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3
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
_o v̂hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
4
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
5
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
DA’WA BOOKSP.B No: 1981, Vyttila, Cochin - 19
apkvX^m X≥ho¿
_o v̂hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
6
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
Publisher l DistributionDa’wa Books l Vyttila l Kochi - 19 l Kerala l India
Web: www.dawabooks.in l Email: [email protected]: Irshad l Type Setting: Yoonus k.k l Printing : Print Express, Kaloor
ISBN: 978-93-82581-25-3
DA’WA BOOKS
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilised in any form orby any means without the prior written permission of the publisher.
_o^v: hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
Author : Musthafa ThanveerFirst Edition : April 2017
Price: ` 70
Malayalam l Criticism l Beef Virodhathinte Jathiyum Mathavum
7
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
A¥m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ ae-bmf ]pkvX-I-߃ ]pd-
Øn-d°pI-bpw {]k-‡-amb hnhn[ `mjm-{K-Ÿ-߃ ae-bm-f-
Øn-te°v samgn-am‰w \SØn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw A¥m-cmjv{S
kaq-l-Øn\v ]cn-Nbs∏Sp-tØ≠ ae-bmf IrXn-Iƒ a‰p `mj-
I-fn-te°v ]cn-`m-js∏-SpØn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-
sb∂ e£y-tØmsS XpS°w Ipdn® "ZAvhm _pIvkv' {it≤-
bhpw hyXn-cn-‡-hp-amb ]pkvX-I-߃ ]pd-Øn-d-°n-s°m≠v
CXn-\Iw Xs∂ ]pkvXI {]km-[\ cwKØv ÿnc-{]-XnjvT
t\Sn-°-gn-™n-´p-≠v, ¬q∏d ~ª◊G.
]iphn¬ ZnhyXzam-tcm]n°p∂ a-X-]-cn-I-¬-]-\-bmWv ̀ mc-
Xob tKmamwkhntcm[Øns‚ km£m¬ ASnØd. ]iphns\
amXmhmbn k¶¬]n®v kwc£n°m\p≈ \∑ \nd™ hy{KX-
b√, adn®v Hcp km[par-KsØ ssZhthjw sI´n®v AXns\bpw
Np‰pa≈ a\p-jy-scbpw Hcpt]mse {]bmks∏SpØp∂ A‘hn-
izmkamWv "tKmamXm' ]cnI¬]\-bpsS A¥kØ.
A[nImce_v[nbpsS Du°n¬ lnμpXzw Xnf∏n°p∂ _o-
^v cmjv{SobsØ Cg Iodn ]cntim[n°p∂ ]T\w. _o^v t`m-
P\kwkvImcw C≥Uy≥ ]mcºcyØn\\yamb CkvemanI ssh-
tZinIXbmsW∂ kwLv]cnhm¿ \pWsb A°mZanI cN\I-
fp≤cn®v tNmZyw sNøp∂p. ]ipkwc£WØns‚ hymPbp-
‡nIsf FSpØWnbp∂ ̀ mcXob kh¿W tKmamwk hntcm[-
Øns‚ bYm¿∞ thcpw Z¿i\hpw hniIe\w sNbvXv AXn¬
D≈Sßnbn´p≈ PmXnshdnsb ]pdØpsIm≠phcp∂p. tKmam-
Xm ]cnI¬]\sb apkvenw hntcm[w Pzen∏n°m\p≈ Bbp[-
am°n hnIkn∏n® B[p\nI lnμp h¿KobXbpsS Im]SysØ
\ninX hnNmcW°v hnt[bam°p∂p. apkvX^m X≥hodmWv
{KŸI¿Ømhv.
\mYm... \o CsXmcp {]Xn-̂ -em¿l-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ambn
kzoI-cn-t°-Wta (Bao≥)
amt\-P¿
8
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
9
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
“In the big lie there is always a certain force ofcredibility; because the broad masses of a nation arealways more easily corrupted in the deeper strata oftheir emotional nature than consciously or voluntarily;and thus in the primitive simplicity of their minds theymore readily fall victims to the big lie than the smalllie, since they themselves often tell small lies in littlematters but would be ashamed to resort to large-scalefalsehoods. It would never come into their heads tofabricate colossal untruths, and they would not believethat others could have the impudence to distort thetruth so infamously.
Even though the facts which prove this to be somay be brought clearly to their minds, they will stilldoubt and waver and will continue to think that theremay be some other explanation. For the grosslyimpudent lie always leaves traces behind it, even afterit has been nailed down, a fact which is known to allexpert liars in this world and to all who conspiretogether in the art of lying. These people know onlytoo well how to use falsehood for the basest purposes.”
-Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
10
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
11
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
“Cfw ]iphnd®nbpw Imfbnd®nbpw Xn∂p∂Xv
Rm≥ XpScpI Xs∂ sNøpw.” ̨bm⁄h¬Iy≥(1)
hnhmZßfpsS sNºv Xnf°pI Xs∂bmWv! {]NcWbp≤-
߃, \ntcm[t\mØchpIƒ, P\Iob "hnNmcWIƒ', sXcphp-
"in£Iƒ'˛_o^ns\Xnsc ]e tImeØn¬ Dd™pXp≈pI-
bmWv tamZn {][m-\a{¥nbmb C≥Uybn¬ kh¿W tjmhn\n-
kw. 1995se apcfn at\ml¿ tPmjn apJya{¥nbmbp≈ inhtk-
\ -̨_n.sP.]n almcmjv{S k¿°m¿ I-¿-i\ hyhÿItfmSpIqSn
Xømdm°n-bXpw A∂sØ cmjv{S]Xn i¶¿ Zbm¬ i¿abpsS
A\paXn e`n-°m-Xncp∂Xn\m¬ \nbaamImXncp∂Xpamb am´n-
d®n _n¬ tZth{μ ^Sv\m-hnkns‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ ]pXnb
_n.sP.]n kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v Ct∏mgsØ cmjv{S]Xn {]W-
_vIpam¿ apJ¿PnbpsS H∏pt\Sn 2015 am¿®v c≠n\v ]mkm-°n-
sbSpØtXmSpIqSnbmWv N¿®Iƒ sImgp°m-\mcw`n®Xv. ]ip-
hpw ImfbpaS°ap≈ I∂pImenIsf Adp°p∂Xpw Cd®n
ssI-hiw sh°p∂Xpw A©v h¿jw XShpw ]Xn-\mbncw cq]
]n-gbpw e`n°mhp∂ Ip‰ambn \n¿hNn°p∂ ]pXnb \nbaw
"tKm-amXmhn\p' th≠nbp≈ ̀ mcXob P\Xm ]m¿´nbpsS kap-
÷z-eamsbmcp t]mcm´hnPbamsW∂v ka¿∞n-°m≥ kwLv-
]cnhm-¿ aoUnb ITn\ambn {]b-Xv\n®p. ^Sv\mhnkn\v
12
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
almcmjv{Sbn-se lnμpthm´pIsf GIoI-cn°m\pw lnμpXzØn-
s‚ {]hmNI-\mbn kzbw {]-Xn-jv-Tn-°m-\pw ]pXnb ]ipc£I-
thjw klm-bIambnsb∂ ImcyØn¬ kw-ibsam∂pan√.
a-lmcmjv{Sbn¬ ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-bn AdhptPmenIfnepw A\p-
_‘ hyhkmbßfnepw \nXyhrØn Is≠-Øp-∂ Jp-ssdin
ap-kv-enwIfpsS PohnXsØ A∏msS Ccp´nem°nbpw kwÿm\-
Øv 10,000 tImSn cq]bpsS hm¿-jn-I-aq-ey-ap≈ am´nd®n {Ibhn{I-
b߃°v Xo¿Øpw Abp‡n-Iamb coXnbn¬ Xmgn´p]q´nbpw
km[mc-W°mc\v Ipd™hnebn¬ {]m]yhpw t]mjIkar≤hp-
amb am´nd®nbn\ßsf hn]Wnbn¬ \n-∂-{]-Xy-£-am-°nbpw
am´nd®n \ntcm[\\nbasa∂ sImSnb P\t{ZmlØn\v Im¿anI-
Xzw hln°m≥ almcmjv{SbpsS Ncn{XØnse BZysØ _n.sP.
]n apJya{¥nsb {]tNmZn∏n®Xv lnμp h¿KobXsb DtØ-Pn-
∏n®v A[nIm-cw \ne\n¿ØpI F∂ krKme_p≤n Xs∂bmWv.
almcmjv{SbpsS NphSpIƒ ]n¥pS¿∂v kam\amb \nba߃
cmPyhym]Iambn \S∏nem°Wsa∂ apdhnfn kwLv]cnhm¿
Iym-ºn-¬\n∂v i‡ambn Db¿∂p. cmPyØv kºq¿W tKmh[-
\ntcm[\-\nbaw \S∏n-em°m\p≈ amXrIm_n¬ Xømdm°m-
\mhiyamb {]mtbmKnI \n¿tZi߃ tXSn \nbaa{¥meb-
Øn\v {]-[m-\-a-{¥nbpsS Hm^okv Ab® IØv, tKmh[ \ntcm[-
\Øns‚ cmjv{Sob km[yXIsf tI{μØnse ln-μp-Xz k¿°m¿
ImcyambnØs∂ ]cnKWn°p-∂ps≠∂v hy‡am°p∂p≠v.
a\pjyamwkw cpNn°m\p≈ ̂ mjnk-Øns‚ klPamb B{K-
lØn\v _o v̂ Fcnhv ]Icp∂Xv AXn\ptijw C≥Uy XpS¿®-
bmbn I≠p. 2015 sk]v‰w_¿ 28\mWv DØ¿ {]tZinse Zm{Znbn¬
_o v̂ Ign®psh∂mtcm]n®v aplΩZv AJvem°zv F∂ apkvenw
Krl\mYs\ tjmhn\nÃv D∑mZw _m[n® Bƒ°´w X√n-s°m-
∂Xv. XpS¿∂tßm´v AXnt\°mƒ ISp∏w IqSnbtXm Ipd™-
tXm Bb AfhpIfn¬ I∂pImen hn¬]\-bpsSbpw Ad-hn-
s‚bpw amwtkm]tbmKØns‚bpsa√mw t]cn¬ cmPyØn-s‚
hnhn[ ̀ mKßfn¬ apkvenw-Ifpw ZenXpIfpw t\cn´ AXn{Iaß-
ƒ°v Iøpw IW°an√. adbn√mØ apkvenw hntZzjØn\≈
am-≥tU‰v BbnØs∂ sXcs™Sp∏v ^esØ hnebncpØn
13
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
kwLv]cnhm¿ tbmKn BZnXy\mYns\ apJy-a{¥n°-tkcbnen-
cp-Ønb DØ¿{]tZin¬ \n∂v Ct∏mƒ hcp∂ hm¿ØIƒs°-
√mw Xot∑iIƒ am´nd®nbn¬ \n∂v _ew {]tbmKn®v "ip≤am-
°m\p≈' Blzm\Øns‚ Nqcp≈Xv Xo¿Øpw kzm`m-hnIamWv;
ImcWw arKamw-ktØmSv shdp∏pw a\pjyamwktØmSv {]nb-
hpw Xs∂bmW√m C≥Uy≥ ^mjnkØn\v A[nImc-eœnI-
fnse-√mw XnI´n hcnI.
amwk`£Ww CkvemanI {IqcX?
]iphS°ap≈ amSpIfpsS Cd®n `£n°p∂Xv {Iqchpw
am\h{]IrXn°v hncp≤hpamsW∂ Hcp shPnt‰dnb≥ s]mXp-
t_m[w krjvSns®Sp°m≥ {ian®v tKmamwk \ntcm[\{ia߃-
°p]n∂nse hn-Ir-Xh-¿KobXsb ad®psh°m\mWv lnμpXz
_p≤nPohnIfn¬ ]ecpw {ian®pt\m°p∂Xv. apkvenw˛ZenXv
hncp≤ shdp∏pI®hSØn¬ A`ncan®pw Ahsc X√nbpw sIm-
∂pw "ckn®pw' sImgp°p∂ _o v̂ Imw]bv≥ "lnwks°Xncmb
Alnwkm t_m[hXvIcWamsW∂v' Xami ]dbm≥ ̂ mjnÃp-
I-ƒ°v am{Xta Ignbq. ImenIfpsS Adhpw amwkt`mP\hpw
A\phZn°p∂Xns‚ t]cn¬ Ckvemans\ A]cnjvIrXamb
Hcp IØnbpsS Z-bmclnXamb adphm-°mbn hnh¿Ø\w sN-
øm≥ {ian°p∂-hcpsS Im]SysØ \njvIrjvSambn hnNmcW
sN-ømsX tjmhn\nÃpIfpsS e£yßsf ]cmPbs∏Sp-Øm\m-
hn√. Ckvemtamt^m_nbbnte°v D∏ptN¿Øv XßfpsS \new
ISpX¬ ̀ {Zam°pI IqSnbmWt√m CØcsamcp s]mXp-t_m[
kwt{]£Ww hgn ^mjnkw e£yam°p∂Xv! C≥Uy-bn¬
_o^v D]tbmKn°p∂hcn¬ _lp`qcn]£hpw apkvenwIf-
√mXncp∂n´pw "I∂pImenItfmSp≈ CkvemanI {IqcX'sb
kw_‘n®mWv D]\ymk߃ Na°s∏Sp∂Xv F∂ hkvXpX
Xs∂ kwLv ]cnhm¿ Dt±iy-ßsf IrXyambn A\mhcWw
sNøp∂p≠v.
Ckvemw ]iphn-s‚tbm at‰sX¶nepw arKØns‚tbm amwkw
`£n°m≥ B-sc-bpw \n¿_‘n-°p∂n√. F∂m¬ I∂pImen-
Isf {]]©-\mY≥ krjvSn®n´p≈Xv a\pjy¿°v AdpØv ̀ £n-
14
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
°phm≥ IqSn ]mIØnemWv F∂ hkvXpX Izp¿B≥ hy‡-
am°n-bn´p≠v. amSpIsf {]tXyIambn ]cma¿-in-®p-sIm≠v Ah-
bpsS amwkw `£Wam-°p∂Xn¬ ssZth—°p \nc°mØXm-
bn bm-sXm-∂p-an-s√∂v hy‡-am°p∂ Hcp Izp¿B≥ hmIyØn-
s‚ kmcw C{]Imc-amWv: ""kXyhnizmknItf, \n߃ Icmdp-
Iƒ \ndth‰pI. \n߃°v hnhcn®pXcp-∂sXmgn®p≈ BSv,
amSv, H´Iw F∂o C\ßfn¬s∏´ ar-K߃ \n߃°v A\p-
hZn°s∏´ncn°p∂p.''(2) BSv, amSv, H´Iw F∂nhsb AdpØv ̀ -
£n°p∂XmWv A\p-hZ\obw F∂pw a‰p coXnIfn¬ h[n-°-
s∏Sp∂hbpsS amwkw \njn≤-amsW-∂pamWv "\n-ß-ƒ-°v hnh-
cn®p-Xcp∂sXmgn-®p≈' F∂ {]tbmKØns‚ hnh£sb∂v a‰v
Izp¿B≥ hN\߃ hy-‡am°p-∂p≠v. _lpssZhmcm[\-
bpsS `mKambn {]]©\mY\p]pdsabp≈ hkvXp°fp-sStbm
hy-‡n-IfpsStbm {]oXn°pth-≠n Adp°s∏´ amSpIfpsS Cd-
®nbpw `£n-®pIqsS∂v B hN\ßfn¬ \n∂pw hy‡-amWv.
CΔnjbIamb Hcp Izp¿B≥ hN\-Øns‚ kmcw {i≤n°pI:
""ihw, c‡w, ]-∂n-amwkw, A√mlp A√mØhcpsS t]cn¬
Adp°s∏´Xv, izmkwap´n NØXv, ASn®psIm∂Xv, hoWp NØ-
Xv, Ipt؉p NØXv, h\yarKw ISn®pXn∂Xv F∂nh \n߃°v
\njn≤am°s∏´ncn°p∂p. F∂m¬ (Poht\mSpIqSn) \n߃
AdpØ-Xv CXn¬ \ns∂mgnhmIp∂p. {]XnjvTIƒ-°papºn¬
_-en-b-¿∏n°s∏´Xpw \njn≤amIp∂p.''(3) Cu Izp¿B≥ hN\-
ß-fn¬\n∂v am´nd®ntbmSp≈ CkvemanI k-ao]\Øns‚ ASn-
ØdIƒ IrXyambn hmbns®Sp°m≥ Ignbp∂p≠v. {]IrXn-bn-
se `£yirwJebn¬ I∂pImenIsf-°qSn `£Wambn D]-
tbm-Kn°m≥ Ignbp∂ XcØnemWv a\pjys‚ ÿm\w {]-]-
©-\m-Y≥ \n¿Wbn®ncn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ Ahsb amwkØn\p-
th≠n Fßs\ h[n°Wsa∂ Imcyw ssZ-hnI-amb Acpf-∏mSp-
Ifn¬ \n∂mWv a\pjy≥ a\ nemt°≠Xv. CkvemanI I¿a-
im-kv{Xw A-\pimkn°p∂ AdhpcoXn temI{]ikvXambnØo-
¿∂Xv C-Δnjb-Iamb aXm\pimk\Isf ap-kv-en-w-Iƒ IWni-
ambn apdp-sI∏nSn®XpsIm≠mWv.
am´nd®ntbmSp≈ CkvemanI kao]\Øns‚ am\hnIXsb
15
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
hkvXp\n-jvTambn hna-¿i\-hnt[-bam-°phm≥ "]ip-hmZn'Iƒ-
s°m∂pw Ignbns√∂XmWv hkv-XpX. ̀ £yirwJebn¬ BSp-
amSpIƒ a-\pjy\pambn Fßs\ _‘s∏Sp-∂psh-∂v a\pjyi-
cocw Xs∂ hy‡am°p-∂p≠v. AhbpsS thhn® amwkw ̀ £n-
°m-\mh-iyamb ]√pIfpw Zln°m\m-hiyamb Bamibhpw
A\p-_‘mhbh-ßfpw Z-l-\ckßfpw \¬Ip∂ icocim-kv-
{X]c-am-b AdnhpIƒ lnμpXzcpsS ASp°fbn¬ Ffp∏Øn-
¬ sh¥p-In´m-ØXv aXm‘X sIm≠pam{XamWv. am´nd-®nbnse
t]mjI-LSI߃ a\pjyicoc-Øns‚ \ne\n¬-]n\pw hf¿-
®°pw ]e coXnbn¬ Bhiy-amWv F∂ bmYm¿∞ysØ B¿-
°mWv \nt-j-[n-°m\mhpI? "PohnI-sf h[n°p-∂Xv ]m]amWv'
F∂ Alnw-km Xo{hhm-Zw am{XamWv am´nd®n {]IrXn hncp≤-
am-sW∂v hmZn°p∂h¿°v BsI-°qSn AhXcn∏n°m\p≈Xv.
`£WØn-\pth-≠n Nne PohnIƒ a‰p Nnehsb sIm√pI
F∂ \nbaamWv ssPhtemI-ØpS\ofw \ne\n¬°p∂Xv F∂
tIhe-kXysØ aqSnsh®psIm≠mWv Cu "{]IrXnhmZw' ÿm-
]n°s∏Sp∂Xv F∂ Imcyw Atß-b‰w k-l-Xm-]m-¿-l-at√?
]q¿Wam-b kkymlmc\njvTbmWv ̀ £-WØn\p-th≠nbp≈
lnwk Hgnhm°m≥ {]IrXn-Poh\ {]NmcI¿ \n¿tZin°p∂Xv.
kky-߃°pw Poh\pw hnImcßfpw thZ-\bp-sa√m-ap-s≠-∂
imkv{X-hkvXpXsb IgpØpsRcn®p sIm∂psIm≠pam{Xta
Cu "]cnlmc'sØ kn≤m-¥-h-¬°cn°m-\mIq. {]IrXnhncp≤-
hpw a\pjyhncp≤hpw A\mtcmKyIchpw A{]mtbmKnIhpamb
Hcp `£ykwkvIm-csØbmWv am´nd®n hntcm[nIƒ {]Ncn∏n-
°m≥ {ian°p∂Xv F∂¿∞w. Ckvemans‚ CΔnjbIamb
\ne]mSns\ {]Xn°q´n¬ \n¿Øm\p≈ {]IrXn/Alnwkm
ss[jWnI hym-bm-a-ß-sfms°bpw A-Xn-\m¬Xs∂ ASnÿm-
\clnXamWv.
Alnwkb√, A‘hnizmkw!
bYm¿∞Øn¬ tKmamwk h¿÷\-Øn\p≈ B[p\nI
lnμphns‚ t{]cIw \tS ]d™ kn-≤m-¥ßsfm∂pa√; adn®v
aX]camb Nne A‘hnizmkßfmWv. as‰√m \ymbhmZßfpw
aXhnizmksØ {]Xntcm[n°m\p≈ hy{KXbn¬ \n∂p-
16
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
≠mIp∂XmWv. ]iphn¬ ZnhyXzam-tcm]n°p∂ a-X-]-cn-I-¬-]-
\-bmWv ̀ mcXob tKmamwkhntcm[Øns‚ km£m¬ ASnØd.
Ckvemw Cu ASnØdsb k-ºq-¿-W-am-bn \ncmIcn°p∂p. {]]-
©\m-Y\v am{Xta ZnhyXzap≈q F∂ IWniam-b DZvt_m[\-
Øn¬ \n∂mWv Ckvemw AXns‚ h¿Øam\߃ apgph\pamcw-
`n°p∂Xv. {]]©\mY\√mØ kIeXpw Ahs‚ krjvSnIƒ
am{XamWv; Ahsbm-∂pw Xs∂ ssZhamhpI km[ytab√. Ah-
sb ]qPn°p∂Xpw A-h-tbmSv {]m¿∞n°p∂Xpw G‰hpw henb
]m]am-b _lpssZhmcm[\bmWv. _lpssZh hnizm-k-Øn-
te°v hgn sX‰ptºmgmWv a\pjy¿°nSbn¬ A‘hnizmkß-
ƒ Infn¿°p∂Xv F∂v Ckvemw ]Tn∏n°p∂p. {]]©{kjvSmhv
a\pjy\pIqSn D]Imc-s∏Sm≥th≠n krjvSn® ]iphn-s\, ssZ-
hambn I-cpXn hn{Klh¬-°cn®v AXv \¬Ip∂ D]Imc߃
A\p`-hn°p-∂Xv ]m]amsW∂v sX‰n≤cn°p∂ hn-hctZm-j-
Ønte°v a\pjy¿ B]Xn-°p∂Xv F{X \n¿`mKyIcamWv!
]ip F∂ arK-tØmSv F-s¥-¶n-epw hntcm[ap≈hc√ apkvenw-
Iƒ. F∂m¬ ]iphns\ ssZham-°p∂Xv A‘hnizmkamsW-
∂v ]-dbmXn-cn°phm≥ apkvenwIƒ°v \n¿hmlan√. ]ip F∂-
√, krjvSnIfn¬ G‰hpw ]cnip≤\mb aplΩZv \_n(k) ssZh-
am-sW∂v IcpXp∂Xpt]mepw _lpssZ-hmcm[\m]camb A‘-
hnizm-k-am-sW∂mWv apkvenw \ne]mSv.
]iphn-t\mSp≈ B[p\nI lnμp "sXm´pIqSm-bva'-sb ]∂n-
amwkw \n-jn≤ambn {]Jym]n-°p∂ CkvemanI hnizmktØmSv
XmcX-ays∏SpØp∂h¿°v ]n-g-°p-∂-Xn-hn-sS-bmWv. ]∂n
ssZhamb-XpsIm≠√, ]∂n-amwkw a\pjyicocØn\v A\p-
tbm-Pya-√mØ-XpsIm≠mWv Izp¿B≥ AXv \njn≤-ambn {]-
Jym]n°p∂Xv. A‘hn-izmk߃°v IS∂phcm≥ bmsXmcp
]gpXpw \¬ImØ BZ¿iamWv Ckvemw. arK߃ ssZhßfm-
sW∂ A‘hnizm-kw t]mseXs∂ ssZhw arKamwkw `pPn-
°psa∂ A‘hnizmkhpw Ckveman\v A\yamWv. a\pjy¿
Blmc]m\ob߃ \n-thZyambn ka¿∏n®v Xr]vXns∏SptØ-
≠ "ssZh{]XnjvT'Iƒ F√m _lpssZ-hmcm[\m k{ºZmbß-
fpsSbpw apJap{ZbmWv. kwip≤amb GIssZhmcm-[\bpsS
17
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
hn´phogvNbn√mØ {]-tLm-j-Wamb Ckvemw, CØcØnep≈
F√m hnIe k¶¬]ßsfbpw \ncmIcn°pI-bmWv sNøp∂Xv.
Ckveman¬ ]pWyI¿a-ambn ]Tn∏n°s∏´n´p≈ arK_enbn¬
kw`hn°p∂Xv, ssZh{]oXn°pth≠n [-\nI¿ I∂pImenIsf
AdpØv amwkw ]mh߃°nSbn¬ hnXcWw sNøpIbm-Wv.
lrZbØnse `‡nbpw klPohnkv-t\lhpamWv CkvemanI
_enbn¬ {]]-©\mY\nte°pbcp∂Xv; amwkw a-\p-jy¿-°v
`£n°m\p≈XmWv. Izp¿B≥ C°m-cyw hy‡am°p∂Xnß-
s\bmWv: ""Ahbp-sS (_--en-b¿-∏n°s∏Sp∂ arKßfpsS)
amwktam c‡tam A√mlphn¶¬ FØp-∂tXbn√. F∂m¬
\n-ßfpsS [¿a\njv-TbmWv Ah¶¬ FØp∂Xv. A√mlp
\n߃°v am¿KZ¿i\w \¬InbXns‚ t]cn¬ \n-߃ Ahs‚
alXzw {]Io¿-Ønt°≠Xn\mbn A{]Imcw Ah≥ Ahsb
\n߃°v Iogvs∏SpØnØ∂ncn°p∂p. kZvhrØ¿°v \o
kt¥mj-hm¿Ø Adnbn°pI.''(4)
A‘hnizmk߃ {]IrXn°pw a\pjy¿°pw BXy¥nI-
ambn ZpcnX߃ am{Xta hnX°q F-∂-Xm-Wv bmYm¿∞yw. {]Ir-
Xnhn`h߃°pw PohPme߃°pw Ft∏mgpw kwc£Wam-
hpI ssZ-hn-I-am-¿K\n¿tZißfmWv. Ahsb A´nadn-®psIm≠v
]ptcmlnX≥am¿ {]Ncn∏n°p∂ A-‘-hn-izm-k߃, ]pdta°v
F{XXs∂ \∑ tXm∂n®mepw, ^eØn¬ ISpØ Zpc-¥ßfm-
bncn°pw D≠m°pI. ]iphns\ ssZhambn k¶¬]n°p∂
sslμhk{º-ZmbØns‚bpw Imcyw CXpXs∂bmWv. AXv
tKmkw-c£-WØn\v \nanØamhp-Ib√ sNøp∂Xv F∂v C≥-
UybpsS Ct∂mfap≈ A\p`h߃ Xs∂ hy-‡-am°p∂p≠v.
Idh h‰nbXpw {]Xyp¬]mZ\-tijnbn√mØXpw {]mbtadnbXp-
sa√m-amb ]-ip-°-sf-t∏mepw AdhpIm¿°v hn¬°m≥ Ignbm-
sX ]mhs∏´ I¿jI¿ \cIn°pIbpw B¿°pw th-≠mØ Poh-
Ohßfmbn ZpcnXa\p`hn°m≥ km[parK߃ hn[n°s∏Sp-
IbpamWv tKmh[ \n-cm-I-c-W-Øns‚ Ft∏mgpap≈ ̂ ew. Irjn-
bn¬ I∂pImenIƒ D]tbm-Kn°s∏Sp∂Xv b{¥-h-¬-°-c-W-Øn-
\p-tijw hym]Iambn IpdbpIbpw \Kch¬-°cWw Hgn™
ta®n¬]pdßf Hs∂m-∂mbn \nIØn-s°m-≠n-cn°pIbpw sNøp-
18
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
∂ ]pXnb C≥Uy≥ kmlNcyØn¬ "tKmamXmhv' A\p`hn-
°p∂ ]o-U\ßsf Cc´n-∏n°m≥ am{Xta lnμpXzcpsS "tKm
kwc£W' Imºbn\pIƒ \nanØamIp-∂p≈q. a\pjy¿°v ]e
co-Xnbn¬ D]Im-c߃ sNøp∂ ]iphns\ amXmhmbn k¶¬-
]n®v kwc£n°m\p≈ \∑ \nd™ hy{KXb√, adn®v Hcp
km[par-KsØ ssZhthjw sI´n®v AXns\bpw Np‰pa≈ a\p-
jy-scbpw Hcpt]mse {]bmks∏SpØp∂ A‘hnizmkamWv
"tKmamXm' ]cnI¬]\-bpsS A¥kØsb∂mWv CXv hy‡am-
°p∂Xv. sslμh k{ºZmbßsfsb√mw am\hnIXbpsS alm-
hnfw_cßfmbn AhXcn∏n°m\p≈ `‡a\ ns‚ Xzc
am{XamWv, tKmkwc£WamWv tKm]qP-bpsS ZuXysa∂ coXn-
bnep≈ h¿Øam\-ßfn¬ ImWm\mIp∂Xv.
kh¿Wbp‡nbpsS k¿hhym]vXn
tKmh[ hntcm[Øns‚ bYm¿Y {]tNmZ\w bp‡nclnX-
amb aX[mcWIfpw AXns‚ t]cn¬ hfcp∂ hntZzj cm{„o-
bØns‚ a¿aw A]chntZzjhpamsW∂ hkvXpXsb ad®p-
sh®v arKkwc£-WØns‚bpw AlnwkbpsSbpsa√mw kt¶-
Xßfp]tbmKn®v tKmamXm k¶¬]sØ \ymboIcn-°phm-\≈
Xzc, kh¿Wbp‡nIfpsS KmVmt«jØn¬ hf¿∂ph∂ \-
ΩpsS s]mXpt_m[Øn¬ DS\ofw ZriyamWv. ̂ mjnkhpambn
]pe_‘w t]mepan√mØh¿ hsc AhbpsS XShpImcmIp∂-
Xv \ap°v Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw; C≥Uybn¬ PmXnlnμp ]cnI-
¬]\Iƒ°≈ Cu k¿hhym]vXn Xs∂bmWt√m kwLv ]cn-
hmdns‚ G‰hpw henb kmwkvImcnI aqe[\hpw! CXn\v \s√m-
cpZmlcWamWv almflm Km‘n. ̀ ‡\mb lnμpaX hnizmkn
F∂ \n-e-bn¬ Km‘nbpw tKm]qPsb kn≤m¥-h¬°cn°m≥
{ian®Xv tKmkwc£W-Øns‚ {]m-[m-\yw ]d™psIm≠mWv.
tKmkwc£Wa√ tKmh[h¿÷\w hgn \S°pI F∂XpsIm-
≠pXs∂ Km‘nPnbp-sS CΔnjbIamb ka¿∞\߃ apgp-
h≥ Zb\obambn X¿I¿∂pt]mIp-∂p≠v.
Xs‚ aXhnizmksØ {]Xntcm[n-°m\mhiyamb \ymb-ß-
ƒ Is≠Øm\p-≈ bp‡nclnXamb Hcp ]nS®n¬ BWv Km‘n-
19
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
PnbpsS ]ipshgpØpIsf√mw. ]d™p]d™v C{Xhsc At±-
lw ]d-™p: ""tKmamXmhv \ap°v P∑w \¬In-b amXmhnt\-
°mƒ ]e\ne°pw DØa-amWv. \ΩpsS amXmhv \ap°v c≠v
h¿jtam at‰m ]m¬ \¬IpIbpw tijw \mw hf¿∂phcp-tºm-
ƒ Ahsc tkhn°psa∂v {]-Xo-£n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. F∂m¬
]ipam-Xmhv \Ωn¬ \n∂pw H∂pw {]Xo£n°p-∂n√, ]p√pw [m-
\y-hp-a√msX. \ΩpsS AΩ CS°nsS tcmK_m[nXbmhpIbpw
\Ωn¬ \n∂pw ]cnNcWw B-{K-ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. tKmam-
Xmhv tcmK_m[nXbmIp∂Xv AXy]q¿hamWv. \ΩpsS AΩ
acn-°ptºmƒ a-dhpsNømt\m kwkvIcn°mt\m F√mambn \ap-
°v sNehpIƒ hcp∂p. ]ipamXmhv, Poh\p≈t∏mgpw NØp-
t]mbmepw D]Imcw \¬Ip∂p.''(5) DΩsb°mƒ alØcamWv
]ipsh∂v kn≤m¥n°p∂ ]-cn-lmkyamb {]tbmP\hmZØn-
s‚ B‘yw, aX]camb {]Xn_≤Xbn¬ \n∂mWv Km‘nPnsb
]n-Sn-IqSp∂Xv. At±lw FgpXn: ""F∂m¬ sslμhXbpsS tI-
{μkXyw tKmkwc£WamWv..... tKm-kw-c-£Ww F∂ Bibw
temIØn\v sslμhX \¬Inb kΩm\amWv. ]ip°sf kwc-
£n°m≥ ln-μp-°fpt≈StØmfw Imew lnμpaXw Pohn-°pw.''(6)
tKmkwc£WamWv sslμhXbpsS {]tabw F∂ anYym[mc-
WbmWv Km‘n ]Icm≥ {ian°p∂Xv. tKmkwc£Wa√, {]-
XypX tKm]qP hgnbp≈ tKm]oU\amWv `mcXØn¬ \S°p-
∂Xv F∂pImWm≥ At±lØn\mIp∂n√. ]ip°ƒ G‰hp-a-
[nIw ZpcnXa\p`hn°p∂ \mSpIfnsem∂mWv C≥Uy F∂-Xm-
Wv kXyw. AXns‚ Hcp ]›mØew ]ip ssZhamsW∂ A‘-
hnizmkw Xs∂bmWv. {]IrXnbpsS kzm`mhnIamb Bhmkhy-
hÿbn¬ \n∂pw `£yirwJebn¬ \n∂pw ]dns®SpØv Hcp
arKsØ Nn√pIq´neS®v hn{Klam°ptºmgp≠mIp∂ ssP-hn-
Iamb Xmf`wKßfmWv ChnsSbp≠mIp∂Xv. 1954¬ Phl¿-
em¬ s\lvdp Xs‚ Hcp {]-`m-j-WØn¬ ]d™p: ""Atacn°,
Cw•≠v, djy t]mep≈ hntZicmPyßfn¬ ]ip°fpsS Ah-
ÿ C≥UybnteXnt\°mƒ F{Xtbm t`ZamWv. ]ip°sf
Adp°p∂Xv kºq¿Wambn \n-tcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ Hcp ka{K-
\nbaw C≥Uybn¬ \S∏nem°s∏´m¬, AhbpsS ]´nWnbpw
ZpcnXw ]nSn®p≈ acWhpw h¿[n°pI am{XamWv sNøpI.''(7)
20
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
arKkwc£Whpambn _‘s∏´ Bibßf√ tKm]qPsb
\ymboIcn°ptºmƒ lnμp _p≤nPohnIsf \bn°p∂Xv F∂v
AhcpsS D]mk\ ]iphn\pam{Xambn kwhcWw sNøs∏Sp-
∂Xn¬ \n∂pXs∂ hy‡amIp∂p≠v. a\pjy¿°v D]Imc߃
\¬Ip∂ ]iphnXc I∂pImenIfS°ap≈ At\Iw P¥pPm-
eßfn¬ \n∂v "]iptkh\ßsf' am{Xw th¿Xncn®p\n¿Øn
AXns\°pdn®v Zo¿-L-{]_‘߃ cNn°p∂h¿ ]iphns\
ssZhambn a‰p]e ImcW߃sIm≠pw kzoIcn® Hcp ]m-c-º-
cyØn\v apJwaqSnIƒ Xbv]n®psImSp°pI Xs∂bmWv sNøp-
∂Xv. IdpØ a\pjysct∏mse Xs∂ IdpØ FcpaIsfbpw,
C∏d™ {]tbmP\ßsfms° D≠mbn´pw, {_mlvaWnI aqey-
t_m[w Zq-sc \n¿Øp∂sX¥psIm≠msW∂ ZenXv _p≤nPohn
Im© sFeøbpsS tNmZyw lnμpXzØns‚ tKmkwc£W bp-
‡nIfpsS akvXIw XI¿°p∂p≠v. At±lw FgpXn: ""C≥-
Uybnse ]iphns\°mfpw IqSpX¬ ]m¬ Xcp∂, F∂m¬
]uckaqlØn¬ Hcp Znhyamb ÿm\hpan√mØ, ̀ cWLS\m-
]cambn Hcp kwc£Whpan√mØ, FcpabpsS KXnt]msebm-
Wv ZenXv̨ _lpP\ßfpsS Ahÿ.''(8) ]ip-hn-t\mSv lnμphn\p-
≈Xv aXP\yamb {]Xn_≤X Xs∂bmsW-∂pw AXn\p≈Xv
arKkwc£W bp-‡n-bs√∂pw Km‘nPn°pXs∂ kΩXnt°-
≠n h∂n´p≠v. At±lw FgpXn: ""sslμ-h Z¿i\w ÿm]n-
°p∂ tKm kwc£W BZ¿iw A\nhmcyambpw ]Sn™mdns‚
Im¿jnI bp‡nIfn¬ \n∂v hn`n∂hpw Ahsb adnIS°p∂Xp-
amWv...... lnμpaXw AXns‚ Bflob hiØnemWv Du∂p-∂-
Xv.''(9) Km‘n ]dbp∂ "Bflobhiw' ]ip ssZhamsW∂ k¶-
¬]amWv F∂ ImcyØn¬ bmsXmcp kw-i-bhpan√.
Km‘nPnbpsS ]ip\ne]mSpIƒ, Ah kzcq]n°s∏´ sIm-
tfmWnb¬ C≥-UybpsS N-cn-{X-]-›m-ØeØn¬ henb kmaq-
lnI {]XymLmX߃ krjvSn®n-´p≠v F∂ hkvXpXsb Im-
Wm-Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn√. ]iphns\ ssZhh¬°cn-°m\p≈ Hcp
aXhn`mKØns‚ AhImiw t]mse-Øs∂, ]ip ss-Zhas√∂v
a\ n-em°m-\p≈ a‰p≈hcpsS AhImihpw P\m[n-]Xy-
{IaØn¬ kw-c-£n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xps≠∂v B¿°pw a\ nemIpw.
21
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
]iphn¬ ssZhmwiapt≠m C√tbm F∂ aX]c-amb A-`n-{]m-
b-hy-XymkamWv tKmh[ hnhmZØn¬ lnμp°-ƒ°pw apkvenwI-
ƒ-°pw CSbnep≈Xv. B XeØn¬ \n∂v AXns\ AS¿Øn
am‰n tKmh[w {]IrXnhncp≤hpw arKhncp≤hpw a\pjy-hncp≤-
hpamsW∂v h-cp-Øn-Øo¿Øv apkv-enwIsf am\hnIXbpsS
i{Xp]£-Øv \nebpd∏n®n´p≈ A]cnjvIrXcmbn Nn-{Xo-I-
cn°phm\p≈ ]cn{iaßfmWv sImtfmWnb¬ ImeL´Øn¬
lnμpXzi-‡nIƒ \SØnbXv. Xo¿Øpw Zpcp]ZnjvS-amb Cu
h¿Kob Imºbn\v Bib]cnk-csamcp°phm≥, t_m[]q¿ha-
√msX, Km‘nPnbpsS \nco£Wßfpw Hcfhph-sc \nanØ-am-
bn. Km‘nPnbpsS A\pbm-bnIfn¬ \s√mcp iXam\hpw A-
t±-lØns‚ ho£Wßsf {]iv\h¬°c-W߃IqSmsX
Gs‰Sp°m\mWv Xm¬]-cyw ImWn®Xv F-∂-XpsIm≠pXs∂
kzmX{¥ym\¥c `mcXØn¬ ]et∏mgpw tKmh[ \ntcm[-\-
Øn\pth≠nbp≈ h¿Kob apdhnfnIfnte°v {]K¬`cmb ]e
Km‘nb≥amcpsSbpw i_vZ߃ sN∂ptNcp∂ \n-¿-`m-Ky-Ic-
amb ImgvN C≥Uy°v ImtW≠n h∂p. 1966¬ hnhn[ ]cnhm¿
kwLS\Ifpw P\kwLhpw tN¿∂p\SØnb tKmh[ \ntcm-
[\Øn-\pth≠nbp≈ ]m¿esa‚ v {]t£m`w Iem]Ønte°pw
Xosh∏nte°pw \oßp-Ibpw ]pcn i¶cmNmcy¿ \ncmlmckXy-
{Klamcw`n°pIbpw(10) sNbvX kabØv Pb{]Imiv \mcmbW-
≥ Cμncm Km‘n°v IØb®Xv C{]ImcamWv: ""C≥UybptSb-
Xpt]msemcp lnμp`qcn]£ cmPyØv tKmh[ \ntcm[\w \S∏n-
em°mØXv F¥psIm≠msW∂v F\n°v a\ nemIp-∂n-√.''(11)
1979¬, Km‘nPnbpsS ]n≥Kman-bmbn hmgvØs∏´ At±l-Øn-
s‚ t\¿in-jy≥ BNmcy hnt\m` ̀ msh A©pZnh-kw \ncmlm-
c kXy{Klw \SØnbXv samdm¿Pn tZimbn k¿°m¿ kºq¿W
tKmh[ \ntcm[\w \S∏nem°Wsa∂mh-iys∏´psIm-≠m-Wv.(12)
bpt´m]nb≥ shPnt‰dnb\nkw: Km‘n kwkmcn°p∂p
tKmamwkhpambn _‘s∏´ \ne]m-SpIfpsS hnime]›m-
Øew F∂ \nebn-¬ IqSnbmWv Km-‘nPn Xs‚ kkymlmc
\njvTtbbpw AhXcn∏n-®ncn°p∂Xv. ]q¿W kkymlmcamWv
22
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
a\pjy≥ A\ph¿-Ønt°≠Xv F∂ Km‘nho£WsØ A‘-
ambn kn≤m¥h¬°cn®psIm≠p-IqSnbmWv Km-‘ninjy≥am¿
tKmamwkm hncp≤XbpsS _m\¿ ]nSn°m≥ Hu’p-Iyw ImWn-
°p∂Xv. Km‘nb≥ Alnwk, A{]mtbmKnIamb Hcp bpt´m-
]y≥ hnNmc-temIamsW∂v At±lØn\p-Xs∂ k-Ω-Xn-t°-≠n
h-∂n´p≠v F∂XmWv kXyw. Alnwkm XØzßfpcphn v́ amwk-
`£-WsØ {]-Ir-Xn-hn-cp≤am°n Nn-{XoIcn-°phm\p≈ {iaw
AXns‚ Xs∂ B¥cn-I sshcp[y߃sIm≠v X-I-¿-∂p-t]m-
Ip∂Xv \mw t\csØ kqNn∏n®n´p≠v. Abp‡nIhpw A{]m-
tbmKnIhpamb BlmcZ¿i\w Km‘nPn ]-d-™-Xp-sIm-≠p-
am{Xw {]Ncn∏n®p\S°p∂h¿ C≥Uy-≥ s]mXpkaqltØmSp
ImWn°p∂Xv henb {Iq-c-X-b-t√? Xs‚ kkymlmc/Alnwkm
auenIhmZßfpsS ]cmPbw hy‡am°ns°m≠v Km‘nPn C-
ßs\ FgpXn:
""Rm≥ Ft∏mgpw A\pIqen°p∂Xv ]q¿W kkymlmc{Ia-
sØbmWv. ]t£, BtcmKyw i-cn-bm-bn \ne\n¿Øp∂Xn\v k-
kymlmcØn¬ ]mepw ssXcv, shÆ, s\øv XpSßnb ]mep¬]-
∂ßfpw D-ƒ-s∏SpØWsa∂v A\p`h߃ Fs∂ ]Tn-∏n®p.
CXv Fs‚ auenIamb Bi-bØn¬ \n∂p≈ \n¿WmbIamb
hyXn-Ne\amWv.
Bdv h¿jtØmfw Fs‚ Blmc{Ia-Øn¬ \n∂v ]mens\
Rm≥ Hgn®p\n¿Øn. A°meØv AXv hensbmcp \ntj[ambn
F\n°p tXm∂nbn√. F∂m¬ 1917¬ Fs‚ Xs∂ Aew`mhw
sIm≠v A-Xn`b-¶camb AXnkmcw ]nSns]´v Rm≥ InS∏n-em-
bn. F√pwtXmepw am{Xambn Xo¿∂n´pw acp∂v Ign°m≥ Rm≥
Iq´m°nbn√. ]mtem tamtcm Ign°ns√∂pw Rm≥ hmin-]nSn®p.
]t£ icocÿnXn ho-s≠Sp-°mt\m InS°bn¬ \n∂v Fgpt∂-
¬°m\p≈ tijn ssIhcn°mt\m F\n-°mbn√.
]m¬ Ign°ns√∂v Rm≥ {hX-saSp-Øncp∂p. ̀ njKzc\mb Hcp
kplrØv AXns\mcp t]mwhgn Is≠Øn. Rm≥ {hX-saSpØ-
t∏mƒ ]m¬ F∂pt±in®Xv ]iphns‚bpw FcpabpsSbpw ]mem-
bn-cp-∂p-ht√m. B´n≥]m¬ Ign°p∂Xn\v AsXmcp XS amIp-
23
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
∂n√ F∂mbncp∂p At±lØns‚ hmZapJw. Fs‚ ̀ mcy AXv
icnh®p. HSphn¬ Rm≥ hgßn.
icn°pw ]d™m¬ {hXsaSpØt∏m-ƒ ]iphn≥]mtem Fcp-
a∏mtem am{Xta a\ n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈qsh¶nepw ]m¬ Dt]-
£n°m≥ i]Yw sNbvX Hcmƒ°v GXv ]mepw \njn≤w Xs∂.
LSIßfpsS tXm-Xn¬ t\cnb hyXymk߃ D≠mIm-sa¶n-
epw. F√m arKßfpsS ]mepw LS\bn¬ Hcpt]msebmWv. A-
XpsIm-≠pXs∂ H∂p]dbs´, Rms\SpØ {hXØns‚ hmNym-
¿∞w am{Xta Rm≥ I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øp-≈q. kØ AhKWn®p.
F¥mbmepw, B´n≥ ]m¬ IpSn°m≥ XpSßnbtXmsS Fs‚
icocÿnXn sa®-s∏´p. F\ns°mcp ]pXpPoh≥ e`n®Xmbn
A\p`hs∏´p. hfsc thKØn¬ InS°bn¬ \n∂pw Fgp-t∂¬-
°m\pw Ign-™p. CtXt]mep≈ At\Iw A\p`h-ßfpsS ASn-
ÿm\ØnemWv IWniamb kkymlmc{IaØnepw ]m¬ Dƒ-
s∏SpØ-Wsa∂p ]dbm≥ Rm≥ \n¿_‘nX-\mbXv.''(13)
as‰mcn°¬ Km‘nPn ]d™-Xn{]ImcamWv: ""icoctØm-Sp-
IqSn PohnXw XpSc-Wsa∂p≈ Fs‚ B{Klw lnwk XpScm≥
Fs∂ t{]-cn-∏n-°p-∂psh∂ hkvXpX thZ\tbmsS Rm≥ Hm¿-
°p∂p. AXp-sIm≠mWv `uXnIicoctØmSp≈ hnc‡n B¿-
Pn°m≥ Rm≥ A\pZn\w ]cn{ian°p∂Xv. DZmlcWØn\v,
Rm≥ izkn°ptºmƒ hmbphn¬ A-Sßnb AZr-iyamb Akw-
Jyw AWp°sf \in∏n°p-IbmsW∂p≈ t_m[w F\n°p≠v.
]t£, Rm-≥ izk\w \n¿Øp∂n√. ]®°dnIƒ D]tbmKn°p-
∂Xn¬ lnwk-bps≠∂v F\n°dnbmw. ]t£, A-sX\n-°v Dt]-
£n°m\mhn√. hnjmWp\min-\nIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂Xpw
lnwkbmsW-∂v A-dn-bm-sX-b√. ]t£ sImXpIn¬ \n∂pw a‰v
{]mWnIfn¬ \n∂pw c£s]Sp-∂Xn\v asÆÆ t]mep≈ h-
kvXp°ƒ D]tbmKn°mXncn°m≥ F\n°mhp∂n√. B{ia-Øn-
te°v IS∂phcp∂ ]mºpIsf sIm-√p∂Xv Rm≥ kln°p∂p.
B{iaØn-se Imfh≠nIfn¬ ImfIsf sXfn°p-∂Xn\v hSn
D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Rm≥ A\phZn®psImSp°p∂p. Aßs\
Rm≥ {]Xy£amtbm ]tcm£amtbm sNøp∂ lnw-kbv°v
Hchkm\an√. CsXms° Rm≥ G‰p]dbp∂XpsIm≠v Fs∂
24
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
CXn-s\m∂pw sIm≈ns√∂v Fs‚ kplrØp-°ƒ hntijn∏n-
®m¬ Xs∂, tJZ]q¿hw HcpImcyw ]dbs´, AsXm∂pwXs∂
A-lnw-km ]cn]me\Øn¬ Fs‚ IpdhpI-sf ad®pshbv°p-
∂Xn\v Fs∂ {]tNmZn-∏n°pIbn√. A-lnw-k t]mep≈ al-
Øm-b BZ¿ißfpsS s]mcpƒ a\ nem-°m\pw hm°nepw
{]hr-Ønbnepw s]-cp-am-‰Ønepw Ah Dƒs°m≈n°m\pap≈
]cn-{ia߃, AXv Rm≥ hnNmcn°p∂ tXmXn¬ hn-P-bn-°p-
∂n-s√¶n¬ Xs∂bpw XpS¿∂psIm≠ncn°p∂p F∂pam{XamWv
Rm≥ AhImis∏Sp∂Xv.''(14)
arK-]qPm kwkvImcw
At∏mƒ, \mw kwkm-cn-t°-≠Xv Alnw-k-sb-°p-dn-®-√,
hnizm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv. arKßsf ssZhambn k¶¬∏n°p∂
aqVX, Ncn{XØn¬ ]e _lpssZhmcm-[I kaqlßfnepw
\ne\n∂n´p≠v. arKm-cm[\bpsS Ncn{Xw tcJs∏SpØm≥ {ian-
®n´p≈ ]WvUnX≥am¿ ]dbp∂Xv ]p-cm-X\ CuPn]vXn¬ F√m
P¥p°fpw ]qPn-°s∏´ncp∂psh∂mWv.(15) \ho\ inembpK-Øn-
¬ Cu-Pn-]v-XpIm¿ "lmtYm¿' F∂ t]cn¬ ]iphns\ ]qPn®n-
cp∂Xmbn tcJ-Ifp≠v. {]mNo\ kptadnb≥ P\X-bpsS AΩ-
ssZhambncp∂ \n≥˛I¿kmKv Hcp ]iphmbmWv k¶¬]n°-
s∏´ncp∂Xv. _n.kn 3100¬ D¿ ]´WØn\Sp-Øp≠mbncp∂
t£{XNn{XoIcWßfn¬ "hnip≤ ]ip'°fn¬ \n∂v t£-{X-
Po-h\°m¿ ]m¬ tiJcn°p∂ cwKß-fp≠v.(16) CSnbpsSbpw
sImSp¶m‰n-s‚bpw tZh\mbn _m-_n-tem-Wnbbn¬ ]qPn°-s∏´n-
cp∂ dΩs‚ {]XoIambn Imf kzoIcn°s∏´ncp∂p.(17) C≥Uy-
bn¬, ]ip-hn\v ]pdsa B\, _wKmƒ ISph XpSßn-b arKßfpw
\mKhpsams°bmWv Bcm[n-°s∏´Xv.(18) ]iphn\mWv ]t£,
AXn¬ ]caamb hnip≤n I¬]n°s∏´Xv. {_mlv-aWnI lnμp-
aXØns‚ apJap{Z Xs∂ C-t∏m-ƒ tKm]qPbmWv.
{_lvamhv tKm°fpsS ZnhyamXmhv kpc`ntbbpw tZhtem-
IØv ]ip°fpsS kz¿Kamb "tKm-tem-I'hpw krjvSn®psh-∂
alm`mcX {]kvXmh\ (13:77) tKmhn-ip≤nbpsS CXnlmk `m-
jyambn kzo-I-cn°s∏Sp∂p. tKmtemIw F∂ kz¿K-Øn¬
25
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
\n∂ph∂ Znhykpc`nbpsS a°fmbn tKm°sf ]-cn-K-Wn-°m≥
alm-`mcXw t{]cn∏n°p∂psh∂p ]dbmw. hnjv-Wp]pcmWØn-
se (1:13), `qanbn¬ F√m-Xcw ]®∏pw˛ Irjnbpw, ]gßfpw, ]-
®°-dnbpw˛ D¬]mZn∏n°m≥ tZhI¬]\bp-≠mbXv Hcp
]iphns‚ \n-co£WØn-emWv F∂ ]cma¿ihpw ]iphns\
Hcp ZnhyarKambn ImWm\p≈ {]hWX `mcXØn¬ h-f¿-∂p-
h∂Xns\ km£ys∏-SpØp∂p. CXnlmkßfnepw ]pcmWß-
fnepap≈ CØcw Nne kq-N-\-IsfbmWv tKmhnip≤nbpsS aX-
]camb am\w hniZo-Icn°m≥ B[p\nI lnμp ]WvUn-X≥-
am¿ B-{ibn°p∂Xv. tKmamXmhns\, EtKzZØn¬ \n∂v C{μ-
amXmhmbn hym-Jym\ns®Sp°m\p≈ Xzcbpw kPohamWv.(19)
F∂m¬, ]ip ssZhambXn\m¬ tKmh[hpw tKmamwkhpw
\njn≤amsW∂ B[p\nI sslμh \ne]mSv \tS ]cma¿in®
sshZnI kmlnXykqN\Ifn¬ \ns∂m-∂pw \njvIrjvSambn
\n¿[mcWw sN-bv-sX-Sp-°pI km[ya√. tZhtemIØv Hcp ]ip-
hns\ k¶¬]n-°p∂ a\ v Nne E-jn-am-¿°p≠mbncp∂p F∂p-
am{XamWv Ah hgn ÿm]n°-s∏Sp∂Xv. Ahbn¬ \n∂v hnI-
kn®ph∂ ]-ip-hmcm[\m k{ºZmb߃ ]n¬°m-eØv C∂v
\ap°v ]cnNbap≈ {_mlv-aWnI tKmhnip≤n ]-cn-I¬]\bn¬
sN∂hkm\n®ncn°m\mWv km[yX. ]iphmcm[\bpsS hnti-
jkμ¿`w F∂ \nebnemWv C≥Uybn¬ tKm]mjvSan B-
tLmj߃ cq]s∏Sp∂Xv. tKmZnhyXm anØns\ P-\-Io-b-am-
°p∂Xn¬ AXv henb ]¶v hln®n´p≠mIWw. {ioIrjv-Ws\
]ipkwc£I\mbn ("tKmhnμ≥') {]XnjvTn®psIm≠v IrjvW-
`‡n-{]tNmZnXambn ]ip]qPm A\pjvTm-\߃ kwLSn∏n-
°pIbmWv tKm]mjvSan Zn\Øn¬ sNøp∂Xv. Aºeap‰Øv
sI´nb ]iphns\ ]ptcm-lnX≥ Ipfºp-Iƒ IgpIn Nph∂ Nc-
SpI-ƒsIm≠v A`n-tjIw sNøpIbpw Nμ\-hpw ]q°fpw [m\y-
ßfpw \nthZyam-bn k-a-¿-∏n-°pIbpw sNøp∂p. ̀ ‡kv{Xo-Iƒ
CXn\ptijw ]iphn\p Np‰pw \mev XhW {]Z£nWw sh-
°pIbpw Hmtcm {]Z£n-WØnepw AXns‚ hm¬ IgpIn \\-
™ hm¬Xpºv XßfpsS IÆnepw Xebnepw X-´n-°pIbpw
HSphn¬ arKsØ Npw_n®v AXns‚ sNhnbn¬ ""kXyw
26
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
\ns‚XmWv, (\nt∂mSp≈) R-ß-fp-sS hmKvZm\߃ ]men°¬
RßfpsS _m[yXbmWv'' F∂v a{¥n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. tKm-
amw-kw \njn≤ambn IcpXp∂ lnμpa\ v ]iphnt\mSp≈
GXpXcw kao]\Øn¬ \n∂mWv D-bn-¿sIm≈p∂Xv F∂v tKm-
]m-jvSan BNmc߃ kpXcmw hy‡am-°p∂p≠v. ]iphn\v
ap≥]n¬ \an°epw, ]iphns‚ s]mcpØam{Kln®v ̀ £W-km[-
\߃ ]qP F∂ \nebn¬ \nthZy-ambn ka¿∏n°epw, sXcphv
]-ip°sf s]mXpapX¬/I®hSapX¬ \in∏n°p∂-Xn¬ \n∂v
XSbmXncn°epw, tlmfn BtLm-j-ß-fp-sS `mKambn `‡ym-
Zchp-ItfmsS ]iphn\pta¬ Nph∂ s]mSn hnXdepsa√mw
C≥Uybn¬ k-¿--h-km-[m-cWamWv. ]iphn¬ \n∂v \njv]∂am-
Ip∂sX√mw ip≤ambncn°psa-∂pw Ah a‰p≈hsb aen\am-
°pIb√, ip≤oIcn-°pIbmWv sNøpI F∂ k¶¬]hpap≠v.
"]m©Khy' F∂ kmt¶XnI \maØn-emWv ]m¬, ssXcv, s\øv,
NmWIw, tKmaq-{Xw F∂o ]© ]ipD¬]∂߃ Adnb-s∏Sp-
∂Xv. tKmaq{Xhpw NmWIhpw Aip≤-as√∂pw Ahbv°v ip≤o-
IcW tijn-bps≠∂pap≈ hnizmkw tKm-aq{Xw Xfn®pw NmW-
Iw sagpInbpw "ip≤nIe-i߃' \SØm≥ ̀ ‡sc t{]cn∏n°p-
∂p.(20) A-XnhnIrXhpw {]mIrXhpw A_-≤PUnehpamb hnI-
e[mcWIfn¬ \n-∂mWv tKmh[hpw tKmamwkhpw \njn≤am-
Wv F∂ \ne]mSv ]nd°p∂Xv F∂pXs∂-bmWv Cu hnhc-ß-
sf√mw t_m[ys∏Sp-Øp∂Xv.
Ncn-{XsØ \mSp-I-S-Øp-tºmƒ
]ip --ssZhamsW∂pw BbXn\m¬ tKmh[hpw tKmamwkt`m-
P\hpw ssZh\nμm]camb sImSpw ]m]ßfmsW∂pap≈
ho£WamWv lnμphns‚ Xncn®dnb¬ Im¿sU∂v [z\n∏n®v
C≥Uy°mcs‚ Xo≥taibn¬ _o^n\v sk≥k¿jn∏v G¿-s∏-
SpØm≥ {ian°p∂ kh¿W ^mjnkw tKmamwk-tØmSp≈
`mcXob at\m`mhØn\v _lph¿Wßfm¬ \n_nUamb Zo¿-
LNcn{Xap≠v F∂ hkvXp-Xsb IqSnbmWv Ipgn®paqSm≥ {ian-
°p∂Xv. EtKzZ ImeL´w apX¬°p≈ sslμh kwkvImc-
sØ ]cn-tim[\mhnt[bam°nbm¬ tKmamwkh¿÷\w ]n¬-
°meØv cq]s∏´p-h∂ Hcp kh¿WimTyw am{XamsW∂pw
27
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
AXns\ skan‰nIv aXßfpsS BKa-\w hsc apgph≥ `mcXo-
bcpw ]pe¿Ønt∏m∂ k\mX\ aX\njvT-bmbn AhXcn∏n°p-
∂Xv Ncn{Xhncp≤amsW∂pw a\ nem°m≥ Ignbpw. ]ip-hns\
sIm√m\pw Xn∂m\pw a\ n√m-Xncp-∂ lnμp]mcºcyØns‚
Bflmhnt\‰ BLmXambn tKmamwksØ `£Wlmfn¬
\n¿hni¶w A\phZn® apkvenw ]SbmfnIfpsS IS∂phchns\
Nn{Xo-Icn®v ]ip]qPbpsS Ckvemw]q¿h shfp∏pw ]ipc‡-
Øns‚ Ckvemam\¥c Idp∏pambn C≥Uym Ncn{X-sØ ]Ip-
°p∂ kwLv]cnhm¿ bp‡n, apcØ IfhpIfn¬ \n∂mWv sh-
≈hpw hfhpw kzo-I-cn°p∂Xv. Ckvemw hntcm[Øns‚ h¿Kob-
Pzcw _m[n® Nne sImtfmWnb¬ Ime lnμp ]-cn-jv-I-¿Øm-
°tfmSmWv, A√msX {]mNo\ lnμpaX {KŸßtfmS√, B[p-
\nI kh¿W lnμphns‚ Xo{hamb tKmamwk hn{]Xn]Øn
ISs∏´ncn°p∂Xv F∂XmWv bmYm¿∞yw. aXkaqlßfpsS
B[p\nI [m-cWIsf Ncn{Xh¬°cn®v hnt«jn®v ]Tn-°m-
Xncp∂m¬ Ah AtX]Sn aX{]am-Wßfn¬ \n∂v \n-¿[cn°-
s∏´XmsW∂ A‘hnizmkØn¬ Bcpw AIs∏´p-t]m-Ipw.
]iphnd®nbn√mØ h¿-Ø-am-\-Ime kh¿W lnμpXo≥tai
"B¿j'`mcX-Øn¬\n∂v `mham‰ßsfm∂p-an√msX ssI-amdn-
°n-´nb-XmsW∂v sX‰n≤cn-°p∂ km[mcW°mcmb kwLn-
Iƒ°v kw`hn-°p∂Xpw Cu A]ISw Xs∂bmWv.
aq¿Øamb tKm]qP C≥Uybn¬ {]Xy£s∏Sp∂Xv {InkvXp-
hn\v tijw aq∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ am{XamsW∂mWv Ncn{X-Imc≥-
amcpsS A`n{]mbw.(21) Bcym[n\nthi-Øn\ptijw H∂c kl-
{km-_vZØne[nIw Imew sslμhXbpsS tI{μ{]tabßfn-
sem∂pw ]iphmcm[\ Dƒs∏´ncp∂n-s√∂mWv CXv hy‡am-
°p∂Xv. CSb kºZvhyhÿbpsS \s´s√∂ \nebn¬ C≥Uy-
°IØpw ]pdØpap≈ Bcy≥am¿-°nSbn¬ ]ip°ƒ {]m[m\y-
]q¿hw ]cnNcn°-s∏´ncp∂psh¶nepw kphy‡amb Hcp tKm]q-
PmkwkvImcambn AXv cq]m¥c-s∏Sp∂Xns‚ sXfnhpIƒ e`n-
°p∂Xv sk‚ v t]mfns‚ injy≥am¿ {InkvXpaX {]t_m[\w
Bcw`n®Xn\ptijw am{Xam-sW∂p ]dbptºmƒ, {InkvXpa-
XØns‚-b{X-t]mepw Ncn{Xan√mØ Hcmcm[\m k{ºZmbsØ-
28
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
bmWv {]]©tØmfw ]g°ap≈ hnip≤ kwkvIr-Xn-bmbn
B¿. Fkv.FkpIm¿ ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂Xv F∂m-WXn\¿∞w.
aq∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂, tKm]qPbpsS Bhn¿`mhw am{XamWv
Ncn{XImc≥am¿ tcJs∏SpØp∂Xv. AXv hym]IambnØocp-
∂Xv ]ns∂bpw Ime߃ Ign™n´mWv. IrjvW`‡nbn-e[n-
jvTnXamb sshjvWhaXØns‚ P\Iob-X-bmWv tKm]qP-bp-
sS s]mXpkzo-ImcyX°v ]cnkcsamcp-°nbsX∂p ]dbmw. CS-
b\mb IrjvW≥ F∂ k¶¬]Øns‚ XWen¬ IrjvWt\m-
sSm∏w IrjvW≥ CjvSs∏´ Imenh¿Ksa∂ \nebn¬ ]ip
IqSn Bcm[n°s∏Sp∂ coXn°v kzoImcyX ssIhcnIbmbn-
cp∂p. IrjvW`‡cmb `cWI¿Øm-°fpsSbpw BflobmNm-
cy≥-amcpsSbpw CSs]SepIfpsS ^eambmWv tKmamXm k¶-
¬]w ̀ mcXob¿-°nSbn¬ {]Npc{]Nmcam¿Pn®Xv.(22) CXv hnhn[
ImeL´ßfnepw {]tZißfnepw GIinem-cq]an√msX hyXy-
kvX `mhßfnepw AfhpIfnepamWv \S∂Xv F∂v {]tXyIw
]dtb≠Xn√t√m. `mcXob Bflob-XbpsS At\Iw Dƒ]ncn-
hpIfn¬ H∂p am{X-amb sshjvWh aXØns‚ Hcmcm[\aq¿-
Øn°pth≠n \S∂ {]NcW, A[nImc Icp\o°ßfpsS ̂ e-
ambn Z¿i\h¬°cn-°s∏´ tKm]qPsb B¿j-`mc-XØns‚
s]mXpap{Zbmbn BtLmjn-°p∂Xn¬ F¥¿∞amWp≈Xv?
{]]©]cn]meI-\mb hnjvWp, hnjvWphns‚ AhXmcamb
IrjvW≥, IrjvWs\ A\pKan® tKm°ƒ˛ lnμp _lpP\-
ßfpsS a-\- pIƒ°I-tØ°v tKm`‡n Bgv∂ndßnbXv Cu
kahmIyØneqsSbmWv. Cu aq∂v k¶¬-]ßfpw thZ߃°v
]cnNban√mØ ]n¬-°me hnizmkhyXnbm\߃ am{XamsW-
∂ncns° ]ip]qP sshZnI ]mcºcyamIp-∂sXßs\bmWv?
Bcym[n\nthiw cq]s∏SpØnb sslμh kwkvIrXnsb-
°pdn®v ]Tn°phm-\hew_n°mhp∂ G‰hpw ]gb t{kmX- mb
EtKzZØn¬ ]iphnt\mSv Alnwk ]pe¿ØWsa∂v \n¿tZ-
in°p∂ hN\ß-sfm∂pw ImWm\mhn√. Bcy≥amcpsS Pohn-
XØn¬ ]iphn\p≠mbncp∂ kmºØnI {]m[m-\y-sØ°p-
dn®pw {]kvXpX {]m[m\yw {]]©Øns‚ \ne\n¬]pambn
_‘s∏Sp-Øn ]iphns\ a\ nem°m≥ Ahsc t{]cn∏n®Xn-
29
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
s\°pdn®pw EtKzZØn¬ \n∂v a\ nem°m\mIp∂p≠v. _lp-
ssZhmcm[-\m]camb anØpIfn¬ Idßnb Bcy-a\ v,
{]m]©nI \ne\n¬]v tZh≥am-cpsS ssI-I-fnembXn\m¬ ]ip-
°sf D]tbm-Kn®v tZh{]oXn t\SnsbSp°p-IbmWv A\pjvTm-
\ßfpsS e£ysa∂ hnizmk-Ønte°v ]Xps° kw{Ian-®Xm-
bmWv E-tKzZØns‚ Ncn{Xm]{KY\-Øn¬ \n∂v hy‡amIp-
∂Xv. ]iphnd®n C°meL´Øn-sems°bpw sshZnI Bcy≥-
amcpsS apJy-hn`hßfnsem∂mbncp∂p F∂pthWw A\pam\n-
°m≥. X߃t°‰hpw CjvSs∏´ ̀ £W]Zm¿∞w Xs∂bmWv
ssZh߃-°pw \¬tI≠Xv F∂ BibØn¬ \n∂mWv tZh-
≥amsc tKmamwkw \¬In {]kmZn∏n°m\p≈ Xocpam\w ]ndhn-
sIm-≠Xv F∂v Ncn{X]WvUnX≥am¿ A`n{]mbs∏´n´p≠v.
AsX¥pXs∂bmbn-cp∂mepw, b-⁄ßfnepw bmKßfnepw
tKm-_enbpw tKmamwkt`mP\hpw aq¿Ø-amb Hcmcm[\m k{º-
Zm-b-am-bnØs∂ EtKzZ ImeL´Øn¬ e_v[{]XnjvT-ambn
F∂ hkvXpX A\ntj[yamWv.(23) _lp-ssZh hnizmkw B[p-
\nI lnμphns\ a\p-jys‚ Bhiy߃°v ]iphns\-bdpØv
Xn∂p∂Xn¬ \n∂p-t]mepw XSbptºmƒ EtKzZlnμp-hns\ Hcm-
hiyhpan√msX tZh{]oXns°∂ t]cn¬ At\Imbn-cw ]ip°-
sf sIm∂pX≈m\mWv t{]cn∏n®Xv F∂v kmcw. ]ip-hns\
sIm√mXncn°e√, sIm√embncp∂p Hcp ImeL´Øn¬ lnμp-
hn\v "aXw' F∂ Xncn®dnhv F¥pam{Xw kvt^mS\m-flIa√!
arK_-en-bpsS Bcy-]¿hw
tZh{]oXn°pth≠nbp≈ tKm_en EtKzZ sslμh¿°n-S-
bn¬ hym]Iambn-Øo¿∂Xv Ncn{X-]-cambn t\m°ptºmƒ XnI-
®pw kzm`mhnIw am{XamWv. I∂pIm-enIsf ta®p\S∂ncp∂
Hcp _lp-ssZ-hm-cm[I CSbkaqlØn¬ Imenbnd®n apJy-
\nthZyambn amdp∂Xn¬ A¤pX-s∏Sm≥ bmsXm∂pan√. \m¬-
°men arK-ßfpsS amwkw kzbw D]tbmKn°pIbpw ssZhß-
ƒ°v \¬IpIbpw sNbvXph∂ B-cy≥am¿°v AhbpsS Iq´Øn-
¬ ]iphn-t\mSv am{Xw {]tXyIamb Hcp Iød∏pw tXm∂nbn√
F∂XmWv CXnse {][m\-s∏´ Imcyw. ]ip ssZhamsW∂pw
30
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
AXn\m-¬ sIm∂pIqsS∂pap≈ hnizmkw {]mNo\ ssl-μh¿-
°nSbn¬ D≠mbncp∂ns√∂v CXn¬\n∂pw hy‡amWv. I∂p-
ImenIsf b⁄]oTØn¬ _enbdp°p∂ k{ºZm-bw Xs∂
sslμhX°\yamsW∂v hcpØnXo¿Øv AlnwkbpsS Nmb-
Øn¬ B¿jkwkvIrXnsb Nn{XoIcn°m≥ shºp∂h¿°v
Ncn{XhkvXpXIƒ°pta¬ IcnhmcntØt°≠n hcnI kzm`m-
hnIamWv. EtKzZ ssZhßsf√mw arKamwkanjvS-s∏Sp∂hcm-
bncp∂psh∂pw Ahbv°v AXv ka¿∏n°s∏´Xv b⁄_en-
Ifn-eqsSbm-sW∂pw thZhN\߃ kpXcmw hy‡am-°p∂p-
≠v. EtKzZØn¬ I∂pImenIfpambn _‘s∏´ Fgp∂qtdmfw
]Z{]tbm-Kßfp≠v. CXn¬ 176 FÆw ]iphns\ kqNn∏n°p∂-
XmWv. I∂pImenIƒ kºØns‚ kqNnIbmhpIbpw I∂pIm-
enIƒ°pth≠n tKm{Xbp≤߃t]mepw ]XnhmbnØocpIbpw
sNbvX Bcy≥ kmaqlnImhÿbmWv EtKzZØn-¬\n∂v hmbn-
s®Sp°m\mIp∂Xv. kº∂≥ hnfn°s∏´ncp∂Xv "tKmaXv'
F∂msW∂pw tKm{XØ-e-hs‚ A]cm`n[m\w "tKm]Xn'
F∂mbncp∂psh∂pw ImenkºØns‚ h¿[\hn\pth≠nbp-
≈ {]m¿-∞\Iƒ Bcy≥am¿°nSbn¬ kPohambncp∂p-sh∂pw
EtKzZØnse hcnIƒ hy‡am-°p∂p≠v. PohnXØns‚bpw
kºØn-s‚bpw A`nhr≤n°pth≠n X߃t°-‰hpw {]nbap≈
I∂pImenI-sfØs∂ ssZh߃°v ka¿∏n®v b⁄ßfneq-
sS ̀ ‡n sXfnbn°m≥ {ian® Bcy≥amsc-°pdn®p-Xs∂bmWv
EtKzZ kqN\Ifn¬ \n∂v a\ nem°m\mIp∂Xv. tZh{]oXn-
°mbp≈ I∂pImen_en EtKzZØn¬ ]cma¿in°s∏Sp∂Xv
"]ip_‘' F∂ t]cnemWv. amSpw BSpw IpXncbpw sNΩcn-
bmSpw ]∂nbpsa√mw B¿j`mcX b⁄-]oT-ßfn¬ Bcy-≥-
amcm¬ _enbdp°s∏´p F∂v EtKzZw sX-fn-bn-°p∂p.(24)
ssZh߃°v \¬Im\mbn I∂pIm-enamwkw ]mIw sNøp-
∂Xns\°pdn®v ]dbp∂ EtKzZ kq-‡ßfn¬ Imfbnd®n \nc-
¥cw ]cma¿in°s∏Sp∂p≠v. sshZnI ssZhßfn¬ G‰hpw
{][m\nbmb C{μ\p-ambn _‘s∏SpØnbmWv ]e Imfbnd®n
{]kvXmh\Ifpw. "F\n°pth≠n Ah¿ ]Xn-\©n-e[nIw Imf-
Isf ]mIw sNøp∂p' F∂v C{μ≥ kzbw ]dbp∂Xmbn EtKz-
31
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
Zw D≤cn°p∂p≠v (X.86.14). C{μ≥ Imfbn-d®n Xn∂p∂Xmbp-
≈ ]cma¿i߃°p-]pdsa (X. 28.3, X.27.2 XpSßnbh) \q-dpw
ap∂qdpw Bbnchpsa√mw FcpaIsf `£Wam°nbXmbp≈
hnhcWßfpw EtKzZØnep≠v (VI.17.11, V.29.7, VIII.12.8).
A·nbn¬ s]mcns®SpØ amwkam-Wv C{μ≥ `£n°p∂Xv
F∂mWv Nne kq‡ßfnep≈Xv. A·nbpw tZhcq]-Øn¬
]qPn°s∏SpIbmWt√m, ̀ mcX-Øn¬ sNbvXXv. EtKzZob tZh-
KWØn¬ C{μ≥ Ign™m¬ ]ns∂ {]m[m\yw A·n°mWv.
b⁄imeIfn¬ XoIpWvU-ßsfm-cp°nb Bcy≥am¿ Xo\mf-
ßsf A·ntZhs‚ {]Xy£ßfmbn k¶¬]n®v ]qPn®p.
b⁄Øn¬ \n-thZy߃ ssZh߃s°Øn®psImSp°p∂Xpw
ssZhßsf bmKimebn¬ lmPcm°p-∂Xpw A·nbmsW∂m-
bncp∂p hnizmkw. Imfbpw ]iphpamWv EtKzZ{]Imcw A·n-
tZhs‚ Blmcw (VIII.43.11). A·ntZh {]kmZØn\pth≠n
IpXncIfpw ImfIfpw ]ip°fpw sNΩcnSmbpIfpsa√mw _en-
bdp-°s∏´Xmbn EtKzZØnep≠v. (X. 91.14). C{μ\pw A·nbpw
t]mse {][m\s∏´ EtKzZtZh\mWv tkmahpw. tkmaeXbn¬
\n∂pw D¬]mZn∏n°p∂ elcn ]m\ob-amWv tZhcq]Øn¬
]qPn°s∏´Xv. tkma-tZh{]oXn e£yam°n \SØp∂ tkma-
bmKßfnepw I∂pImenIƒ Dƒ∏sSbp≈ arKßfpsS amwkw
\nthZn°s∏´n-cp∂psh∂mWv EtKzZw hy‡am°p∂Xv. tKmh-
[w ]m]amsW∂ [mcW A°meL -́Ønse "sslμh¿'-°\y-
ambncp∂psh-∂mWv EtKzZob b⁄hnhcW߃ sXfnbn°p-
∂Xv F∂p Npcp°w.(25)
lnμp ]mcºcysØ F√mXcw arKh-[ßfn¬ \n∂pw th¿-
s]SpØnb-hXcn∏n-°m≥ hymJym-\-°k¿ØpIƒ \SØp∂h¿
F¥pXs∂ ]d™mepw, b⁄ßfmWv HcpImeØv `mcXob
aXkw-kvIrXnbpsS I¿aImfiambn \ne\n∂Xv F∂ hkv-
XpX-sb \njv]£aXnIƒs°m∂pw AwKo-Icn-°mXncn°m\m-
hn√. ]m]]cnlmcØn\pw B{Klk^eoIcWØn\pw tZh≥-
amtcm-Sp≈ `‡nbpw IS∏mSpw sXfnbn°p∂Xn-\psa√mambn
{_mlvaW]ptcmln-X≥am-cpsS Im¿anIXzØn¬ kPohamb
bmKim-eIsf "B¿j `mcX'Øns‚ Ncn{XØn¬ \n∂v Hcm-
32
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
ƒ°pw sh´nam‰m\mhn√. {_mlv-aW≥am¿ BflobXbpsS ssI-
Imcy-I¿Øm°fmbn kmaqly-t{iWn-bn¬ {]XnjvTn°s∏´Xp-
Xs∂ Hc¿∞Øn¬ bmKßfpsS \SØn∏pIm¿ F∂ \nebn-
emWv. ssZhØns‚ s]mcpØw bmKm·n-bnemWv ÿnXn sNøp-
∂sX∂v IcpXnbh¿ {_mlvaW≥amsc ssZhØn\pw a\pjy¿-
°panSbnse a[yh¿ØnIfmbn k¶¬]n-°pIbmbncp∂p. cmPm-
hS°ap≈-h¿ b⁄\SØn∏pImcmb {_mlvaW≥-amsc XmWp-
hWßn \n¬°p∂ ÿnXnhntijw Aßs\ kwPmXambn;
{_mlvaWcm-W-t√m cmPmhn\pw tZh{]kmZw kwLSn∏n®p-sIm-
Spt°≠Xv! ssZhØns‚ Z√mfpamcmbn Ip∏mban´ Hcp sNdnb
PmXn\yq\]£w Bflob hym]mcØneqsS hensbmcp P\k-
aqlsØ ASnaIfm°p∂ atX{μPm-eØn\v `mcXØn¬ {]m-
tbmKnI hnPbw t\Sm\mbXv bmKßfpsS I¿aimkv{Xw hgn
IqSnbmWv. bmK߃°v AhbptSXmb hn[nIfp≠v. tZh\p-
th≠n [m\ytam amwk-tam at‰m A·nbn¬ \nthZyßfmbn
ka¿∏n°pIbmWv bmKI¿aßfpsSsb√mw A¥kØ. Hmtcm-
Xcw e£y߃°p-th≠n kwLSn∏n°s∏Sp∂ bmK-ß-fn¬
]ment°≠ A\pjvTm\{Iaw, D®cnt°≠ a{¥ßƒ, ]ptcm-
lnX\p\¬tI≠ kΩm\-߃ Xp-Sßnbhsb√mw khnkvXcw
\n¿Wbn°s∏´n´p≠v. AhbpsS A[yb\-amWv {][m\ambpw
{_m-l-v-a-Ws‚ aXhnZym-̀ ymkw. b⁄w \StØ≠bmƒ {_mlv-
a-Wsc kao]n®v BhiyahXcn∏n°pIbpw AhcpsS \n¿tZi-
߃ {]Xy£cw ]men®v Bhiyamb ̀ uXnI kmlNcy-samcp-
°pIbpw kºØv sNehgn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. NXp¿thZ
kwlnXIfnse b⁄ßsf°pdn® ]cma¿i߃, G‰hpw
{]mamWnIamb lnμpaX {KŸßfn¬-t]mepw Cu aXm-Nm-c-
Øn\v CSw e`n®n´p-s≠∂v hy‡am°p∂p. bPp¿thZØns‚
apJy{]Xn]mZyw Xs∂ bmKßfmWv. sFizcyw e`n°m\pw
tIm]w \nb{¥n-°m-\pw hnPbw t\Sm\pw tKmkºØv h¿[n-
°m\pw A[nImc{]m]vXn°pw `£We_v-[n°psa√mw th≠n-
bp≈ bmK{Ia߃ bPp¿thZØn¬ \njvI¿jn°s∏´n´p≠v.
`KhZv KoXbn¬ b⁄ßsf kn≤m¥-h¬°cn°pIbpw t{]m-
’mln∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂ hcnIƒ \nch[nbp≠v. (DZmlc-
W-Øn\v 4:31, 18:5, 3:12˛15 XpSßnbh ImWpI). B[p\nI
33
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
kh¿W tjmhn-\nÃpIƒ lnμpaXØns‚ ss__nƒ Bbn
AhXcn∏n°p∂ KoX t]mepw "b⁄_m['bn¬ \n∂v ap‡-
asöv kmcw.
b⁄-ß-fpsS I¿a-imkv{Xw
b⁄hn[nIfpsS hniZamb I¿aimkv{X {]Xn]mZ\amWv
{_mlvaW-ßfpsS D≈S°w. thZa{¥-ßfn¬ \n∂v bmK-ß-
fpsS A\pjvTm\{Iaw \n¿[cn-s®Sp°p∂ hymJym\ {KŸß-
fmWt√m {_mlva-W߃. Hmtcm thZkwlnX-bpsSbpw A\p_-
‘ambn AhbpsS {_mlvaW߃ ÿnXn sNøp∂p. {_m-lva-
W߃ "kvarXn' A√, adn®v thZß-sft∏mse Xs∂ "{ipXn'
BWv F∂mWv {]_e-amb A-̀ n{]mbw. CXnlmk-ßsf°mfpw
]pcmWßsf°mfpw [¿aim-kv{X{KŸßsf°mfpsa√mw {]m-
am-Wn-I-X sshZnI kmlnXykap®bØn¬ {_mlva-W߃-
°hImis∏Sm≥ Ignbpw. EtKzZØns‚ {_m-lvaWamb sFX-
tcbw BWv G‰hpw ]g°ap≈ {_mlvaWw F∂v IcpXs∏-
Sp∂p. ip¢-bPp¿-thZ-Øns‚ {_mlvaWamb iX]Yw BWv
{_mlvaW-ßfpsS Iq´Øn¬ G‰hpw {]ikvXw. ip¢bPp¿-
thZob iX]Y {_mlvaWw F∂mWv CXv s]mXphn¬ Adnb-
s∏Sp∂Xv. iX]Y {_mlvaWØnemWv {]kn≤amb Aizta[
bmKØns‚ hnhcWßfp≈Xv. Aizta[bmKw F¥pam{Xw
{]m[m\y-tØmSpw BchßtfmSpw IqSnbmWv B¿j`mcX-
Øn¬ bmK߃ kwLSn∏n°-s∏´ncp∂Xv F∂Xns\m∏w, Ah-
bnse I¿a-߃ F¥pam{Xw _o`’ambncp∂p F∂p-IqSn
hy‡am°p∂p≠v. arKh[w b⁄-ßfpsS ̀ mKambncp∂p F∂
hkvXpX Aizta[ bmKØns‚ hniZmwi߃ Xs∂ sXfn-
bn°p∂p≠v. Hcp ImeL´Ønse `mcXob Bflobm[]X\-
Øns‚ IÆmSn-bmWv b⁄hn-hcW-ßfpƒs°m≈p∂ {_mlva-
W߃ F∂p]dbmw. bp≤ßfn¬ {_mlvaW≥am¿ sIm√s∏-
´m¬ AXn\v {]mb›nØambn cmPmhv \StØ≠ bmKambncp-
∂p hº≥ ]Ws®ehp≈ Aizta[w. bmKim-ebn-¬sh®v
at{¥m®m-cWßtfmsS sXcs™Sp°s∏´ Hcp IpXncsb Hcp
h¿jtØ°v \m´n¬ sI´gn®p-hnSpIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. Hcp h¿-
34
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
jw XnI™m¬ IpXncsb XncnsI bmKim-ebn¬ sIm≠ph∂v
_-‘n°p∂p. tijw Z¿`∏p√n≥ta¬ XpWnhncn®v AXn¬ Hcp
kz¿W°jvWan v́ IpXncsb izmkw ap´n®psIm√p∂p. Cßs\
NØ IpXncbpsS apIfnte°v A«oeabamb a{¥ßtfmsS
cmPmhv Xs‚ {][m\`mcy(]´alnjn)sb ]nSn®pInSØn ]pX∏n-
´paqSpIbpw NØ IpXncbpambn cmP]Xv\nsb ssew-KnI_‘-
Øn¬ G¿s∏SpØn°pIbpamWv XpS¿I¿aw. ]´alnjnsb
IpXncbn¬ \n∂v th¿-s]-Sp-Øn-btijw IpXncsb sh´napdn®v
c‡w tZhXIƒ°v \nthZyambn ka¿∏n-°p∂tXmsS A\pjv-
Tm\{Iaw ]q¿WX-bnte°v \oßpIbmbn. Aizta[bm-KØns‚
`mKambn hnhn[ Zn\ßfn¬ A\pim-kn°-s∏-́ ncn°p∂ NSßp-
Ifn¬ hyXykvX tZh≥am¿°pth≠nbp≈ arKh[ßfp≠v.
bmKmizØn\p]pdsabpw At\Iw arK߃ bmK{]{Inb-Iƒ°n-
Sbn¬ _enbdp°s∏Spsa∂v kmcw. hnhn[ cmPm°≥am¿ \-S-
Ønb Aizta[ bmKßfpsS h¿W\Iƒ CXnlmkß-fnepw
]pcmWßfnepap≠v. alm`mcXØn¬ bp[njvTncs‚ Aizta-
[bmKw hniZoIcn®n-´p≈Xv {]kn≤amWv.
EtKzZØn¬ Xs∂bmWv Aizta[-bmKsØ kw_‘n®
BZy ]cma¿i-ap≈Xv (I.162,163). Aizta[bmKØn¬ Adp\q-
dn-e[nIw arK߃ sIm√s∏Sp∂p-sh∂pw CXn¬ ]£nIfpw
Dƒs∏-Sp∂p-sh∂pw Aizta[bmKØns‚ kam]\NS-ßpIfn¬
21 a®n∏ip°fpsS _enbp-s≠∂pw hnhn[ t{kmX- pIsf
B{ibn®v eqbnkv dn\u (Louis Renou) Xs‚ Vedic India (Var-anasi: Indological Book House, 1971) F∂ {KŸØn¬ ÿm]n-
°p∂p≠v. ssXØncobkwlnX \n¿tZin°p∂Xv Aizta[bm-
KØn¬ IpXncIfpw ImfIfpw ]ip°fpw BSpIfpw am\pIfpw
Dƒ∏sS \q‰nsb¨]Xv arKßsf h[n°m\mWv (V.6.11-20).(26)
tKmh[w Aizta[bmK-Øns‚ apJyNSßpIfnsem-∂mbncp∂p-
sh∂mWv CsX√mw kqNn-∏n°p∂Xv. a‰v b⁄ßfpsSbpw Ah-
ÿ H´pw ̀ n∂am-bncp∂n√. AY¿h thZØns‚ {_mlvaW-amb
tKm]Yw Ccp]Ønsbm∂v b⁄ß-sf°pdn®v ]cma¿in°p∂p-
≠v. C{μ\pth≠n \nthZn°s∏´ Imf-sb°pdn®pw sImSp¶m‰p-
Isf \nb{¥n°p∂ kwlmctZ-h\mbn EtKzZØn¬ {]Xy£-
35
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
s∏Sp∂ cp{Zs‚ (cp{Z-k¶¬]amWv ]n¬°meØv cu{Z`mhap≈
inh≥ F∂ ]cnI¬]\bnte°v \bn®Xv F∂v A-̀ n{]mbap≠v)
]p{X≥amcmb acpXpI-ƒ°v ka¿∏n°s∏´ ASbmfap≈ ]iphn-
s\°pdn®pw kqcytZhs‚ cYw sXfn°p∂ IpXnc∏SbmfnI-
fmb tZh≥amcmbn \ncq]n-°s∏Sp∂ Aizn≥am¿°v (Ch¿ Cc´
k-tlmZc߃ BsW∂mWv hnizmkw) th-≠n _en A¿∏n°-
s∏´ sNºp\ndap≈ ]iphns\°pdn®pw ]n¬°me sslμh
kaqlßfn¬ {][m\yw \jvSs∏´ Bcy-tZh≥ an{X\pw kap-
{ZtZh\mbn B-cm-[n°s∏Sp∂ hcpW\pw th≠n \S∂ tKmh[-
ßsf°pdn®psa√mw tKm]Y-{_m“Ww kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.(27)
km¶¬]nI IYm]m-{X߃°pth≠n ̀ mcXØn¬ "k\mX\[-
¿a'Øns‚ ]ptcmlnX≥am¿ H-gp-°nb tKmc‡Øn\v Iøpw IW-
°pans√∂p Xs∂bt√ CsX√mw t_m[ys∏SpØp∂Xv?
cmPkqbhpw hmPt]bhpaS°ap≈ {]ikvX bmKßfnepw
]iphpƒ∏sSbp≈ arK߃ h[n°-s∏´ncp∂psh∂mWv Ah-
sb°pdn®p≈ hnhcWßfn¬ \n∂v a\ nemIp∂Xv. F√m
bmK-ßfpsSbpw BapJNSßmbn \n›bn°s∏´ "AKv\ym-
t[yb'Øn\v Hcp ]iphns\ sIm√¬ \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
∂pw ]ptcmlnX≥ ImftØmen¬ [m\yw s]mXnbembncp∂p
AKv\ymt[ybØnse apJyI¿Ω-ßfn-sem∂v F∂pw ]dbp-
tºmƒ(28) b⁄kwkv-ImcImesØ lnμp°ƒ°v ]ip Adp°-
s∏´pIqSmØ ZnhyarKambncp-∂ns√∂v B¿°mWv a\ nem-
ImØXv? cmPkqb-Ønepw hmPt]bØnepw "tKmkhw' F∂
t]cnemWv ]ip_en Adnbs∏´ncp∂Xv. hmPt]b bmKØn¬
ASbmfap≈ a®n∏iphns\ acpXpIƒ°v _enbm°n-bncp∂p-
sh∂v iX]Y{_mlvaWw hy‡am°p∂p≠v. aq∂v hb v XnI-
bmØ ]Xnt\gv Dbcw Ipd™ Cfw ]ip°nSmhp-Isf b⁄-
`mKambn sIm∂v ka¿∏n°p∂-Xns\°pdn®v ssXØncob {_m-
lvaWw ]dbp∂p≠v. ku{XmaWn bmKØnepw ]ip_en D≠m-
bncp∂psh∂p Xs∂bmWv tcJIƒ hy‡am°p∂Xv. kzX{¥-
ambn I∂pImen _en \SØm≥th≠n am{Xw "]-ip-_‘' F∂
t]cn¬ sNdpbmK߃ \SØp∂ ]Xnhpw \ne\n∂ncp∂p.(29)
36
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
B¿j Xot∑-i-bnse _o^v
tKmh[w _enIfpsS ̀ mKambn km¿h{XnIambncp∂ B¿j-
]mcºcyØn¬ tKmamwkw kzm`mhnI ̀ £Wambncp∂p-sh∂v
sshZnI kmlnXy߃ t\¿°p-t\sc Xs∂ {]kvXmhn°p∂p-
≠v. arKßfp-sS Iq´Øn¬ b⁄_en°v ]‰p∂hbpw ]‰mØ-
hbpw GsXms°bmsW∂v \n¿W-bn-°m≥ thZßfpsS shfn®-
Øn¬ ]WvUn-X≥am¿ {ian®n´p≠v. b⁄Øn\pth≠n sIm√m-
hp∂ arKßfpsS amwkw km[mcW ̀ £Wambn D]tbmKn°p-
∂Xv A\phZ\o-bamsW∂pw b⁄_en ]´nIbn¬ ÿm-\-an-
√mØ arKßsf Xn∂p∂Xv \njn≤-amsW∂pap≈ \ne]mSmWv
s]mXphn¬ sshZnIkwkvIrXnbn¬ ImWm\mIp∂Xv. arKamw-
kw Alnwkm XØzßfneq∂n \ntcm[n°p∂Xn\p]Icw arK-
ßfpsS Iq-´-Øn¬ a\pjy\v amwkØn\pth≠n D]tbmKn°m-
hp∂ C\ßfpw D]tbmKn-®pIqSmØ C\ßfpw Ds≠∂v hn[n-
°p∂ lnμpaX {KŸßƒ sshjvWh ]®°dn auenIhmZ-
amWv sslμh ̀ £W-kw-kvImcw F∂v sX‰n≤cn®hcpsSsb-
√mw kq£vahmb\°v hnt[bam-tI≠-hbmWv. thZßfn¬ ]cm-
-a¿in°s∏Sp∂ Ccp∂q-‰nb≥]Xv arKPmXnIfn¬ A≥]sXÆ-
Øns\bmWv bmKØn\pw AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂ `£WØn\pw
sIm≈p∂Xmbn s]mXphn¬ ]cnKWn®ncp∂Xv. IpXncbpw Imf-
bpw BSpw am\psa√mw b⁄/`£y tbmKyamsW∂v ]dbp∂
sFXtcb {_mlvaWw b⁄ß-ƒ°p-]tbm-Kn°s∏´n-cp∂h-
b√mØ H´IØns‚bpw B\bpsS-bpsam∂pw amwkw Xn∂cp-
sX∂v hn[n°p-∂p≠v (VI.8). tKm_ensb°pdn®v ]dbp-∂nSØv
"\n›bambpw AXv (tKmamwkw) ̀ £WamWv' F∂v {]kv-Xmhn-
°pIbpw \qdp ImfIsf b⁄Øn\pth≠n sIm∂Xns‚ t]cn-
¬ AKkvXyal¿jnsb {]iw-kn°pIbpw sNøp∂p≠v ssX-
Øncob {_mlvaWw (III.9.8)(30) amwksa∂p tIƒ°p-tºmtg°pw
Ckvemans\tbm¿a hcp∂ lnμpXz _p≤nPohnIƒ Fßs\-
bmWv {_mlvaWßfpsS `£Wk¶-¬-]sØ Dƒs°m≈pI
F∂ tNmZyw {]k‡amWv. iX]Y {_mlvaWw "amwkamWv
G‰hpw \√ ̀ -£-Ww' F∂pt]mepw {]kvXmhn-°p∂p≠v (XI.7.1.3.9). ]e ̀ £W ]Zm¿-∞ßfpsS Iq´Øn¬ Hcn\a√, G‰hpw
37
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
anI® ̀ £yhn`hambncp∂p {_mlvaW I¿Ømhn\v arKamwkw
F∂¿∞w. b⁄-ßfpsS ̀ m-Kambn sIm√s∏Sp∂ arKßfpsS
amwkØn¬ \n∂v Hcp hnlnXw a\pjy¿ `£n°Wsa∂mWv
{_m-lvaWßfpsS s]mXphmb ho£Ww. sIm√s∏´ arKsØ
IjvWßfmbn `mKnt°≠Xpw hnhn[ hy-‡nIƒ°nbn¬
hnXcWw sNtø≠Xpw Fßs\sb∂v ssXØocnb kwlnX
hniZambn N¿® sN-øp∂p≠v (VI.3.10.2-6). bmKimebn¬
]ptcmlnX≥ izmkwap´n®p sImes∏SpØnb arKØns‚ amw-
kw ap∏Ønbmdv HmlcnIfm°Wsa∂m-Wv tKm]Y {_mlvaW-
Øns‚ ]£w (1.3.18). tZh≥am¿ tIm]njvTcmbncn°p∂ kab-
Øv kwLSn∏n°s∏Sp∂ b⁄ßfn-se _enamwkw Blmc-
ambp-]tbm-Kn°p-∂Xv A]ISIcamsW∂ [mcW sshZnI kaq-
lØnep≠mbncps∂¶nepw km[mcW kμ¿-`-ßfn¬ AXv \n-
jn≤ambn ]cnK-Wn°s∏´ncp∂ns√∂v am{Xa√, \n¿tZin-°-s∏-
SpI IqSn sN-bvXn-cp∂psh∂mWv CsX-√mw kqNn∏n°p-∂-Xv.(31)
bmKßfpsS ]›mØeØne√msX Xs∂ I∂pImen amw-
kw sshZnI kmlnXy-Øn¬ ]cma-¿in°s∏Sp∂p≠v. AXnYn
k¬°mcØn\v amwkw e`n°m≥ I∂pIm-enIsf sIm√p∂
]Xnhv lnμp°-ƒ°p≠m-bncp∂psh∂v Ah Ak∂nKv[ambn
sXfn-bn°pIbpw sNøp∂p≠v. AXnYn k¬-°mcØn\v A\p-
tbmPyamb ]iphn-s\ Ipdn°m\mWv EtKzZw "AXnYn\o¿'
F∂ ]Zw (X.68.3) {]tbmKn°p∂Xv F∂p-t]mepw A`n{]mb-
s∏´ ]WvUnX≥amcp≠v. EtKzZ\mbIcn¬ Hcmfmb "AXnYnKz'-
°v {]kvXpX t]cp hcm≥ ImcWw AXnYn-Iƒ°pth≠n ]ip-
hns\ sIm√p∂ ioeam-Wv F∂mWv KthjIaXw. hnhmlw
t]mep-≈ hntijmhkcßfn¬ ]iphns\ AdpØncp∂psh∂v
kqNn∏n°p∂ ]cma¿i-߃ EtKzZØn¬ (X. 85.13) ImWm≥
Ignbpw. ̀ cWm[nImcnsbt∏mep≈ hninjvShy‡nIƒ AXnYn-
bmbn hcp∂ kμ¿`ßfn¬ P\߃ Ah¿°pth≠n Hcp Imf-
tbtbm ]iphnt\tbm sIm√mdps≠∂v sF-Xtcb {_mlvaW-
hpw ]dbp∂p≠v. cmPm-hv, Kpc\mY≥, ]ptcmlnX≥, ̀ mcym]nXm-
hv, AΩmh≥, ]n-Xr-hy≥, kplrØv XpSßnb BZcWobcmb
AXnYnIƒ ho´n¬ hcptºmƒ D]Nmc \njvTItfmsS Ah¿°p-
38
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
th≠n Hcpt°≠ hncp∂ns\bmWv DØcsshZnI ImeL´Øn-
se {KŸßƒ "a[p]¿°' F∂pw "A¿Ky' F∂psa√mw kmt¶-
XnIambn hnfn°p∂Xv. ssPan\ob D]\njZv {_mlvaWØn-
emWv "a[p]¿°' F∂ {]tbmKw BZyambn {]Xy£s∏-Sp∂Xv.
sslμh KrlØn¬ hnhn[ kμ¿`-ßfn¬ Krl\mY≥ ap≥I-
søSpØv kwLSn-∏nt°≠ aXNSßpIfpsS I¿aimkv{X-hn[n-
Iƒ hniZambn {]-Xn]mZn°p∂ Krlykq{Xßfn¬ a[p]¿°
hn]peam-bn-Ø-s∂ N¿® sNøp∂Xv ImWm≥ Ignbpw. tX\n-
s‚bpw ssXcns‚bpw a[pcan{inXw AXnYn°v \¬Inbn-cp∂-
XmWv {]kvXpX NSßn\v a[p]¿° F∂ t]cphcm≥ ImcW-
sa¶nepw a[p]¿° hncp∂nse Hgn®pIqSm\mImØ hn`hßfn-
sem∂v _ot^m at‰sX¶nepw amwktam Bbncp∂p-sh∂v Krly-
kq{Xßfn¬\n∂v hy‡amWv. hnhmlmtLmjØns‚ `mKam-
bp≈ AXnYn k¬°mcsØbpw Nne Krly-kq{X߃ a[p]¿-
° F∂v hntijn∏n-°p∂p≠v. AXnYnIsf _o v̂ \¬In BZcn-
®ncp∂ Hcp aXt_m[w apkvenw Ad_v IS∂phchn\v \q‰m-
≠pIƒ°v ap≥]pXs∂ k]vXkn‘phn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂psh∂
{it≤bamb hkvXpXbmWv Krlykq{X-ßfpsS k¬°mc
\n¿tZißfn¬ \n∂v A\mhrXamIp∂Xv. AXnYnbpw ]ip-hnd-
®n-bpw XΩnep≈ _‘-sØ°pdn® ZrVXc-amb ]gb `mcXo-
bm-ht_m[-Øn-s‚ {]Xn^e\sa∂p ]dbmw, \memw \q‰m-≠n-
se hnJymX\mb kwkvIrX ̀ mjm]Sp ]mWn\n Xs‚ AjvSm-
[ymbw F∂ {]K¬` hymIcW {KŸØn¬ (3.4.73) AXnYnsb
Ipdn°m≥ "tKmKv\' F∂v {]tbmKn-°p∂p≠v.(32)
"amwk-\n-_-≤'-am-bn-cp∂ Krlm-\p-jvTm-\-߃
s]mXpÿeßfn¬sh®v kwLSn∏n-°s∏´ almbmKßfn-
epw hoSpIfn¬ \S∂ hntijmXnYn k¬°mcßfnepw am{Xa√,
ssZ\wZn\ PohnXØn¬ "lnμp' A\pjvTnt°≠ sNdnb sNdn-
b aX-NS-ßpIfn¬t]mepw arKamwkØns‚ km∂n[yap≠mbn-
cp∂psh∂mWv hnhn[ Krlykq{XßfpsS hmb\ \sΩ sXcy-
s∏SpØp∂Xv. I∂pImenIfp-tSXS°ap≈ amwkw CØcw
A\pjvTm\-ßfpsSsb√mw N-´{]Imcap≈ hn[nbmbn-cp∂psh-
∂mWv a\ nem°m\mhpI. CSb kºZv hyhÿbn¬ \n∂v
39
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
Im¿jnI kºZv hyhÿbnte°p≈ ]cmh¿Ø\Øn\p-tij-
ambncn°Ww Bcy kaqlØn¬ Im¿jnIm-`nhr-≤n°pth≠n-
bp≈ D]mk-\m {Ia߃ hym]IambXv. Chbn¬ hfsc {][m-
\s∏´ H∂mbncp∂p \n-ch[n Krlykq-{Xßfn¬ ]cma¿iap≈
"iqeKh'. iqeØn¬ tIm¿Ø Imfsb cp{ZtZhs‚ {]oXn°mbn
_enb¿∏n°p∂ A\pjvTm\-apdbmWv iqeKh. Imfsb sIm∂-
Xn\p-tijw hmepw sXmenbpw Xobntes°dn-bpIbpw c‡w
]mºpIƒ°pth≠n Z¿`∏p-√n\v apIfn¬ Hgp°pIbpamWv sNbv-
Xncp-∂Xv. Irjnbpw IrjnbnSßfpsS hym]\-hpamWv ̀ qanbn¬
AXn¿ØnIfpw ÿncw hoSpIfpsa√mw \n¿Wbn°m≥ Bcy≥-
am¿-°v t{]cWbmbXv. AtXmSpIqSn hoSp\n¿-amWØns‚bpw
hoSpIq-Sen-s‚-bpsa√mw aXhyhÿIƒ cq]s∏´ph∂p. hmkvXp-
"imkv{X'Øns‚ D¬]Ønbp≠mIp-∂Xv A-ß-s\-bmWv. "hmkv-
Xp' kw_‘amb {]Xn-]mZ\߃°nSbn¬ Nne Krlykq{X-
߃, ]pXnb ho´nte°v Xmakw amdp∂bmƒ Hcp IdpØ ]ip-
hns\tbm shfpØ BSns\-tbm _en \¬IWsa∂v \n¿tZ-in-
°p-∂p≠v.(33)
K¿`nWnIfmb kv{XoIsfbpw K¿`-ÿ inip°sfbpw c‡-
c£ pIfn¬ \n-∂pw ]nimNp_m[bn¬ \n∂pw kwc£n-°p-
hm\pw Ip™ns‚bpw AΩbpsSbpw kpÿnXn Dd∏phcpØm-
\psa√mambn K¿`-Øns‚ \memw amkw Krlykq{X߃ \n¿-
tZin°p∂ A‘hnizmk PUneamb BNmcamWv "koa-t¥m-
\b\w'. BZysØ K¿`[mcWØn\pam{XamWv Cu NSßv kw-
LSn∏nt°≠Xv F∂v A`n{]m-bap≈-hcp≠v. K¿`nWnbpsS Xe-
apSn apIƒ`mK-tØ°v ]IpØpsI´emWv A\pjvTm\w. koa-
t¥m-\b\Øn\v ImfbpsStbm ]iphn-s‚tbm tXm¬ D]tbm-
Kn°Wsa-∂mWv {]mNo\ lnμp I¿aimkv{Xw. aXhn-Zym`ym-
kØns‚ {]thinIbmb D]\b\ NSßn-\pw ]ip/Imf-
tØm¬ kzoImcyambn-cp∂p. Hm-tcm PmXn°pw D]\b\Øn\v
Hm-tcm arK-Øns‚ tXm¬ BWv \n¿tZin°-s∏´ncp-∂Xv. D]\-
b\ Znh-kap]tbmKn-°p∂ ta¬-°p∏mbw Cu tXmepsIm≠v
\n¿an®Xm-bncn°Wsa∂mbncp∂p k¶¬]w. AXmXv "PmXnar-
K'Øns‚ tXm¬ Xs∂ e`n°pI ]et∏mgpw {]bmkIcambn-
cp∂Xn\m¬ F-√m PmXnIfn¬s∏´h¿°pw s]mXphmbn
40
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
]iphn≥tXm¬ D]tbmKn°m-sa∂mWv Nne Krlykq{XßfpsS
]£w. ]ip "arKap-Jy≥' BWv F∂p]d™p-sIm≠mWv CØ-
cw Hc\phmZw Krlykq{X-߃ \-¬-Ip-∂Xv. Zo¿Lmbp pw
]mWvUnXy-hpap≈ ]p{Xs\ e`n°m≥ _o^v hdpØXv s\øpw
tNmdpw Iq´n-°-gn°Wsa∂v _rlZmcWytIm]\n-jØv (VI.4.18, tUm. Fkv. cm[mIr-jvW-s‚ Principal UpanishadsImWpI) \n¿tZin°p∂p≠v. CXn\v ^e{]m]vXnbp-≠mbn
Ip™v P\n®m¬ Bdv amkØn-\ptijw Ah\v ]£nbnd®nbpw
ao\pw \¬-IWsa∂mWv A\pimk\w. \nthZyambpw tXmem-
bpw Cd®nbmbpw arKicoc߃ \nc¥cw lnμpkwkvIrXnbn¬
\nd™p\n-∂psh∂v kmcw.(34) s]mXp aXNSßpIfpw D±n„Im-
cy-eœn°mbp≈ sNdp kzImcy-{InbIfpw Krlm\pjvTm\pßfp-
sa√mw I∂pImen h[sØ Dƒs°m≠ncp∂ Hcp kwkvImc-
Øns‚ C-tß-Xe-bv°¬ h∂p\n-∂v AdhpimeIƒ°pt\sc
Ipc®p-NmSp∂-h¿ kzbw ]cnlmkycmhpIb√m-sX as‰¥m-Wv
sNøp∂Xv?
sshZnI kwkvImcØn¬ acWm\-¥c NSßpIƒt]mepw
ImenamwkØn¬ \n∂v ap‡-ambn-cp-∂ns√∂mWv tcJIƒ t_m-
[ys∏SpØp∂Xv. ihicocw s]mXn-bm-≥ ]iptØmepw I´nbp-
≈ ]ip-s°mgp∏pw {]tbmP\s∏SpØp-∂Xns\-°pdn®v EtKzZ
kwlnXbn¬ Xs∂ (X.16.7) ]cma¿-iap-≠v. ihkwkvImcNS-
ßpIfpsS ̀ mK-ambn I∂pImenIsf sIm√p∂Xns\°pdn® hni-
Zamb hnhcWß-ƒXs∂ Krlykq{X-ßfnep≠v. thZImeL -́
Ønse "lnμp' kmlnXyßfn¬ ]nXrb⁄w, alm]n-Xrb-
⁄w XpSßnb {]tbmK߃sIm≠v ASbmfs∏SpØnbn´p≈
acWm\¥c NSßpIƒ, thZ-Imem\¥c cN\Ifmb Krly-
kq-{Xßfn¬ "{im≤w' F∂ t]cnem-Wv s]mXphn¬ hyhlcn°-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. acn®p-t]mbhcpsS Bflm°ƒ°v kzÿX \¬Im-
\mbn Pohn®ncn°p∂ _‘p°ƒ \SØp∂ I¿aßfmWv {im≤-
Øns‚ D≈S-°w F∂v kam\yambn ]dbmw. ]nXp-cmcm[-\sb
]cnkcam°n hf-cp∂ aqVk¶-¬]ß-ƒ kar≤ambncp∂ ̀ mcX-
Øn¬ acWs∏´p-t]mbhcpsS Bflm°ƒ°v "`£n-°m≥'
Blmc]Zm¿∞߃ \nthZn-°p∂ k{ºZmbßfpw hf¿∂p-
41
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
h∂p. \njvTm-]q-¿hw Du´nbn-s√¶n¬ Bflm°ƒ KXn In´msX
AebpItbm {]XnImcZmln-Ifmbn `qanbn-¬ Ipg∏߃ hnX-
°p-Itbm Hs° sNøp-sa∂ sX‰n≤mcWbmWv CØcw A\m-
Nmc-߃°v {]tNmZ\ambn h¿Øn®Xv. hyXy-kvX Xcw {im≤-
߃ Ct∏mgpw sslμh kaqlØn¬ \ne\n¬-°p∂p≠v. Kr-
ly-kq{X߃ {]-Imcw, Bflm-°ƒ kwXr]vXn-bSbWsa¶n¬
{im≤Øn-\v amwkw Xs∂ t\Zn°Ww. a‰p arK-ß-tfm-sSm∏w
]ip°fpw ImfIfpw kzm`mhn-Iambpw {im≤߃°p-th≠n
sIm√s∏´p. Krlykq{Xßfn¬ "AjvSIw' F∂pw "GIm-jvS-
Iw' F∂psa√mw hnfn°s∏Sp∂ Hcp {]tXyIXcw {im≤-aq´p≠v.
CXn¬, ]iphns\ sIm∂v B¥cm-hbh߃ ]mIw sNbvXmWv
acWs∏´p-t]mb ]q¿hnI¿°v \nthZn°p∂Xv; Icfpw IpS-ep-
sa-√mw thhn-®psImSp°psa∂p Xs∂! Nne Krly-kq{Xßfn¬
hnhn[ arKamw-k߃ ]nXr-°ƒ°v \¬Ip∂ kzmÿy-Øns‚
Imebf-hphsc \n¿Wbn®p ]d™n´p≠v. tKmamw-kw \-¬-In-
bm¬ Hcp h¿jtØ°pw Im´pap-bepw hf¿Øp∂ BSpsa√m-
amWv sIm√s∏-Sp∂sX¶n¬ Hcp h¿jØne[nIhpw I≠marK-
amwkhpw Nne {]tXyIXcw ao\pIfpamWv _ensb-¶n¬ Imem-
Ime-tØ°pw Bflm°ƒ kwXr]vXcmIp-sa∂pamWv hniZoIc-
Ww. Hcp amwkhpw In´m\ns√¶n¬ am{XamWv ]®°-dnIƒ-sIm-
≠v {im≤w \SØm\\p-hmZap-≈Xv.(35) kwLv ]cnhmdpIm¿ \nc-
¥cw Iqdp-{]Jym-]n°p∂ acWaS™ B¿j`mcX ]nXr°-ƒ-
°pt]mepw Krlykq{Xß-ƒ{]Im-cw Xr]vXnbn√mØ "Cd®nc-
lnX Xo≥tai' HmP pw tXP pw th≠ Poh\p-≈ C≥Uy°m-
¿°v Xr]vXnbmIp-sa∂mtWm lnμpXz Kh-¨sa‚pIƒ IcpXp-
∂Xv? {im≤Øns‚ icnbmb kμ¿`Øn¬ am{X-a√; P\\w,
hnhmlw XpSßnb hnti-jmh-kcßfnepw BapJ NSsß∂
\nebn¬ ]nXr°sf Du´p∂ k{ºZmbhpw Krly-kq-{X-ß-fn¬
hnhcn°s∏´n´p≠v. AhnsSsb-√mw amwkw Xs∂bmWv acn®p-
t]mbh¿ B{Kln°p∂Xv. B[p\nI kh¿Ws‚ ASp°f,
Krlykq{XßfpsS aXho£W-a\pkcn®v AXnse ]®°dnbm-
[n-]Xyw-sIm≠v Ahs‚ ]nXr°-sf Akzÿ-Xbp-sS ]mcayX-
bnem-sW-Øn°pI. apkvenw-If√, {]XypX tKmamw-k-h¿÷\w
hgn "hnip≤n' sXfnbn°p-∂hcmWv icnbmb ]nXr\nμIsc∂v
42
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
Krlykq{Xßsf icn-sh-°p∂h¿s°m-s°bpw AwKoIcnt°-
≠n hcpw. {im≤aq´n-s‚ ̀ mKambn acn®bmfpsS ho´n¬ BfpIƒ-
°v kZybp≠mIpw. kZybnse {][m\ £WnXm°ƒ {_mlva-
W≥amcpambncn°pw. {im≤apÆm≥ hcp∂ {_mlvaWcS°-ap-
≈ AXnYnIƒ°v _o v̂ IqSn Dƒs∏´ sa\p Xs∂bmWv Krly-
kq{X-߃ hn-[n-°p-∂Xv.(36) `mcXobs‚ Ncn-{XØn¬ acWho-
´n¬ \n∂pt]mepw Hgn-™pt]mbn´n√mØ t]mØnd®nbpsS K-
‘w FhnsS sIm≠p-t]mbn Hfn∏n°m-sa-∂mWv kwLv ]cnhm¿
hymtamln°p∂Xv ?
_o^v hnfºnbncp∂ aX˛atXXcmh-kc߃ lnμp Ncn-
{XØn¬ FºmSpap-s≠∂mWv ]d-™p-h-∂-Xns‚ Npcp°w.
tKmamwkt`mP\w BtLm-jam°n am‰nbncp∂ D’hßfpw
`mcXØn-ep≠mbncp∂p; P\߃ ]-ip-hnd®n Xn∂pXnan¿Ø
`£ytafIƒ! Ahbpw aXNSßpIfmbncp∂psh∂XmWv {][m-
\-s∏´ Imcyw. {_mlvaW≥amcpsS ap≥Iøn¬ \S∂ncp∂ "Khm-
ab\w' F∂ I∂pImen _enbmtLmjØns‚ k-am]\w Ipdn-
®p \S∂ncp∂ "alm{hX D’hw' CØcØn-ep≈ H∂mbncp-
∂p. an{X-hcpW≥am¿°pw a-‰pNne tZh≥am¿°pw aq∂v a®n∏-
ip°sf _enb¿∏n°pIbmbncp∂p D’hØns‚ Bcm[\m-
]camb kØ-sb¶nepw \m´pIm¿ apgph≥ Hcpan®pIqSn Bth-
i]q¿hw amwk-hn`hßfSßnb kZy-bp-Æ-em-bncp∂p AXn-s‚
kmaqlnI`mhw. CXpt]mse-Øs∂ B¿`mS]q¿hw P\߃
amwkw Ign®p√-kn-®n-cp∂ as‰mcp D’hambncp∂p \nch[n
{iuXkq{X-ßfn¬ {]Xn]mZn°s∏´n´p≈ "Krlta[w.' i‡am-
b aXm\pjvTm\ Omb-bn√msX Xs∂ AkwJyw ]ip°ƒ
amwk-Øn\p-th≠n Krlta[ D’hßfn¬ sIm√s∏Sp-ambn-
cp∂p. ]ipamwkw Xn∂v BÀmZn°p-∂Xpw BtLmjn°p∂Xpw
C-jv--Ss∏´ncp∂ ]q¿hIme lnμp°ƒ, AXn\p-th≠n hntij
kμ¿`ßsf hsc krjvSn-®p-sh∂mWv ChnsS hy‡amIp-∂-
Xv.(37) _os^∂v tIƒ°ptºmtg°pw Ad∏pw shdp∏pw tXm∂n
IpdphSn IønseSp°p-∂h¿ Xncn®dnbptam, X߃ s]men∏n®-
hXcn∏n°p∂ B¿j ]mcºcyØn¬ _o^v s^ÃnhepIƒ
t]mepap≠mbncp∂psh∂v? GXv "C≥Uy≥' ]mcºcyØn¬
43
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
\n∂mWv tl, \n߃°v Cu tKmamwk`oXn ]I¿∂p-In´nbXv?
h¿P-\-Øns‚ PmXnbpw _u≤-th-cp-Ifpw
amwkh¿P-\-Øns‚ aX-X-Øz-imkv{Xw ̀ mc-X-Øns‚ s]mXp-
{]m-No\]mc-º-cy-a-√, adn®v Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Hgp-°n¬ L´w L´-
ambn Nne P\-hn-̀ m-K-߃°n-S-bn¬ am{Xw cq]-s∏-́ p-h∂ "`£W
[m¿an-IX'bmWv F∂v lnμp-a-X-{K-Ÿ-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v.
]ip G‰hpw henb kº-Ømbn Icp-X-s∏-́ n-cp∂ CS-b-kw-kvIr-
Xn-bn¬ bmK-ß-fpsS Im¿an-IXzw hln-°p∂ {_lva-W≥am¿-
°p≈ Z£n-W-bmbn \n›-bn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv ]ip-°ƒ Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. bmK-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n-®-√m-sX-bpw "tZh-{]oXn' e£y-
am°n {_mlva-W¿°v hºn® Imen-k-ºØv Zm\-ambn \¬Ip-I-
A-°m-e-L-´-Øn¬ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw [\m-Vy≥am-cp-sS-
bpsa√mw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. kmam-\y-P-\-ß-fn¬ Akqb hf¿-
Øpw-hn[w tKmk-º-Øn-\p-S-a-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ {_mlvaW ]ptcm-
ln-X≥am-cpsS kzØv kwc-£-Wm¿∞-amWv tKml-Xym- hn-cp≤
kq‡-߃ ̀ mc-X-Øn¬ ]nd-∂p-ho-WXv F∂mWv Nne ]WvUn-
X≥am-cpsS ho£-Ww. {_mlva-W≥ ̀ qan-bn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ {]Xn-
\n-[n-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ Abm-fpsS ]ip-°sf Itø‰w sNøp-∂Xv
ssZh-\n-μ-bmWv F∂ kn≤m¥w \n¿an-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ ta¬-
PmXn h{K-X-bn-emWv tKmh-[-tØmSv ]n¬°m-eØv {]_-e-am-
bn-Øo¿∂ hntcm-[-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ NnI-tb-≠Xv F∂ ho£-
WsØ X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-In-√. {_mlva-W\v ]ip-hns\ Zm\w
sNøp-∂-h¿°v e`n-°m≥ t]mIp∂ ssZhm-\p-{K-l-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw
{_mlva-Ws‚ ]ip-°-tfmSv A\m-Z-chv ImWn-°p∂h¿°p≈
in£-sb-°p-dn-®p-sa√mw `mc-Xob {KŸ-߃ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-
≠v.(38) ]ip ssZh-am-sW∂ Bflm¿Yamb hnNm-c-Øn¬ \n∂-
√, {]XypX {_mlvaW arK-aq-e-[\w kaq-l-Øn¬ krjvSn-°p∂
kmº-ØnI sshcp-[y-߃ A[-ÿnX _lp-P-\-ßsf Iem-]-
Øn\v t{]cn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ A[o-i-h¿K Bkq-{X-W-Øn¬
\n∂mWv tKml-Xy-s°-Xn-cmb Imw]-bn-\ns‚ thcp-Iƒ ]S¿∂-
sX-¶n¬, AXv ]ip-amwk hntcm-[-Øns‚ "PmXn' IrXy-ambn
shfns∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-sam-∂p-an-√.
44
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
_n. kn. C A©mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-X¬°p-≠mb _p≤-aX X-
Øz-ß-fpsS hym]\w tKmh[ hntcm-[-Øn-t‚-Xmb Hcp a\:-im-
kv{Xw ̀ mc-X-Øn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb-Sp-Ø-Xn¬ henb ]¶p-h-ln-
®n-´p≠v F∂p hy‡-am-Wv. F∂m¬, ]ip ssZh-am-b-Xn-\m¬
]ip-hn-s\-b-dp-Øp-IqSm F∂ B[p-\nI kh¿W \ne-]m-Sm-bn-
cp-∂n√ _p≤-{]-t_m-[-\-ß-fnse tKmh[hncp≤ hmZ-ß-fpsS
A¥-kØ F∂ hkvXpX {it≤-b-am-Wv. b⁄-]o-T-Øn¬
A\m-h-iy-ambn ]ip-°sf sIm∂p-Iq-´-emWv aX-sa∂v hcp-Øn-
Øo¿Ø A°m-e-L-´-Ønse lnμp ]utcm-ln-Xy-tØm-Sp≈
bp‡n-k-l-amb Iem-]-am-bn-cp∂p _p≤s‚ arK-h[ \ncp-’m-
l-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ. ]ip-°ƒ°v {]mNo-\-̀ m-c-X-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂
kmº-ØnI {]m[m\ywIqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Hcp-]-Im-c-
hp-an-√msX Ahsb Iq´-°-im∏v \S-Øm≥ Bflo-b-X-bpsS
sImSn \m´n-b-h¿s°-Xnsc GXv kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hn-\p-
ap-≠m-Ip∂ hnIm-c-hn-£p-_v[X-bmWv _p≤s‚ h¿Ø-am-\-ß-
fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. bmK-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v Nmen-s´mgpIp∂
c‡-amWv tam£-Øns‚ hgn-sh-́ p-∂-Xv F∂ hnIr-X-̀ m-h-\-s°-
Xnsc \S∂ _u≤n-I-k-acw AI-s∏-´p-t]mb BXy-¥n-I-X-Iƒ
am{X-amWv _p≤aX -{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse Alnwkm {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ.
b⁄-߃s°m-cp-ßn-b-hsc AXn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°m≥
{io_p-≤≥ \S-Ønb kwhm-Z-kw-̀ m-j-W-ß-fpsS IY-IƒsIm≠v
kar-≤-amWv _u≤-]m-c-º-cyw. F∂m¬ amwkw Hcp `£Ww
F∂- \n-e-bn¬ _p≤injy≥am-cn¬ \n∂v A\yw \n∂p-t]m-bn-
cp-∂n-s√∂v hy‡-am-°p∂ Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fp-≠v. km£m¬ {io_p-
≤≥ Xs∂ amwk-`-£Ww D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Nne- kw-`-
h-߃ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ _p≤-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ Aßn-
ßmbn NnX-dn-°n-S-°p∂ b⁄/arK-h[ hncp≤ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ-,
]n¬°m-eØv ]e- _u≤kaq-l-ß-sfbpw \njvTm-]q¿h-ap≈
Xo{h -k-kym-lm-c-{I-a-Øn-te°v \bn-®p F∂Xv kXy-am-Wv.
kkym-lm-c-{h-X-ap≈ P\-ßsf `mc-X-Øn¬ krjvSn-s®-Sp-Ø-
Xn¬, aX-ÿm-]-I≥ t\¿°p-t\sc AXp-t±-in-®n-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw,
_p≤-a-X-Øn\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]¶p-s≠∂v ]d-bmw. F∂m¬ _p≤-
B-{i-a-ß-fn¬t]mepw CXv GI-in-em-cq-]-ap≈ ITn-\ -\n-e-]m-
sSm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. lo\-bm-\-°mcpw alm-bm-\-°mcpambn-
45
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
_u≤¿ ]nf¿∂p-am-dn-b-t∏mƒ alm-bm-\-°m¿ kkym-lmc\njv-
I¿j-bn¬ Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fmbn amdp-Ibpw X߃°-\p-Iq-e-ambn
_p≤-s\ hymJym-\n-°ms\mcp-sº-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah¿ Xß-
fpsS {KŸ-ß-fn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≈ _p≤≥ Xs∂-bmtWm
Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-´p≈ bYm¿∞ _p≤≥ F∂ -Imcyw
Xo¿Øpw kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-Wv. CXn-s\√mw tijhpw hnhn[
{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ _p≤-aX kaq-l-߃ amwkm-lm-cn-I-fm-bn-Øs∂
XpS¿∂p F∂ -Imcyw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-⁄≥am¿ Nq≠n-°m-
Wn-®n-́ p-≠v. alm-bm\ hn`m-K-°m¿ X-s∂-bmb Sn_-‰nse Xm{¥n-
I- _p-≤-a-X-°m¿ ]ip-hn-s\bpw sNΩ-cn-bm-Sn-s\-bpw ]∂n-sb-bpw
tImgn-sb-bp-sa√mw Ct∏mgpw \n¿_m[w ̀ £-W-am-°p-∂p-≠v.(39)
X\n°v amwk-ap-t]-£n-°m≥ ico-c{]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-h-ÿ-bpw-
sh®v Ign-bn-s√∂ _p≤ Bflob -t\-Xmhv Zsse-emabpsS {]i-
kvX-amb {]kvXm-h\Xs∂, ]q¿W-amb kkym-lm-c-\njvT _u-
t≤m-]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Hcp hymJym\w am{X-am-sW∂v kv]jvS-am-
°p-∂p-≠v.
{_mlva-WnI aX-t_m-[-Øn-s\-Xnsc AXn-i-‡-ambn bp≤w
-sNbvX {io_p-≤s‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ AtX -a-X-Øns‚ ]n¬°me
Blm-c-im-Ty-߃°v ssk≤m-¥n-I- ]-cn-k-c-sam-cp-°n-bXv C≥-
Uym Ncn-{X-Ønse Xs∂ G‰hpw henb hntcm-[m-`m-k-ß-fn-
sem-∂m-Wv. _p≤s‚ Bi-b-I-em]w sshZnI lnμp-a-X-Øns‚
kmaq-ln-I-Im-WvU-amb PmXn-hy-h-ÿ°pw I¿a-Im-WvU-amb
b⁄-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-scbm-bn-cp-∂p. EtKz-Z-ln-μp-a-X-
Øns‚ BNm-c-k-Ø-bm-bn-cp∂ arK-_enbmK-߃s°-Xn-cn¬
P\-hn-Im-c-ap-W¿Øm≥th≠n _p≤-s\-t∏m-semcp "aX-\n-tj[n'
D∂-bn® \ymb-ß-sf-Øs∂ Iq´p-]n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v ]n¬Ime lnμp-
a-XsØ ]p\¿\n¿hNn® {_mlva-W -]u-tcm-lnXyIuiew A\-
\y-km-[m-c-W-amWv. {_mlvvaWs‚ ]ip-hn\v kwc-£-W-I-h-N-
sam-cp-°m≥th≠n \¬I-s∏´ ]ip-kw-c-£W DZvt_m-[-\-ßfpw
]ip-hns\ b⁄-]o-T-Øns‚ {Iqc-X-bn¬\n∂v c£n-°m≥ _p≤-
≥ \S-Ønb Blzm-\-ßfpw Hcp-°n-sh® aÆn¬ tKmam-Xm- k¶-
¬]sØ ka¿∞-ambn \´p-\-\®p hf¿Øp-I-bmWv IrjvW-]q-
P-I¿ sNbvX-Xv. _p≤s‚ t]mcm-´-ß-fpsS Bflm-hm-bn-cp∂
46
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
PmXn-hn-cp-≤-Xsb Cu Gs‰-Sp-°¬ {]{In-b-°nSbn¬ ka¿∞-
ambn Igp-Øp-sR-cn-®p -sIm-√m≥ {_mlva-W-ta-[m-hn-ØØn-\p-
km-[n®p F∂-XmWv C≥Uym- N-cn-{X-Øn-se `oI-c-amb Zpc-¥-
ß-fn-sem-∂v. PmXn-hn-cp-≤-\m-bn-cp∂ _p≤s\ kvXpXn®v thcp-
]n-Sn-°m≥ {ian® kh¿W tKmamw-k-hn-tcm-[w, PmXn-kw-c-£-
W-Øns‚ ]pXnb am¿K-ß-fmWv `mc-X-Øn¬ Xpd-∂Xv F∂
hkvXpX henb hni-Ie\-a¿ln-°p-∂p-≠v. B[p-\nI C≥Uy-
bn¬ Ah¿W-k-a-c-ß-fpsS ss[j-WnI \yq¢n-bkv Bbnh¿Øn-
® ̀ c-W-L-S\m in¬]n tUm. _n.- B¿. Awt_-ZvI¿, _p≤ -A-
lnw-ksb lnμp-ta¬X´v kzmwio-I-cn-®-Xns‚ PmXn-cm-jv{Sobw
Is≠-Øm≥th≠n {ian-®n-́ p-≠v. b⁄-ß-f-psS ̀ oI-c-X- km-[m-
c-W-°m-c-\p-hsc A\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-bn-cp∂ {]mNo-\- `m-c-X-Øn¬
_p≤-\p-ap-∂n¬ kwhm-Z-ß-fn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n¬°pI sshZn-I- ]u-
tcm-ln-Xy-Øn\v Zpkm-[y-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂mWv Aw-t_-ZvI¿ Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. ]X-dm-Xn-cn-°m≥th≠n Ah¿ _p≤-s\-°mƒ
henb tKml-Xym-hn-tcm-[n-I-fmbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bmK-Øn\p-
-th-≠n-bp≈ tKmh-[-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Bi-b-k-a-c-Øn-\p- e-`n®
P\-]n-¥p-Wsb sslPm°v sNøm≥ ̀ £-W-Øn-\p-th-≠n-b-S-°-
ap≈ kI-e -ar-K-amwk D]t`m-Khpw \n¿Øn-sh-°p-∂-Xmbn {_m-
lva-W¿ {]Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xo≥ta-i-bnse Cd-®n-bpsS
Akm-∂n-[ysØ PmXo-b-amb ]cn-ip-≤n-bpsS kqN-I-ambn ]n¬-
Im-eØv {_mlva-W¿ hfsc ka¿∞-ambn ÿm]n-s®-Sp-Øp. arK-
amw-k-tØm-Sp≈ AIew Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤n-bpsS Af-hp-tIm-embn
C≥-Uy-bn¬ amdp-∂-X-ß-s\-bm-Wv. F√m-Xcw arK-amw-k-ß-fn¬-
\n∂pw AI-∂p-\n¬°m-\p≈ {_mlva-W -k-∂-≤X, Db¿∂
Bflo-b-i-‡n-bpsS {]Xo-I-ambn {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-́ p. F∂m¬ ]ip
ssZh-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ]ip-hn-d-®n-bn¬ \n∂v hn´p-\n¬°¬ {_mlva-
W-c-√m-Ø-h¿°pw \n¿_-‘-am-Wv F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]pXnb aX-
hn-[n. XZSn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv t\m¨shPv sa\p-hn¬ \n∂v _o^n-
s\ sh´n-am-‰m≥ {_mlva-tW-Xc kh¿W-hn-̀ m-K-߃ \n¿_-‘n-
°-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ _lp-`q-cn-]£w C≥Uy-°mcpw ˛ A-h¿W
_-lp-P-\-߃ ̨ _o v̂ AS-°-ap≈ ̀ £y-tbm-Ky-amb F√m-Xcw
amwkhpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv XpS¿∂p; Ah¿ AXns‚ t]cn¬am-
{Xw Aip-≤cpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-cp-ambn ap{Z-Ip-Ø-s∏-́ p! C{]-Imcw
47
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
Ah¿W-\pw kh¿W-\p-an-S-bnse hyXym-k-ß-fn-sem∂v Xo≥ta-
i-bnse _o^ns‚ km∂n-[y-ambn \n¿W-bn-®p-sIm-≠mWv PmXn-
{`m¥v `£-W-sa-\p-hns‚ Ip∏m-b-an-´Xv F∂mWv Awt_-ZvI¿
ka¿∞n-°p-∂-Xv.(40) F¥n\v Ah¿W-tcmSv sXmSepw Xo≠-ep-
sa∂ tNmZy-Øn\v C≥Uy-bn¬ apg-ßnb Hcp adp-]Sn Ah¿
_o v̂ Ign-°p∂p F∂Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]ip-hn-t\m-Sp≈ _-
lp-am-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ a\p-jysc ]oUn-∏n-°p∂ sshNn-{X-y-Øn-
emWv _p≤-Im-em-\-¥cw lnμp-aXw sNs∂-Øn-b-sX∂v Npcp-
°w. _o^n-s\-Xn-cmb hmZ-߃ i‡n-s∏´p h∂-t∏m-gm-bn-cn-°-Ww,
Cu ]T-\-Øns‚ Bcw-̀ -Øn¬ \map-≤-cn®, "Cfw ]ip-hn-d-®nbpw
Imf-bn-d-®nbpw Xn∂p-∂Xv Rm≥ XpS-cp-I-Xs∂ sNøpw' F∂
{]kvXm-h-\- bm⁄h¬Iy≥ \S-Øn-b-Xv. _o v̂ Ign-°m-Xn-cp∂v
AXv al-Xz-ambn hymJym-\n-s®Sp-°p-Ibpw {]kvXp-X -"a-l-Xz-'-
Øns‚ _e-Øn¬ At\-Im-bncw Ah¿W-sc Nhn-´n-sa-Xn-°p-
Ibpw sNøp∂ krKm-e-_p-≤nsb am\-hn-I-X-tbmSv Iqdp≈ B¿-
s°-¶nepw BZ-cn-°m-\m-Iptam? PmXn-bpsS i‡-\mb {]tW-
Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ hnth-Im-\-μ-\p-t]mepw, `£-W-sa\p hgn alm-
\m-Ip∂ Cu C-{μ-Pmew th≠{X t_m[n-®n-cp-∂n√ F∂p-thWw
A\p-am-\n-°m≥. At±lw FgpXn: ""]ip-°ƒ amwkw Xn∂p-∂n√.
BSp-I-fp-an-√. AXp-sIm-≠-h- a-lm-tbm-Kn-Ifpw Alnw-k-I-cpam-
tWm? GsX-¶nepw Hcp `£yw h¿Pn-°m≥ GXv hnUvVn°pw
Ign-bpw. AXp-sIm≠v Abmƒ°v kky-`p-°p-I-fmb arK-Øn-\p-
≈-Xn-t\-°m-tfsd tbmKy-Xbv°hImian-√.''(41) hnth-Im-\-μs‚
]Sw s{]m]-K-≠-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿, At±-l-Øns‚ kºq¿W-
Ir-Xn-Iƒ Hcm-h¿Øn hmbn-®p-t\m-°m-s\-¶nepw k∂-≤-am-Iptam?
tKmamwk \ncm-I-cWw kh¿W¿°n-S-bn¬ {]_-e-am-bn-Øo-
¿∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ H∂mw kl-{km-_vZ-Øns‚ DØ-cm¿[w
apX¬ [¿a-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬\n∂v Is≠-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-
≠v. F∂m¬ \ntcm-[-\-Øns‚ Xo{h-X-bn¬ Ah Ahy-‡-X-
Iƒ Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. [¿a-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ A\p-
im-kn-°-s∏-Spw-hn[w kh¿W- km-aq-ln-I-Po-hnXw kºq¿W-ambn
C°m-e-L-́ -Øn¬ _o v̂ap‡-ambn F∂p-]-d-bm≥ kam-¥c Ncn-
{X-tc-J-Iƒ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-an-√. _o^v hncp-≤-amb aX-hn-Im-c-
48
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
߃ kh¿W- ln-μp-°ƒ°n-S-bn¬ \m-sº-Sp-Øp-Xp-S-ßnb ]cn-
h¿Ø-\-L-́ -Øns‚ kmln-Xy-{]-Xn-̂ -e-\-ß-fmbn [¿a-im-kv{X-
{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse ]cm-a¿i-ßsf ImWp-I-bm-bn-cn°pw icn-bm-b k-
ao-]-\w. a\p-kvar-Xn-h-fsc hy‡-am-bn-Øs∂ {_mlva-W¿°v
amwk-`-£Ww hne-°p-∂p-≠v. CX-c -Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬
CØ-c-samcp \ntcm-[\w a\p ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂n-√. Hcn-SØv "amw-
kw ̀ £n-°p-∂-Xn¬ XI-cm-sdm-∂p-an√' F∂v kvarXn-Im-c≥ ]d-
bp-∂p≠pXm\pw (5:55). F∂m¬ ]ip-hns\ D]-{Z-hn-°p-∂Xpw
(4:162) sIm√p-∂Xpw (11:60) Ip‰Ir-Xy-ß-fmbnØs∂ a\p-kvarXn
{]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.(42) kvarXn-Im-e-am-Ip-tºm-tg°pw Gsd-°psd hy-
‡-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ _o^v hnap-J-Xbv°v Awt_-ZvI¿ Btcm-]n-
°p-∂-Xp-t]mse PmXo-b-amb ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wp-
≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv F∂v a‰p kvarXn-{K-Ÿ-߃ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.
]ip-hn-d®n ̀ £-W-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv A[-a-Xz-Øns‚ e£-
W-ambn {]Jym-]n®v Ah¿W\v kmaq-ly-amb {`jvSv I¬]n-°p-
I-bmWv ]e kvarXn-{]-kvXm-h-\-Ifpw sNøp-∂-Xv. ]ip-hns\
sIm√p-∂-h≥ sXm´p-Iq-Sm-Ø-h-\m-sW∂pw Ah-t\mSv kwkm-cn-
°p-∂-Xp-t]mepw ]m]w hcp-Øp-sa∂pw BWv hymk-kvarXn (1:12)
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. _ot^m NWvUm-f≥ \¬Inb `£-Wtam
Ign-®p-t]m-bm¬ {_mlva-W≥ {]mb-›nØw sNø-W-sa-∂mWv
]cm-i-c-kvar-Xn-bp-sS hn[n. tKml-Xy -\-S-Øp-Ibpw B ]m]w
ad-®p-sh-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h≥ G‰hpw tami-amb \c-I-Øn-te-
°mWv t]mIp-s∂-X∂pw kvarXn ]d-bp∂p (XI.I, IX.612). tæ—≥-
amtcm NWvUm-ftcm amwk-̀ p-°p-Itfm Hcp {_mlv-a-Ws\ tKml-
Xy°v \n¿_-‘n-®m¬ Abmƒ sNtø≠ {]mb-›nØß-sf-°p-
dn-®mWv tZh-e-kvarXn (17) kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tKmh-[-sØ-bpw
tKmamw-k-sØbpw hfsc ka¿∞-ambn ]cm-arjvS kvarXn-{]-
kvXm-h-߃ PmXo-b-amb A[a-Xz-hp-ambn Cg-tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p-
F∂v {]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√t√m.(43)
{_n´ojv C≥Uy: _o^v "Xn∂p-h-f¿∂' lnμp-h¿Ko-bX
kh¿W PmXn{`m¥ns‚ Icp\o°-ßfpsS ̂ eambn DcpØn-
cn™ph∂ ]iphnd®n hntcm[sØ ̀ mcXØns‚ k\mX\ ̀ mh-
ambn hen®p\o´nbhX-cn∏n°m\p≈ ]cn{iaßfp≠mbXv sIm-
49
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
tfmWnb¬ ImeL´ØnemWv. _o v̂ h¿-P\sØ PmXobXbp-
sS Ip‰nbn¬\n∂v tZiobXbpsS Bebnte°v sI´nhen-°m-
\p≈ \o°amWv apkvenw hncp≤ h¿Ko-bXbpsS Xnancw _m[n-
® Nne lnμpa-X-]-Wv-Un-X≥am¿ Ncn{X]camb Cu Zimk-‘n-
bn¬ \SØnbXv. _o^v Ign°p∂h¿ kh¿Wc√ F∂ Xo¿∏n-
¬\n∂pw apt∂m-́ pt]mbn, Ah¿ ̀ mcXØns‚ i{Xp°fpw ssh-
tZinI ̀ mhap≈hcpw BsW∂ A[ym]\ØnemWv Ah¿ apgp-
InbXv. C≥Uy≥ apkvenwIƒ, ]iphns\ ssZh-ambn IW°m-
°m-Ø-Xn\mepw ]iphnd®n Xn∂p∂Xn\mepw ̀ mcXobX ]q¿W-
am-ImØ tZihntcm[nIfmsW∂ {]-N-WvU-amb {]NcWØn\v
{_n´ojv `mcXw km-£nbmbn. skan‰nIv aXßfpamsbm∂pw
_‘an√mØ _lp`qcn]£w Ah¿W ̀ mcXobsc _o v̂ Ign-
°p∂psh∂p ]d™v PmXn{`jvScm°nbh¿ C≥Uy-bpsS-Ø-
s∂ a°fmbn´pw ChnSpsØ apkvenwIsf AtX ImcWw ]d-
™v A]ch¬Icn°m≥ XpSßn. tZiicoc-Øn\IØv tZi{`jv-
S-cpsS Hcp kaqlw Pohn°p∂psh∂v hcpØnØo¿Øv tZi-kv-
t\lsa∂ t]cn¬ lnμp s]mXp-P\ßfn¬ apkvenw hntcm[-
Øns‚ hnjw ]S¿ØpIbmWv kh¿W tjm-hn\nÃpIƒ sNbv-
XXv. Ct∏mƒ kwLv]cnhm¿ Pzen∏n-®psIm≠ncn°p∂ tKmamw-
k hn{]Xn-]ØnbpsS thcpIƒ h¿KobXbpsS ̂ -Ww hnS¿Øn-
bmSnb {_n´ojvIme tjmhn\nÃpIfpsS h¿Øam\ßfnemWv
NnItb≠Xv, A√msX {]mNo\ lnμp-aX{KŸßfnsem∂pa√
F∂p ]dbm-\p≈ ImcWanXmWv. tKmamwkhncp≤amb tImem-
le߃, h¿Kob ̂ mjnkØn\v apkvenwhntcm[w Bfn°Øn-
°m\p≈ am[yaamWv. A√msX Bflm¿∞amb aX`‡nbpsS
BthiØnan¿∏√.
]iphns\ h¿KobXbpsS Bbp[-am°n ]cnh¿Øn∏n°p∂-
Xn¬ G‰hpw henb ]¶phln® sImtfmWnb¬Ime lnμp
]cnjvI¿Ømhv kzman Zbm\μ kckzXnbmWv. _lpssZhm-
cm[-\s°Xn-sc NXp¿thZkwlnXIfp≤cn®v t]mcmSp-∂psh∂-
hImis∏´ {]K¬`\mb Hcp thZ]WvUnXs‚ Im¿anI-XzØn-
¬Xs∂ tKm]qPm kwkvImcØns‚ XWep-]tbmKn®v Ckvemw
`oXn Pzen∏n°m\p≈ ]cn{ia-ap≠mbn F∂ hkvXpX, h¿KobX
50
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
Xet®mdpIsf F¥pam{Xw A‘am°pw F∂p kqNn∏n°p-∂p-
≠v. ]iphns\ apkvenwIfn¬\n∂v "kwc£n°m\p≈' Blzm-
\hpambn apkvenw˛knJv kwL¿j-ß-ƒsIm≠v IepjnXambn-
cp∂ ]©m_n-¬ IpI knJv hn`mKw 1870Ifn¬ Bcw`n® ]ipc-
£m {]ÿm\w Xpd∂n´ km[yX-I-sf aqe[\am°ns°m≠v,
1882emWv Zbm\μ≥ "tKmc£nWn k`' F∂ kwL-S\ ÿm-
]n°p∂Xv.(44) Bcykam-PØns‚ {]h¿ØI¿ kzm`mhnIambpw
F√m {]tZißfnepw tKmc£nWn k`Iƒ Bcw`n®v "apkvenw
IØn'bn¬ \n∂v ]ip-hns\ c£n°p∂ Imh¬`S≥-amcmbn
Ah-Xcn®p. BcykamPØns‚ apkvenwhncp≤ Xos∏mcn{]`m-
jI\pw ip≤n{]-ÿm\Øn-s‚ s\SpwXqWpambncp∂ kzman
{i≤m\μ-bpsS "lnμpcmjv{Sw aq∂v Imcy߃°v ka¿∏n°s∏ -́
Xmbncn°Ww; tKmamXmhv, kckzXn amXmhv, ̀ qan amXmhv' F∂
{]ikvXamb {]kvXmh\(45) BcykamPw GXv ZnibnemWv
Imcyßsf sIm≠pt]m-bXv F∂v hy‡am°p∂p≠v. tKmc-
£nWn k`IfpsS {]h¿Ø\߃ C≥UybpsS hnhn[ ̀ mKß-
fn¬ lnμp km[mcW°msc h¿Kotbm∑Øcm°pIbpw Iem]-
߃°v \nanØamhpIbpw sNbvXp. 1880Ifn¬ CΔnjbIap-≠m-
b kmapZmbnI Akzÿ-XIfn¬ CSs]´psIm≠v hS°p]Sn-
™m-d≥ C≥Uy≥ {]hniyIfpsS {_n´ojv sslt°mSXn ]ip
aXNn”as√∂pw tKmh[w aX\nμbmbn {]Jym]n°m\m-In-s√-
∂pw 1888¬ hn[n {]kvXmhn®p. ssl-t°mSXn hn[nsb kwL-
¿jw Cc´n-∏n°m-\p≈ {]Xntjt[m-]IcWam-°n am‰nsbSp-
°pIbmWv tKmc£nWn k`Iƒ sNbvX-Xv. 1893¬ Akw-K-
Vnepw 1912¬ Atbm-[ybnepw 1917¬ imlm_mZnepap≠mb ̀ oI-
camb h¿Kob Iem]߃ CXns‚ _m°n]{Xambncp∂p.(46)
]iphns\ Adp-°mXncn°m≥th≠n a\pjysc AdpØp-Iq´p-
∂Xns‚ t]cmWv am\hnIX F∂v \njvIf¶cmb lnμp°sf
]d™p-]Tn∏n°m≥ {ian®hsc C\nbpw \mw BflobXbpsS
ÿm\°tkcI-fnencp-ØnØs∂ BZcnt°≠Xpt≠m?
1893¬ AkwKVnse auhnep≠mb h¿Kob elfbmbn-
cp∂p tKmc£nWn k`Iƒ Cf°nhn´ BZyIme Iem]ß-fn-
¬ G‰hpw Ip{]kn≤ambXv. Iem]sØ {_n´ojv k¿°m¿
51
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
i‡ambn Aa¿® sNbv-XXns\ XpS¿∂v k`Iƒ ]ebnSß-
fnepw ]ncn®phntS≠n hs∂¶nepw hnjen-]vXamb Bi-b߃
A¥co-£Øn-¬Xs∂ \ne\n∂p. 1910\ptijw Ahbv°v ho-
≠pw Xo]nSn®p. Aßs\bmWv Atbm-[ybnepw imlm_mZnep-
sa√mw Iem]-ßfp≠mbXv. AkwKVv taJebn¬ tKmc£nWn
k`Iƒ 1893 sabv amkw apXemWv Hu]NmcnIambn {]h¿Ø\-
amcw`n®Xv. AkwKVnepw Pl\mK-©nep-sa√mw kwLSn∏n°-
s∏´ hº≥ s]mXp-tbmKßfn¬ apkvenwIƒ _en s]cp-∂mfn\v
km[p°ƒ°v amwkw \¬Im-≥th≠n ImenIsf Adp°p∂Xv
lnμp-°sf A]am\n°p∂Xn\v XpeyamsW-∂pw _en s]cp-
∂mfdhpIƒ XSbWsa-∂pw tKmc£nWn k`bpsS t\Xm°ƒ
Bhiys∏´p. k`bpsS {]h¿ØI¿ imcocn-IambnØs∂ "XS-
ben\v' ap≥I-søSp°Wsa∂mbncp∂p {]`mj-IcpsS-sb√mw
Blzm\w. CXns\ØpS¿∂v apkv-enw I¿jIcn¬\n∂pw Iim∏p-
tPmen-°mcn¬\n∂psa√mw Kp≠m ssÃen¬ ]ip°-sf X´nsb-
Sp°¬ auhn¬ ]Xnhm-bn. s]cp∂mfn\v F{Xtbm apºpXs∂
Cu {]hWX i‡ns∏´p. hnhmlkZy-Iƒh-sc _o v̂ clnXam-
°m≥ tKmc£nWn k`bpsS "kZmNmc' I¿tkhI¿ sXcphn-
edßn akneps]cp∏n°m≥ XpSßn. s]meo-kns\ t\m°pIp-
Ønbm°n \SamSn-b Cu duUn`cWw, _ens]cp∂m-fmbt∏m-
tg°pw I\Øph-∂p. _ens]cp-∂mfn\v, Adhp XSbm≥ henb
Bƒ°p´-߃ sXcphpIfn¬ kwLSns®Øn. apkvenwIfpsS
kzØp°ƒ sIm≈ sNøpI-bpw ImenIsf X´nsbSp°pIbpw
IrjnbnS߃ \in∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. Pq¨ 25\mbncp∂p
_ens]cp∂mƒ. hmfpIfpw tXm°pIfpw emØnIfpsa√mw
tiJcn® Bƒ°q´ßƒ s]cp∂mƒ Znh-kw apkvenwIsf sXcp-
hn¬ B{Ian®p. G‰pap´epIƒsIm≠pw s]meokv shSn-sh∏p-
IƒsIm≠pw {Kma߃ kwL¿-j`cn-Xambn. BtLmjZn\w
c‡whoWv IdpØns\XpS¿∂v apkvenw t\Xm°ƒ F¥p hn´p-
hogvN°pw k∂≤amsW∂v t]meokns\ Adnbn®p. F∂m¬
A{Iamk‡amb lnμpP\°q´w {Kmaßfn-¬ \n∂pw {Kma-ßfn-
te°v F√mw XI¿Øpapt∂dn; H‰s∏´pt]mb apkvenwIsf X√n-
®X®p. Bdv apkvenw-I-sf Iem]ImcnIƒ ASn®psIm∂p.(47)
52
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
At∏mgpw Ah¿ ]iphnt\mSv X߃ ]pe¿Øp∂ Alnwkbp-
sS alXzØn¬ ]pfIwsIm≈p∂hcmbncp∂p!!
Bcw`L´Øn¬ tKmc£nWn k`Iƒ "tKmimeIƒ' ÿm-
]n°p∂Xnem-Wv Imcyambn {i≤bq-∂nbncp∂Xv. {]mbwsN∂pw
tcmKw _m[n®pw Ahi\n-ebnemb ]ip°sf sIm≠ph∂p
kwc-£n-°pIbmbncp∂p tKmimeIfpsS ZuXyw. ]iphns\
ssZham°n AdhpXS-bp∂Xv AXns\ \cIn-∏n°p∂Xn\v
XpeyamsW∂v Aßs\ \cIn°m≥ hn[n°s∏´ ]ip°ƒ-
°pth≠n "imeIƒ' \n¿-an-t°≠nh∂n´pw k`m{]h¿ØI¿°p
a\ nembn√! AkwKVnse ]cmarjvS kw`hßfpsS Ime-
ambt∏mtg°pw tKmc-£nWn k`Iƒ Kp≠m CSs]SepIƒ°v
Blzm\w \¬InØpSßnbncp∂p. ]ip°-sf "kwibmkv]-
Zamb' kmlNcy-Øn¬ I≠m¬ DSaÿs\ hnNmcW sNøm-
\pw in£ hn[n-°m\psa√mw hyhÿIfp-≠m°n k`Iƒ kam-
¥c tImSXnIfmbn amdn \nbahmgvNsb sh√phnfn®p. ]m≠-
IpWvT {KmaØn¬ apkvenan\v Imfsb hn‰-Xns‚ t]cn¬ e£va-
W≥ F∂ lnμp I¿jIs\ k` Ducphne°nbXpw P\°q-´w
At±lØns‚ hoSv XI¿ØXpw Imf-sb Xncn®psIm≠ph∂n-
s√¶n¬ sIm√p-sa∂v ̀ ojWns∏SpØnbXpamb kw`hw Akw-
KVn¬ tKmc£nWn k`Iƒ {]h¿Øn®ncp∂ coXn kv]jvSam-
°m≥ Ncn{X-Imc≥am¿ D≤cn®n´p≠v. tKm]qPm hnIm-cw lnμp-
hn\v \n¿_‘am°n kapZmb-sØ ]p\¿\n¿hNn°pIbmWv
tKmc-£nWn k`Iƒ ASnÿm\]cambn sNbvXXv. ]iphns‚
t]cn¬ apkvenan-t\mSv ]nWßmØh¿°v lnμpkamP-Øn¬
Iøq°p]tbmKn®v ]ucXzw \ntj-[n°pIbpw AXphgn BcmWv
lnμp F∂ tNmZyØns‚ DØcw Xs∂ am‰nsbgpXp-Ibpw
sNbvXp F∂XmWv Zbm\μinjy-≥am¿ C≥Uy≥ h¿KobX-
bpsS Ncn{XØn-¬ \SØnb {it≤bamb CSs]-SepIfn-¬ H∂v.
tKmc£nWn k`tbmSv IqdpIm-Wn°mØhcpw k`°v kw`mh\
\¬Im-Øhcpw \√ lnμp°f√ F∂v hcpØn-Øo¿°m≥
Bkq{XnXamb {]h¿Ø\-ßfneqsS k`m {]h¿ØI¿°v
Ign™p. "NpSv-In' F∂mbncp∂p lnμpKr-lßfn¬ \n∂v k`m-
imJIƒ \SØn-bncp-∂ ]ncn-hns‚ t]cv. IpSpw_Ønse Hmtcm
53
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
AwKhpw Hmtcm `£Wt\cØpw Hcp]nSn [m\yw k`m{]h¿-
Ø\߃°v Zm\ambn \o°nsh°Wsa∂v \njvI¿jn°s∏´p.
hyhÿm]nXamb kwLS\m Nm\eneq-sS Ah Hmtcm {KmaØn-
¬-\n∂pw k`bp-sS tI{μ Hm^okntes°m-gpIn. kapZmbw F∂
hnImcw DØtc¥y≥ lnμp°ƒ-°nSbn¬ D≠m°nsbSpØXn¬
tKmc£n-Wn k`IfpsS ]¶v hfsc hepXmWv. kapZmb-\n¿an-
Xnbn¬ D∏ptN¿°m≥ ]ipkvt\lhpw apkvenw hntZzjhpw
Xs∂ D]tbmKn°m≥ ImWn® tjmhn-\nÃv Bkq{XW]mS-h-
amWv k`mNcn{X-Øn¬ apgph≥ `oIcambn sXfn™p-\n¬°p-
∂Xv. apkvenwIƒs°Xncn¬ "ssZh'Øn\pth≠n (]ip) t]mcm-
Sp∂p-sh∂ {]XoXn krjvSn®h¿, "hnip≤ bp≤'Ønse hnP-
bambn Iem]ßfnse apkvenw-th´sb Nn{XoIcn®p. apkvenw-
Isf `bs∏SpØn Ahcn¬\n∂v Adhp\n¿Øm-\p≈ Icm¿-
]{X߃ "CJvdm¿ \ma' F∂ t]cn¬ tKmc£nWn k`Iƒ
FgpXnhm-ßn. "CJvdm¿ \maIƒ', XßfpsS hnb¿∏v shdpsX-
bmIp∂ns√∂v kwLS\m {]h¿ØIsc t_m[ys∏SpØm≥
t\Xm°ƒ°p≈ Xpdp∏pNo´mbn F∂v {]tXyIw ]dtb≠-
Xn√t√m.(48)
tKmc‡Øns‚ t]cn¬ Dd™pXp-≈n a\pjycpsS NpSp-
c‡w \ncØnsem-gp°n apSnbgn®pXp≈nb h¿Kob Iq´m-bvaI-
fpsS {]NcWkma{Kn-Iƒ {]kcn∏n® Bib߃ hgnbmWv
C∂v icmicn kh¿W lnμphns\ ̀ cn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ _o v̂
hntcm[w P∑w sIm≠Xv F∂p a\ nem°ptºmgmWv tKm-
amwkh¿P\-sØ \ΩpsS tZiobXbmbn \n¿Wbn°m-\p≈
{iaw F¥pam{Xw A]ISIcam-sW∂v \ap°v ]q¿Wambn
a\ nemhpI. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ A¥y]mZ-Ønepw
Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZy]mZ-Ønepw apkvenwIƒs°Xncn¬
lnμp°-sf Cf°nhnSm≥th≠n tKmc£nWn k`Iƒ tKmamXm
]cnI¬]\sb s]men-∏n®hXcn∏n®ncp∂ns√¶n¬ B[p\nI
C≥Uybn¬ C{X I\Ø _o^v hntcm[-ap≠mIpambncp∂n-
s√∂ Imcyw \qdp iXam\apd∏mWv. 1880Ifnepw sXmÆqdp-Ifn-
epw AkwJyw eLpteJIfpw ]ipNn{XßfpamWv lnμps]m-
Xpt_m-[sØ CΔnjbIambn kzm[o\n°m≥ tKmc£nWn
54
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
k`Iƒ {]kn≤oIcn®v hnXc-Ww sNbvXXv. F√m a\pjycpw
]iphns‚ ]m¬ IpSn-°p-∂Xn\m¬ ]ip temIØn-s‚ amXm-
hmsW∂pw tKmh[w amXrh[-Øn\v XpeyamsW∂pw k`m-teJ-
\߃ hmZn®p. F√m ssZhßfpw ]iphnemWv hkn°p∂-
sX∂pw ]iphns\bdp°p∂Xv lnμpaX \nμbmsW∂pw Ah
Bh¿Øn-®p ]d™pd∏n®p. ]iphns\ Adp°p-∂Xn\pNp‰pw
hnhn[ PmXnIfn¬s∏´ lnμp°ƒ tN¿∂p\n∂v IÆp\o¿ s]m-
gn°p∂Xpt]mep≈ Nn{X߃ A®Sn®-Xn\p]n∂nse h¿Ko-
be£y߃ hfsc {]ISambncp∂p.(49)
eLpteJIƒ°pw Nn{X߃°pw ]pd-sa, Hmtcm {KmaØnse-
bpw lnμp ]uc{]apJcpsS ta¬-hnemkØnte°v ]ipkwc£-
Wm¿∞w apkvenw-Iƒs°Xn-sc PmKcqKcmbncnt°≠Xns‚
"Bh-iyIX' hnhcn°p∂ IØpIƒ (]m´nb-Iƒ) Ab°m\pw
k`m{]h¿ØIcpw A\p`mhnIfpw {i≤n-®ncp∂p. h¿Kob-hnjw
A£c߃°pta¬ XnSwsh®p-\n∂ncp∂ CØcw IØpIƒ
kzoI¿Øm-°ƒ ct≠m At©m Gtgm ]{¥t≠m Ccp]Ønb-
t©m Hs° ]cnNb°mcmb lnμp°-ƒ°v ]I¿-s∏Sp-Øb-
°Ww F∂pw i‡ambn \n¿tZin°s∏´ncp∂p. _o v̂ hntcm[w
lnμph-¿Ko-b-Xsbbpw lnμp-h¿KobX _o^v hntcm[sØbpw
]ckv]cw Du´nbsXßs\bmsW∂v a\ nem°m≥ "]m´n-b'I-
fneqsS Hcmh¿-Øn IS∂pt]mbm¬ Xs∂ aXn. lnμpXz-Øns‚
hne°pIƒ AhKWn®v _o^v I-gn°p∂Xv C≥Uybn¬ aX-
\nct]-£X°pth≠nbp≈ t]mcm´apƒs°m-≈p∂ cmjv{Sob-
{]h¿Ø\w IqSnbmsW-∂v Ah \sΩ t_m[ys∏SpØpw. CØ-
c-Ønep≈ c≠v IØpIƒ {]apJ Iogmf]£ Ncn{XImc\mb
Kym≥ ]mWvsU lnμnbn¬ \n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp≤cn-
®n´p≠v. H∂nse hcnIƒ C{]ImcamWv: ""Cu IØp hcp∂Xv
]ip-hns‚ temIØp\n∂mWv. lnμp-ktlmZc≥amtcmSp≈ Hc-
`y¿-∞\bmWv CXv \nßfnte°v sIm≠phcp∂Xv. ]ip-hns‚
aXw \in∏n°s∏SpIbmWv. Ahn-izm-knIfm¬ (apkvenwIƒ)
sIm√-s∏Sm≥am{Xw F¥v ]mXIamWv Ahƒ (]ip) sNbvXn-
cn°p∂Xv? Hmtcm {KmaØn-sebpw Hmtcm ho´nsebpw ]iphns\
\nco£n°m≥ \ΩpsS lnμpktlmZcß-tfmSv \mw At]£n-
55
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
°p∂p. Ah¿ Aß-s\ sNøp∂ns√¶n¬, ]ip k¶StØmsS
A¥yizmkw hen°pIbpw {Kmaßfn¬ \n∂{]Xy£amhpI-
bpw sNøpw. Hcp apk¬ams\ Hcp ]iphpambn I≠m¬, AXns\
Abmfn¬ \n∂pw X´nsbSp°¬ \nßfpsS [¿aamWv. CXpt]m-
ep≈ A©v IØpIƒ FgpXnbb°epw \nßfpsS [¿aamWv.
\nßfßs\ sNøp∂ns√¶n¬ \n߃°pt]mepw tKmlXybp-
sS ]m]ap≠v.''(50) c≠masØ IØn¬ Iqtd-°qSn Xo{hambmWv
Imcy߃ ]dbp∂Xv. AXnßs\ hmbn°mw: ""lnμp°ƒ°v
ap∂n¬ as‰mcp hgnbpan√. ]iphdhpambn _‘s∏´v lnμp-
°ƒ°pw apkv-enw-I-ƒ-°p-anSbn¬ i{XpXbps≠∂v \n߃°dn-
bmw... (_ens]cp∂mfn\v Nne {Kmaßfn¬ \S°p∂ Adhv)
lnμp°ƒ°v henb A]am\amWv hcpØnbncn°p∂Xv; Pohn-
Xw Hcp im]ambnØocm≥ am{Xap≈ A]am\w! AXn\m¬,
\n߃ apk¬-am≥amcpsS hoSpIƒ sIm≈bSn°Ww, apk¬-
am≥amsc sIm√Ww, {KmaØn¬ A©v IØpIƒ hnXcWw
sNøpIbpw thWw. \n߃ IØv hnXcWw sNøpIbpw (apk-
¬am≥amsc) I°pIbpw sIm√pIbpw sNøp∂ns√¶n¬, \nßfp-
sS aItfmSpt]mbn icoc_‘w ]pe¿Øn-s°m≈pI. Xo¿®bm-
bpw, CXns\m∂pw (apkvenwIƒs°Xncmb AXn{Ia߃) apXn-
cm-Xncn°p∂Xnt\°mƒ \√Xv \nßfpsS AΩsb Hcp apk¬-
am\v hnhmlw sNbvXpsImSp°emWv.''(51)
XpS°Øn¬ ISpØ PmXobX, ]n∂oSv AXnte°p kawtN-
¿∂ D{Khn-jap≈ h¿KobX ̨ Ch c≠pamWv ̀ mcXo-b tKmamw-
khntcm[Øns‚ thcpIƒ F∂v Cu A]{KY\Øn¬ \n∂v
kpXcmw hy‡amWv. ]iphnd®n Xn∂p∂h¿ A[acpw PmXn/
h¿Kob {`m¥≥am¿ D∂X-cpsa∂mWv Xo¿s∏¶n¬, X¬-°mew
B "Hu∂Xyw' kwLv]-cn-hm¿ Xs∂ Ae¶mcambn kq£n°p-
∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw \√Xv! AsX, Cd-®n-th-hp∂ ]m{X-sØ-b√, AXn-
\-Sp-Øp≈ a\p-jy-sc-bmWv tKmamwk cmjv{Sobw D∂w sh°p-
∂-Xv. ZenX-s‚bpw apkven-an-s‚bpw D∑q-e\w e£y-am-°n-bp≈
bm{X-bnse Du∂p-h-Sn -am-{X-amWv kwLn\v _o^n-s\-Xn-cmb
tImem-l-e-߃. AXn-\m¬ \ap°v Xncn-®-dn-bpI: ZenXv hntcm-
[-Øn-s‚bpw apkvenw- hn-tcm-[-Øn-s‚bpw sNºmWv Ct∏mƒ
56
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
tKmamXm k¶¬]-Øns‚ ta¬hn-em-k-Øn¬ Xnf-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. B shdp-∏ns‚ Ie-amWv C≥Uy-°m¿ ASp-∏p-I-fn¬
\n∂v hmßn-sh-t°-≠Xv; A√msX \ncp-]-{Z-h-Im-cn-bmb _o^n-
s‚ Ie-a-√˛ F¶nte C≥Uy C≥Uy-bmbn \ne-\n¬°q.
Ipdn∏pIƒ:
1. iX]Y {_mlvaWw 111.1.2.21. See D.N Jha, The Myth of the Holy Cow(New Delhi: Navayana Publishing, 2009) Page 36.
2. Izp¿B≥ 5:1.
3. Izp¿B≥ 5:3.
4. Izp¿B≥ 22:37.
5. lcnP≥, 15 sk]v‰w_¿ 1940.
6. Young India, 6.X.1921.
7. Tadeusz Margul, "Pre sent Day Worship Of The Cow In India", Numen,Vol.15, Fasc 1 (Feb. 1968) PP 63-8.
8. Im© sFeø, Fcpa tZiobX: Bflob ^mjnkØns‚ hna¿iw
(hnh-¿-Ø\w : APnXvIpam¿ F.Fkv, tIm´bw: Un.kn _pIvk,v 2004),
]pdw 105.
9. M.K Gandhi, How to serve the Cow ? (Ahmadabad: Navajivan, 1954), pp.85-6.
10. Ernesto Noronha, "BJP : Cow as a political symbol", Economic and PoliticalWeekly, Vol. 29, No. 4 (June 11,1994), PP 1447-8.
11. Fw.hn tZhZmkv, "Hcp hf¿ØparKw cmjv{SobØn¬ CSs]Sp∂p,
tKmh[ \ntcm[\Øns‚ cmjv{Sob Ncn{Xw' (Mathrubhumi GK andCurrent Affairs, 2015 G{]n¬, ]pdw 6).
12. D. N. Dha, op. cit, pp. 19- 20.
13. almflm Km‘n, kkymlmc\njvTbpsS [m¿anImSnÿm\w (hnh:
APnXv shÆnbq¿, sIm®n: ]q¿tWmZb _pIv {SÃv, 1999), ]pdw 4.
14. Ibid, p. 22.15. Margue, op. cit.
16. F.S. Burnell, "The Holy Cow', Folklore, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Dec.,1947),
57
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
pp. 377--81.
17. W. Crooke, "The Veneration of the Cow in India, Folklore, Vol. 23, No.3(Sep., 1912), pp. 275-306.
18. Margue, op. cit.
19. Crooke, op. cit.
20. Margue, op. cit.
21. Tadeusz Margul, "Present Day Worship Of The Cow In India", Numen,Vol. 15, Fasc. 1 (Feb., 1968), pp. 63-80.
22. Ibid.
23. Frank J. Korom, Holy Cow! The Apotheosis of Zebu, or Why the Cow isSacred in Hinduism, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 59, No. 2 (2000), pp.181-203.
24. D. N. Jha, The Myth of the Holy Cow (New Delhi: Navayana Publishing,2009), pp. 28-9.
25. Ibid, pp. 29-30.26. Ibid, p. 31.
27. Ibid, p. 30.
28. Ibid, pp. 30.29. Ibid, p. 3.
30. Ibid, p. 31.
31. Ibid, p. 32.
32. Ibid, p. 33.33. Ibid, pp. 32-3.
34. Ibid, pp. 33-4.
35. Ibid, pp. 34-5.
36. Ibid, p. 35.37. Ibid, pp. 35-6.
38. D.N Jha, The Myth of the Holy Cow (New Delhi: Navayana Publishing,2009), pp. 38-9.
39. Ibid, pp 63-70.
40. Dr. Ambedkar, "The Untouchables: Who were they and why they becameUntouchables' (1948) In Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches(Government of Maharashtra, 1990), Chapters 10-14.
41. hnthIm\μ kmlnXyk¿hkzw (Xriq¿: {iocmaIrjvW aTw, 1997).
58
_o^v hntcm[Øns‚ PmXnbpw aXhpw
42. Frank J. Korom, "Holy Cow ! The Apotheosis of Zebu, or Why the Cow isSacred in Hinduism', Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 59, No. 2 (2000), pp.181-203.
43. Dha, op. cit, pp. 114-5.44. Ibid, P. 19.
45. Francis Noronha, "BJP: Cow as a Political Symbol', Economic and PoliticalWeekly, Vol. 29, No. 4 (June 11, 1994), pp. 1447-8.
46. Dha, op.cit, p. 19.
47. Gyan Pandey, "Rallying Round the Cow: Sectarian Strife in the Bhojpuriregion, c. 1888-1917', in Ranajit Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies II: Writingson South Asian History and Society (New Delhi: Oxford University Press,1983, Eighth Impression : 2010), pp. 60-129.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid, p. 110.
51. Ibid, p. 110.