Upload
vahe
View
34
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Historical Perspective. Variolation A technique 1718, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, dried crusts from smallpox to be inhaled into the nostrils or inserted into the skin Improved by Edward Jenner in 1798, fluid from a cowpox to be pustuled into people Louis Pasteur - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
Historical Perspective• Variolation
• A technique• 1718, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, dried crusts from s
mallpox to be inhaled into the nostrils or inserted into the skin
• Improved by Edward Jenner in 1798, fluid from a cowpox to be pustuled into people
• Louis Pasteur• 1880, Succeeded in growing the bacterium throught to
cause fowl cholera in culture• The attenuated pathogen would immunize and not caus
e disease, called vaccine
The beginnings of the discipline of immunology
• 1881, Pasteur, first vaccinated one group of sheep with heat-attenuated Bacillus anthracis
• 1885, Pasteur, the first vaccine for human against rabid dog
• 1890s, Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato, first insight into the mechanism of immunity - serum
Humoral and cellular immunity
• Humoral immunity• 1930s, Elvin Kabat, gamma-globulin
• The active molecules in immunoglobulin fraction, antibodies, contained in body fluid
• Cellular immunity• 1883, Elie Metchnikoff, observe phagocytes
• Cell-mediated immunity
• 1950s, lymphocytes, the cell responsible for both cellular and humoral immunity
Early immunity theories
• Selective theory• Interaction between an infectious agent and a cell-boun
d side-chain receptor would result in release of the side chain and would induce the cell to produce and secrete more side-chain receptor with the same specificity
• 1950, clonal-selection theory
• Instructional theory• Antigen played a central role in determining the specifi
city of the antibody molecule.
The Nature of Immunity- Immunity was originally used to indicate exemption from taxes and this meaning
still exits in the term "diplomatic immunity".
• 免疫系統保護人體免於受病源體侵入。• 免疫反應可分為應變性( adaptive immune r
esponse )及先天性( innate )或非應變性免疫反應( non-adaptive immune response)
• 專一性( specificity )、記憶性( memory )及自我辨識( self-discrimination )為應變性免疫反應主要特徵。
Innate immunity –resistance mechanisms are not specific to a particular
pathogen
Adaptive immunity-a high degree of specificity as well as the remarkable
memory property
• Antigenic specificity• To distinguish subtle difference among antigens
• Diversity• To recognize billions of uniquely different structures on f
oreign antigens
• Immunologic memory• A second encounter with the same antigen induces a heigh
tened state of immune reactivity
• Self/nonself recognition• To respond only to foreign antigens
Response of immune system• 專一性( specificit ):
• 對外來物之間化學性質微小的不同具有顯著的辨識能力。
• 記憶性( memory ):• 受外來物質感染後,能演變出對外來物
特性的記憶,此種特性可能可以持續一生。
• 個體受感染後,先後產生免疫反應稱為primary response 及 secondary response ,經過此免疫反應後,個體會產生具有記憶性的細胞,進而對相同之病源體產生記憶性之對抗。
• 自我辨識( self-discrimination ):• 如器官移植或輸血時產生的排斥現象。
Cells of the immune system- 專一性及非專一性辨識細胞組成。
• 吞噬細胞:• 單核吞噬細胞(單核球, mononucle
ar phagocyte ):進入組織發育成巨噬細胞( macrophage )。
• 多形核嗜中性細胞(嗜中性球, polymorphonuclear neutrophil , PMN ):白血球之一種。
• 淋巴球細胞:• B 細胞( B lymphocyte )• T 細胞( T lymphocyte ): T-helper
Cell ( TH )、 T-cytotoxic Cell ( T
C )• 大顆粒淋巴球( large granular lymph
ocyte , LGL ): natural killer cell( NK )。
• 毒殺性細胞( cytotoxic cell )• 多形核嗜酸性細胞(嗜酸性球, polymorphonuclear eosinophil ):
白血球之一種。• 嗜鹼性細胞(嗜鹼性球, basophil ):白血球之一種。• 肥大細胞( mast cell )• 血小板( platelet )• 輔助細胞( auxiliary cells )
Soluble mediators of immunity- 調理素( opsonin )進行調理作用( opsonization )
• 補體蛋白質( complements ):• 血清蛋白,調節吞噬作用、控制發炎反
應、與抗體相互作用參與免疫防禦(專一性防禦)。
• 細胞激素( cytokines ):• 免疫反應進行時,傳遞各細胞間訊息的
一群大分子,稱之。• 為蛋白質、或醣蛋白,如干擾素( interf
erons , INFs )、間白素( interlukins ,ILs )、株落刺激因子( colony stimulating factors , CSFs )、腫瘤壞死因子( tumor necrosis factors , TNF )及轉型生長因子( transforming growth factor , TGF )。
• 抗體( antibodies , immunoglobulins )
Biological events of immune system
免疫系統中的事件:recognition of the target pathogen
effective defence against the pathogen
Recognition unit :如抗體分子、 TCR ( T 細胞表面受體, T Cell
Receptor )。Defence unit :
如 T 細胞、 mast cell 或其他具有抗體受器之免疫細胞。
形式:Combined recognition and defence unit :僅具有
單一辨識特異性,如 T 細胞的作用。Separate recognition and defence unit :具有多種
不同的辨識特異性,如免疫球蛋白的作用。
Immunological recognition
• Antibodies ( immunoglobulins ):與抗原結合之作用。
• 抗原:可以誘導 B 細胞產生抗體之分子 or 可被應變性免疫系統中之組成細胞專一性辨識之分子。
• 抗原決定部位( epitope ):抗原與抗體結合之特定部位。
抗原的辨認是所有應變性免疫反應的基礎。抗原與少數可以辨認它的細胞結合後,可誘導細胞迅速增殖,即抗原能選擇對本身產生專一結合之細胞株落,此種過程稱之為株落選擇( colonal sele
ction )。
• T lymphocytes• 細胞受感染會將病源體之一小段蛋白表現
在細胞表面上, T 細胞就能辨認出來。• 將抗原片段表現出來的細胞稱之為抗原呈
獻細胞( antigen presenting cell , APC )。
位於抗原呈獻細胞表面,用來呈獻抗原片段的分子稱為主組織相容復合體( major histocompatibility complex , MHC )。
Immunological defence-Lysis or digestion : the successful elimination of pathogen
s• 中和作用( neutralization )• 吞噬作用( phagocytosis )• 毒殺作用( cytotoxic reaction )• 細胞自殺作用( apoptosis )
Inflammation
受感染部位血流量增加。微血管通透性增加,使原
無法通過的大分子通過內皮細胞,使免疫反應之可溶性物質到達感染部位。
白血球離開微血管進入周圍組織 – Influx of phagocytes
• 趨化作用( chemotaxis )藉由白血球表面分子 (L-selectin) 與活化之內皮細胞 (P- and E- selectin) 間的交互作用,使細胞向感染部位移動的作用。
• 細胞遷移作用: margination ( selectin-mediated , inte
grin-mediated ) and extravasation (diapedesis) 。
Immunopathology
自體免疫( autoimmunity )過敏( hypersensitivity )免疫不全( immunodeficiency )