
ff
ic
ie
nc
y
(%
)
VCSELLEDs
Best Laboratory Result
ProductionAverage
Tj = 25ºC
1717 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
UV LED pumped RGB PhosphorsUV LED pumped RGB Phosphors
•• Advantages:Advantages:•• White point determined by phosphors ONLY! (i.e. tolerant to LED White point determined by phosphors ONLY! (i.e. tolerant to LED variation)variation)•• Excellent color rendering possible!Excellent color rendering possible!•• Theoretically “Simple to manufacture!” (Looks like TV or FluoresTheoretically “Simple to manufacture!” (Looks like TV or Fluorescent lamp except cent lamp except
for pump is now UV LED rather than electrons.)for pump is now UV LED rather than electrons.)•• Temperature stability of phosphors. (Can be great!)Temperature stability of phosphors. (Can be great!)
•• DisadvantagesDisadvantages•• Potential for damaging UV light leakage.Potential for damaging UV light leakage.•• Fundamental limits on efficiency due to phosphor conversion effiFundamental limits on efficiency due to phosphor conversion efficiency, Stokes ciency, Stokes
shift, self absorption,…shift, self absorption,…
•• ChallengesChallenges•• None available yet!?None available yet!?•• Efficient Blue LED pumped phosphor not available yet?!Efficient Blue LED pumped phosphor not available yet?!•• Color uniformity with angle!Color uniformity with angle!•• Packaging must be robust to UV exposure.Packaging must be robust to UV exposure.•• Temperature stability of phosphors. (Great phosphors not availabTemperature stability of phosphors. (Great phosphors not available in all colors!)le in all colors!)
White Light from LEDsWhite Light from LEDs
1818 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
UV LED must be >2x Green LED WPE for same lm/W!UV LED must be >2x Green LED WPE for same lm/W!
•• Downshift in color causes fundamental energy loss.Downshift in color causes fundamental energy loss.
•• Scattering in phosphor + absorption in package (inc. phosphor) rScattering in phosphor + absorption in package (inc. phosphor) reduces extraction educes extraction efficiency! Today’s best package efficiency is ~50% for Blue +efficiency! Today’s best package efficiency is ~50% for Blue + Yellow phosphor, Yellow phosphor, UV + RGB phosphor likely to be even worse!UV + RGB phosphor likely to be even worse!
UV LED pumped RGB PhosphorsUV LED pumped RGB Phosphors
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
370 380 390 400 410 420 430
UV Pump Wavelength (nm)
Po
wer
Co
nve
rsio
n (
%)
Red 630nmBlue 460nmGreen 540nmWhite White + PkgAssuming 50% pkg. Efficiency!
1919 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)
•• Advantages:Advantages:•• Simple and single Yellow phosphor versions available today!Simple and single Yellow phosphor versions available today!•• Decent color rendering (Ra = 75 for Blue LED + Yellow Phosphor)Decent color rendering (Ra = 75 for Blue LED + Yellow Phosphor)•• Temperature stability of phosphors. (Can be great!)Temperature stability of phosphors. (Can be great!)
•• DisadvantagesDisadvantages•• Limits on efficiency due to phosphor conversion efficiency, StokLimits on efficiency due to phosphor conversion efficiency, Stokes shift, self es shift, self
absorption,…absorption,…•• Better color rendering (i.e. multi phosphor comes at cost of effBetter color rendering (i.e. multi phosphor comes at cost of efficiency)iciency)
•• ChallengesChallenges•• Temperature stability of phosphors. (Great phosphors not availabTemperature stability of phosphors. (Great phosphors not available in all colors)le in all colors)•• Color uniformity vs. angleColor uniformity vs. angle•• Multi phosphor versions to improve color renderingMulti phosphor versions to improve color rendering
White Light from LEDsWhite Light from LEDs
2020 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Today, PC LEDs are in the 20Today, PC LEDs are in the 20--30lm/W range!30lm/W range!
•• TodaysTodays white LEDs are in the ~20white LEDs are in the ~20--30lm/W range!30lm/W range!
White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)
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400 500 600 700 800nm
CCT=4000K, Ra=75
640
620630
600
590
540
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510
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460
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490
450 nm
10,000K
5000K
3300K
2500K
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LED, T = 25C
LED,T = 105C
YAG:Ce
Planckian locus
CIE1931
Ce3+ doped garnet family, e.g.(Y,Gd)3Al5O12
Combined with the same LED, Ce3+
phosphors hit the Planckian at different color temperatures:
Ra = 75 is not great (good FL has 83)but it is OK for some applications.
2121 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Color Uniformity can be good for PC White!Color Uniformity can be good for PC White!
•• CCT uniformity of 50CCT uniformity of 50--100K is sufficient for high quality illumination.100K is sufficient for high quality illumination.
White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)
3000320034003600380040004200440046004800500052005400
-85 -75 -65 -55 -45 -35 -25 -15 -5 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85
Theta (degrees)
CC
T (K
)
800K
80K
2222 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Progress on Temperature stability of PhosphorsProgress on Temperature stability of Phosphors
White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
400 500 600 700 800
25
50
100
120
150
200novel phosphors with improved color specs emerge; in this case using a Ce3+ - Pr3+ transfer of excitation energy and yielding more temperature stable behavior
(Y,Gd)AG, 4 mol% Ce
0
20
40
60
80
100
25 50 75 100 125 150
Temperature, C
I(T
)/I(
25C
), %
[Gd]0%
25
5075
measured on powders (Y,Gd)AG:Ce
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
nm
rad
ian
ce u
nd
er 4
60 n
m e
xcit
atio
n
25 C
50
100
120
150
200
2323 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
The 2The 2--phosphorphosphor--converted LED converted LED –– 2pcLED2pcLED
White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)
490
480
470
460
500
510
520
530
540
590
600
SrS:Eu
630620
640
TG:Eu
7118 7193
8206
61010,000K
5000K
3300K2500K
0.0
0.1
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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
HP LED, T = 25CHP LED,T = 105CPlanckian locusPhosphorsCIE1931Series15
combospec
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
400 500 600 700 800
Ra = 92
combospec
0.000.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.60
400 500 600 700 800
Ra = 92
1 LED + 2 phosphors Adding green and red to the blue of the LED opens a huge color gamut and allows for de-luxe white of any color temperature – our best choice• SrGa2S4:Eu2+ - green• SrS:Eu2+ - red
The dipole-allowed 5d-4f transitions of Ce3+ and Eu2+
are uniquely suited for color converters: high absorption, small Stoke’s shift
2424 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
All three white LED technologies share All three white LED technologies share ThreeThreechallenges!challenges!
11 Maximize efficiency in lm/WMaximize efficiency in lm/W
22 Maximize flux density in lm/packageMaximize flux density in lm/package
33 And of coarse reduce cost $/lmAnd of coarse reduce cost $/lm
White Light from LEDsWhite Light from LEDs
90 lm/bulb6 lm/W0.005 $/lm
145 lm/bulb50 lm/W0.02 $/lm
475 lm/bulb10 lm/W0.01 $/lm
2525 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
OutlineOutline
•• Competition in the market for Illumination, Incandescent & FluorCompetition in the market for Illumination, Incandescent & Fluorescent Bulbs.escent Bulbs.
•• LED Technology & metricsLED Technology & metrics
•• Options for making white light from LEDsOptions for making white light from LEDs
•• Lumileds power white LED performanceLumileds power white LED performance
•• Some interesting demosSome interesting demos
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
2626 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Cathode Lead
LED Chip
Anode Lead
Reflector Cup
Epoxy Dome Lens
Gold Wire Bond
n pad
p pad
semitransparentcontact
Limitations of conventional 5mm Limitations of conventional 5mm IndicatorIndicator LED lampsLED lamps
•• Very high thermal resistance, >200°C/W,Very high thermal resistance, >200°C/W,
•• Epoxy limited to <<120°C due to thermal yellowing,Epoxy limited to <<120°C due to thermal yellowing,
•• Light utilization efficiency is low.Light utilization efficiency is low.
Junction area ~ 0.06mm2
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
2727 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
LuxeonLuxeon™™ approachapproachDie designDie design•• Large area die for high power capability,Large area die for high power capability,
•• Electrode design for low spreading resistance,Electrode design for low spreading resistance,
•• FlipFlip--chip configuration;chip configuration;•• high extraction efficiency,high extraction efficiency,•• low thermal resistance,low thermal resistance,•• ability to integrate electronics.ability to integrate electronics.
Package designPackage design•• Low thermal resistance package,Low thermal resistance package,
•• Stable, soft gel inner Stable, soft gel inner encapsulantencapsulant,,
•• Controlled radiation pattern and efficient optics.Controlled radiation pattern and efficient optics.
System designSystem design•• Low thermal resistance board design,Low thermal resistance board design,
•• Efficient secondary optical elements.Efficient secondary optical elements.
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
2828 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Lumileds LuxeonLumileds LuxeonTMTM Power LED EfficiencyPower LED Efficiency
•• Leading the charge into Solid State IlluminationLeading the charge into Solid State Illumination
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
350mA If lm/W lm/LED lm/W lm/LEDRed 44 43 50 50Red-Orange 55 54 65 65Amber 36 36 44 44Green 25 30 50 55Blue 11 14 15 20White 18 22 30 36
Production Typical R&D Demonstrations
2929 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Flux
/Pac
kage
(lum
ens)
Indicator LEDs
Luxeon TM
Haitz’s Haitz’s Law for LED FluxLaw for LED Flux
•• LED Flux per package has doubled every 18LED Flux per package has doubled every 18--24 months for 30+ Years!!24 months for 30+ Years!!
•• 19651965 Moore’sMoore’s Law “# of Transistors/chip will double every 18Law “# of Transistors/chip will double every 18--24 months!”24 months!”
LED TechnologyLED Technology
3030 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Power input (mW)
Flu
x o
utp
ut
(lm
)
Lumileds LuxeonLumileds LuxeonTMTM Series A & B LEDsSeries A & B LEDs
•• First ever White LED > 100lm!! (100.2lm and 15lm/W to boot!!)First ever White LED > 100lm!! (100.2lm and 15lm/W to boot!!)
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
Indicator White LED
Luxeon Series A White LED
Luxeon Series B White LED
All data AC 1%DF & 25C case
3131 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Lumileds 100 lumen Club!Lumileds 100 lumen Club!
•• These are the only LEDs that approach “Illumination” flux!These are the only LEDs that approach “Illumination” flux!
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
Red 1000 105 February-01Amber 700 110 December-99Green 700 108 March-01White 1870 100.2 July-01White 1400 >110 1-Sep
3232 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
What about Radiometric Power?!What about Radiometric Power?!
•• State of the art 400nm indicator LEDs provide 15mW of power. State of the art 400nm indicator LEDs provide 15mW of power.
•• How much power can a Luxeon part generate? :How much power can a Luxeon part generate? :--))
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
If (mA) W/LED DateDeep Blue 430nm 1400 >1.0 July-01Dan Steigerwald
Talk 4445-19 08:30 8/1/2001
3333 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Lumileds LuxeonLumileds LuxeonTMTM Series B Cyan LEDSeries B Cyan LED
•• Single Series B Cyan LED can replace an 80W bulb in an 8” traffiSingle Series B Cyan LED can replace an 80W bulb in an 8” traffic ball!c ball!
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
130 lm/bulb30 lm/W0.20? $/lm
3434 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Lumileds LuxeonLumileds LuxeonTMTM RingRing
•• Fixture design by Philips Lighting and Lumileds.Fixture design by Philips Lighting and Lumileds.
•• 12 12 Luxeon’sLuxeon’s, ~240 lumens. Ring available , ~240 lumens. Ring available Now!Now!
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
3535 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
OutlineOutline
•• Competition in the market for Illumination, Incandescent & FluorCompetition in the market for Illumination, Incandescent & Fluorescent Bulbs.escent Bulbs.
•• LED Technology and metricsLED Technology and metrics
•• Comparison of options for making white LEDsComparison of options for making white LEDs
•• Lumileds power white LED performanceLumileds power white LED performance
•• Some interesting demosSome interesting demos
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
3636 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Evolution of LED Package TechnologyEvolution of LED Package Technology
•• Power LEDs can handle ~50x power of an Indicator LED!Power LEDs can handle ~50x power of an Indicator LED!
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
Pmax~0.6-4.0W9-14 K/W
1998Pmax~0.2-0.4W
50 K/W1994
Pmax~0.1W150-200 K/W
1970
1962 Standard 5mm Lamp
LumiLeds SnapLEDTM
LumiLeds LuxeonTM
Indicator LED
Indicator LEDFirst Packaged LED
First Power LED
Today’s Power LED
3737 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Lumileds LuxeonLumileds LuxeonTMTM Power LEDPower LED
•• Packages designed to handle 1Packages designed to handle 1--5W!5W!
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
HighHigh--Power Package:Power Package:
Improved thermal propertiesImproved thermal properties
Heat sink body with good thermal interfaceHeat sink body with good thermal interface
Soft gel innerSoft gel inner encapsulantencapsulant
Including power Including power AlInGaNAlInGaN or or AlInGaPAlInGaP or or Phosphor Converted AlInGaN Chip:Phosphor Converted AlInGaN Chip:
θθjcjc~ 12°C/W~ 12°C/W
High optical efficiency > 95%High optical efficiency > 95%
3838 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Potential Power Savings vs. Traditional LightingPotential Power Savings vs. Traditional Lighting
•• TodaysTodays white LEDs are in the ~20white LEDs are in the ~20--30lm/W range, but still low flux!30lm/W range, but still low flux!
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
LED Efficiency (lm/W)
Pow
er S
aved
(%
)
Incandescent
Halogen
CFL
Fluorescent
3939 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Indicator LEDs vs. Power LEDsIndicator LEDs vs. Power LEDs
•• Indicator LEDs have output powers < ~50mW and Thermal resistancIndicator LEDs have output powers < ~50mW and Thermal resistances > 50K/Wes > 50K/W
LED TechnologyLED Technology
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10110-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
Operating Point
Operating PointInGaN LEDsλ ~450 nm
"5 mm" LED
Power LED
Out
put
Powe
r (W
)
Input Power (W)
4040 Copyright (c) Copyright (c) Lumileds Lumileds Lighting LLC CompanyLighting LLC Company
Indicator LEDs vs. Power LuxeonIndicator LEDs vs. Power LuxeonTMTM LEDs!LEDs!
•• Luxeon’s Luxeon’s are designed for low thermal resistance & high current density!are designed for low thermal resistance & high current density!
High Power White LEDsHigh Power White LEDs
0 50 100 150 200
0
4
8
12
16
20 InGaN LEDsλ
d ~530 nm
"5 mm" LED
Power LED
Wal
l Plu
g Ef
fici
ency
(%
)
Current Density (A/cm2)
0 50 100 150 200
0
20
40
60
80
100
120 InGaN LEDsλ
d ~530 nm
"5 mm" LED
Power LED
Current Density (A/cm2)
Lum
inou
s Fl
ux (
lm)