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History of Unix and the InternetThe father and mother of Open Technology
Karst Koymans
Informatics InstituteUniversity of Amsterdam
(version 17.6, 2017/09/07 13:14:49)
Tuesday, September 5, 2017
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 1 / 52
1 Early years
2 Ideas mature
3 Speeding and growing
4 Conquering the world
5 The modern era
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 2 / 52
Early years
Outline
1 Early years
2 Ideas mature
3 Speeding and growing
4 Conquering the world
5 The modern era
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 3 / 52
Early years
Question for the audience
Why did Internet start?
When did Internet start?
And when did Unix originate?
What is the difference between Unix and UNIX?
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 4 / 52
Early years
Why did Internet start
Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 5 / 52
Early years
1958
Creation of (D)ARPA and ARPANETThe launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 led to the creation of
the “Advanced Research Projects Agency” (ARPA) in 1958,
later renamed into “Defense ARPA” (DARPA).
Plans for an ARPANET were started in 1966
as the first wide-area packet switching network.
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 6 / 52
Early years
1963-1966: Theoretical buildup
Leonard Kleinrock studies message switching
in his PhD thesis in 1963
Packet SwitchingPaul Baran (UCLA/RAND)
RAND (Research ANd Development) CorporationOn Distributed Communications (1964)Message blocks
Donald Davies
National Physics Laboratory, EnglandIntroduced the term “packet” (1965-1966)
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 7 / 52
Early years
1967 ARPANET/“Internet” (1)
IPTOInformation Processing Techniques OfficeAgency of (D)ARPA
Larry Roberts (MIT/ARPA)Fourth director of IPTOFather of the ARPANET
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 8 / 52
Early years
1967 ARPANET/“Internet” (2)
IMPInterface Message ProcessorWesley Clark (MIT)
IPTO investigator who suggested the use ofmini-computers for network packet switches
Leonard Kleinrock (UCLA)
Scientist who connected the first IMPas an ARPANET node in 1969
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 9 / 52
Early years
1967 ARPANET/“Internet” (3)
Source: http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/personal_history.html
See also https://youtu.be/vuiBTJZfeo8
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 10 / 52
Early years
1969 ARPANET/“Internet” (1)
ARPANETBased on IMPs and NCP (Network Control Program)
BBN (Bolt, Beranek and Newman)Company that got the development contract (January 1969)
UCLASteve CrockerFather of the RFCsRFC #1 on “Host Software”
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 11 / 52
Early years
1969 Unics
Bell LaboratoriesKen Thompson (B1) and Dennis Ritchie (C2)
Unics (PDP-7), influenced byCTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System)Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service)
Important featuresInteractive accessTime-sharing (multitasking)
1B is a simpler version of BCPL2C developed from B and is alphabetically the next letter
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 12 / 52
Early years
1969 ARPANET/“Internet” (2)
First TELNET connectionUCLA (Kleinrock) ←→ SRI (Engelbart)
University of California, Los AngelesStanford Research Institute, near San Francisco
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 13 / 52
Early years
1969 ARPANET/“Internet” (3)
Four node ARPANETUCLA (Sigma 7)SRI (SDS 940)UCSB (IBM 360/75)University of Utah(PDP-10)
Source: “Casting the Net”, Peter Salus
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 14 / 52
Early years
Question for the audience
What were the first available protocols?
What were the first applications?
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 15 / 52
Early years
1971 ARPANET/“Internet”
Available protocolsTELNET (AEN3:1), FTP (AEN:3)
First ARPANET emailTomlinson, inventor of the use of @ (“At”-sign) in email
“@” was not used for something else on TENEX,the operating system Tomlinson used
Uses SNDMSG as MTA and READMAIL4as MUAUses FTP email subcommands
MAIL, MLFL (Mail File), . . .3Another Eightbit Number, part of the 40-bit “socket number”4SNDMSG and READMAIL are TENEX commands
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 16 / 52
Early years
1971 Unix
Unix V1 (version 1)chmod, chown, chdir, cmp, date, cp, db, df, duld, ln, mail, mv, od, pr, roff, . . .No pipes (yet)Runs on PDP-7 and PDP-95
5From version 2 on it ran on the well-known PDP-11Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 17 / 52
Early years
Ritchie and Thompson running Unix on a PDP-11
Source: http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Software/Unix.html
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 18 / 52
Early years
1973 Unix
Unix V4 (version 4)Completely written in C
High level of portability
Pipes6
Simple modular programmingFilters
6In fact introduced in version 3Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 19 / 52
Ideas mature
Outline
1 Early years
2 Ideas mature
3 Speeding and growing
4 Conquering the world
5 The modern era
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 20 / 52
Ideas mature
1974 Internet/“Internet”
TCP/IP specifiedVinton Cerf (Stanford)Bob Kahn (DARPA)Replaces NCP
First use of the term “Internet”RFC #675Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 21 / 52
Ideas mature
Question for the audience
Source: http://www.blogoftheworld.com/technology/who-is-behind-the-success-of-apple-man-behind-the-scenes/
What important fact happened in 1975?Except for the prototype of the Apple I by Steve Wozniak :-?
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 22 / 52
Ideas mature
1975 “Internet”
Unix on The NetBetter than VMS (Bill Joy of UCB)
The Net on UnixSteve Holmgren (University of Illinois)RFC #681 (Network UNIX)
The Net == ARPANET
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 23 / 52
Ideas mature
1975 Unix
Version 6 Unix (V6)Still runs on DEC PDP-11Widely distributed outside Bell LabsUsed for education
“Lions’ Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code”See http://v6.cuzuco.com/
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 24 / 52
Ideas mature
1976 “Internet”
More support for collaboration
ARPANET mailing listsConferencingCollaborationCommunity Forums
MsgGroupSF-lovers. . .
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 25 / 52
Ideas mature
1977 “Internet”
The great controversyTCP/IP versus ISO7-OSI8
Theory versus9 Practice
Seven layer network model (OSI model)Specification before implementation
Five layer network model (TCP/IP)Implementation before specification
7International Organization for Standardization (notice the chiasmus)8Open Systems Interconnection9Another chiasmus
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 26 / 52
Ideas mature
1979 Unix (1)
Unix V7 (version 7)UUCP
Mike Lesk (Bell Labs)Message passing/switching system
Usenet/Netnews
Steven Bellovin (Columbia University)“A” News (Duke University)fa.* newsgroups (“From ARPANET”)
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 27 / 52
Ideas mature
1979 Unix (2)
Unix ported to the VAX (“Virtual Address Extension”)Affordable computer from DECAvailable to many universities32-bit successor ISA to PDP-11’s 16-bit10ISA
3BSDBerkeley Software Distribution 3.0 for VAXBased on UNIX/32VImplements virtual memory11
10PDP’s had a mix of word sizes (12,16,18,36)11Still recognizable from the kernel name “vmunix”
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 28 / 52
Ideas mature
1981 Unix
“A” News −→ “B” NewsMark Horton (University of California, Berkeley)Rick Adams (maintainer, later founded UUNET)Moderated newsgroupsCoping with volume and complexityFourth “killer app”
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 29 / 52
Ideas mature
1982 “Internet”
SMTP introducedRFC 821sendmail (MTA by Eric Allman)complex e-mail routing
@ (ARPANET, both old (NCP) and new (TCP))! (UUCP): (Berknet)
based on rewrite sets
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 30 / 52
Speeding and growing
Outline
1 Early years
2 Ideas mature
3 Speeding and growing
4 Conquering the world
5 The modern era
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 31 / 52
Speeding and growing
1983 Internet
The Great SwitchJanuary 1, 1983NCP −→ TCP/IP
Our current Internet (without the quotes)Address space grows with factor 224 from 28 to 232,which is a factor 16777216 from 256 to 4294967296
Almost ten years after the Cerf/Kahn paperWe will never do this again (Jon Postel/UCLA/IANA)
What about IPv4 −→ IPv6?
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 32 / 52
Speeding and growing
1983 Unix (1)
4.2BSDIncludes TCP/IPMore hardware supportPortabler-progs (−→ s-progs nowadays)
HoneyDanBer (HDB) UUCPImproved security and performanceWritten by Peter Honeyman, David A. Nowitz and Brian E. Redman
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 33 / 52
Speeding and growing
1983 Unix (2)
System VAT&T’s commercial UnixProduced by Bell Labs’ USL (Unix System Laboratories)Leads to SVR4 (System V Release 4) in 1988Basis for IBM’s AIX, HP’s HP-UX and Sun’s SolarisSTREAMS, TLI/XTI (“System V sockets”), terminfo, . . .Starting point for the SUS (Single UNIX Specification)
Unix warsBSD (open) versus System V (proprietary)Took until 1989 until BSD releases were completely AT&T-license free
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 34 / 52
Speeding and growing
Question for the audience
What important thing happened in 1984?Except for the introduction of the Apple Macintosh :-?
https://youtu.be/2zfqw8nhUwA
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 35 / 52
Speeding and growing
1984 Internet (1)
DNS specified (RFC 882 is from November 1983)Paul Mockapetris (ISI/USC)
Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California
RFC 1034, 1035 (November 1987)Replaces “HOSTS.TXT” filecmu-cs-c −→ cmu-cs-c.arpa −→ c.cs.cmu.edu
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 36 / 52
Speeding and growing
1984 Internet (2)
USSR on UsenetFrom [email protected] Sun Apr 1 15:02:52 1984Relay-Version: version B 2.10.1 6/24/83 (MC840302); site mcvax.UUCPPosting-Version: version B 2.10.1 4/1/84 (SU840401); site kremvax.UUCPPath: mcvax!moskvax!kremvax!chernenkoFrom: [email protected]: net.general,eunet.general,net.politics,eunet.politicsSubject: USSR on UsenetMessage-ID: <[email protected]>Date: Sun, 1-Apr-84 15:02:52 GMTArticle-I.D.: kremvax.0001Posted: Sun Apr 1 15:02:52 1984Date-Received: Mon, 1-Apr-84 12:26:02 GMTOrganization: MIIA, MoscowLines: 41
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 37 / 52
Speeding and growing
1986 Internet (1)
MX records introduced into DNS
Some proposals did not make itMB (MailBox: forwarding)MG (MailGroup: mailing list)MR (Mail Rename: aliasing)MINFO (Mailing list info)
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 38 / 52
Speeding and growing
1986 Internet (2)
NNTP specifiedRFC 977
Brian Kantor (UC, San Diego)Phil Lapsley (UC, Berkeley)
Uses port 119Promoted Netnews to a real Internet application
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 39 / 52
Speeding and growing
1986 Unix
Source: http://www.unixica.com/images/43beastie.jpeg
4.3BSDIncludes DNS implementationEasily availableWidely deployed
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 40 / 52
Speeding and growing
1987 Unix
“B” News −→ “C” NewsGeoff Collyer (University of Toronto)Henry Spencer (University of Toronto)Better performanceCould use NNTP via nntpdSuperseded by INN (Rich Salz, 1991, Open Software Foundation)
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 41 / 52
Conquering the world
Outline
1 Early years
2 Ideas mature
3 Speeding and growing
4 Conquering the world
5 The modern era
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 42 / 52
Conquering the world
1988 Internet
NSFNET upgraded to T1 (1.5 Mbps) in the United StatesStarted in 1985, NSFNET leads to shutdown of ARPANET in 1989
Start of SURFnet in the Netherlands
NREN-operated networks in many countries
IRC inventedJarkko OikarinenInspired by Bitnet Relay
BITNET: Dialup, “store and forward” networkBITNET: Because It’s Time/There Network
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 43 / 52
Conquering the world
1988 Unix
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Tahoe_NV.jpg
4.3-TahoeOpen SourceBSD style licenseLeads to Networking Release 1 (Net/1) in 1989
First release completely free of AT&T licenseKarst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 44 / 52
Conquering the world
1990 Internet and Unix
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NSFNET-backbone-T3.png
NSFNET T3 (45 Mbps)4.3-Reno
More hardware supportKarst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 45 / 52
Conquering the world
1990-1992 Internet and Unix
1991GopherISOC startedNET/2 released (Berkeley)Still UUCP improvements (Taylor UUCP)
1990-1992WWW invented and introduced
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 46 / 52
Conquering the world
1993-1994 Internet and Unix
19934.4BSDMosaic launched
19944.4BSD Lite 1386BSD Release 1.0
Origin of FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD
Linux 1.0
Origin of Red Hat, (open)SUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, . . .
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 47 / 52
Conquering the world
1995 Internet
(Graphical) Web browsing takes off
“Death of the net”CommercializationLack of securityLack of privacyLegacy obstructs innovation
IPv4 −→ IPv6?
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 48 / 52
The modern era
Outline
1 Early years
2 Ideas mature
3 Speeding and growing
4 Conquering the world
5 The modern era
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 49 / 52
The modern era
1995-2017 Internet and Unix
The “modern” eraInternet everywhereOpen source movementImmense security problemsImmense privacy issuesInternet multinationalsGrids, Clouds, Big DataBig BusinessCritical Infrastructure
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 50 / 52
The modern era
1999 Internet
XMPPExtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
JabberGoogle TalkFacebook IM
Blogging
NapsterFile sharingP2P technology
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 51 / 52
The modern era
2003-2017 :-)
SNE education (2003)First academic education on Security and Network Engineering
Social NetworkingFacebook (2004) and Twitter (2006)
VirtualizationGrid (2004) and Cloud (2007)
Internet of Things (2008), Big Data and Data ScienceFifteenth year of SNE starts (2017)
New bright students enroll that will change the world :-)Mix of Dutch and international students
Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, 2017 52 / 52