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History of Healthcare. Primitive. Illness caused by evil spirits / demons Herbs / Plants used as medicine Average life span = 20 years old Trepanation Boring a hole into the skull Treated headaches, epilepsy, & insanity Used up into the 1800’s. Primitive Time Period. Trepanation. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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History of Healthcare
Primitive
• Illness caused by evil spirits / demons• Herbs / Plants used as medicine• Average life span = 20 years old• Trepanation – Boring a hole into the skull– Treated headaches, epilepsy, & insanity– Used up into the 1800’s
Primitive Time PeriodTrepanation
Ancient Egyptians
• Physicians were priests who studied medicine• Healing came from calling on the “gods”• Average life span = 20 – 30 years old• Body has “channels”• If “channels” are clogged, bloodletting used
BloodlettingUsed up into the 1800’s
Ancient Chinese
• Searched for medical reasons for illness• Believed the need to treat the whole body
(holistic care)• Average life span = 20 – 30 years old• Treatments used – Acupuncture– Moxibustion (heated herb)
Acupuncture MoxibustionStill used today; considered alternative medicine
Ancient Greek
• Modern medical science begins (observing the body; effects of disease)
• Diseases / Infections were a result of natural causes
• Stressed diet & cleanliness• Average life span = 25 – 35 years old• Treatments
Art therapy, Herbal therapy
Hippocrates
– Founder of Greek Medical School– Greek physician (Father of Medicine)– Developed the Oath of Medical Ethics– First to describe symptoms of pneumonia– Believed the body must be treated as a whole– Believed thoughts, feelings, emotions came from
the brain – not the heart
Ancient Romans
• Public sanitation & health systems• Treatment = diet, exercise, & medication• Average life span = 25 – 35 years old
Claudius Galen
• Physician (after Hippocrates) in Rome• 4 humor theory (blood, phlegm, black bile,
yellow bile)• Studied dissections & documented his
research• Appointed to be the personal surgeon of
Marcus Aurelius
Dark Ages
• Study of medicine prohibited• Emphasis back on prayer to treat illness• Average life span = 20 – 30 years
• Occurred after the fall of the Roman Empire; Catholic church held power
Middle Ages
• Renewed interest in medicine• Physicians learned in medical universities• Average life span = 20 – 35 years old• Bubonic plague killed 75% of the population– Caused by a bacteria carried in fleas, mice, ect.– S&S = fever, weakness, bloody feces/cough,
swollen glands– Tx = Antibiotics
Renaissance
• Rebirth of the science of medicine• Dissection of the body enhanced• Average life span = 30 – 40 years old• Michael Servetus– Described the circulatory system in the lungs– Explained how digestion is a source of heat
16th & 17th Century
• Cause of disease still unknown• Average of life span = 35 – 45 years old• Invention of the microscope• Ambroise Pare– Father of Surgery (bind arteries to stop bleeding)
• Gabriel Fallopius– Identified fallopian tubes– Described the tympanic membrane in the ear
16th & 17th Century
• More historical figures
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope
• Bartolomeo Eustachio identified the Eustachian tube leading from the ear to the throat
18th Century
• Average life span = 40 – 50 years old• Inventions– Gabriel Fahrenheit = thermometer
– Ben Franklin = bifocals
– Edward Jenner = smallpox vaccine
19th Century
• Average life span = 40 – 60 years• Historical figures– Clara Barton = Founder of American Red Cross
– Joseph Lister = Disinfectants & antiseptics during surgery
– Dorthea Dix = Reformed mental hospitals & prisons
19th Century
– Florence Nightingale = Opened first nursing school; Reformed nursing
– Gregory Mendel = Established patterns of heredity
– Louis Pasteur = Pasteurized milk
19th Century
– Robert Koch = Proved microorganisms cause disease
– William Roentgen = Discovered X-rays
20th Century
• Average life span = 60 – 70 years old• Inventions– Genetic engineering began– First successful heart transplant– First pacemaker (70’s)– HIV / AIDS identified (80’s)– Jonas Salk = Developed polio vaccine– Alexander Flemming = Discovered penicillin
21st Century• Average life span = 90 – 100 years old
• Potential improvements– HIV/AIDS research; cancer research– Nerve regenerated
• New drugs– Cholesterol– Alzheimer’s– Diabetes