History of Instructional Technology file01.03.2015 · To prepare for the future in educational technology by analyzing current trends and advances. Instructional Technology “Technology

History of Instructional

TechnologyFor Students of M.Ed

By

Iftikhar Hussain Babur

Instructional Technology

Objectives:

To identify events and devices of the past thatcontributed to the technological revolution.

To examine the organizations and theirviewpoints that have shaped technology use inthe classroom today.

To prepare for the future in educationaltechnology by analyzing current trends andadvances.


“Technology is commonly thought of in

terms of gadgets, instruments, machines

and devices … most (educators) will defer

to technology as computers.”

(Muffoletto, 1994)


The history of “Educational technology …

can be traced back to the time when tribal

priests systemized bodies of knowledge,

and early cultures invented pictographs or

sign writing to record and transmit

information.”

(Paul Saettler, 1990)


In ancient Greece, the Elder Sophist used the

term “techne” to refer the process of applying

knowledge systematically to the practical art of

instruction. They formulated cognitive rules,

systematically analyzed subject matter designed

instructional technologies and devised effective

instructional materials.


During the Middle Age Advent of Scholastic

Philosophy, Pierre Abelard introduced a

technology of instruction which was really a new

method of structuring and presenting materials

that helped set the style of scholastic education.


Means different things to different people

Audiovisual aids

Process, often labeled as the systems approach

Individualized instruction

Audiovisual devices

Any piece of equipment, with associated

materials, that controls through mechanical or

electronic means, the presentation of auditory or

visual communication of instruction. For example,

overhead projector, computer, television etc.

Audiovisual devices

Started in 1600s

Johann Commenius

Proposed that we learn through our senses and,

therefore, real objects and illustrations should be

used to supplement oral and written instruction.

First illustrated textbook, Oribus Sensualium

Pictus, ( The Visible World in Pictures).

Audiovisual devices

Early 1800s, Johann Pestalozzi:

Advocated learning via the senses.

His instructional approach known as object

teaching reached the height of popularity in 1860s

in USA

In early 1900s: school museums

Motion picture projector: early audiovisual device

Audiovisual devices

World War II:

Film projectors, slide projectors and overhead

projectors

1950s: tremendous interest in television

Arthur A. Lumsdaine (1964): IT in two senses:

Use of equipment for presenting instructional material

Application of scientific principles, to improve

instruction.

Systems Approach

“It is a self-correcting, logical process for theplanning, development, and implementation ofinstruction.

It provides a procedural framework in which thepurpose of the system is first specified and thenanalyzed in order to find the best way to achieve it.

On the basis of this analysis, the components that aremost suitable to the successful performance of thesystem can be selected.

Finally, continuous evaluation of the system providesa planned change in improving economy andperformance.” (Banathy:1968)

Systems Approach

No single systems approach model (Dick and Carry:1985)

Empirical approach

Johann Herbart (mid 1800s), a German educator:

scientific method should be used to guide instructional

practice

After World War II: birth of programmed instruction in the

mid 1950s proved to be the next major factor in the

development of the systems approach concept.

Refinement of task analysis procedures during the 1950s

was another major factor in the development of systems

approach concept.

Systems Approach

Task analysis is the process of identifying the tasks and

subtasks that must be successfully performed in order to

execute properly some function or job.

(Tyler,1934): father of behavioural objectives movement.

1950s: Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues published

Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

Early 1960s Gagne indicated that instruction should be

designed so as to acquire subordinate skills before they

attempt to acquire superordinate ones.

Systems approach

Evaluation

Formative

Summative

Individualized instruction

Systems approach:

Instruction to deliver to students on individual

basis

Instruction to be imparted simultaneously to a

group of learners.

Dunn (1984):

“one of the primary tenets of the systems

approach to education is that of gearing

instruction to the individual student.”

Individualized Instruction

Instruction that is geared to meet the needs of the

individual student may be labeled as individualized

instruction.

Key areas: individual pace, instructional method,

media and materials for each learner in the light of

individual characteristics, objectives each learner

want to pursue.


Until the mid 1800s: the common method of

education

This system changed with the adoption of the

monitorial system of instruction.

In 1880s grouping plans were used in which

students of same class were place into different

groups based on their academic ability.


From 1912-1919 some truly individualized instructional systems like Individual System and Dalton Plan were developed.

In 1950s, programmed instruction movement revived interest in the individualized instruction which waned during 1930s.

1960s- mid 1970s: Personalized System of Instruction, Learning for Mastery, the Audio-tutorial approach


In late 1970s, developments in computer

technology led to increased interest in the notion

of individualized instruction by presenting it

through computer. It caused the development of

Computer Assisted Instruction.

Cone of Learning

Historical snapshot on the Growth of


1600s:use of audiovisuals took its start with the

work of Johann Comenius

Early 1800s: Johann Pestalozzi: advocated

learning via senses

Early 1900s: school museums came into existence

Motion picture projector: Early audiovisual device

1934: Tyler; behavioural objectives; father of

behavioural objectives movement



During World War II (1939-1945) much of the

foundation of the field of instructional technology

/ design was laid.

After World War II, the success of the war time

training model was replicated in business and

industrial training, and to a lesser extent in the

primary and secondary classroom

During the 1950s, a tremendous interest in

television



1950s: Benjamin bloom and his colleagues

published Taxonomy of Educational Objectives

During 1950s: refinement of task analysis

procedures was another major factor in the

development of systems approach concept.

Drawing on the research and theories of B.F.

Skinner on stimulus – response learning, training

programs focused on observable behavior.



Tasks were broken down into subtasks and each

subtasks treated as a separate learning goal.

Training was designed to reward correct

performance and remedy incorrect performance.

Mastery was assumed to be possible for every

learner, given enough repetition and feedback.

In 1960s, Jean Piaget studied the cognitive

development of children, identifying several

discrete phases they go through as they grow.



Very young children are able to process concrete,

operational information; they are incapable of

thinking abstractly, reflecting on the past, or

projecting into the future.

Older children develop these abilities overtime.

In 1970s, Seymour Papert drew on Piaget’s ideas

to create LOGO, single computer programming

language that let children control the movement

of a simulated turtle by giving it simple

commands.



In 1980s and 1990s, rise of constructivist theories:

knowledge is constructed by scientists / experts

and not discovered from the world.

In late 20th century, a counter point to

constructivism came with cognitive learning

theory, which provides models based on research

on how how the human brain processes and stores

information.

One branch of cognitive theory that is gaining

currency in early 21st century is Cognitive Load

Theory.

Documents

History of Instructional Technology file01.03.2015 · To prepare for the future in educational technology by analyzing current trends and advances. Instructional Technology “Technology