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G I A O T R I N HHINH THAI-GIAIPHAU HOC THl/C VAT

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BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO■ ■ ■

DAI HOC THAI NGUYEN■ ■

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G l A O T R i N HHiNH THAI - Glfll PHAU HOC

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T H l/ C V A T• •

DAI HOC THAINGUlEN

TRUNGm 1 HOC LIEU • •

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HQC QUOC GIA HA NOI

sA ch D u g c x u a t bAn b6 i s i; t a i t r o c u a d i; An giA o d v c d ai h q c 2

MUC LUC■ ■

Lori noi d a u ......................................................................... .............................5

PHAN M 0 T -B a i m a d d u ........................................................................... 7

I. Gidri thieu chung ve gidfi thuc vat va vai tro cua thuc v a t .............. 7II. Doi tuong va nhiem vu cua bo mon .............................................9III. Lich sir phat tri€n cua bo m on ....................................................... 10IV. Quan he gitfa hinh thai giai phau thuc vat vdri cac nganh khoa

hoc khac .......................................................................................... 11V. Phuong phap nghien curu Hinh thai - Giai phlu hoc thuc v a t.... 12

PHAN H A I.....................................................................................................14

Chiromg I - Te bao thuc v a t .........................................................................14

A. Khai niem te bao .......................................................................................14B. Thanh ph£n, ca'u tao cua te b a o ................................................................ 15

I. Hinh dang va kich thu6c cua te bao thuc vat ............................... 15II. Thanh phln ca'u tao cua te b a o .............................................. ......16

C. Su sinh san cua te b a o ...............................................................................47I. Su phan bao true phan .................................................................... 47II. Su phan bao gian phan ................................................................... 48

D. Su phat trien ca the cua te bao thuc vat ...................................................52

Chuong II - Mo thuc v $ t .............................................................................54

A. Khai niem ve mo thirc vat ....................................................................... 54B. Phan loai mo .............................................................................................. 55

I. Mo phan sinh .................................................................................. 55II. Mo che cho ......................................................................................58

III. Mo c o .... .......................................................................................... 66IV. M6 d i n ............................................................................................. 69V. Mo m em ........................................................................................... 81VI. Mo tifiSt.............................................................................................. 84

Chtrong III - Cac ca quan sinh duong ......................................................88

A. Khai niem chung .......................................................................................88B. Cac co quan sinh ducmg............................................................................ 89

I. R l cay .............................................................................................. 89II. Than c a y ......................................................................................... 100III. La c a y ..............................................................................................125

Chtrong IV - Sir sinh san va co quan sinh san cua thuc v a t ...............140A. Khai nidm ch u n g .....................................................................................140B. Cac hinh thirc sinh san cua thuc v a t .......................................................140

I. Sinh san sinh duomg ................................................................ 140II. Sinh san vo tm h ............................................................................. 144m . Sinh san huu tm h ........................................................................... 145

C. Su xen ke the he va xen ke hinh thai .....................................................147

I. Su xen ke hay giao the hinh thai dang hinh 6 tao m ang ...........148II. Giao the hinh thai di hinh ..... ......................................................149III. H o a ..................................................................................................168IV. Qua va hat ......................................................................................201V. Chu trinh phat trien cua cay co hoa ............................................213

Tai lieu tham k h a o .................................................................................... 215

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Ldl NOI OAU

De dap ung yeu c£u giang day va hoc tap bo mon hinh thai giai phfiu hoc thuc vat trong trucmg Dai hoc su pham, chung toi da bien soan giao trinh "Hinh thai giai phau hoc thuc vat". Giao trinh duoc bi6n soan dua theo khung chuong trinh cua bo giao due va dao tao, dua tren co so cac giao trinh Dai hoc Su pham - Nha xua't ban Giao due 1974 - 1980 - 2001. Noi dung giao trinh g6m 2 phan, 4 chuong:

PhSn I: Mo dau - Gidi thieu chung ve gidfi thuc vat va vai tro cua thuc vat. Doi tuong nhiem vu cua Hinh thai - Giai phau hoc thuc vat. Luoc sur nghien curu thuc vat. Quan he giua Hinh thai - Giai phau hoc thuc vat vdri cac mon hoc khac. Phuong phap nghien cun Hinh thai - Giai phau hoc thuc vat.

Ph^n I I : Gom 4 chuong.Chuong I : Te bao thuc vat.Chuong II: Mo thuc vat.Chuong III: Cac co quan sinh dudng.Chuong IV: Su sinh san va co quan sinh san cua thuc vat.

Trong qua trinh bi6n soan, chung t6i duoc tiep thu nhung y kien dong gop cua cac ban dong nghiep, sinh vi6n va ban doc. Chung toi xin chan thanh cam on.

L£n d^u tien bien soan chac chan giao trinh con nhieu thieu sot. Chung t6i rat mong nhan duoc su dong gop cua d6ng dao ban doc de cuon sach duoc hoan thi6n hon.

m / • 9Tac gia

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PHAN MOT

BAI M6 DAU

I. G ltil THI$U CHUNG \ £ GlOl THUC VAT VA VAI TROCUA THUC VAT

1. Thuc vat la mot bo phan cua sinh gitii

Trudc day, ngudi ta van quan niem the gidi htiu co bao gom hai giori la D6ng vat va Thuc vat (bao gom ca Nam va Vi khu£n). Ngay nay, ngudi ta tach Nam va Vi khuan ra khoi Thuc vat thanh cac giai rieng biet do dac di^m to chtic co th£, ca'u tao t£ bao cung nhu 16'i dinh dudng cua chung.

Su khac nhau co ban giua dong vat va thuc vat d phuong thuc dinh duong cua chung: thirc vat tit duong, con dong vat di duong. Tu dudng la kha nang tu tong lay cac hop chat huu co tur thiic an nhan cua moi trucfng (gom nude, cac muoi khoang hoa tan trong nude va khf cacbonnic) thong qua phan ting hoa hoc, nhc* nang luong anh sang Mat Troi (quang tong hop, doi vdi thuc vat) hoae nang luong hoa hoc sinh ra trong qua trinh oxy hoa cac cha't v6 co (hoa tong hop, doi vdi mot so vi sinh vat). Nhu vay, su tu duong bao gom quang duong va hod duong.

Di dudng la su hap thu cac chat huu co co sSn nhu protein, lipit, gluxit, vitamin...Trong co the dong vat khong co chat diep luc, nen phai dinh dudng bang cach hap thu (dj dudng). Nhu vay, dong vat song bang thuc vat hay cac dong vat khac.

Ngoai ra, giua dong vat va thuc vat con co nhung diem phan biet khac nhir: dong vat co tfnh chuyen dong, con tuyet dai da so' thuc vat co ddi sdng co' dinh. Song tfnh chat nay khong phai la tuyet doi: d dong vat cung co mot so' loai so'ng co dinh (nhu bot bien, san ho...), nguoc lai, trong thuc vat, mot so' tao don bao cung chuyen dong duoc. Dong vat co

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tfnh cam ung, con thirc vat thi khong. Tuy nhien mot so thirc vat cung a kha nang cam ring, vf du nhir la cay xau ho cup xuong khi bj dong chain cac long tuyen d la cay bat ruoi (Drosera) sap lai khi co sau bo dau vao...

Nhu vay, thirc vat la mot bo phan cua sinh giai, no bao gom nhuiij ca the’ song khac nhau nhirng cung co mot dac tfnh chung ca ban la khi nang tu duong, khac vdi dong vat (cung nhir nam va da so vi khusin khong co kha nang nay.

2. Vai tro cua thirc vat trong thien nhien va ddi song con ngudi

Thirc vat phan bo khdp noi tren Trai Dat tu dinh nui cao den day bi&i sau tu 200 den 300m (tham chf d nhiet do 90°C cung co thirc vat), a sa mac co nhieu loai chiu han tot, thuc vat d mi£n dong bang va trung du cang phong phu da dang (thuc vat co tren 500 nghin loai khac nhau).

Vai tro cua thuc vat trong thien nhien rat to ldn. Co the khang dinh rang khong co gidi thuc vat thi khong co sir song tren trai dat.

Ngudi ta phan biet hai loai thirc vat: thirc vat co diep luc (cay xanh) va thuc vat khong co diep luc

Nhd qua trinh quang hop cua cay xanh ma sir can bang khf cacbonic va oxy trong khf quyen duoc dam bao, do do dam bao duoc sir song.

Trong qua trinh quang hop, cay xanh da lay khf cacbonic cua khf quyen va thai ra khf oxy theo phuong tinh tong quat sau day:

6C 02 + 6H20 — hsdngm-ttrdi > C6H 120 6 + 6 0 2

M6i nam, tat ca cac cay xanh tren the gidi lay cua khf quyen mot luong khf C 0 2 vao khoang 1,3 x 1010 tan, tuc la 1/50 cua toan bo luong khf C 02 co trong khf quyen. Nhu vay, neu luong khf cacbonic khong duoc bo sung thi chi sau 50 nam, luong khf nay se het va sir quang hop se bi dinh chi. Trong thien nhien, luong khf cacbonic luon luon duoc bd sung bdi su ho hap, su len men va sir phun trao cua nui lira. Nhirng neu khf cacbonic do khong duoc tieu thu trong qua trinh quang hop thi chang bao lau cac sinh vat tren trai dat se ngat thd va chet. Oxy can cho su h<3 hap va sir dot chay cung se bi can kiet neu nhu khong co su quang hop cua cay xanh da tra lai oxy cho khf quyen thi sir song cung bi dinh chi. Do vay, viec nhieu trong cay xanh, dac biet la d nhuna noi dong dan cu 8