Hohokam Swifft Time of Gods

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Preferred Citation: Bahr, Donald, Juan Smith, William Smith Allison, and Julian Hayden. The Short, Swift Time of Gods on Earth: The Hohokam Chronicles. Berkeley: University of California Press, !""# !""#.htt$:%%ark.dli&.or'%ark:%!()()%ft*+)"$)dh%

The Short, Swift Time of Gods on Earth

The Hohokam Chronicles

Donald Bahr

Juan Smith

William Smith Allison

Julian Hayden

UNIE!SIT" #$ %A&I$#!NIA '!ESS

Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford

( )**+ The !eents of the Uni-ersity of %alifornia

Preferred Citation: Bahr, Donald, Juan Smith, William Smith Allison, and Julian Hayden. The Short, Swift Time of Gods on Earth: The Hohokam Chronicles. Berkeley: University of California Press, !""# !""#.htt$:%%ark.dli&.or'%ark:%!()()%ft*+)"$)dh%

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A./nowledments

Bahr -ishes to thank the follo-in' for their diverse hel$ in makin' this &ook: . Allen, H. Allison, A.Bahr, J. Bierhorst, /. Bost-ik, W. Bri'ht, D. Brum&le, 0. Cameron, 1. Dia+, 0. 1vers, 1. 2eldman, W.2enton, B. 2ontana, S. Hol-it+, /. Huthinson, 3. Jordan, J. Jor'ensen, 4. Jose$h, D. 5o+ak, A.5ru$at, J. 0e-is, S. 0e-is, J. 3an-arren, D. 3orris, S. Pa&lo, 3. Sh-eit+er, S. 4au'hn, 0. We&&,and J. Wilder.

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Introdu.tion

/he te6t 'iven in this &ook is a full, traditional Pima 7ndian reation narrative om$osed of thirty8si6distint stories that &e'in -ith the reation of the universe and end -ith the esta&lishment of $resent8day villa'es. 4ersions of most of these stories have &een $u&lished &efore, sometimes in isolation and



sometimes as $arts of lar'er te6ts. /his te6t, in addition to havin' an interestin' version of nearly everykno-n Pima story, is the most om$lete natively artiulated set of suh stories to &e -ritten to date./hey -ere seleted, narrated, intermittently ommented on, and translated &y t-o Pimas, Juan Smithand William Allison, over several ni'hts in s$rin' !"(* at Snaketo-n, a villa'e on the 9ila iver7ndian eservation in Ari+ona. Smith s$oke in Pima, and Allison $rovided an 1n'lish translation -ithomments. /he -hite arhaeolo'ist Julian Hayden took do-n the 1n'lish -ith are to $reserve

Allison;s dition and $hrasin'.Snaketo-n -as the site of an on'oin' arhaeolo'ial e6avation. /he te6t -as 'iven &eause Hayden-as interested in -hat the Pimas kne- a&out the ulture that he and his ollea'ues -ere investi'atin', aulture -hose arhaeolo'ial name, the Hohokam, -as &orro-ed from Pima mytholo'y. /he -ordmeans <2inished8ones< in Pima, &ut it -as not lear to arhaeolo'ists or to -hite students of modernPima ulture e6atly ho- this old ulture had ended and -hat its relation -as to the Pimas -ho hadlived on former Hohokam territory sine they -ere disovered and named <Pima< &y the S$aniardsaround !**). 7t -as ho$ed that the Smith8Allison te6t, taken do-n at a villa'e &uilt on a Hohokam site,-ould &e of assistane.

7n fat, the te6t -as of no more hel$ than others that -ere already kno-n. 7t states maddenin'ly that thePimas -ere &oth the same as and different from the Hohokam:

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they -ere the same &eause they s$oke the same lan'ua'e >there are many son's in the te6t that areonsidered to retain Hohokam lan'ua'e ver&atim?, and they -ere different &eause the te6t says thatthey on@uered and <finished< the other $eo$le. /he onlusion to dra- from this, if &oth ideas areae$ted, is that the Hohokam on@uest -as internal and fraternal, if not fratriidal, somethin' like aivil -ar.

#ral History

Una&le to affirm or deny the te6t from the evidene of the e6avations and unertain of -hat to e6$etof a te6t s$oken five hundred years after the events in @uestion >it -as estimated that the last Hohokam $eriod ended in the !#))s?, Hayden filed it a-ay, a-aitin' the 'uidane of a s$eialist in distin'uishin' &et-een history and myth. 7 -ould like to $ass that u$ to another, and 7 -ill do so &y $resentin' andthen a$$lyin' another;s ideas. /he most stimulatin' thinker kno-n to me on these matters is Jan4ansina, author of Oral Tradition as History >!"*?. He takes a strit, strai'htfor-ard $osition on thehistory in oral te6ts: that -hih is historial is that -hih has &een $reserved intat from an ori'inaleye-itness aount. /hus, the Smith8Allison te6t is historial if after five hundred years it $reserves theontent of a <re$ort< >4ansina !"*: ="(=? uttered soon after the event.

His $osition is em$iriist as it a$$eals to an ori'inal sensory o&servation, and it is literalist in su$$osin'

that -ords refer strai'htfor-ardly to thin's. He ar'ues, and 7 a'ree, that tri&al narrators use thesestandards, -hih amount to a kind of $erfetionism. But neither the narrators nor -e an &e sure if thestandards are met, es$eially relative to a te6t that is as lon' and that reahes as far &ak as this one andmost es$eially -hen -e kno- that ontraditory versions of these events e6ist. /hus, the standardsim$ly a $erfetionism that is unverifia&le in reality, and therefore they im$ly that most or all oraltraditions fall short of their 'oals. 7 a'ree.

7 think that this is the $osition of the Pimas. /o ontinue -ith 4ansina, the ty$ial total system of atri&al $eo$le;s narratives is divided into three tem$oral +ones, or tiers,



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from the most reent to the most anient: $ersonal aounts, 'rou$ aounts, and aounts of ori'in>=(?. /he $ersonal aounts differ from those of the 'rou$ &eause they trae to kno-n re$orters. /hematerials of the seond sort have diffused 'enerally throu'h the 'rou$ >a 'rou$ of villa'es, a'eo'ra$hi setion of a tri&e? and -hile they are onsidered to &e historial in the em$irial, literalsense, the -ide dissemination of these narratives ro&s them of an indu&ita&le ori'inal o&servational

soure. ears are not neessarily ounted in either +one, &ut 'enealo'ies and natural events may timethem o&Eetively. Both +ones; stories may run onurrently, and taken to'ether the t-o +onesommonly 'o &ak no farther than seventy8five to one hundred fifty years -hen they are orrelated-ith 1uro$ean alendars and reords.

/hen, aordin' to 4ansina, omes a <floatin' 'a$< that, as he desri&es it, does not float as a s$ae &et-een diserni&le $oints of $ast time &ut is floated to-ard, as one travels &ak throu'h the relativelyonfidently held +ones of $ersonal and 'rou$ history. Sim$ly, the $ast d-indles. <Fne finds either ahiatus or Eust a fe- names, 'iven -ith some hesitation< >=(?. Beyond the 'a$, -hih is rossedinstantaneously, one finds a final +one rih in tales a&out ho- the -orld -as reated and ho- the tri&e;sonstituent soial 'rou$s ame into e6istene. /hese are -hat 4ansina alls <tales of ori'in< and manyothers all <myth.<G!

He avoids the -ord <myth< for suh tales &eause it im$lies deli&erate invention, intentional fition,and the makin' u$ of ne- $iees of the $ast. He &elieves that myths are rarely reated in tri&al soiety.All suh $eo$les at all times have a &ody of anient ori'in aounts that they ae$t as unverifia&le,im$erfet, &ut $ossi&ly true. /he $eo$le are loath to stray from them. 7m$ro&a&le as they are anddetahed from the $resent, these stories have a kind of inertia. /hus, $eo$le are the most relutant tohan'e their least verifia&le stories. 2or all that -e kno-, their ori'in stories may stay onstant forenturies. o-, from the arhaeolo'ial $ers$etive, the Hohokam -ould have had suh stories, &eause arhaeolo'ists &elieve that the Hohokam ivili+ation lasted a thousand years. Ho-ever, to thePimas, at least to Smith and Allison, the Hohokam ame to an end

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as a $eo$le -ith no anient memories: they -ere a youn' tri&e at the time of their destrution. 7 a'ree-ith the arhaeolo'ists that the Hohokam must have had their o-n ori'in aounts, &ut as is e6$lainedin the ne6t ha$ter, 7 do not think -e an kno- them.

7 neither relish nor o&Eet to usin' the -ord <myth< in referene to these 'ood faith, falli&le, histories. o-, there are four additional $oints to &e made relative to 4ansina;s ideas and the Smith8Allisonaount. 2irst, the on@uest omes at the end of the lon', multitale te6t, -hih is a$$ro$riate as thisevent 'ives the ori'in of the $resent Pima and Pa$a'o, or /ohono F;odham,G= territorial 'rou$s.7mmediately after the on@uest the 'rou$s fanned out to their $resent loations. /hus, the on@uest falls

near 4ansina;s floatin' 'a$. He -ould $lae it on the <ori'ins< side, and 7 a'ree. either Smith8Allisonnor any other kno-n narrator is lear on e6atly -hat &eame of all of the Hohokam. 7f they -eremostly e6terminated, ho- -as this done, and -here are the si'ns

7f they -ere mostly a&sor&ed, -hih of today;s 'rou$s ae$ted them

As 7 understand 4ansina;s idea of the seond +one, matters as im$ortant as these -ould surely &e told if



$eo$le had onfident kno-led'e of them. /herefore, 7 onlude that the on@uest, -hile vividly told, isnot onfidently kno-n in the sense of lendin' itself to $ro&in' @uestionin'.

Seond, 7 am ontent to say -ithout revie-in' the evidene here that the t-o +ones of the Pima andPa$a'o reent $ast reah &ak only a&out one hundred years. 7n other -ords, that $ast sto$s fourhundred years short of the time -hen, aordin' to the arhaeolo'ists, the on@uest -ould haveourred. /hus, the 'a$ is an oean from our $ers$etive, and the oean inludes the entire lon' $eriod

in -hih 1uro$e -orked its early effets on this $eo$le. Beause of their remoteness from the entersof S$anish and 3e6ian $o-er, the $eriod of early effets, that is, the $eriod in -hih 1uro$e failed toredue the Pima8Pa$a'o to its rule, lasted from the late seventeenth to the mid8nineteenth entury. >/hePima8Pa$a'o had an e6e$tionally lon' $eriod of -eak 1uro$ean influene.?

/hird and related to the first $oint, the stories of the on8

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@uest and all the myths that lead u$ to it are a&out individual heroes. Althou'h 4ansina does not stressthis $oint, 7 note that suh stories are not -hat most historians and $re8historians seek. /hose sholars

ae$t individuals, &ut they -ant 'enerali+ations. /hus, arhaeolo'ists are not satisfied -ith oneHohokam $ot, they -ant a re$resentative sam$le. 2urthermore, and a'ain somethin' that 4ansina doesnot stress, 7 sus$et that the <'rou$ aounts< +one of oral traditions ontains more 'enerali+ations thanthe +one of ori'ins. /he far side of 4ansina;s 'a$ has uni@ue individuals and un$reedented events. /henear side has re'ulari+ed, muh more ty$ified and @uantified life. /his is -hy 7 have said that theon@uest aount falls on the far rather than the near side of the 'a$. 7f the aount -ere on the nearside, those 'enerali+in' @uestions on the fate of the Hohokam -ould have &een addressed. 2or their $art, the individual haraters on the far side are &rilliantly, if not fully, dra-n, sometimes do-n to the-ords they s$oke. As is e6$lained later, these -ords are 'iven in son', that &ein' the form that in Pimao$inion is the most resistant to errors in re$rodution. 7t is as if the heroes rose into son' -hen they-anted their -ords to endure. o-, -hat 4ansina desires of history is o&servations of events,

situations, and tendenies. 7 take it that the last t-o $ertain to 'enerali+ation, and 7 onlude that the+one of myth 'ives $rimarily the first, in a hi'hly individuali+in' and e6@uisitely limited seletivity:li&retti.

A final omment on the floatin' 'a$. Beause -e &elieve that the Hohokam lived very lon' a'o, -e aresur$rised that the Smith8Allison te6t ends -ith their on@uest. Atually, the te6t has a &rief setion onthe immediate aftermath of the on@uest, and then it hastens to the $resent. 7 &elieve this is a $henomenon of the 'a$. A Pima ould do as Smith8Allison and start -ith the &e'innin', then $roeedu$ to the 'a$, and then make a final dash to the $resent. Fr one ould start from the $resent and -ork &ak to the 'a$. /he t-o aounts -ould have almost no events in ommon. Presuma&ly, the seondnarrator -ould say on reahin' the end of +one t-o that sometime &efore that, he or she does not kno-ho- lon', there -as the Hohokam

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on@uest. either narrator -ould &e distur&ed, &eause neither is a-are of anythin' that ha$$ened infour hundred unnarrated years.

/hat remarka&le una-areness serves as the &ak'round for the remainder of this introdution.7mmediately &elo- 7 onsider in some-hat 'reater detail ho- -ell arhaeolo'y and the Pimas a'ree onthe Hohokam era. 2ollo-in' that is a disussion of the $artiulars of the tellin' and reordin' of the



te6t in !"(* and a disussion of overt and $ossi&le overt Christian influene on the te6t and the $ossi&ility that a te6t suh as this one ould stand as the sri$tural &ase of a Bi&le8akno-led'in'native Pima hurh. 2inally, there are disussions of the te6t as literature in the 4ansinian sense ofremem&ered narrative and of tehnial matters of editin'.

The Two Hoho/ams

Arhaeolo'y and the Pimas a'ree that at the end of their era the Hohokam enlosed some $arts of theirsettlements -ith lay -alls and that some of the -alled areas ontained multistory lay &uildin's. /hefirst S$anish e6$lorers found these strutures in ruins. /hey alled them <'reat houses< >casas grandes ?, a term that arhaeolo'ists retain. Sine the nineteenth entury and $erha$s sine theon@uest, the Pimas have alled these &uildin's wa:paki , an etymolo'ially untrans$arent -ord that 7translate as <'reat8house.<

/he Smith8Allison te6t on the Hohokam on@uest is a story of &attles at suessive 'reat8houses. Sinethe narrated &attle $laes orres$ond to arhaeolo'ially kno-n 'reat8houses >7 -ill use the hy$henateds$ellin' for &oth the arhaeolo'ists; and the Pimas; usa'es?, one may think that the narrative is anaurate memory.

/here is reason to dou&t this, and dou&t is all that 7 reommend. When -e ome to the on@uest $ortionof the Smith8Allison te6t, -e -ill revie- all the kno-n versions of this -ar. We -ill see that there areonly t-o aounts of a lon', dra-n8out marh throu'h arhaeolo'ial $laes, that of Smith8Allison andthat of another Pima, /hin 0eather, -hose mytholo'y -as -ell reorded shortly after the turn of thet-entieth entury.G( /here are, ho-ever, several aounts that $resent a s$eifi earthly onflit -ith

osmi overtones, rather than a 'rand territorial s-ee$. /hese other versions seem no less $lausi&le asori'in stories than the 'rand territorial ones. /he osmi overtones are $resent in &oth sorts of te6ts.

Fne an e@ually &elieve that the 'rand territorial, arhaeolo'ially interestin' te6ts are latter8dayenlar'ements in a s$irit of militarism or that the others are for'etful.

/he &alane ti$s to-ard the latter8day enlar'ement theory -hen a $air of older Pima te6ts isonsidered, one from !I"# and the other from !*. Here there is a sin'le 'reat8house, as if there -ere Eust one, and there is no on@uest -hatever. /hese te6ts are disussed in a $relude to the Smith8Allisonte6t.

Briefly, to understand the differenes &et-een the older and &oth sorts of the more reent mytholo'ies,one must leave aside the arhaeolo'ially deteta&le 'reat8houses and take u$ the hiefly $ersons -hothe Pimas say lived in them and one must ask -hy and &y -hom those hiefs -ere or -ere notattaked. /he key is the a&sene in the older te6ts of the idea, $resent in all the later te6ts, that theHohokam -ere on@uered &eause they had killed the 'od -ho made them. /he 'od returned to life, Eourneyed to the under-orld, and summoned the Pima8Pa$a'o, or a $ortion of them, to aven'e hisdeath.

/hose matters -ill &e e6$lored as -e $roeed story &y story throu'h the Smith8Allison mytholo'y,annotatin' it and su$$lementin' it -ith other stories from the Pima8Pa$a'o. /he e6$loration -ill not $relude the $ossi&ility of an atual $ast $lae8&y8$lae on@uest of Pima8Pa$a'o &y Pima8Pa$a'o. Butthe e6$loration -ill diminish our te6t;s standin' as relia&le history -hile lettin' it shine as theolo'y andas $assionate, historially onsious literature, in other -ords, as myth. As for my o-n o$inion on -hatould have ha$$ened in Hohokam history, 7 re$eat that all the stories or myths on this su&Eet should &e



taken as 'ood faith histories, that is, as stories that -ere offered &y their tellers as true. 1ah mythmi'ht, ould, and should &e true as far as its teller -as onerned and thus 7 assume that no story -asever intentionally falsified, neither in tellin's to 7ndians nor in transmission to a -hite reorder.G#

o-, -ithout 'oin' into detail, 7 say that all the stories

on the Hohokam annot &e true. /hey are a olletion of alternative and more or less ontraditory'ood faith histories. 2inally, 7 note that the stories have events that 7 find diffiult to &elieve, suh as the'od;s resurretion and the asent of the Pima8Pa$a'o from the under-orld. Ff ourse, my o-nChristian -hite $eo$le have stories that are e@ually diffiult to &elieve. All aounts of mystial orsu$ernatural thin's are of that nature.G*

7 do not su$$ose that the mystial $arts of the stories -ill ever &e $roved. All our efforts at $roof -illonern nonmystial matters suh as -hether some or all of the Hohokam ould have s$oken afifteenth8entury form of Pima8Pa$a'o, -hether all the Hohokam 'reat8houses -ere destroyed ora&andoned -ithin a short $eriod, and -hether the Hohokam -ere more numerous, $olitially more

entrali+ed, and soially more stratified >-ith inherited differenes in -ealth? than the Pima8Pa$a'o of!I)) or !")).

Sim$ly, 7 annot ans-er most of these @uestions, &ut 7 think that $ro'ress an &e made to-ard that'oal. 0et me no- $ro$ose a &it of an ans-er. As -ill &e seen &elo-, arhaeolo'ists &elieve that the'reat8houses only e6isted durin' the final $eriod of a lon', thousand8year, Hohokam history. Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'ies differ from ae$ted arhaeolo'ial thou'ht in that they do not 'rant a lon'tem$oral e6istene to the Hohokam. But mytholo'y and arhaeolo'y mi'ht ome to'ether on one $oint, that the 'reat8house time -as trou&led &y -arfare, s$eifially, that the -alls around residentialom$ounds and the lar'e mud &uildin's suh as Casa 9rande >see &elo-? -ere &uilt for defense. 7 &elieve that arhaeolo'ists -ould a'ree that these strutures -ould serve for defense, &ut it -ould &e afurther ste$ for them to ar'ue that the strutures -ould not have &een &uilt e6e$t for defense. elevant

onsiderations -ould &e -hether the $re8'reat8house Hohokam had the a&ility to make suhonstrutions &ut did not do so &eause the defense motive -as lakin' and -hether some nondefensemotive >stora'e, residential, reli'ious? -ould Eustify the late arhiteture. 7 am not sure that these@uestions an &e ans-ered deisively, and 7 admit that they

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leave out the @uestion of defense a'ainst -hom >other 'reat8house ommunities

mountain8&ased raiders

?, &ut 7 offer them as thou'hts on the nonmystial oniliation of Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'y andarhaeolo'y. eedless to say, they are offered &eause 7 &elieve the mytholo'ies ould have a &ase, ifnot their sole &asis, in nonmystial loal fifteenth8entury fat.

Suh are my $ro$osals relative to the Hohokam $ro&lem. 0et us no- &riefly revie- the history ofHohokam arhaeolo'y, u$ to, inludin', and after the Snaketo-n e6avations. /his revie- is in no



sense a methodolo'ial or tehnial summary of that arhaeolo'y, -hih has no- &een au'mented &ythousands of dediated -orkers. 7 sim$ly -ish to 'ive the uninitiated reader a sketh of the field.

Snaketo-n -as the third systemati e6avation into the Hohokam. /he first -as in !I! underthe leadershi$ of 2rank H. Cushin', famed for his study of Kuni reli'ion. /he seond, in !")I) and!")), -as led &y J. W. 2e-kes, a veteran of Ho$i studies. /he first e6avation $rodued e6tensivematerials &ut no lear ideas on the ori'in, duration, and fate of the Hohokam. Arhaeolo'y;s 'reat

datin' tehni@ue, the strati'ra$hi removal of materials, -as not em$loyed. /he seond e6$edition didnot use that tehni@ue either, and after t-enty years of $ro'ress sine Cushin' in South-estarhaeolo'ial survey, in studyin' S$anish douments, and in olletin' Pima mytholo'ies, 2e-kesfound himself in a'reement -ith the Pimas in their maddenin', not neessarily true, $iture of the endof the Hohokam. He &elieved that the Hohokam sto$$ed makin' lar'e, mud8-alled 'reat8houses andmud house om$ounds, that they a&andoned the do+en8oddGI 'reat8house settlements in -hih theyhad lived, and that they emi'rated north and south, to 3e6io and northern Ari+ona. Some also stayed-here they -ere. /hose -ho stayed &eame the Pima8Pa$a'o >2e-kes !"!=: !*=, !*(*#?.

Both the Cushin' and 2e-kes e6avations onentrated on 'reat8houses, Cushin' at a loation alled0os 3uertos >/he Dead? in today;s /em$e, Ari+ona, and 2e-kes at Casa 9rande >9reat House? neartoday;s to-n of Coolid'e. /hese -ere indeed im$ressive ruins, -ith -alls as thik as

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seven feet surroundin' their onstituent su&units or om$ounds and -ith some individual &uildin's aslar'e as forty &y si6ty feet at the &ase and as tall as three stories >=* ft.?.

By the time of the Snaketo-n e6avations and evermore after those di''in's, the 'reat8houses -ereunderstood as the final flourishes of a lon'8standin' and muh more modest mode of Hohokam villa'elife. /his mode started around A.D. ! and -ent throu'h four $eriods ><Pioneer,< <Colonial,<<Sedentary,< and <Classi<?, eah -ith from one to four distint su&$hases.G /he modest life -ashoused in freestandin', sin'le8room, &rush8-alled, dirt8roofed &uildin's, -hih -ere muh like >not

idential -ith? those of the histori Pimas. 0akin' -ere the foot&all field8si+ed, house8a''re'atin'om$ounds, and lakin' too -ere the multistory $rominenes -ith -hih the terminal Hohokam 'raedsome &ut not all of their om$ounds. Present, ho-ever, almost from the start, -ere o$en, oval8sha$ed,mound8surrounded, flat8floored <&all ourts< and lon' irri'ation anals. /hose $u&li features -ere also $resent in the 'reat8house $eriod. /hus, Snaketo-n, -hih 'enerally laked Classi $eriod remains,had &all ourts and anals &ut laked 'reat8houses >Haury !"I: (*!(*?.

/he Snaketo-n e6avators onluded that the final $eriod 'reat8house onstrutors left suddenly,-hih -as also 2e-kes;s o$inion. But the Snaketo-n arhaeolo'ists also &elieved that the 'reat8house $eo$le, or $ratie, had entered and ommened suddenly. /hey traed the $ratie to a ore area to thenorth and east of the Hohokam, alled the Salado. Possi&ly, then, the 'reat8houses -ere Salado

olonies. >o Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'y has said this.? 2inally, the Snaketo-n e6avators, like 2e-kes,felt the Pimas -ere $ro&a&ly desended from the Hohokam, s$eifially, from the maEority of theHohokam -ho had lived in free8standin' houses.

/he $rini$al arhaeolo'ial inter$reters of Snaketo-n -ere Harold 9lad-in and 1mil Haury. /herehas &een onsidera&le -ork on the Hohokam sine !"(*, inludin' an im$ortant return e6avation ofSnaketo-n &y Haury in !"I#I* >$u&lished !"I? and many other arhaeolo'ists, inludin' Hayden,-ho -rote the Smith8Allison mythol8



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o'y, have ontri&uted findin's and inter$retations on the ori'in, duration, and end, or histori $ersistene, of the Hohokam. 3y im$ression is that the se@uene of $eriods and $hases esta&lished &y9lad-in and Haury is still onsidered valid and that their idea of a lon' in situ develo$ment and a short'reat8house intrusion is still taken as most $ro&a&le.G

The Te0t

We turn no- to the te6tLlet us all it mytholo'yLthat -as reorded from Smith and Allison atSnaketo-n. 2ully three8fourths of it deals -ith the Hohokam, either as stories of -hat ha$$ened tothem &efore the on@uest or stories of their e6tensive and meriless defeat. /his is -hy 7 all the -orkas a -hole </he Hohokam Chroniles.< /he narrative is in the third $erson, of ourse, &ut the ommonthread of harater &et-een these $ortions is the fi'ure of Siuuhu >&etter &ut less attratively s$elled S-eehe and meanin' ;1lder8&rother;?, the a&ove8mentioned murdered and revived 'od. Before thesehroniles &e'in, there is a setion on the reation of the earth and the first humans, -ho -ere not theHohokam &ut $erha$s -ere the anestors of the Pima8Pa$a'o.G" /his era -as ended &y a flood that theanestral Pima8Pa$a'o esa$ed &y enterin' the under-orld. /he Hohokam -ere reated after the

flood-ater su&sided. A$$ended to the last setion of the Hohokam hroniles is a very &rief setion onA$ahe -ars. 1uro$eans are &arely mentioned. /heir ori'in is 'iven alon' -ith that of the Afrians in astory set in Hohokam times &ut harateristi of most ative Amerian mytholo'ies, 7 think, there isno narrative of -hite87ndian relations. 7t is as if the story sto$$ed on the eve of the 1uro$ean omin', amoment that -as very lon' a'o, a&out #*) years in the ase of the Pimas. ears are not ounted in themytholo'y, and so -e have no idea ho- lon' its events -ould take in years. 3y im$ression is that thetime -ould &e ama+in'ly short, $erha$s Eust a fe- 'enerations or even only a fe- years, sine ayouthful or middle8a'ed Siuuhu is $resent throu'hout the hroniles and in muh of the setion leadin'u$ to them. When Siuuhu dro$s out, the $ost8

!= Hohokam, A$ahe8dominated, and, in effet, $ost81uro$ean $ast &e'ins. Fnly then does the te6t 'ivethe im$ression of a fleetin' &ut lon' $assa'e of years.

Hayden sensi&ly let Allison su$$ly the re'ister, dition, and adene of the translation. /hese thin's hedid not han'e, and the translation is &oth reada&le and authenti.G!) A Pres&yterian deaon, Allison-as a lan'ua'e onsious and no dou&t also soially onsious man. 7 ima'ine that he thou'ht of his1n'lish as $lain. 7n any ase, 7 think so, &eause of his $referene for sim$le e6$ressions and -hat 7-ill all an oral, sin'son' adene. Conernin' this latter, note the differene &et-een the -ell8kno-nadene that 0on'fello- used for his 7ndianist $oem, The Song of Hiawatha , and -hat seems to &e the &asi adene of Allison;s translation. 0on'fello- made his lines ei'ht sylla&les lon', -ith aents on

the first, third, fifth, and seventh sylla&les ></HA/ -as HFW he 3AD1 his PFem<?. /he &asi unit isthe $aired sylla&le, -ith the aent on the first of the $air. Allison did not reite his translation in lines, &ut he did, 7 think, o$t for a $aired sylla&le &eat the o$$osite of 0on'fello-;s, -ith the aent on theseond sylla&le of the $air ><and SF he 3AD1 it SFUD like /H7S<?. /hese are &oth sin'son'1n'lishes and, &oth are oral in that sense, &ut if 7 am orret, they are tehnially o$$ositely so. eitheris the &etter. 7 must add that Allison;s adene is not ri'orously and e6lusively as 7 have Eust skethedit. His s$eeh is $rose, not verse. 2urthermore, not only mi'ht Hayden have moved it sli'htly in thatdiretion in reordin' it >althou'h he ertainly did not do so deli&erately? &ut 7 moved it so in instanes-hile smoothin' or shortenin' Hayden;s rendition. /hus, the version 'iven here is not authenti



Allison, that is, not as authenti as a te6t made from a ta$e of his o-n voie. /his ould not &e done in!"(*. 2or an e6am$le of fine -ork of this nature, see Anthony 3attina and 3. DeSautel;s The Golden!oman >!"*?, a <red 1n'lish< translation of a lon' Colville 7ndian story.

Here in a letter to me of Se$tem&er !""! is Hayden;s reolletion of the makin' of the reationnarrative te6t.

ou ask for the &ak'round of my reordin' of the Pima Creation 3yth. 7;ll do the &est 7an, &ased on

!(

my reolletions, and am hekin' -ith 1mil Haury for some further details or orretionof mine, as he may reall. Here-ith my $resent remem&rane:

As $art of a $lanned e6tensive study of the Hohokam remains of Southern Ari+ona, 9ilaPue&lo, a $rivately endo-ed researh institution of 9lo&e, Ari+ona, had ommened studyand e6avation of a very lar'e $rehistori Hohokam site on the north terrae of the 9ilaiver rou'hly south of Chandler, Ari+ona. /here -ere a num&er of lar'e ru&&ish mounds at

the site, evidenes of anals, and &all ourtsLand many rattle8snakes. 7n fat, the site, andthe Pima villa'e near it, -as kno-n as Snaketo-n. So, in the fall of !"(#, a tent am$ -asset u$ at the site, and a re- of arhaeolo'ists -as em$loyed, -ith a num&er of Pima7ndians from the nei'h&orhood as la&orers. 3y father and 7, &oth e6$eriened Hohokamfield-orkers, -ere $art of the re-, -hih -as direted &y 1mil Haury.

/here -as, of ourse, muh interest amon' us all in the Pima stories a&out the $rehistorifolk, and -hen a four8ni'ht tellin' of the Creation myth -as $lanned &y the villa'ers, someof us attended &riefly the first ni'ht;s tellin'. Juan 4ava'es of Salt iver, 7 &elieve, -as thenarrator. He -as a lon'hair >onservative?, lived in a round house in the old -ay. Hisversion -as said to &e the 3ario$a version, sine his -ife -as 3ario$a. Bits of the tale

-ere translated for our &enefit, and -e heard several of the son's, and -e left.0ater -e heard of Juan Smith -ho -as re$uted to &e the last Pima -ith e6tensivekno-led'e of the Pima version of the Creation story. By $ure hane, $erha$s, 7;d &eeninterested in folklore sine a small &oy, &rou'ht u$ on the "o#rnal of $merican %olklore inmy father;s li&rary, and 7 -as familiar -ith the disa$$earane of oral histories, le'ends, et.,throu'h time. 7 also had the rather heretial &elief that there mi'ht &e a 'rain of truth inmany ori'in tales. So, ho$in' to $reserve the myth from loss u$on Juan;s death, 7 initiatedan effort to reord it. 7 su''ested to my Pima friends, -ho -ere as interested as 7, that Juan &e $ersuaded to tell the tale throu'h an inter$reter -hile 7 transri&ed it

!# ver&atim throu'h as many ni'hts as it mi'ht take to tell. William Allison Smith, foreman ofthe di''in' re-, volunteered to serve as inter$reter, &ein' also interested. He -as literate,s$oke 'ood 1n'lish, and -as a deaon in the Pres&yterian hurh of the Snaketo-n area./his latter has an effet on his translation, of ourse, sine he turned to familiar &i&liallan'ua'e, 5in' James version, -hen faed -ith $ro&lems of inter$retation, suh as o&soleteor for'otten -ords.

Juan a'reed to save time &y sin'in' the son's one instead of the traditional four times he



hesitated on this ount &eause diver'in' from the tradition mi'ht &rin' harm to us or tohim, &ut he relented.

7 have noted that on the first ni'ht of the tellin', my father attended -ith me, and BarneyJakson, a youn' Pima of the re-, interested in the old -ays, ame also and hel$ed Juan inthe sin'in'. 3y father also transri&ed the first tellin', as did 7, and 7 have his manusri$tnotes, alon' -ith the date, 3arh , !"(*. 7 -ill enlose a Mero6 o$y of them for you. He

did not attend further meetin's, nor did anyone else, e6e$t for one ni'ht -hen 7 had to &ea&sent, and a friend ame and took notes.

7t seems that $erha$s after an interval of time, -e resumed the tellin's, es$eially after thedi''in' season had ended and the other arhaeolo'ists had left, and 7 remained to &akfillthe trenhes, lose and dismantle the am$, et. After that 7 lived in Chandler >nearest off8reservation to-n to Snaketo-n? -ith the Eo& Gdi' arto'ra$her 2isher 3ot+, -ho -asstayin' on to finish some ma$$in', notes, et. 7 ommuted then from Chandler to the house-here -e met for the tellin'. /his -as an old storehouse &elon'in' to 0ouis Nuisto, as 7reall, ado&e, roofed -ith mes@uite lo's and ado&e, holes in -alls $athed -ith old &askets,and a lar'e -a'on -heel $ro$$ed u$ a'ainst the -all &eside Juan, -here one ni'ht 7 $hoto'ra$hed him &y Coleman lantern li'ht most suessfully >see frontis$iee?. And,althou'h this has no &earin' on your interest, the lon' hours had their effet. 7 -ent to slee$

!*

returnin' to Chandler very late one ni'ht, in my 3odel / stri$$ed8do-n $iku$, ran off theroad, and -oke Eust in time to veer a-ay from a line of heavy fene $osts. At any rate, -e-orked very hard eah ni'ht, Juan $atiently -aitin' the inter$retation, 7 -ritin' furiously,takin' do-n every -ord lon'hand, literally ver&atim, sine 7 had no shorthand. 3ytransliteration of Pima -ords -as $urely $honeti, sine 7 had no lin'uistis. /he t-oSmiths -orked to'ether to $resent the orret meanin's, as &est ould &e.

7 ty$ed the manusri$t as time $ermitted, &ut it -as not om$lete in final ty$ed form untilsome months had $assed, $ro&a&ly after 7 had &e'un -ork at Pue&lo 9rande Garhaeolo'ysite and museum in Phoeni6 in January of !"(I. 7 eventually took a ar&on o$y to JuanSmith, or left it -ith his re$resentative at Ba$hule Ga villa'e near Snaketo-n, and 'aveone to Wm Smith GAllison also, kee$in' the ori'inal for myself. 7 have not seen either mansine.

ou asked if 7 edited the manusri$t -hen 7 ty$ed it. o, 7 did not. 7 ty$ed u$ the sri$t-ith very little han'e, as -as my ustom, &ein' a om$etent reorder. 7 did not sho- it atany time to either Smith, due to irumstanes &eyond our ontrol. 7 did not $reserve thehand-ritten $a'es either, &ut 7 an vouh for the auray of the takin' do-n and ty$in'.

AllisonG!! died in !"#, and Smith -as lost trak of &y Allison;s relatives >his dau'hter, 0enora We&&,and his &rother, Harvey Allison? and others >$rini$ally, Simon 0e-is, &orn in Snaketo-n and a retiredPres&yterian minister? -ith -hom 7 disussed the manusri$t &e'innin' in fall !""!. /hey realledSmith as a man -ith no home of his o-n, -ho -orked for other families in e6han'e for food andlod'in'. At the time of this narrative he -as stayin' -ith Allison;s in8la-s at Snaketo-n. o one that 7talked -ith remem&ered the last time they had seen him, meanin', it seems, that he $assedinons$iuously out of the Snaketo-n or&it. All a'ree that he -as very -ell versed in old Pima -ays, &ut it ould not &e said that he -as the only



!I

$erson -ith suh kno-led'e in !"(*. 7t seems that he kne- and liked Allison and must have likedHayden, and he -as -illin' to a$$ly himself to the narratin' Eo& on that &asis.

2inally, on the su&Eet of Smith, 7 must say in ontradition or su$$lement to Hayden that the &i&lial@ualities of the te6t are not entirely from Allison &ut ome also from Smith in this res$et, that Smith $rovided the narrative of myth events and those events are sometimes @uite &i&lial, not so muh inre$eatin' stories of the Bi&le &ut in dra-in' orientation from suh stories and more &roadly in dra-in'on the ideas and attitudes of the rural Protestant Amerian West. Allison -as surely inlined to $reahalon' those same lines in his short ommentaries a&out the mythi narrative. >/hose ommentaries areinluded in the doument and are set off from the on'oin' mythi narrative.? But from -hat Haydensays a&out ho- the te6t -as $rodued, that it -as translated se'ment &y se'ment, 7 onlude thatAllison had little influene over the atual myth ontent. Any editorial han'e that Allison mi'ht have-anted to make in one se'ment -ould have ome &ak to haunt him in the ne6t. /hus, the mythinarrative, as o$$osed to the ommentary, must &e attri&uted to Smith. 7t follo-s that Smith -as notinnoent of Ameria. 7 'reatly -ish that -e kne- more a&out him. 7t is said that he had a &iyle fortrans$ortation, -as niknamed Skunk, and -as more a va'a&ond than a holy man.

%hristianity

/he historial shift &et-een the t-o ty$es of aount, from the earlier versions of !I"# and !* -ithno on@uest to the later $ost8!* versions -ith a on@uest, amounts to a shift to-ard Christianity, as ifthe &i&lial Jesus -ere the stimulus for the idea of a murdered and revived man8'od. 7n fat, suhfi'ures are kno-n from else-here in native orth Ameria, es$eially amon' the uman tri&es to the-est of the Pima8Pa$a'o and in the 3id-est. /hey are not ommon, ho-ever, and the Pima8Pa$a'oversion is uni@ue in havin' the 'od;s killers &e his o-n reation -ho reah a olletive deision toe6eute him. Amon' the umans the killin' is done &y a dau'hter in seret usin' sorery, and in the3id-est it is &y forei'n &ut 7ndian enemies.

!

We annot and should not say that the dyin' 'od motif, as this element is alled, re@uired 1uro$eanstimulation, nor an -e 'uess -hat Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'y -ould &e like today -ithout 1uro$e. 7n'eneral, -e an learn onsidera&le a&out the elements of e- World mytholo'ies $rior to 1uro$e, forthere are elements that are -idely shared in the e- World and, in some ases, sare in the Fld. JohnBierhorst;s three &ooks >!"*, !", !"")? on orth Amerian, 3e6ian and Central Amerian, andSouth Amerian mytholo'ies and Stith /hom$son;s The %olktale >!"#I? are e6ellent soures on thesematters.G!= /hey $ositively esta&lish &oth native, non81uro$ean8influened myth elements and 'enerimyth ty$es. Suh om$ilations sho- -hat orth Amerians -orked -ith, analo'ous to the $alette of a

$ainter, &ut not -hat native orth Amerian mytholo'ists made, analo'ous to $aintin's. /hey madehistorial $ortraits of themselves, -hih, like their soieties, -ere adEustin', han'in', and $artiularand in 'eneral, -e only reeive 'ood lear versions of these $ortrait histories after some enturies of1uro$ean ontat.

o-, if the Pima8Pa$a'o made inreasin'ly Bi&le8like historial $ortraits, startin' at least as far &akas !* >their instrution in Christianity &e'an in !I"#?, there are three im$ortant thin's to say a&outthe e6tent of the similarity. 2irst, of ourse, the result -as not the Bi&le. Seond, the Pima8Pa$a'o didnot seek $ersonal salvation in the fi'ure of their murdered, or e6euted, man8'od. And third, as alreadymentioned, they did a$$ro6imate the Bi&le in sto$$in' the heart of their story -ith the de$arture of the





sri$ture -ould funtion for them a$$ro6imately as the Book of 3ormon funtions for 3ormons, as asu$$lemental sri$ture, one that overs the e- World in a$$ro6imately the same s$irit as the Bi&leovers the Fld.

/his muh is true. /he Book of 3ormon and this te6t are &oth lar'ely set in Ameria. ot-ithstandin'that 'eo'ra$hi overla$, ho-ever, the Book of 3ormon and the Pima te6t have three im$ortantdifferenes. 2irst, the 3ormon &ook is a su$$lement to and a onsious im$rovement on the Bi&le in a

-ay that the Pima te6t is not. /he learest -ay to see this is &y notin' that the main &urden of the Bookof 3ormon is to derive the Amerian >e- World? 7ndians from 7srael. 3ost or all e- World $eo$lesare said or im$lied to desend from t-o &rothers -ho sailed in a small $arty from a $ort near 7sraelaround #)) B.C. Ff these desendants, the 'rou$ of 'reatest interest is said to have &een e6tin'uishedaround A.D. I)). /he Book of 3ormon is said to &e lar'ely a translation of -ritin's made &y these $eo$le and revealed to the youn' Jose$h Smith in !=(.

/he Smith8Allison te6t makes an e@uivalent laim, that the -hites ori'inated in today;s Pima >thenHohokam? territory >story !)?. But the Smith8Allison te6t does not $rovide the -hites -ith a history, asit ould not, 7 think, if Smith and Allison ae$ted the Bi&le. 7n short, the Book of 3ormon, -hoseom$le6ity is only touhed on a&ove, 'ives a massive aountin' of anient Ameria, -hile the Smith8Allison te6t 'ives only a fe- sentenes on 1uro$e, or the Fld World. 3oreover, the massive 3ormonaountin' is onstantly keyed to and relentlessly orretive of the

=)

Fld and e- testaments of the Bi&le. /he 7sraelite emi'rants are led &y a hitherto undoumented $ro$het. After the resurretion, Christ visited the e- World $eo$les. 9od revealed and larifiedhimself more fre@uently in the e- World than in the Fld. /his is -hy, aordin' to its adherents, theBook of 3ormon demands readin'. 7t im$roves on the Bi&le &y e6$andin' it.

ot so -ith the Smith8Allison te6t. 7t mentions 9od &ut kee$s him in heaven, out of the Hohokamonsiousness. 7t omits Jesus. /he te6t has several 'ods >Siuuhu is one? in the sense of $ersons -ho

reate and destroy thin's >the latter &ein' monsters? for humanity;s &enefit. 9ods in this sense arelakin' in the Bi&le and the Book of 3ormon, -hile suh 'ods; relations -ith humanity are at the oreof the Smith8Allison te6t. 7 assume that Smith and Allison felt that one;s &elief in these 'ods -ouldviolate the 2irst Commandment, e6e$t for t-o miti'ations. 2irst, in 'eneral, the 'ods do not try todiret human history >they -illin'ly reate and destroy for $eo$le, &ut they sho- little lon'8terminterest in human destiny, at least not on my readin'?,G!( and seond, they do not re@uire -orshi$. 7fone inter$rets the 2irst Commandment as stritly a'ainst the -orshi$ of 'ods other than 9od, then theSmith8Allison te6t and all other Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'ies kno-n to me meet that ommandment.G!#

7t may not &e true that a tri&al $eo$le suh as the Pimas ould not &oth ae$t the Bi&le and su$$ly the-hites -ith a history. 7 assume that tri&al $eo$les inludin' the Pimas onsidered the Bi&le to &e a

history of -hites >not neessarily of 1uro$eans &ut of -hites, even the -hites? and that they -ereun-illin' to 7ndiani+e, or e- World8i+e, that history analo'ous to ho- the 3ormons 7sraeli+ed the7ndians; history.G!* 3y reasonin' on this is sim$le: -hoever ae$ts a history should not han'e it.7ndians ae$ted 1uro$e;s history of itself 3ormons did not ae$t 7ndians; histories of themselves.

Seond is a differene that may &e more a$$arent than real. /he Book of 3ormon -as revealed toJose$h Smith in -ritten form >-ritten in <reformed hiero'ly$hs< on 'old $lates?, -hile the Smith8Allison te6t is oral. Historians -ould a'ree that 7srael had -ritin' at the time the 3or8



=!

mons &elieve 7sraelites $o$ulated the e- World. /he 3ormons hold that these literate immi'rants-ere sru$ulous kee$ers of history. /herefore, -hat -as revealed to Jose$h Smith -as not mere oralhistory &ut ontem$orary doumentation. 7 say that this differene is more a$$arent than real for t-oreasons. 2irst, the Pima8Pa$a'o laim to have -ell8$reserved eye-itness testimony in their son's.Seond, Smith had to translate the hiero'ly$hs into 1n'lish. Without takin' a-ay from the maEesty of

his readin' >the $lates -ere seluded one the readin' -as finished?, 7 feel a similarity, or an e@uivalents$ontaneity, &et-een Smith;s reading suh a story for the first time from the $lates and a Pimanarrator;s remem'ering a lon' story. 7f one dis&elieves in the $lates, then Smith reated a 'i'anti -orkof $rose myth from memory. 7f one &elieves in them, one feels the same a-e as on hearin' a Pimas$eak lon' $rose stories from memory.

/here is a third and final $oint to make on the Book of 3ormon and the Smith8Allison te6t. /he Bookof 3ormon is not the only foundin' doument of that reli'ion. /here are t-o more, (octrine andCo)enants and The &earl of Great &rice . /he first onsists of revelations reeived &y Smithonernin' the esta&lishment, 'overnane, and odifiation of the hurh he -as to found >Churh ofJesus Christ of 0atter8day Saints?, and the seond is a seletion of Smith;s -ritin's, namely, $ortions ofhis unom$leted revised 1n'lish translation of the Bi&le, a $artial auto&io'ra$hy, and a &rief earlystatement on hurh artiles of faith >Jakson !"*: #"?.G!I /hose t-o -orks remind us that ittakes more than sri$ture or ori'in aounts to make a hurh.

Surely not all hurhes, still less all reli'ions, must &e or'ani+ed as e6$liitly as the (octrine andCo)enants or'ani+es the 3ormons. otin' that hurhes are olletive and ommunal, ho-ever, let ussay that they must have some shared sense of ho- they ame into e6istene >$ossi&ly an aount of-orld ori'ins, $ossi&ly somethin' more modest? and that they must have a &ody of saraments. Whatthey need not have is entrali+ation and its orrelate, offiially authori+ed odifiation.

7 no- -ish to ontrast three ontem$orary ative

==

Amerian formations on those as$ets of hurhness. /he three are the Smith8Allison mytholo'y asre$resentative of native orth Amerian tri&al mytholo'ies in 'eneral the entrali+ed, offiiallyodified onstitutional 'overnments no- in effet amon' most tri&es and the ative Amerian><Peyote<? hurh. 7n the &ak'round -ill &e -hat 7 term <esta&lished< U.S. hurhes, suh as the3ormons, 3ethodists, Pres&yterians, and Catholis. /he esta&lished hurhes share one trait uni@uely-ith the ative Amerian hurh and not -ith any tri&al mytholo'y or entrali+ed tri&al 'overnment./his is that the hurhes are inor$orated as non$rofit or$orations in one of the several United States.G!

o-, the Smith8Allison te6t im$lies a hurh insofar as it enEoins saraments and this im$lied hurh

thrives insofar as those saraments are suessfully ministered to $resent $eo$les; souls. 7n fat, themytholo'ially enEoined saraments -ere ministered some-hat suessfully to Pima8Pa$a'o souls inthe !"()s >more to Pa$a'os than Pimas?, &ut this is muh less true today. ot only is the -ar rite $artially derived from Siuuhu no- o&solete >it -as virtually o&solete &y the !"()s, &ein' u$held onlyin mok &attles a'ainst <stra-< enemies Underhill et al. !"": "!("? &ut the saraments of theesta&lished U.S. hurhes alon' -ith folk versions of the same no- have a stron' hold on nearlyeveryone >Bahr !"a ?. /he one native saramental tradition that remains stron' is the mediine men;surin', the ori'in of -hih is 'iven in story ( &ut these ures are themselves shiftin' from old8fashioned su&Eets suh as -ild animals to more modern su&Eets suh as 9od and the Devil >Bahr



!"' ?.

1very native tri&e is densely served &y missions and on're'ations of the esta&lished hurhes. /henum&er of hurhes $er thousand residents on 7ndian land is $ro&a&ly 'reater than the num&er $erthousand any-here else in Ameria. 1ah of these reservation hurhes has some mem&ers -ho shunnative saraments. 2or this reason if for no other, no tri&al 'overnment ould easily esta&lish itstraditional mytholo'y and saraments as an offiial hurh. Another inhi&ition is the U.S. Bill of

i'hts, -hih for&ids the esta&lishment of one reli'ion. Perha$s that la- a$$lies

=(

also to tri&es, or at least to tri&es$eo$le. 7n any ase, to my kno-led'e no tri&e had the tradition of $rivile'in' one mytholo'y and set of saraments a'ainst all others, and none has reently ated to doso.

/ri&es do inreasin'ly offiially involve themselves in reli'ion or reli'iouslike matters. /hey $assresolutions and send dele'ations to &less and $rotet sared sites -ithin and outside their reservation &oundaries, and they may re@uire instrution in their $ast, unentrali+ed, hurhlike traditions as a

ondition for em$loyment. 7n these res$ets they funtion as attenuated state hurhes: attenuated intheir ministry to souls &ut statist. Fne senses this statism -hen one onsiders -hy tri&es do not file foror$orate status under the la-s of any of the fifty United States. /ri&es are too soverei'n to do this.Conversely, the esta&lished U.S. reli'ions that do this >7 &elieve that they all do? are less soverei'n thantri&es.

2inally, the ative Amerian hurh is $reisely an esta&lished U.S. hurh >inor$orated in variousstates? and not a tri&e. 7ts mem&ers are almost entirely 7ndian, &ut most of these mem&ers &elon' to asoverei'n tri&e -ith an unentrali+ed hurhlike mytholo'y and &ody of saraments. /he myths andsaraments of those tri&e8hurhes are other than the myths and saraments of the ative Amerianhurh. Althou'h deentrali+ed, the offies and litur'y of this hurh are e6e$tionally -ell odified>see the A$$endi6 in Fmer Ste-art;s The &eyote *eligion G!" for an e@uivalent of the 3ormons;

(octrine and Co)enants , the Ch#rch Canons of !"# for the ative Amerian hurh?. /he entralsarament is the ni'htlon' Peyote 3eetin' in -hih the atus is eaten, analo'ous to the Christianommunion. 7nterestin'ly, the hurh laks a mytholo'y e@uivalent to that of Smith8Allison. /here is a'enerally shared ori'in story of the $eyote sarament itself. Briefly, a youn' -oman 'rieved for theloss of her &rother in -arfare. She -ent in searh of him, found him in resurreted form >suh that heould not reEoin the livin'?, and reeived the sarament >$eyote? from him alon' -ith instrutions on itsuse in 'rou$s, in other -ords, instrutions on ho- to form the ritual as$et of the hurh >Ste-art !":(I?. /his is not a lon', $rimordial set of ori'ins as in Smith8Allison, nor is it

=#

a Bi&le8like history as in the Book of 3ormon, e6e$t in this sense. Ste-art;s e6ellent &ook is &asedon his o-n eye-itness aounts and the $ersonal testimony of hundreds of $eyote leaders. 7ta$$ro6imates -hat the 3ormons &elieve they have in their aounts from the anient 7sraelitemi'rants, the travails of a &and of seekers.

7 have made this &rief survey to indiate -hat the Smith8Allison mytholo'y is and is not. 7 &elieve it isvery muh a $art of a reli'ion and a hurhLtraditional Pima8Pa$a'o reli'ionLand this makes it morethan a reolletion of the Hohokam or a free $lay of the ima'ination. 7t is not a full reli'ion &eause itssaraments have -avered and -ithered as its $eo$le have drifted to or -ere onsri$ted &y other



reli'ions >inludin' the ative Amerian hurh, &ut still only sli'htly amon' Pimas? and &eause ithonors the 2irst Commandment: it honors and &uilds its house of myth -ithin.G!

'ima1'a2ao &iterature

/his $eo$le;s traditional literature is oral. /herefore, if its $iees are to &e ke$t fi6ed, so they an &eontem$lated, they must &e ke$t fi6ed in memory. 7 think the essene of literature is ontem$lationthus, -hatever annot &e fi6ed, annot &e a literature. Another -ay of sayin' this is that literature isthou'hts formed in lan'ua'e and ke$t fi6ed for refletion.

ote that this one$t of literature onforms -ith 4ansina;s one$t of history, &ut it is more 'eneral. 7hold that all literature im$lies ontem$lation, therefore fi6ity. But not all literature is history. Historiesare fi6ed >&ut not unhan'ea&le? te6ts that $resuma&ly stem from firsthand o&servations. F&viously, a $eo$le ould elet to fi6 and $reserve <made8u$,< nono&servational te6ts. 3y im$ression is that Pima8Pa$a'os onsider all their literature >their fi6ed te6ts? to &e history and none of it to &e fition, and 7sus$et that this is true of tri&al $eo$les 'enerally. 3y im$ression of the Pima8Pa$a'o unanimityto-ard history is &ased on their al-ays sayin', <We think this story really ha$$ened,< and never theo$$osite.

/here are three levels of fi6in', -ith assoiated te6t len'ths, in Pima8Pa$a'o and $erha$s all memory8 &ased lit8

=*

erature. 2irst, there are very short te6ts that are fi6ed at the level of eah individual sound. /hen omemedium8len'th te6ts, fi6ed at the level of the $hrase or short ver&al <formula.< 2inally are lon' te6tsthat are fi6ed at the level of the e$isode. /hese last are $ara$hrased eah time they are told. /he samee$isodes are told, &ut the e6at -ordin' of the e$isodes may &eL$ro&a&ly isLdifferent on eahtellin'. /he middle level of memori+in' lar'ely $reludes the s$ontaneity and indeterminay of

$ara$hrasin', and the e6treme level $reludes $ara$hrasin' om$letely.Amon' the Pima8Pa$a'o, the te6ts of the three levels, from ti'htest to loosest, are $ro$erly alledson's, hants >or orations or $rayers?, and $rose >oral $rose?. /he Pima8Pa$a'o names, all nouns, are+e ;i , ;son'; +iokc#lida or ham'to +iok , ;talk8for8it; or ;rum&lin' G7 &elieve talk; and a:ga or a:gida ,;tellin';. 7nterestin'ly, the full and $ro$er $erformane of a te6t suh as the Smith8Allison, -hih 7 alla <mytholo'y< >ho ;ok a:ga , ;-ith tellin';, in Pima8Pa$a'o?, inludes all three levels of te6t. /he $erformane is $rimarily in $rose, in -hih the narrator $ara$hrases his o-n or his teaher;s last tellin'.But distri&uted throu'h the $rose are shorter more ri'orously memori+ed te6ts, ideally &oth orations>atually a&sent from the Smith8Allison te6t? and son's >a&undantly $resent?.

7t an no- &e seen -hy the son's and -ar orations of the Hohokam hroniles are onsidered as $roofthat the Hohokam s$oke Pima. Suh te6ts are &elieved to have &een retained &asially unhan'ed sinethey -ere first s$oken &y a Hohokam. o one is sure of this, &ut it is su$$osed to &e true. 7t is the $rose, -hih is the 'reat &ulk of the te6t, that is onsidered to &e unrelia&le, that is, merelyonsientiously $ara$hrased from one tellin' to the ne6t.

7 stress the Pima8Pa$a'o onern for auray in retellin', &ut one mi'ht think that 7 merely ima'inethis. 3y res$onse is that -e -ho -rite have 'reat retellin' auray at our fin'erti$s, if only -e anread our o-n -ritin'. 7 a'ree -ith 4ansina that Pima8Pa$a'o and the rest of the oral ultures -ish forsuh auray. /hey have -orked -ithin these three levels of te6t to attain it, al-ays tradin' off len'thof te6t a'ainst relia&ility of re$rodution. 7t seems that only $eo$le -ho valued ontem$lation -ould



=I

undertake suh a task, or rather, -ould involve themselves in maintainin' a tri&e;s stok of te6ts.7nterestin'ly, the one $ersonal omment from Smith in the te6t, -hih omment seems illo'ial at first,addresses itself to e6atly this $oint. He says in effet >this is ho- $art ! starts?, <We ontem$late faes

in order to kno- thin's, -hih reminds me that 7 don;t have these stories $erfetly learned, thereforenot ready to fae you.<

Editin

Hayden;s ty$esri$t, entitled <Pima Creation 3yth,< has no internal su&divisions. 7 have divided it intothirty8si6 stories and have $rovided the stories -ith titles. Hayden follo-ed the $reedent of 2rankussell >!"): =)I=()?, -ho $u&lished an e@uivalent Pima te6t from the narrator /hin 0eather underthe title <Pima Creation 3yth< and -ithout su&divisions. 7 made the divisions for three reasons. 2irst,the stories are ommonly told se$arately, and several olletions have &een $u&lished in this su&dividedformat >e.'., &y 2e-kes G!"!= and 0loyd G!"!! from /hin 0eather and &y Densmore G!"=", Wri'htG!"=", and Sa6ton and Sa6ton G!"( from various Pa$a'o narrators?. Seond, the undivided format isdiffiult to read. Fne senses that stories are startin' and finishin', and one -ishes for $rinted 'uidaneand onfirmation on this. /hird, the atual live Snaketo-n tellin' ertainly had &reaks, in fat, on t-olevels. /here -ere &reaks -hen Smith sto$$ed s$eakin' Pima so that Allison ould translate, and there-ere &reaks &et-een story8tellin' sessions. /hese &reaks -ere not marked in the ty$esri$t, and, asHayden -rote in his letter, the note&ook that may have sho-n them is 'one.

3y story divisions must fall &et-een the small se'ments8for8translation, -hih -ould a$$ro6imatee$isodes, and the lar'e session divisions, -hih -ould a$$ro6imate <$arts.< Ff the three levels, that ofthe story is $ro&a&ly the most useful to the reader, and it is a level that narrators and listeners use ></ellme the story a&out M<?. Still, my divisions are ar&itrary, and it is sometimes diffiult to see -here onestory sto$s and the ne6t &e'ins. Without 'oin' into detail, 7 -ill say that it -ould have &een $ossi&le to

divide the te6t into some-hat fe-er than these thirty8

=

si6 stories &ut more diffiult to esta&lish a lar'er num&er of story divisions. /hus, the thirty8si6re$resent a ma6imum se'mentation into -hole, self8standin' stories.

7 have also 'rou$ed the stories into lar'er divisions alled $arts, to -hih 7 have 'iven titles. /his'rou$in' is entirely my o-n. 7t is meant to hi'hli'ht the main narrative hunks of the mytholo'y, $artlyas a means for om$arin' this mytholo'y -ith others and $artly as an editorial devie, that is, a meansto divide the te6t for the $laement of introdutory essays >at the &e'innin's of $arts? and

su$$lementary myth te6ts >at the ends?./he story and $art titles are ar&itrary in that other titles mi'ht have &een 'iven. /hose that are used-ere hosen in the interest of &revity and desri$tion. Althou'h they ould all &e said in Pima, 7ima'ine that some of the titles -ould seem &lunt to some Pimas, for e6am$le, <Destrution /hrou'hSe6.< Still, that title desri&es an undou&ted theme of the story, and 7 -ould say it is the main theme.2urther, 7 defend the oasional &luntness on the $reedent of Allison;s ommentaries. As a $reaher, he-as sensitive to moral matters, and 7 let that sensitivity 'uide the titlin'. 0ast, the titles are meant to-in the reader;s interest.

Conernin' han'es in the -ordin' of Hayden;s ty$esri$t, 7 made onservative han'es in the $rose



for the sake of &revity, larity, and sometimes for adene the son's -ere not han'ed. /he $rose -ashan'ed in the a-areness, first, that oral $rose is al-ays only a $ara$hrase of itself >see a&ove?, andseond, that Hayden had &een una&le to edit the 1n'lish -ith Allison. Havin' some familiarity -ithho- Pimas s$eak and -rite 1n'lish and some -ritin' tastes of my o-n, 7 tried to ar&itrate &et-een-hat the manusri$t atually said and -hat 7 ima'ined Allison mi'ht have said had he $olished the te6tfor $u&liation as $lain8s$eakin' Amerian 7ndian 1n'lish. /his ar&itration 'ave -ei'ht to the atual

manusri$t, so han'es -ere not made sim$ly &eause they seemed $ossi&le.7 -ish the son' renditions ould have &een han'ed, &eause 7 am sure that they are $oor summaries ofthe ori'inal Pima8lan'ua'e $oems. >1ah Pima son' is a $oem that is, eah sylla&le is $art of a -ord,eah -ord $art of a line, eah line $art of a om$at, studied, and studia&le $oem?. /his

=

is ertain &eause the earlier mentioned mytholo'y $u&lished &y ussell from /hin 0eather ontainsthe Pima8lan'ua'e te6ts for a fe- of the son's in Smith8Allison. /he /hin 0eather versions inlude'ood literal translations that, -hile as short as those in the $resent manusri$t, 'enerally onvey theform and su&stane of the Pima $oem &etter than the translations &y Allison. /he latter 'enerally tell-hat the $oem is a&out, &ut they lose and mis$lae key -ords, Eu6ta$ositions, onnotations, and so on.Still, the translations are surely from Allison, and, &ein' son's, they stand for te6ts -hose -ordin' isnot su$$osed to &e altered. 7 have usually footnoted the son's for -hih other kno-n versions e6ist./hey are, in fat, a small $ortion of the total num&er of son's in the Smith8Allison te6t, -hih is to saythat Smith kne- an e6e$tional num&er of son's.G!"

e6t, the Hayden ty$esri$t does not distin'uish &et-een the on'oin' mythi narrative, -hih 7attri&ute almost entirely to Smith, and Allison;s ommentary on the same. /hat distintion, &et-eentellin' a story and tellin' a&out it, is ommon in Pima8Pa$a'o narratives, althou'h 'enerally it is thesame $erson, the narrator, -ho does &oth. 7 found it rather easy to se$arate the t-o kinds or uses of $roseLfor they are &oth $roseLand it seems useful and enli'htenin' to set them off from eah other.

/his is done &y $lain' Allison;s ommentary in the outside mar'in, ne6t to Smith;s mythi narrative. 7t-ill &e seen that the 'reat &ulk of the te6t is Smith;s narrative >as translated &y Allison?, &ut theomments are rather fre@uent, es$eially in the <Hohokam Chroniles< $art of the te6t. /he son's areset a$art from &oth kinds of $rose &y moderately indentin' and italii+in' them.

0ast, a &rief omment on the ortho'ra$hy used to s$ell Pima -ords. Hayden;s manusri$t is salted -ith-ords, usually nouns, that he -rote in a rou'h8and8ready ortho'ra$hy. 7 have res$elled these -ords andothers as -ell aordin' to the ortho'ra$hy no- offiially ado$ted &y the Pa$a'o or /ohono F;odhamtri&e. /he Pimas have not yet $assed on an ortho'ra$hy, &ut at least a fe- Pimas use the Pa$a'oortho'ra$hy that is 'iven here, althou'h they normally make one han'e in it. /o &e true to Pima $ronuniation, they often use the letters <v< or <f< -here Pa$a'o

="

-ould s$ell the e@uivalent sound -ith a <-.< Ffelia Ke$eda;s &ook, $ Grammar of &apago >!"(?,'ives a 'ood disussion of the sounds and letters of Pima8Pa$a'o. 2or the reader -ho -ishes a rou'hidea of ho- to $ronoune the -ords in this &ook, 7 say to $ronoune them as if they -ere S$anish >-iththe sound values used for readin' S$anish?, &ut al-ays $ut the stress on the first sylla&le of a -ord.



$ormat

/he te6t is 'iven -ith minimum interru$tion. /here are footnotes and &aknotes to deal -ith lin'uistiand other inter$retive matters, res$etively. /here are &rief essay introdutions to the te6t;s $arts, of-hih there are eleven, and at the end of $art ha$ters there are su$$lements to the Smith8Allisonversion from other Pima8Pa$a'o narrators. /he $arts are Prelude, the 2ont /e6t >$art ), &eause it is &ak'round for the Smith8Allison mytholo'y? 9enesis >$art !? /he 2lood e- Creation and Corn

/he Whore Wine and 7rri'ation 3ornin' 9reen Chief and the With 2eather Braided Chief and the9am&ler Siuuhu;s Death and esurretion /he Con@uest until Bu++ard /he Con@uest until SivaOWa;aki and After the Con@uest.

()

3a$ !7m$ortant $laes mentioned in the mytholo'y.

>Dra-n &y Shearon D. 4au'hn?

(!

'art 34

'relude, the $ont Te0t

/his short, no dou&t trunated, t-o8$art mytholo'y -as reorded at a Pima villa'e near today;s Casa9rande ational 3onument &y Pedro 2ont in !*. /he villa'e name -as re'istered as Uturitu,

$ossi&ly G/uGk /u:da'i, an old -ay to say the name of today;s villa'e of Cuk Su:da'iG , ;BlakWater;. /he te6t is im$ortant &eause its first $art 'ives a nonon@uest version of the end of the 'reat8houses and the seond, a non8death8and8revival &io'ra$hy of the fi'ure alled Siuuhu in the Smith8Allison te6t. /hose and a fra'ment from !I"# are all that -e have in -ritin' from the lon' $eriod &et-een the end of the Hohokam and the mid8nineteenth entury. As 7 -ill e6$lain, the old te6tsilluminate muh in Smith8Allison, that is, muh $ertainin' to the ima'ination and sym&olism of $o-er,es$eially $o-ers over -etness and heat. As 7 -ill also e6$lain, -e should &e dou&tful a&out -hat thete6ts teah on the su&stane of Hohokam life, -hih is -hat they -ish to re$resent. /he year !* isnot half-ay &et-een us and the Hohokam, and !I"# is Eust a &it more than half. We -ill take the 2ontstories in se@uene, $lain' the tem$orally earlier fra'ment in &et-een them.

/he first 2ont story -as 'iven in e6$lanation of Casa 9rande uin, the 'reat8house later e6avated &y

2e-kes. /o the S$anish, the 3e6ians, and early An'lo8Amerians, this $lae stood $reeminent amon'the lay8-alled Hohokam ruins of the re'ion. 7t -as the Casa 9rande, -hih means <9reat House< inS$anish. 7t retains that S$anish name and status in $resent8day Ari+ona, althou'h as -e sa-, &y2e-kes;s time Amerian arhaeolo'ists a$$lied the 1n'lish term <'reat8house< to all lay8-alled ruins.

/he late nineteenth8 and early t-entieth8entury Pima

(=



lan'ua'e on 'reat8houses -as as follo-s. /hey alled most or all of the lay8-alled ruins wa:paki inthe $lural or waaki in the sin'ular. /he -ord does not literally mean <'reat house< as does the S$anishcasa grande . ><9reat house< in Pima -ould &e ge ;e ki :?. 7t is not lear -hat wa ;aki meansetymolo'ially.G! 7 translate the -ord sim$ly as <'reat8house,< that is, 7 e@uate it -ith the S$anish8ins$ired 1n'lish term for these strutures.

Fne -ay that the nineteenth8entury Pimas named these -a:$aki%'reat8houses -as in referene to the

Hohokam <hief< > siwa+ ? -ho they thou'ht lived there. /hus, the 'reat8house that 2ont visited -asalled 3ornin' 9reen Chief 9reat8house >Si;al Ceheda' Si-aO Wa;aki? &y nineteenth8entury Pimas.Another -ay that they named them -as in referene to 'eo'ra$hi features, for e6am$le, 9ravel 9reat8house >F;odkam Wa;aki?. Whihever the namin' $ratie, the wa:paki %'reat8houses -ere several, andone thinks of eah as havin' its hief, -hether remem&ered or not, and its distint 'eo'ra$hi settin'.Aordin'ly, nothin' in the name <3ornin' 9reen Chief 9reat8house< marks this $lae as s$eial. 7nfat, the te6tual reord on 'reat8house namin' is s$otty and $u++lin'. Ff the t-o lon' on@uestnarratives, &y /hin 0eather and Smith8Allison, only /hin 0eather uses differentiatin' names like<3ornin' 9reen Chief 9reat8house.< Smith and Allison a$$ear to &e -edded to the unmodified -ords<Chief< and <9reat8house.< 7 do not think this is aidental. As stated in the introdution, there is aPa$a'o te6t that redues the on@uest to a sin'le &attle at none other than Chief 9reat8house >Si-aO

Wa;aki? and as -as also stated earlier and -e -ill no- see, the 2ont te6t im$lies that the $resent8daystatus name si-aO, ;hief;, -as ori'inally the $ersonal name of one harater, that is, the name of a manalled <Bitter< >reorded as Si&a?, the hief at the Casa 9rande, the $lae e6avated &y 2e-kes.Possi&ly then, the Pimas of 2ont;s time alled this $lae <Si&a Wa;aki,< that is, they alled it &y thesame term used in the sin'le8&attle on@uest te6t. /he im$liations are that the $roliferation of s$eiallynamed hiefs and 'reat8houses -as a latter8day $henomenon and that the idea of a marh to all these $laes is also reent.

/he 2ont te6t states that the 'reat8house hief;s name

((

-as Bitter 3an >Si- F;odham in $resent8day Pima8Pa$a'o?, &ut the te6t does not 'ive the atual Pimae6$ression. 0ukily, a !I"# Eournal re$ort -ritten &y Juan 3anEe does 'ive the Pima, as Si&a. 3anEe,-e should note, is 'enerally onsidered to &e the first 1uro$ean to see Casa 9rande uin >2e-kes!"!=: ((, *#*I?. Aordin'ly, he -as the first $erson to -rite Pima.G= His s$ellin' of the name ouldre$resent Pima -ords $ronouned as <si&a,< <si-a,< or <siva< the S$anish letter <&< ould over thatran'e of sound. ote that <si&a< is a&out e@uidistant from $resent8day Pima8Pa$a'o siw , ;&itter,; and siwa+ , ;hief.; 7n my vie-, the old Si&a is anestral to &oth of those -ords: the $resent8day status term siwa+ derives from the mythi $ersonal name Si-%Si&a.G(

Here is the te6t.

'relude )4

The Bitter 5an 6Go-ernor of Uturitu.7

7n a very distant time there ame to that land a man -ho, &eause of his evil dis$osition and harsh -ay,-as alled the Bitter 3an and that this man -as old and had a youn' dau'hter that in his om$anythere ame another man -ho -as youn', -ho -as not his relative nor anythin', and that he GBitter



'ave him in marria'e his dau'hter, -ho -as very $retty, the youn' man &ein' handsome also, and thatthe said old man had -ith him as servants the Wind and the Storm8loud.

/hat the old man &e'an to &uild that Casa 9rande and ordered his son8in8la- to feth &eams for the

(#

roof of the house Gthe house &eams are edar, -hih does not 'ro- in the Pima desert. /hat the youn'man -ent far off, and as he had no a6e or anythin' else -ith -hih to ut the trees, he tarried for manydays, and at the end he ame &ak -ithout &rin'in' any &eams.

/hat the old man -as very an'ry and told him he -as 'ood for nothin' that he should see ho- hehimself -ould &rin' &eams. /hat the old man -ent very far off to a mountain ran'e -here there aremany $ines and, allin' on 9od to hel$ him, he ut many $ines and &rou'ht many &eams for the roof ofthe house.

/hat -hen the Bitter 3an ame, there -ere in that land neither trees nor $lants, and he &rou'ht seeds ofall, and he rea$ed very lar'e harvests -ith his t-o servants, the Wind and the Storm8loud, -ho servedhim.

/hat &y reason of his evil dis$osition he 're- an'ry -ith the t-o servants and turned them a-ay andthey -ent very far off and as he ould no lon'er harvest any ro$s throu'h lak of the servants, he ate-hat he had 'athered and ame near dyin' of hun'er. /hat he sent his son8in8la- to all the t-oservants and &rin' them &ak and he ould not find them, seek as he mi'ht. /hat thereu$on the old man-ent to seek them and, havin' found them, he &rou'ht them one more into his servie, and -ith

(*

their aid he had one more lar'e ro$s, and thus he ontinued for many years in that land and after alon' time they -ent a-ay and nothin' more -as heard of them. >Nuoted in 2e-kes !"!=: #(?

/he Bitter 3an a$$ears as a harassed small8sale hief. He fethes his o-n rafters -hen his son8in8la-assistant annot 'et them for him. He is hief in a farmin' ommunity -ith resident -ind and rain.Assumin' that this is one ommunity amon' several, althou'h $erha$s the $reeminent one >this isstated in 3anEe?, -e an ima'ine a sene more or less as the arhaeolo'ists envisioned, of river valleys-ith a s$rinklin' of small 'reat8houses, eah -ith its o-n rain and eah attended &y its o-n hief.

What mi'ht sur$rise the arhaeolo'ists is that the te6t does not mention irri'ation. 7n fat, the atual $rehistori Casa 9rande and the other 'reat8houses -ere served &y irri'ation anals, and the histori>$ost8!I"#? Pimas $ratied irri'ation from some of the same rivers >&ut $rini$ally the 9ila?. We -illfind a myth a&out the ori'in of Hohokam irri'ation in Smith8Allison >story ?, &ut -e -ill also findSmith8Allison;s Hohokam history to &e more fundamentally onerned -ith rain than -ith irri'ation. 7

-ill &e e6$liit on the rain side of this issue after the ne6t 2ont te6t is 'iven. But for no- let us sim$lynote that, like Si&a, the $rini$al haraters of later Pima8Pa$a'o myth seem to are more for rain thanfor irri'ation.

ote then the follo-in' $ossi&ilities. /he atual Pimas of !")) and !I"# a$$ear to have &een dili'entirri'ators. Anthro$olo'ists have o&served that their o$$ortunity and a&ility to ta$ rivers li&erated themfrom the fikle rains of their re'ion >ussell !"): I" 1+ell !"(: !*!?. Ho-ever, it is $ossi&leLinfat, it is evidently trueLthat the Pimas, like their riverless relatives the Pa$a'os, -ere more fasinated &y rain than &y rivers. /hus, they eremoniali+ed rain makin' more than they did river ta$$in', theformer onsidera&ly >ussell !"): ((!((#, (#(*=? and the latter a$$arently not at all.G# 7t is also



evidently true that they &elieved the Hohokam shared this fasination -ith rain. 2inally, it is $ossi&le,althou'h there is no evidene for

(I

this, that the Hohokam shared this fasination. 7f that -ere true, the Hohokam may not have &een as

dediated to river ta$$in' as the arhaeolo'ists su$$ose or rather, if they -ere dediated in $ratie,they may have ne'leted the su&Eet in myth.

/he other $ossi&ility is that the Pimas have 'otten the Hohokam -ron', that they -ould &e sur$rised ifthey ould hear -hat the Pimas have said a&out them. 7 -ill return to this. By the end of this $relude -e-ill understand the seventeenth8 throu'h t-entieth8entury Pima and Pa$a'o ideas on rain, &ut -e -illnot kno- if the Hohokam had the same ideas.

0et us resume -ith 2ont;s story and note the reason that Si&a a&andoned his house and farm: there isnone. He suffered a -eather reversal, &ut he set it ri'ht a'ain and then left. /his may &e hard to &elieve, &ut it ould sym&oli+e -hat some arhaeolo'ists have thou'ht a&out the end of the 'reat8houses, that asa result of the saltin' of the soil or han'es in rainfallLrainfall on the mountain -atershed, aordin'

to the arhaeolo'istsLthe Hohokams; farmin' &eame too lean to su$$ort the 'reat8house life8style.Surely that may have &een a real fator or at least a na''in' an6iety. As it ha$$ens, ho-ever, a &riefmention of the Si&a myth &y Juan 3anEe in !I"# 'ives another often8ited arhaeolo'ial e6$lanation,-arfare. 7n this oldest of -ritten douments on Pima myth, the -ar is not fratriidal or re&ellious as inthe later versions. ather, the -ar is in the form of raids &y the east8livin', Atha&asan8s$eakin'A$ahes. Suh raiders -ere surely a fator in the lives of the Pimas of !I"#. 7t is a moot $oint -hetherthey -ere or -ould have &een a fator in the atual end of the 'reat8houses, a. !#)).

Here is the 3anEe te6tlet.

(

'relude 84

The Bitter 5an 65an9e:s Guides7

/he 'uides said that they GCasa 9rande and several other 'reat8houses -ere &uilt &y a $eo$le -hoame from the re'ion of the north, their hief &ein' 1l Si&a, -hih aordin' to their lan'ua'e means<the &itter or ruel man,< and that throu'h the &loody -ar -hih the A$ahe -a'ed a'ainst them andthe =) tri&es allied -ith them, killin' many on &oth sides, they laid -aste to the settlements, and $art of

them, disoura'ed, -ent off and returned north8-ard, -hene they had started years &efore, and themaEority -ent east and south. >Nuoted in 2e-kes !"!=: ?

What matters to us in &oth of these te6ts on Si&a is the a&sene of a Pima8to8Pima on@uest. Beforetakin' u$ the seond of the 2ont myths, -hih has a fi'ure e@uivalent to the on@uerin' Siuuhu of thelater te6ts, 7 -ill onnet the onern of 2ont;s Si&a -ith -ind and rain to later te6ts from Pimas andPa$a'os. /hese form a series of variants of the same myth that 2ont reorded a&out Si&a. /he first inthe series >i&id., ##"?, re$laes Si&a -ith a Si-aO hief at Casa 9rande uin. /he seond arries thesame myth into the Pa$a'o desert, -ith no mention of a 'reat8house or si-aO >Sa6ton and Sa6ton !"(:(!(#)?. 2inally are te6ts that re$lae -ind and rain -ith orn and to&ao. All these -ill &e 'iven



and disussed later, for the Smith8Allison mytholo'y has versions of the final ste$, on orn and to&ao>$art (?.

/he series as a -hole undersores the $oint made a&ove on the Pima ima'ination of the Hohokam. Wean see ho- the Si&a of !* fits into the mytholo'y of the later Pimas,

( &ut -e annot kno- if Si&a -as a man -ho -alked the Hohokam earth or if the Hohokam had a mythof a man or 'od like Si&a. 7 do not re'ret this. 7f -e never learn -hat the Hohokam thou'ht of Si&a, atleast -e kno- -hat -e are missin'. We have not lost anythin', &ut -e have 'ained a-areness of a itythat -e annot visit, the ity of the Hohokams; myths.G*

We ome no- to 2ont;s seond myth, -hih esta&lishes a disontinuity &et-een the ei'hteenth8 andlate nineteenth8entury Pima8Pa$a'o relative to the Hohokam hiefs and the man8'od -ho -alkedamon' them. 7f -e -ere 'ranted the o$$ortunity to hear Eust one myth from the Hohokam ity, 7 -ouldnot hoose a myth on irri'ation diretly &ut on the $ro&lem of a reator 'od -ho either does or does not

take ven'eane on the hiefs of his $eo$le. 7n the disussion that follo-s, 7 -ill sho- ho- this 'odo$$oses the hiefs > sisiwa+ ? ima'ined &y the nineteenth8entury Pimas and also the earlier harater ofSi&a. He is an anti8rain hief &ut not in a -ay that $laes him in har'e of rivers. ather, he is a sun8heat 'od.

/he seond 2ond myth enters on the harater o'nate -ith Smith and Allison;s Siuuhu, &ut it 'ivesthis harater a different name. /he name of the 2ont harater is <the Drinker< >1l Be&edor?, a -ell8attested variant nameLatually an alternativeLfor Smith8Allison;s Siuuhu. /he Pima lan'ua'e for thisalternative name is 7;itoi, ;Drink8it8all8u$;.GI What matters from the 2ont myth, 'iven &elo-, is that theDrinker%7;itoi never dies, is never revived, and never leads a on@uest a'ainst the Hohokam. 7n thismyth he asti'ates $eo$le, $resuma&ly Pima8Pa$a'o and not Si&a;s 'reat8house $eo$le, &y turnin'

them into sa'uaro ati and &y ausin' them to &e sorhed &y the sun. But he never onduts aven'eful -ar, and he e6terminates no one.

("

'relude ;4

The Drin/er 6Go-ernor of Uturitu.7

He Gthe villa'e 'overnor said also, that after the old man GSi&a there ame to that land a man alledthe Drinker, and he 're- very an'ry -ith the $eo$le of that $lae and he sent muh -ater so that the-hole ountry -as overed -ith -ater, and he -ent to a very hi'h mountain ran'e -hih is to &e seenfrom here, and -hih is alled the 3ountain of the 2oam >Sierra de la 1s$uma?, and he took -ith him alittle do' and a oyote. . . . /hat the Drinker -ent u$, and left the do' &elo- that he mi'ht notify him-hen the -ater ame too far, and -hen the -ater had touhed the &roof the foam Gmarked today onthe mountain the do' notified the Drinker, &eause at that time the animals talked, and the latter GtheDrinker arried him u$.





-e -ill find in the on@uest mytholo'ies. /his is the o$$osition &et-een rain and sun. 7n the 2ont te6t,Si&a is a rain 'od, or at least a man &lessed &y rain. He kee$s rain as a retainer, a <servant< 2ont said./he Drinker, in ontrast, hastises $eo$le -ith the sun.

/he narratives of on@uest say the same thin'. Fne of the t-o 'reatest &attles in the lon' aounts isa'ainst a man sim$ly alled <Chief< &y Smith8Allison and <Blak Sine- Chief< &y /hin 0eather. /hisman has an armory of -ater defensesLfo's, mists, and so on. Siuuhu eva$orates them. /he other 'reat

&attle is -ith a solar fi'ure, the Bu++ard -ho the Hohokam had enlisted earlier to kill Siuuhu. Bu++ardhad killed him &y &orro-in' the sun;s &o- or 'un

#=

for a day and shootin' him -ith it. Durin' the reven'e &attle, Bu++ard does not have the &o-, andSiuuhu;s fores outfly him -ith their ea'les and ha-ks.

7n &oth 'reat &attles the invaders $revail, thanks to solar $o-er. Curiously, the Hohokam have &oth rainand sun, &ut the invaders have only the one. either Siuuhu nor his army are ever said to ause -ater,the im$liation &ein' that the last real -ater ma'iian -as a Hohokam si-aO, lon' a'o.

7f -e annot say -hy the 2ont te6t laks irri'ation, at least -e have said -hat it has instead. 7 -ill no-take a final look at ho- 2ont;s myths are refleted in Smith8Allison, for the a&ove remarks are limitedto the last $art of their te6t, that is, their narrative of the on@uest. /here is no loss of ain and Wind>or Cloud? myth in Smith8Allison, &ut there is an e@uivalent one, on the loss of Corn and /o&ao. 0ikethe story of Si&a, this myth starts -ith a soiety &lessed -ith the thin's a&out to &e lost. /he &lessin' iss$eial: the $rimordial soiety inludes those thin's as human mem&ers, that is, as men >/o&ao is a-oman, ho-ever, in a variant &y /hin 0eather?. 7n one -ay or another >this is om$le6 and not $erfetly lear?, the $eo$le of the soiety eat of, smoke of, or are -afted and -atered &y the thin's-hile also havin' them as human om$anions. /he eventual loss that the myths s$eak of is not at all ofthe non8human as$et of the thin's, for e6am$le, of orn and to&ao as material $roduts. ather theloss is of the human as$et, that is, of Corn and /o&ao as human om$anions. /hese humans leave

and stay 'one, althou'h they may &e a$$roahed from a distane. Also 'one are the va'ue &utunlimited $leasures and uses that the thin's yielded -hile they -ere humans.

/hese are stories of the loss of a ertain kind of $aradise, unfamiliar to the West, in -hih a usefulmaterial thin' and a human $erson &eome se$arated. /he very ommonly heard ative Amerianstories of animals that are like $eo$le su''est the same idea, e6e$t that these stories are usually notunderstood to entail a loss. /hey do not stress that humanity lost somethin' -hen the s$eies &eameitself, so to s$eak. Perha$s the 2ont te6t on Si&a is also of this

#(

ty$e, &ut it -as reast &y or for the S$aniards. >7n that story, ain and Cloud resume their residene.?7n Smith8Allison and all the late nineteenth8entury stories of the ty$e, the $ersons -ho are lost tosoiety al-ays leave voluntarily, as do 2ont;s ain and Cloud ><Wind,< in the later versions?. But-hereas the 2ont te6t haraters leave &eause of uns$eified dissatisfation -ith their master, Si&a>$erha$s &eause of his over&earin' harater?, the haraters of the later stories all leave unmarried,and in some ases they leave &eause they -ould like to &e married &ut annot. And there are manyhints that their $rovision of unlimited $leasuresLCorn throu'h his $erson, /o&ao throu'h his $erson,and so onLis linked to their unmarried, vir'inal, and unse6ually re$roduin' ondition. /hey are $rese6ed reators. We -ill onsider these matters in disussin' Smith8Allison;s $art (.



#*

'art )4

Genesis

By the time of the on@uest mytholo'y, from the mid8nineteenth entury on-ard, nearly every Pima8Pa$a'o narrator had an aount of the reation of the -orld out of nothin', or almost nothin'. All of thedo+en8odd aounts kno-n to me &e'in -ith a 'od in a dark void, the same as the first sentenes of9enesis. 7n the Smith8Allison te6t, this 'od is 9od, -ho soon reates the 'od -ith -hom the rest of thePima8Pa$a'o te6ts &e'in. At the moment of his first mention this native 'od is either in the $roess of &eomin' a material man or has already &eome one. /hus, he differs from the Christian 9od the2ather -ho remains heavenly and s$iritous. /he Pima8Pa$a'o man8'od -ill live on the earth, and hisname is al-ays 'iven as 1arth Dotor, Je-ed 3a:kai.Ga He is in all versions a om$letely nie $erson,neither &itter like Si&a nor a$a&le of an'er like the Drinker. He makes the earth, 'enerally from rustsoff his o-n skin, then the sun, moon, stars, 4ulture, and the first humans and he auses the sun, moon,

earth, and sky >-hih may have $reeded him? to make Siuuhu%the Drinker and Coyote.7mmediately &elo- is the Smith8Allison version of these events, and then after-ard t-o other versionsare $resented, one from the 0loyd rendition of the Pima /hin 0eather >!"!!: =((? and one asrendered &y the Pa$a'o Juan Dolores and edited and $u&lished &y Dean Sa6ton and 0uille Sa6ton>!"(: !!)?. /he &ulk of this te6t is from a turn8of8the8entury Pa$a'o narrator. /he last se'ment -asrendered &y Sa6ton and Sa6ton from the reent Pa$a'o nar8

Ga Sometimes translated as <1arth Shaman< or <1arth 3ediine 3an.< /he -ord /ewed , ;earth;, alsomeans <land< or <'round< as o$$osed to sky or -ater. At its lo-est level of ontrast, the -ord alsomeans <soil< or <dirt< as o$$osed to sand or rok.

#I

rator, Joe /homas. 2inally, for om$arison is 9enesis, ha$ter !, as 'iven in the e- 1n'lish Bi&le>!"): !=?.

Story )4

$irst %reation

When there -as no earth, no heaven, nothin' &ut darkness, the only $erson that -as here -as Jeoss.G&Jeoss had no form, no flesh, no &ones, and -as nothin' &ut $ure s$irit, like the -ind. /his Jeoss $lanned out a -ay that he ould form an earth on -hih to rest his soul. /his earth that he formed -asreally the heavens >damkatchim ,G somethin' over a&ove?.

GJuan Smith says, William Smith translates, 7t is a 'reat $leasure to me to &e here -ith you toni'ht. 7have looked into your fae, you have looked into mine, and -e kno- eah other no-. 7;ll do my &est. 7tseems 7 ou'ht to kno- the story lear throu'h &eause 7 -as raised amon' some of the old 7ndians thatkno- it lear throu'h, &ut 7 -as youn' at the time and -as like most youn' $eo$le, runnin' around and $ayin' no attention to -hat 7 -as doin'. 2or that reason there are $laes in the story that 7 have



for'otten. But this is the -ay the story &e'ins.

He made a $erson u$ in damkathim -ho -as nothin' &ut li'ht.G! /he ne6t $erson that Jeoss reated-as a man -ho ame do-n and made the -orld -here -e no- are.

o- here;s -hat this Jeoss -as sin'in':

Earth (octor, Earth (octor >Juut makai?Gd

0o# make the earth now $nd started it going .G=

o-, this 1arth Dotor thou'ht he mi'ht make another $erson and thou'ht to all his name Siuuhu.Ge

G& "iosG , from S$anish dios , ;'od;.

G (a:m ka:cim , ;on to$ lyin';, ;sky;, ;heaven;.

Gd Je-ed 3a:kai.

Ge S8e;ehe.

# While he -as thinkin' of makin' another $erson, he san':

Si##h# doctor, Si##h# makaiGf ou;)e made the mo#ntains $nd placed them aro#nd. $nd yo# started it going .

1arth Dotor -as Eust thinkin' a&out this, -hile he san'.

o- the earth and heavens ame loser to'ether and onneted, and in that Siuuhu ame out, son of theearth >mother? and of the heavens >father?.

o- this 1arth Dotor and Siuuhu made another man, from -hom the Pimas ame. /hey made somelay and from that formed a man. While this lay fi'ure lay -ith no life, they sat around it and -erelookin' at -hat they had made. /hen they formed the insides of this lay. But it still had no life. /henthey &reathed life into the form, and it moved around and -as livin'.

/his first one -as made as a man, and the ne6t -as a -oman, made in the same manner as the man.When they finished the t-o $ersons, these three, Jeoss, 1arth Dotor, and Siuuhu, -ere livin' -ith thesame s$irits that they have no-. At that time there -as no sun. All -as dark, &ut after everythin' -asom$leted, it -as 'ood. /he thin' the man and -oman needed -as slee$.

/hen later, Jeoss, 1arth Dotor, and Siuuhu -orked to reate the da-n, and it &e'an to da-n in the east.

Gf 1a:kai , ;dotor;, ;mediine man;, ;shaman;.

#

3ornin' ame and the t-o $ersons -oke u$. When everythin' ame out as the three -anted, they san'a son':

2 ha)e made the morning 2 ha)e made the morning 2 ha)e set it in the east



$nd the morning came o#t of the east $nd 'egan to light the earth .

/hen they -orked and made the sun and made it follo- the da-n, and it ame out and &e'an to shineon the earth. /hey $laed it -here the da-n ame out, and it follo-ed the da-n. /hen they san':

2 ha)e made the s#n 2 ha)e made the s#n 2 ha)e placed it in the east $nd it is coming o#t and lighting the world .

By this time the t-o $ersons they had made -ere -akin' u$, and no- the three -orked to make thefood that these -ere to live on. /hey made the deer, -hih a $erson must kill and eat, and they san':

This gray deer that 2 made for yo#,!hene)er the mo#ntains in the distance look d#sty, $s if in a d#st storm,Then the deer comes o#t .

/hen they -orked on the ne6t animal, the Eakra&&it, -hih $eo$le must also kill and eat for food.

Another son':

#"

The grey /ackra''it, the grey /ackra''it,This is for yo#, this is for yo#.The earth looks like a mirage,!ater all o)er .

/his meant that the Eakra&&it -as to live in desert s$aes -ithout -ater for many months. /he Eakra&&it -ould have the -ater of the mira'e for its drinkin' -ater.

Fn sin'in' son's, sin' it one lear throu'h, then re$eat the last half or sometimes t-ie lear throu'h,and the last $art t-ie.G( At danes, you dane in one diretion -hile the -hole verse is sun', and-hen the half verse is sun', you dane in the o$$osite diretion. At the &e'innin' the sin'ers 'othrou'h the -hole verse very softly to make sure they all kno- it. /hen they sin' it loud for the danersto dane.

/hen they -orked and made the -ind storm and louds, and it &e'an to rain. When the rain sto$$ed,'rass ame out. Certain kinds of 'rass Gneant#m G' the $eo$le used for their food. /he -oman -entout and $iked some of the 'rass and took it and ooked it and ate it. When throu'h eatin', the man-ent out -ith &o- and arro- and killed a deer, and they had it for su$$er that evenin'. At that time, thesun -ent do-n, and darkness fell over the earth, as it had &een &efore. /his -as the end of the first day.

/hen they -orked and made the moon, and it ame out at ni'ht and li'hted the earth a little &it. When it-ent do-n in the -est, darkness fell over the earth, Eust as it -as &efore.

At that time, the sun and moon 'ot very lose to'ether and touhed, and another $erson ame out. /heyalled him CoyoteLnot an animal &ut a $erson. /he moon -as his mother and the sun his father.

/he reators sa- that at ni'ht -hen the moon 'oes do-n there is nothin' &ut darkness on the earth.

G' 3iadam , malva, an annual, not atually a 'rass, -hose leaves are &oiled to make li@uid for $inole<in time of famine< >ussell !"): I?. /he flat round seeds are also eaten >3athiot n.d.: !()?. /his-ord and the 1n'lish $lant name <malva< are a&sent from Sa6ton and Sa6ton;s !"I" ditionary.



*)

/hey deided to make smaller li'hts in the heavens. /hey san':

!ere going to make the stars!ere going to make the stars

$nd were going to place them in the skies.!ere going to make e)erything, $nd place them in the skiesTo light the earthTo light the earth.G#

After they reated all three li'hts in the skies, they thou'ht that that -ould &e all, &ut seein' that there-ould not &e enou'h li'ht, they deided to make the 3ilky Way >/omuk?.Gh

All these thin's -ere reated -ith a deision of some kind. /his means that $eo$le livin' on earth mustnot &e like Jeoss and kno- -hat they are 'oin' to make and -hat they are 'oin' to do. But they GJeossand his 'odly anient om$anions make everythin' in a -ay that -e mi'ht not &e a&le to understand,

and today -henever -e try to do anythin', -e al-ays have trou&le &efore -e sueed. 3eanin': thereis a rule from the &e'innin' that man has to learn Gthin's, that man annot &e 9od, annot understandthese thin's.

Coyote s$oiled it -ith his &reath. /hat;s -hy there are dim s$ots in it.

/hey are 'oin' to make the 3ilky Way so that -hen a man 'oes to an unkno-n $lae, he ould 'uidehimself &y the 3ilky Way. /hey san' a son' &efore they made it:

!e are going to make the 1ilky !ay!e are going to make the 1ilky !ay $nd it is made $nd it is stretching in the sky

%rom one end to the other Grey Coyote, o#r co#sin, was 'reathing in the 1ilky !ay.

After they om$leted the 3ilky Way, they thre- darkness in the east. /hat is -hy ni'ht &e'ins there.Before they thre- the darkness, they san' a son':

Gh /o:mo'.

*!

2 am acting one of the great earth doctors $nd 2 ha)e thrown the night toward the east !hich goes o)er all the land (own to the setting s#n in the west.

o- the sun -as settin', and the dark -as &e'innin' to fall.

Jeoss is a&sent. Fnly Siuuhu and Juut makai G1arth Dotor are doin' all this. Jeoss had made them and'iven them $o-er to do these thin's.

After they om$leted these thin's, the earth -asn;t still &ut -as shakin'. When Siuuhu sa- that the



earth -as shakin', he had a hat -ith a 'old hat&and. He reahed for his hat, took the hat&and off, and &roke the &and into $iees. He sattered this 'old and $ut it in the mountains so its -ei'ht -ould holdthe earth do-n. He reahed his Gri'ht

hand -ay &ak in the east and held the earth do-n, and -ith his ri'ht foot he reahed to-ard the -est

and $ut the foot on the earth and held it do-n. He san' t-o son's: He has reached way 'ack in the east $nd felt that the land was shaking o)er there.

A-ay do-n in the -estWhere 7 set my foot7 found out that the mountains -ere shakin'Whih 7 have found out.

/hen the land -as still, and everythin' -as all ri'ht.

At that time the earth -as all level, no hills, no lo- $laes. 1verythin' -as even. /he mountains, too,

-ere all even and smooth. o- it -as 1arth Do8/he reason he made this Bu++ard -as to make lo- $laes in the land and $eaks in the mountains. He'ave

*=

authority to Bu++ard to make these thin's. /he reason -as, &y the si'ns of these lo- $laes and $eaks,there -as a 'uide to human &ein's. 7f they should 'et lost and then ome home, and anyone askedanythin', they ould tell -hat kind of mountains they sa- and -hat kind of 'round they traveledthrou'h, and that -ould &e a 'uide to the $eo$le.

tor;s turn to make somethin'. He -as sittin' -ith streams of li'ht omin' out of his eyes, -ith -hihhe sees everythin'. He reahed and 'ot some of this li'ht and made a &u++ard >ui?Gi -ith it.

When this -as made, Juut makai and Siuuhu san' t-o son's to'ether:

4#55ard 'ird, '#55ard 'ird,0o# ha)e made the land /#st right

Bu++ard &ird, &u++ard &ird,ou have made the mountains Eust ri'ht.

/hen they san' t-o more son's:

The land is still now

$nd on it e)erything seems to 'e all right E)erything is made perfect.

/he mountains -ere shakin'But no- they are stillAnd on them everythin' is $erfet.

o- they have om$leted everythin', and everythin' is $erfet for their $eo$le. o- he;s GJeoss



'oin' to talk to the t-o G1arth Dotor and Siuuhu

that reated human &ein's and tell them they must not have any se$aration, Eealousy, or foolish talk,and they must &rin' u$ hildren in the same -ay, and they -ere $erfet.

/hat is the -ay it -as from the &e'innin' -ith these t-o $ersons Gfirst man and -oman. /hey -ere

$erfet in everythin'.1arth Dotor $iked u$ his t-o hildren. He $iked u$ the -oman -ith his left hand and the man -ithhis ri'ht.

/his demonstrates that the -oman is -eak, for the left hand is -eak, and the man is stron'er, for theri'ht hand is stron'er. /his means that the man is more understandin' and ahead over G&eyond the-oman.

Gi Qu:-i.

*(

So they lived to'ether ha$$ily, for a ertain $eriod, in the -ays 1arth Dotor told them to live. /hen theevil s$irit 'ot into the -oman. /hen 1arth Dotor sa- that -hat he had made $erfet didn;t ome outthe -ay he -anted, so he made a rule for -omen. 2rom Gafter t-elve years, she must have siknessevery month, and in $ain she must &rin' out her hildren, and that -ould &e all ri'ht for her. Sine thenthis sikness -as u$on the female, and they multi$lied from then on.

GComment &y William Smith Juan says he has for'otten this story. /he only thin' he remem&ers is thatthe -oman did -ron' in here, and from here on the -iked -ays ke$t 'ro-in' and s$read far and farG-ide, and the $eo$le 'ot so -iked that a 'reat flood destroyed them, and somethin' ha$$ened a'ain,and all the $eo$le -ere destroyed a'ain, and a third time they -ere destroyed. Here he takes u$ thestoryLand there -ill &e fourth destrution of the here and no-, -hen you and me and every&ody is

'oin' to &e destroyed, may&e &y -ind./hen they Gman8'ods 'ot a stik and made a shallo- hole in it and $laed another stik in the shallo-hole they had arved and t-isted it and made fire from that -ood. /hey also 'ot a stone and 'ot firefrom the stone. /hat -as the -ay they should 'et fire and ook their food -ith it.

Su22lement

$irst %reation 6Thin &eather7

/he Story of Creation.7n the &e'innin' there -as no earth, no -aterLnothin'. /here -as only a Person, Juh8-ert8a83ahkaiGJe-ed 3a:kai >the Dotor of the 1arth?.

He Eust floated, for there -as no $lae for him to stand u$on. /here -as no sun, no li'ht, and he Eust

/he old man, Comalk Ha-k85ih G5omalk Hok >/hin Bukskin? &e'an &y sayin' that these -ere thestories he used to hear his father tell, they &ein' handed do-n from father to son, and that -hen he -aslittle he did not $ay muh attention, &ut -hen



*#

he 're- older he determined to learn them and asked his father to teah him, -hih his father did. Andno- he kne- them all.

floated a&out in the darkness, -hih -as Darkness itself.

He -andered around in the no-here till he thou'ht he had -andered enou'h. /hen he ru&&ed on his

&reast and ru&&ed out moah8haht8tak,GE that is, $ers$iration, or 'reasy earth. /his he ru&&ed out on the $alm of his hand and held out. 7t ti$$ed over three times, &ut the fourth time it stood strai'ht in themiddle of the air, and there it remains no- as the -orld.

/he first &ush he reated -as the 'rease-ood &ush. And he made ants, little tiny ants, to live on that &ush, on its 'um that omes out of its stem. But these ants did not do any 'ood, so he reated -hiteants, and these -orked and enlar'ed the earth and they ke$t on inreasin' it, lar'er and lar'er, until atlast it -as &i' enou'h for himself to rest on.

Juh-erta 3ahkai;s son' of reation:

"#hwerta mahkai made the world6 Come and see it and make it #sef#l7

He made it ro#nd6 Come and see it and make it #sef#l7

/hen he reated a Person. He made him out of his eye, out of the shado- of his eyes, to assist him, to &e like him, and to hel$ him in reatin' trees and

GE 1#hadag ;'rease;, ;skin oil;, ;$ers$iration;.

**

human &ein's and everythin' that -as to &e on this earth. /he name of this &ein' -as oo8ee GQu:-i>the Bu++ard?. ooee -as 'iven all $o-er, &ut he did not do the -ork he -as reated for. He did notare to hel$ Juh-ertamahkai &ut let him 'o &y himself.

And so the Dotor of the 1arth himself reated the mountains and everythin' that has seed and is 'oodto eat. 2or if he had reated human &ein's first, they -ould have nothin' to live on.

But after makin' ooee and &efore makin' the mountains . . ., Juh-ertamahkai made the sun. 7n orderto make it he first made -ater, and this he $laed in a hollo- vessel, like an earthen dish, to harden intosomethin' like ie. And this hardened &all he $laed in the sky. 2irst he $laed it in the north, &ut it didnot -ork then in the -est, &ut it did not -ork then in the south, &ut it did not -ork then he $laed itin the east, and there it -orked as he -anted it to.

And the moon he made in the same -ay and tried in the same $laes -ith the same results. But -hen

he made the stars he took the -ater in his mouth and s$urted it u$ into the sky. . . . o- Juh-ertamahkai ru&&ed a'ain on his &reast, and from the su&stane he o&tained there he madet-o little dolls, and these he laid on the earth. /hey -ere t-o human &ein's, man and -oman.

*I

o- for a time the $eo$le inreased till they filled the earth. 2or the first $arents -ere $erfet, andthere -as no sikness and death. But -hen the earth -as full, there -as nothin' to eat, so they killedand ate eah other. Juh-ertamahkai did not like the -ay the $eo$le ated . . . and so he let the sky fall



to kill them. When the sky dro$$ed, he, himself, took a staff and &roke a hole thru, thru -hih he and ooee emer'ed and esa$ed, leavin' &ehind them all the $eo$le dead.

And Juh-ertamahkai, &ein' noon the to$ of this fallen sky, a'ain made a man and a -oman, in thesame -ay as &efore. But this man and -oman &eame 'rey -hen old, and their hildren &eame 'reystill youn'er, and their hildren &eame 'rey youn'er still, and so on till the &a&ies -ere 'rey in theirradles. Juh-ertamahkai, havin' made an earth and sky Eust as there had &een &efore, did not like his

$eo$le &eomin' 'rey in their radles, so he let the sky fall on them a'ain and a'ain made a hole andesa$ed, -ith ooee, as &efore.

And Juh-ertamahkai, on to$ of this seond sky, a'ain made a ne- heaven and ne- earth, Eust as he haddone &efore, and ne- $eo$le. /hese ne- $eo$le made a vie of smokin'. Before, human &ein's hadnever smoked until they -ere old, &ut no- they smoked youn'er, and eah 'eneration still youn'er, tillthe infants -anted to smoke in their radles.

*

Juh-ertamahkai did not like this, and he let the sky fall a'ain, and reated everythin' ne- in the same

-ay, and this time he reated the earth as it is no-.But at first the -hole slo$e of the -orld -as -est-ard, and thou'h there -ere $eaks risin' from thisslo$e, there -ere no true valleys, and all the -ater that fell ran a-ay, and there -as no -ater for the $eo$le to drink. So Juh-ertamahkai sent ooee to fly amon' the mountains and over the earth, to utvalleys -ith his -in's, so that the -ater ould &e au'ht and distri&uted, and there mi'ht &e enou'h forthe $eo$le to drink.

o-, the sun -as male and the moon -as female, and they met one a month. /he moon &eame amother and -ent to a mountain that is alled /ahs8my8et8tahn /oe8ahkGk >Sun Strikin' 3ountain?, andthere -as &orn her &a&y. But she had duties to attend to, to turn around and 'ive li'ht, so she made a $lae for the hild &y tram$in' do-n the -eedy &ushes and there left it. And the hild, havin' no milk,

-as nourished on the earth./his hild -as a oyote, and as he 're-, he -ent out to -alk and in his -alk ame to the house ofJuh-ertamahkai and ooee. . . . When he ame there, Juh-ertamahkai kne- him and alled him

Gk /asG 3ai;ihit8an G$erha$s Dua', ;Sun Hit8on 3ountain;, not a mountain that 7 have ever heard ofor seen. Perha$s the $lae is not onsidered to &e -ithin Pima8Pa$a'o territory.

*

/oe8hahvs,Gl &eause he -as laid on the -eedy &ushes of that name.

o- out of the north ame another $o-erful $ersona'e, -ho has t-o names, See8ur8huh and 1e8ee8toy.Gm Seeurhuh means older &rother, and -hen this $ersona'e ame to Juh-ertamahkai, ooee, and/oehahvs he alled them his youn'er &rother.G* But they laimed to have &een here first and to &eolder than he, and there -as a disussion &et-een them. 2inally, &eause he insisted so stron'ly and Eust to $lease him, they let him &e alled older &rother.



Su22lement

%reation 6Dolores7

0on' a'o, they say, -hen the -orld -as not yet finished, darkness lay u$on the -ater and they ru&&ed

eah other. /he sound they made -as like the sound at the ed'es of a $ond./here, on the -ater, in the darkness, in the noise, and in a very stron' -ind, a hild -as &orn. /he &a&ylay u$on the -ater and did as a hild does -hen it is &ein' made to sto$ ryin'. >0ike -hen its mothersin's and tosses it u$ and do-n and -alks

Gl Tohawes , ;&rittle&ush; > Encelia farinosa ?.

Gm S8e;ehe and 7;itoi, ;1lder8&rother; and ;Drink8it8all8u$;.

*"

&ak and forth -ith it.? /he -ind al-ays &le- and arried the hild every-here. Whatever made thehild took are of him, fed him, and raised him.

Fne day he 'ot u$ and found somethin' stuk to him. 7t -as al'ae. So he took some of the al'ae andfrom it made termites. /hen he sent them out to 'et more al'ae to &e $ut in one $lae so he ould sitdo-n and think a&out thin's to do. And the little termites did that for the first&orn one.

/he termites 'athered a lot of al'ae and 2irst Born tried to deide ho- to make a seat so the -ind ouldnot &lo- it any-here. /his is the son' he san':

Earth 1edicine 1an finished the earth.Come near and see it and do something to it. He made it ro#nd.

Come near and see it and do something to it.7n this -ay, 2irst Born finished the earth. /hen he made all the animal and $lant life. /here -as no sunor moon then, and it -as al-ays dark. /he livin' thin's didn;t like the darkness, so they 'ot to'etherand told 2irst Born to make somethin' so the earth -ould have li'ht. /hen the $eo$le -ould &e a&le tosee eah other and -ould live ontentedly -ith eah other.

So the 2irst Born said, <Alri'ht, you name -hat -ill ome u$ in the sky to 'ive you li'ht.< /hey dis8

I)

ussed it thorou'hly and finally a'reed that it -ould &e named <sun.< But a&out then Coyote ame

runnin' and said, <7t roseR 7t roseR 7t -ill &e named ;li'ht.;< But no&ody a'reed.GI/he sun rose and -ent over to one side, &ut it didn;t li'ht u$ the -hole earth. /hen it -ent do-n, anda'ain it -as dark. So the first&orn one san' like this:

(idnt we make the s#n and talk with it

Hihih. (idnt we make the s#n and talk with it



Hihih .G

/hen it &e'an to 'et li'ht a'ain, and 2irst Born said, </he sun -ill rise and ome overhead.< 7t did ashe said, &ut it ame very lo- and so -as hot. 2irst Born san' a'ain and $ointed to another $lae, sayin'that this sun -ould ome u$ there. /his is the -ay he did so it -ould al-ays ome u$ there.

e6t he made the moon and stars and the $aths that they al-ays follo-. o- the livin' thin's ouldsee themselves. Some -ere lar'e and some very small, some -ere very fast and some very slo-. 3anyof them -ere dissatisfied -ith themselves. /hose that -ere small -anted to &e lar'e, and those that-ere slo- -anted to &e fast.

Alon' ame the Blak Beetle and said, <Soon the livin' thin's -ill multi$ly and rush me -ith theirfeet &eause 7;m not a fast runner and have no $ossi&le -ay to save myself. 7 think that -hen someonehas lived a lon' time he should die and 'o a-ay and

I!

never ome &ak here a'ain. /hat -ay the earth -ill never 'et over$o$ulated and no one -ill rushme.<

At that time attlesnake;s &ite -as harmless. /he hildren -ould $lay ath -ith him and take out histeeth. He ould never slee$ and al-ays ried, so he -ent to 2irst Born and said, </he hildren aremakin' life misera&le for me. ou must make me different so 7 an live ontentedly some-here.<

2irst Born han'ed many of the animals. When he finished them, he took attlesnake, $ulled out histeeth, and thre- them far a-ay. /hey landed and 're- into -hat -e no- all <attlesnake;s /eeth.<G

As the sun -as a&out to rise, its rays &eamed over the hori+on. 2irst Born 'ot them and thre- them inthe -ater. /hen he took them out and made teeth . . . and said, <o- that 7 have done this for you,

-hen anythin' omes near you, you must &ite it and kill it. 2rom noon the $eo$le -ill &e afraid ofyou. ou -ill not have a friend and -ill al-ays ra-l modestly alon' alone.<

/hen the sun rose in the $lae it is no-, and 2irst Born looked at it and san':

%irst 4orn89 made the earth. %irst 4orn made the earth.Go along, go along, go along. 2ts going along. ;ow all will remain as it is.

When he finished his son', he told them -here they -ould &e livin'. Some -ould live in the forests,

I= some in the mountains, and some -ould live in the valleys. He also said this, <7 have finished all thin'sand they -ill al-ays &e as they are no-.<

7n the east, as you kno-, the sin'in' and danin' had &e'un for those -ho -ill die here. /hey -ill 'oto the sin'in' and danin' 'round. /he land around the danin' 'round -ill &e &eautiful. /here -ill &e $lenty of $rikly $ears, and the $eo$le -ill al-ays &e ha$$y.

/hat;s the -ay 2irst Born $re$ared the earth for us.



GHere &e'ins the se'ment added &y Joe /homas

/he sky ame do-n and met the earth, and the first one to ome forth -as 7;itoi, our 1lder Brother. /hesky met the earth a'ain, and Coyote ame forth. /he sky met the earth a'ain, and Bu++ard ame forth.>Sa6ton and Sa6ton !"(: !!)?

Su22lement

Genesis, %ha2ter )4

6New Enlish Bi<le7

7n the &e'innin' of reation, -hen 9od made heaven and earth, the earth -as -ithout form and void,-ith darkness over the fae of the a&yss, and a mi'hty -ind that s-e$t over the surfae of the -aters.9od said, <0et there &e li'ht,< and there -as

I( li'ht and 9od sa- that the li'ht -as 'ood, and he se$arated li'ht from darkness. He alled the li'htday, and the darkness ni'ht. So evenin' ame, and mornin' ame, the first day.

9od said, <0et there &e a vault &et-een the -aters, to se$arate -ater from -ater.< So 9od made thevault, and se$arated the -ater under the vault from the -ater a&ove it, and so it -as and 9od alled thevault heaven. 1venin' ame, and mornin' ame, a seond day.

9od said, <0et the -aters under heaven &e 'athered into one $lae, so that dry land may a$$ear< andso it -as. 9od alled the dry land earth, and the 'atherin' of the -aters he alled seas and 9od sa-that it -as 'ood. /he 9od said, <0et the earth $rodue fresh 'ro-th, let there &e on earth $lants &earin'seed, fruit trees &earin' fruit eah -ith seed aordin' to its kind.< So it -as the earth yielded fresh

'ro-th, $lants &earin' seed, $lants &earin' fruit aordin' to their kind and trees &earin' fruit eah-ith seed aordin' to its kind and 9od sa- that it -as 'ood. 1venin' ame, and mornin' ame, athird day.

9od said, <0et there &e li'hts in the vault of heaven to se$arate day from ni'ht, and let them serve assi'ns &oth for festivals and for seasons and years. 0et them also shine in the vault of heaven to 'iveli'ht on earth.< So it -as 9od made the t-o 'reat li'hts,

I#

the 'reater to 'overn the day and the lesser to 'overn the ni'ht and -ith them he made the stars. 9od

$ut these li'hts in the vault of heaven to 'ive li'ht on earth, to 'overn day and ni'ht, and to se$arateli'ht from darkness and 9od sa- that it -as 'ood. 1venin' ame, and mornin' ame, a fourth day.

9od said, <0et the -aters teem -ith ountless livin' reatures, and let &irds fly a&ove the earth arossthe vault of heaven.< 9od then reated the 'reat sea8monsters and all livin' reatures that move ands-arm in the -aters, aordin' to their kind, and every kind of &ird and 9od sa- that it -as 'ood. Sohe &lessed them and said, <Be fruitful and inrease, fill the -aters of the seas and let the &irds inreaseon land.< 1venin' ame, and mornin' ame, a fifth day.

9od said, <0et earth &rin' forth livin' reatures. . . .< /hen 9od said, <0et us make man in our ima'e



and likeness to rule the fish in the sea, the &irds of heaven, the attle, all -ild animals on earth, and allre$tiles that ra-l u$on the earth.< So 9od reated man in his o-n ima'e in the ima'e of 9od hereated him male and female he reated them. 9od &lessed them and said to them, <Be fruitful andinrease, fill the earth and su&due it, rule over the fish of the sea, the &irds of heaven, and every livin'thin' that moves u$on the earth.< 9od also said, <7 'ive you all $lants that &ear seed every-here onearth, and every tree &earin' fruit -hih yields seed:

I*

they shall &e yours for food. All the 'reen $lants 7 'ive for food to the -ild animals, to all the &irds ofheaven, and to all re$tiles on earth, every livin' reature.< So it -as and 9od sa- all that he had made,and it -as very 'ood. 1venin' ame, and mornin' ame, a si6th day.

I

'art 84 The $lood

/he flood in this story is aused &y an a&normality in se6ual relations. /his ause is an e6tension of theauses of the -orld destrutions in /hin 0eather;s reation te6t. /here -e understood that -orlds orreations -ere ended &eause of eatin' one;s o-n kind, that is, anni&alism, and &eause of t-oseemin'ly more minor a&normalities in a'in': the $ro'ressively earlier onset of 'reyness and to&aosmokin'. Here the a&normality is the ever shorter len'th of $re'nanies, that is, of the time $eriod &et-een makin' love and 'ivin' &irth. /he flood omes after the shortenin' reahes +ero, and a &a&y is &orn from a man;s $enis.G!

/he flood is aused &y nothin' e6$liit in the Smith8Allison te6t, &ut in most other versions it is aused

&y and even onsists entirely of the tears of the &a&y &orn from the $enis. >/hose stories -ill &e treatedin &aknotes.? /herefore, the flood is salty. /here is at least a hint of the father;s <rime< in this &a&y;sation. /he &a&y;s tears first -et the heeks, then the surroundin' 'round, then the -hole -orld,reallin' the 'eo'ra$hi e6tent, if not the atual seminal fluid, of the $hilanderer;s -anderin's.

/he 'ods Siuuhu, 1arth Dotor, and Coyote all survive the flood, and they do so &y means that learlyreall the $hilanderer;s rime. Siuuhu saves himself &y enterin' a 'um Ear that he had made, a man8made -om&, -hile 1arth Dotor and Coyote use $enislike life $reservers. 1arth Dotor entered a<ane< that he al-ays arried >it is not lear -hether this -as a solid -ood staff or a hollo- ane of &am&oo?, and Coyote entered a &am&oo flute. /hus, the 'ods divide and vote t-o8to8one in favor ofrea$itulatin' the &a&y.

After the flood, eah 'od emer'es from the ontainer in

I

other -ords, eah is re&orn. /here is al-ays a disussion a&out -ho emer'ed first. 7n Smith8Allison,the disussion onerns the de$th of the -ater into -hih eah 'od laims to have ste$$ed on leavin'his ontainer. Fther te6ts 'ive other disussions, for e6am$le, on the distanes traveled on earth afteremer'ene. 7n all versions the situation is sli'htly omial, sine the three 'ods ome to 'round out ofsi'ht of eah other and annot &e sure if their measures are true and oordinated. Siuuhu al-ays



$ronounes himself first &ut -ithout real $roof. /he other 'ods, althou'h $ro&a&ly miffed, do notontradit him. 7t is sometimes said that he a@uired the name <1lder8&rother< >S8e;ehe? at this moment./he $e''in' of the name to this e$isode affirms that the flood vessels are seen as means for re&irth.

/hus, the theme of a&normal $roreation runs throu'h the -hole story. As suh the te6t is a $ro$erse@uel to the Pima <9enesis.< 7n that te6t -e have 1arth Dotor makin' the -hole of reation &yvarious om&inations of e6trusion >his skin sales?, moldin', and s$urtin' >the stars?, in ontrast to the

Bi&le -here 9od reates $rimarily &y s$eakin', <0et there &e. . . .< Fne an say that the Pimamytholo'y is more $hysial, -hih reminds us of somethin' sim$le and disonertin'. 7f there isnothin' &ut one 'od in the universe, and if he has to at rather than ommand or to do rather than say,then he really has nothin' to at on &ut himself.G=

/he flood story ontinues -ith this line of reasonin', only no- to the $oint of disaster and, in effet, $erversion. Whereas 1arth Dotor had no hoie &ut to make $eo$le from an earth that had &e'un ashis o-n &ody 'rease, the $hilanderin' youn' man -as an anomaly in a -orld of normally re$roduin' $eo$le, in other -ords, a $erverse e6tension of 1arth Dotor. Surely, then, the a&normality at the &e'innin' of the story is not Eust that -omen take less time to have &a&ies &ut that a man -ould haveone himself. A disaster follo-s, and follo-in' that there is this urious levelin' of the survivin' three'ods, after -hih Siuuhu &eomes the dis$uta&le &ut undis$uted senior.

I"

Story 84

Destru.tion throuh Se0

When the evil -ays of the $eo$le -ere at their hei'ht and 1arth Dotor and Siuuhu sa- that the $eo$le

-ere so -iked, they $lanned to $unish the -orld. /hey made a man like the 7ndians used to have, -ithlon' hair and &eautiful earrin's.G( He -as a 'ood8lookin' man. /hey 'ave him a &o- and @uiver, andthey told this man to 'o amon' the $eo$le, -here their houses -ere, and find a 'irl -ho had Eustreahed maturity. He -ould slee$ -ith the 'irl and &rin' out a hild the same ni'ht.

/hat;s the -ay he -ent on. 1very ni'ht he &rou'ht out hildren, the same ni'ht. /here -as a youn' 'irllivin' some$lae, and she -as afraid -hen she heard this man -as omin'. She ried all the time. /hefather of this 'irl -as a $o-erful mediine man, and he kne- -hy 1arth Dotor and Siuuhu -eremakin' this trou&le. He -as -ise, and he -orked to make this man have a &a&y himself. He -anted thetrou&le to ha$$en @uikly, to $unish the -orld, to make it -orse, and to make ha$$en -hat 1arthDotor and Siuuhu did that for. He -as even 'oin' to make this man have a &a&yR

When the sun set, this man ame and lay do-n -ith the 'irl. When the mornin' ame, the &a&y ameout. 7t -as ryin'. /he father of the 'irl ame and alled the

)

&a&y <'randhild< >'amat ?.Ga /he 'irl s$oke u$ and said, <ou mustn;t all the &a&y that.< 7t Gthe &a&y -asn;t from his dau'hter &ut from this man.

/he Pimas all the 'randhild of a dau'hter &y a different term from the hild of a son, 'amat



Gdau'hter;s hild and wosmat Gson;s hild.G#

/hat -as the 'reatest sin that -as ommitted, &eause the man &rou'ht out a &a&y. When he &rou'htout this &a&y, he $iked it u$ and held it in his arms and took it to 1arth Dotor and Siuuhu. 1arthDotor and Siuuhu kne- that this -as 'oin' to ha$$en, &eause they -ere the reators and kne-everythin'.

When the man -ith the &a&y 'ot lose to 1arth Dotor and Siuuhu, he 'ot ashamed and laid the &a&ydo-n and -ent on home. When he ame to their $lae, 1arth Dotor asked -hat he;d done -ith the &a&y, <2or 7 kno- you;ve had a &a&y and -hat you;ve done -ith it. Brin' it and -e -ill look at it, forthis is the ustom -hen a &a&y is &orn.<

All this time 1arth Dotor, Siuuhu, and Coyote had &een livin' to'ether. Siuuhu -as -orkin' to makea home to 'o into -hen trou&le omes, and 1arth Dotor had $iked u$ a ane and held it. Coyotedidn;t kno- -hat -as 'oin' to ha$$en or that the -orld -as 'oin' to &e $unished. He didn;t stay muhat home &ut -as al-ays runnin' around amon' the $eo$le. Well, he had &een doin' so, as usual, and-as 'oin' &ak home, &ut -ater -as omin' out of the earth, and every-here this Coy8

Ga 4aamad !osmad G .

!

ote made a trak, -ater ame out. When he ame to 1arth Dotor and Siuuhu, he told them, <7 amreally a true mediine man, &etter than anyone else, &eause -hen 7 ame over, in my traks 7 sa--ater omin' outR<

Siuuhu said to Coyote, <Do you think it;s for the 'ood of the $eo$le that this ha$$ened

7t;s for a trou&le to these $eo$le, and that;s -hy 7 made this house to 'o into -hen trou&le omes.<

1arth Dotor told him, <ou think it;s somethin' 'reat you;ve done for these $eo$le, &ut it;s trou&le.<When Coyote learned -hat -as 'oin' to ha$$en, he 'ot afraid and -alked &ak and forth feelin' sad &eause he didn;t kno- -hat to do, and sometimes he ried. Siuuhu said to him, <7f you had kno-n-hat -as 'oin' to ha$$en, you -ouldn;t have run around.<

Coyote had a flute made of a reed hollo-ed out inside. Siuuhu 'ot this flute and sto$$ed u$ the holes.He &le- some air in it to make it &i''er, $ut Coyote in it, and sto$$ed the holes in the ends.

/he man that had the &a&y -ent after his &a&y, &ut &y that time the -ater &e'an to rise, and the mannever returned. Siuuhu 'ot into the house he had &uiltG* and shut himself in there -hile 1arth Dotorsat do-n -ith his ane in his hand. 1arth Dotor san' a son':

2m sitting here

*ocking 'ack and forth!ith my cane in my hand.

=

When the -ater -as under 1arth Dotor, he raised himself, stood, and san' a son':

2m standing now 2m standing now



Swaying and staggering aro#nd !ith the cane in my hand.

<#k#lickim Gis an old -ord Gin this son' that means as -hen one is seated for a lon' time and stands,feelin' -eak in the knees, and sta''ers.

o- the -ater -as u$ to 1arth Dotor;s -aist. He stuk his ane in the 'round and lifted himself >like a $ole vaulter?, -ent strai'ht into the air, aross the heavens, and ame to his father;s >Jeoss;s? $lae.GI

/he -ater rose for t-enty days. 7t destroyed all the $eo$le and all reatures of the land and air. Well,t-o &irds saved themselves from the flood: -ood$eker >Hikovik? and 4eekh koskum >Juan didn;tkno- -hat the seond &ird -as, only its name?.G& /oday the si'ns that you see on the -ood$eker;stail sho- that it -as saved from the flood. /he -ater rose to a ertain hei'ht, almost to -here the-ood$eker -as han'in' Ge.'., from the sky, and it touhed his tail makin' si'ns on it.

At that time, the $eo$le thou'ht that Su$erstition 3ountainG -as the hi'hest mountain on earth, sothey fled to that mountain. When the -ater -as risin' to the to$, there -as a $o-erful mediine man

G& Hiki)ig and )i:g koskam .G /he latter means ;do-n8feather nested;. o one seems to kno- -hetherthese latter &irds still e6ist, or $reisely -hat they looked like. /hey are famous &eause of the

mytholo'y, and one often hears of them in son's. /he -ood$ekers are -ell kno-n and fre@uently seen &irds.

(

-ho thou'ht he ould make the mountain 'o hi'her. He san' a son':

S#perstition 1o#ntain!ith a song is going to grow higher On which 2 am standing.

At that time it -as lo-er than it is no-. 7t did rise a little.

/he -ater ke$t risin' and over$o-ered this mediine man. He o-ned a do' -hih he took on to$ ofthat mountain. /he do' looked to see ho- far the -ater had risen. When he ame &ak, for G&eause ofthe -ikedness of these $eo$le, the do' s$oke like them and told them, </his -ater has reahed us,<and that;s all he said. /hen they all $erished. All $eo$le -ere destroyed.G

/he -ater took t-enty days to rise and t-enty to fall. At the end of these days, -hen the -ater -asfallin', the t-o GSiuuhu;s and Coyote;s houses ame &ak -ith the -ater. Siuuhu;s house moved in airle, four times.

/here is a -ord that Juan doesn;t understand. /his house -as 'oin' to land in a ertain diretion, -ith aname, &ut Juan doesn;t kno- -hih -ay it means: =akilif .G

As this house moved around in a irle four times, the -ater &eame alm, you mi'ht all it, &eame@uiet, and it made the mark Glittle $etrified foam that -e no- see on Su$erstition 3ountain. /hat is thesi'n that the flood really ha$$ened. Also, as the house made its irle, it s$lashed -ater -hih made

/his -as the third $unishment made to the -orld. 7n it there -as to &e a ne- la- or rule that -ill tell usof the ne6t destrution of the -orld.

When the -ater -as lo-, it made rivers and oeans, -hih means that the -ater that destroyed the earth'athers itself into ertain $arts of the earth. /he

G =akolif , ;south;, ;trash; >the diretion in -hih flood8&orne trash $iles u$?. 9enerally s$eakin',



onsiderin' the lay of the land in the south-estern @uarter of Ari+ona, the do-nhill diretion issoutherly or at least this diretional term im$lies that it is.

#

-ater that turned into oean ontains dead animals, &irds, and human &ein's.

a rain&o-. When that sho-ed, Jeoss a$$eared in the heavens and told the earth, or -orld, that therain&o- meant that the -orld -ould never a'ain &e destroyed &y flood. Whenever it rains, the rain&o--ill a$$ear as a reminder that the -orld -ill not &e destroyed like that a'ain.

A name -as 'iven for the Siuuhu house: <Chok-eeum,< -hih Juan doesn;t understand.G" /he housethat Coyote -ent into isn;t a flute literally, &ut the -ord means a -hole $ile of the reeds of -hih a fluteis made. /he Pima -ord )apkw#chk means a $ile of those materials.G!)

When the -ater lo-ered, the house that Siuuhu -ent into ame onto a ertain $lae, and Siuuhu ameout -ith the -ater Eust u$ to his -aist. /he ne6t thin' to ome &ak to earth -as the flute that Coyote-ent into. He ame out and sa- that Siuuhu -as the oldest and he -as the youn'est.

*

'art ;4

New %reation and %orn

Here &e'in the Hohokam hroniles -ith the reation of that $eo$le &y the no-8senior Siuuhu. After a &rief disussion of different versions of -hat &eame of the ori'inal reation, -e -ill move to the realmatter of this $art, the Corn and /o&ao stories that -ere mentioned in onnetion -ith the 2ont te6t.

2irst, -hat ha$$ened to the old reation. Aordin' to Smith8Allison, these $eo$le all died. /hey s$okePima8Pa$a'o, the Hohokam -ill s$eak Pima8Pa$a'o, and the $eo$le -ho -ill on@uer the Hohokam,-ho -ill emer'e from the under-orld, s$oke it, too. Smith8Allison hold that these last $eo$le -erereated &y 1arth Dotor after he sank to the under-orld. Fther narrators hold that the on@uerors -erethe first8reated $eo$le. /hus, /hin 0eather, the Pa$a'os onsulted in the !"()s &y Underhill >!"#I: !=?, the Pa$a'os 7 no- kno- around Santa osa 4illa'e, and $ossi&ly DoloresG! all hold that 1arthDotor used his ane >solid or hollo-? to o$en a su&terranean esa$e $assa'e for a $ortion of theori'inal $eo$le. /hus they entered the under-orld, a kind of master -om& analo'ous to Siuuhu;s earth'um Ear of the flood myth. Sym&olially, they, too, -ere leveled -ith the 'ods, &ut their re&irth -illome muh later, in Smith8Allison;s story !#.

Suh are the on@uest mytholo'ies; ans-ers to the @uestion of -hat &eame of the first reation. 7

should mention that $ratially all Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'ies of reord have a flood and ne- reation,and all &ut 2ont;s >the oldest one? have a Hohokam on@uest. /here are a&out a do+en suhmytholo'ies. 7 have disussed the fe-, $ossi&ly misreorded e6e$tions to the trinity of flood, re8reation, and on@uest in a $a$er >!"!?.

I

Fne Siuuhu reates $eo$le, he makes various $lants for them: orn, otton, $um$kins >or s@uash?,various &eans, nettle leaf 'oosefoot, and to&ao. eall that the earlier reation -as $rovided &y 1arth



Dotor -ith the -ild $lant malva, deer, and ra&&its, -hih, sine they still e6ist, must have survived theflood. We an no- note that the ne- $lants $lae a'riulture in the $rovine of Siuuhu, not 1arthDotor. Ff these ne- $lants, only orn and to&ao reeive further mytholo'ial attention. Smith andAllison dediate muh of the seond reation story and the remainin' t-o myths of this $art to them,makin' the $art more onerned -ith the ne- $eo$les; relation -ith the $lants than -ith Siuuhu;sonern -ith the $eo$le.

eally, the first $ro&lem of Hohokam e6istene is to esta&lish a sta&le relation -ith the $lants. /herelation is a loss or, &etter stated, a dou&le se$aration. 2rom an initial state >delivered &y Siuuhu? ofunion &et-een the $lant and a human, in -hih the $lant8$erson lives -ith the Hohokam, >!? the $lant8 $erson &eomes se$arate from the $lant8o&Eet >i.e., the &otanial $lant?, and >=? the $lant8o&Eetremains in human hands -hile the $lant8$erson 'oes to live some-here else, far from humanity.

As stated in disussin' the 2ont te6t, there are Pima8Pa$a'o versions of this story -ith ain and Windin the $lae of Smith8Allison;s Corn and /o&ao. /-o of these myths are $laed in the su$$lement tothis $art, as is /hin 0eather;s sin'le te6t version of -hat Smith8Allison treat as t-o myths ><Corn and/o&ao 0eave< and <Corn eturns<?.

Also stated earlier -as the fat that most of the $rese$aration $ersons do not marry, &ut they seem to

-ish to do so, and $erha$s they ould not do so -hile retainin' their $aradisiaal relation -ithhumanity. Here is the testimony, inludin' t-o more versions of ain and Wind that are not 'iven inthis su$$lement. Smith8Allison;s Corn leaves -ithout se6ual or marital desires, &ut he returns to marrya human -oman. /he ou$le have a hild -ho is nurtured in the -oman;s -om& &ut -as en'endered &y the -oman;s eatin' a -orm that she $iked from Corn;s hair. /he hild is killed: Siuuhu auses themother to dro$ it -hile -alkin'. Corn8man leaves, &ut orn8o&Eet stays. Smith8Allison;s /o8

&ao leaves -ithout se6ual or marital desires, and he stays a-ay. He sends seeds &ak to the $eo$le.

/hin 0eather;s Corn does the same as Smith8Allison;s, &ut this time the hild turns into a sa'uaro from-hih the Hohokam -ill 'ather fruits to make -ine for rain eremonies. /hin 0eather;s /o&ao, a-oman, leaves &eause no man likes her. She stays a-ay &ut su$$lies seeds to humans. 7n the /hin0eather version of Wind and ain >inluded in the su$$lement?, Wind and ain are e6$elled &eause,follo-in' a &et, Wind e6$oses the roth of a vir'in for ain;s vie-in'. Humanity -ants the t-o &ak./hey -ill only return $eriodially, not as men &ut as fikle -ind and rain. /he t-o additional versionstell essentially the same story >Wri'ht !"=": **I! Sa6ton and Sa6ton !"(: (!(#)?.

/his entire olletion of failed and un8marria'es is si'nifiant in li'ht of -here the Smith8Allisonstories fit in those authors; lar'er mytholo'y. /he storiesLstories of this ty$eLome immediately after<Destrution /hrou'h Se6< and immediately &efore </he Whore.< /he latter treats a suession of too8short marria'es >and -ithout hildren? &et-een a fli'hty human -oman and various &irdlike or &ird8

man hus&ands. /hus Smith8Allison $lae their Corn and /o&ao te6t in a series on marria'e. Before itis the story of a man -ho has too many -omen and ultimately re$rodues throu'h his o-n $enis andhe indiretly makes a salty flood, and oo+in' su$era&undane of -ater that even in moderation is not'ood for earthly life. o irri'ation 'od >relative to the disussion of 2ont;s te6t?, he is an eEaulation'od. After the Corn and /o&ao te6t omes the story of a -oman -ho is not a 'od or a 'oddess &ut athreat to mundane Hohokam family values.

7n onlusion, from the details of Smith8Allison;s ro$ myths and from the myths; $osition in the lar'ermytholo'y, it is evident that to Smith8Allison the ori'in of ro$s is ontinuous -ith the ori'in ofmarria'e. 7n fat, one an say that they are more interested in the latter than the former.



Story ;4

Se.ond %reation

1arth Dotor ame do-n and ame to the t-o $ersons, Siuuhu and Coyote. /he three made $lans onho- they -ould make more $eo$le. /hey deided that the first thin' they should make is ants -ho-ould only -ork in the summer and -ould sho- ho- they are $o-erful, 'ood -orkers. /hey ould notdeide for a -hile ho- they -ould make man a'ain. 2inally they deided to make them the same -ayas &efore, in their o-n likeness.

/he three -ould have to -ork very hard. /hat is -hy man is more $o-erful than anythin' on earth, andmore valua&le.

/he ne6t thin' they made -as Eust t-o @uails >cokaycho ?.Ga /hen they made a roadrunner >tata ?,G&only one. /hen they 'ot $iees of mes@uite leaf and $laed them on to$ of the @uails; heads.

/his is a si'n that -hen the -ater -as 'one Gthe flood ended, it -as s$rin' Gand ne- mes@uite leaveshad ome out.

/hey sent the @uails to the -est to find ho- far the -ater had 'one to the -est, and they sent theroadrunner to the east to find ho- far the -ater had 'one that -ay. Comin' &ak, they -ould find themiddle of the earth. When the @uails and roadrunner ame &ak, they met ri'ht at the enter.

/his sho-ed that if they -anted to find the ri'ht $lae, they must -ork hard. /o this day human &ein'smust -ork hard to find the thin's they -ant to kno-.

/he three $ersons sat do-n in the middle of the earth. /hey 'ot some -ater and made lay and formed

$ersons. While formin' them, they did not

Ga <akaic# .

G& TadaiG

"

-ork to'ether. Fne $erson makin' his man -as fain' the east, one -as to the north, and one -as tothe -est. When Siuuhu found ho- Coyote -as makin' his $eo$le, he didn;t like them, &eause they-ere no 'ood, he said. So Siuuhu $iked u$ the $eo$le that Coyote had made and thre- them into theoean. /hose -ere the fishes and duks, and he told Coyote that they -ere Eust food for $eo$le.

ou an still see the marks of his hands in the heavens today. 7t is alled matk , like s$read fin'ers.G

1arth Dotor felt sorry a&out -hat had ha$$ened &et-een Siuuhu and Coyote, so he 'ot u$, 'ot hisane, and $ointed it to the heavens, meanin' that he -as to dro$ the heavens and smash the earth. Jeosss$oke u$ Gfrom the sky and told him it -as not ri'ht to do that. /hen Siuuhu -orked and $laed hishand a'ainst the heavens.

/his -as a si'n of the -ay $eo$le should ome to their death.

While Siuuhu held this a&ove him, 1arth Dotor -as 'oin' do-n in the earth. He -ent do-n to his



nek. When Siuuhu sa- this, he reahed to 'ra& him. 1arth Dotor Eust s$it all kinds of sikness inSiuuhu;s hand.

/hat;s -hy $eo$le die of sikness every-here.

When Siuuhu sa- that he held somethin' nasty in his hand, he -aved the hand all over the earth, ands$rinkled sikness all over.

Sikness is more $o-erful than mediine men &eause sikness -as made first and mediine menafter-ard.

Siuuhu said he didn;t intend to 'ive the -orld suh $ainful diseases, and he -orked and 'ave men $o-er to overome siknesses. /his is the $o-er of

G 1atk , ;$alm of hand;, ;hand and fin'ers;. /he onstellation Pleiades, as Hayden -as told &y thePa$a'o Juan Havier.

)

mediine men -ho sometimes -ill heal sikness and sometimes -on;t do it.

While 1arth Dotor -as 'oin' do-n into the earth, he made four kinds of li@uid in the earth >oil?,-hih -ould take fire @uikly. When he 'ot to the other side of the earth, he made some more $eo$le.

/hese son's -ere a si'n that some day -e -ould find out that the earth is turnin' around all the time.

Siuuhu stayed u$ on this earth, and he han'ed everythin' that he had deided to do. He made his $eo$le, and he had them talk many different lan'ua'es. He san' t-o son's:

The earth is spinning aro#nd The earth is spinning aro#nd $nd my people are spinning aro#nd with the earth.

/he earth is s$innin' faster

/he earth is s$innin' faster And my $eo$le are s$innin' faster -ith the earth.G=

/he first $eo$le that talked -ere the A$ahes. When Siuuhu heard them, he 'ot some ie and s$lashedit on them. /his -as to sho- them that they ould stand the old and make lothes out of deer skins./he seond $eo$le that talked -ere the a@uis. /he third $eo$le -ere the Ju:kum,Gd a kind of 7ndian.

eally means the first S$aniard to ome here, &ut it is no- a$$lied to 7ndians. Plural, Juhkum.

/he fourth that s$oke -ere the Pimas, Oht#m .Ge /hey 'ot old and -ere ryin', so Siuuhu 'ot aotton &lanket and s$read it over them. /he ne6t $eo$le

Gd Ju:kam, sin'. Jukam, $l. ;3e6ian;.

Ge F;odham.

!

-ho s$oke -ere the F&niu >the 3ario$as and umas, those -ho an understand eah other?.G( /o the $eo$le -ho s$oke F&niu he 'ave tree &ark, that they should make their lothin' from. 2rom this time,all those different kinds of talkin' $eo$le -ould kno- ho- to take are of themselves.

/his rule -as 'iven to the Pimas, that they -ere the first to learn to lay out their land and $lant ro$s in



it, to farm. /he farm Gsin'. that the Pimas made at that time didn;t have dithes. /hey -ere raisin'ro$s from the rains. So Siuuhu $lanted some otton for the Pimas. Son' >-hat the little seed -assin'in'?:

Just as today everythin' says somethin' all the time, the lantern and everythin',G# so the otton8seed-as sin'in'.

0o# ha)e planted me now $nd now 2 am coming #p with a load of earth $nd 2 ha)e thrown the earth down $nd now 2 ha)e got 'l#e lea)es on $nd now 2 ha)e yellow 'lossoms.G*

/he otton ke$t 'ro-in'. 2inally it -as ri$e. /he otton sin's another son':

;ow yo# are working )ery nice with me0o# are spinning me 'y a stick.

When Siuuhu sa- that his hildren -ere doin' $retty -ell -ith the otton, he deided to do more forthem. He $ut out the rule that his hildren should dream ertain si'ns on ho- to use their otton in

more -ays. 1very&ody -as aslee$, and he san' t-o more son's:

=

2 /#st now made the world $nd in that world 2 ha)e gotten e)ery'ody to sleep $nd the 'reath of man in that darknesswent o#t with more #nderstanding.

7 have made the mountainsAnd in amon' those mountains7 have $ut my $eo$le to slee$And the understandin' of those $eo$le has 'one outAnd d-ells there.

So u$ to no- this same thin' -as ha$$enin', and sometimes dreams ome true.

So a man sle$t and dreamed that he -ould make fine loth. ot all of those $eo$le -ere 'oin' to makeloth. Another sle$t and dreamed that he -ould &e a 'ood hunter. A -oman sle$t and dreamed she -as'oin' to make a fine stra- mat >of tules, for &eddin'?, and a fine arryin' &asket. /his -oman alsodreamed that she -ould &e a 'ood $iker of all the kinds of fruit that they used at that time for food./hen a man sle$t and dreamed he -ould &e a 'ood maker of arro-heads. And -hen the smaller thin's-ere made, the &eads and so forth, the man and -oman $lanned out and made them.

Juan says that -e Garhaeolo'ists $ro&a&ly found some &eads here in the ruins.1verythin' -as finished and -as 'ood for man and -oman to make a livin' on. e6t Siuuhu ru&&edhis &reast -ith his hands and &rou'ht out t-o orn seeds and $ut them in the 'round. Son':

0o# look in the fields $nd yo# will see corn coming o#t

/his son' means that -hen the -ind &lo-s, it is 'oin' to &rin' out louds.



(

/he louds -ill &rin' rain and make the $um$kin 'ro- and 'et ri$e.

/hese t-o seeds, orn and $um$kin, that Siuuhu $ut into the 'round are a demonstration of ho- a manand -oman should &e tied into marria'e to'ether, to &rin' out hildren, to inrease and multi$ly.

The lea)es are swaying 'ack and forth

1ade 'y the wind.Seond verse:

0o# look in the fields $nd yo# see the p#mpkin is coming o#t The lea)es of the p#mpkin are like clo#ds $nd the decoration on the p#mpkin is like decorated clo#ds.

Siuuhu;s seond Gorn son':

>0iteral translation of the seond orn son'?

E)ening red 2nside is singing Corn tassels pl#me &l#me ha)e in his hand &ointing this way and that way $nd singing.

Whih means that, -hen the orn is ri$e, they -ould use some of it and kee$ some seed for the ne6t $lantin' season, and the same -ith the $um$kin.

Hai lo Hyaan , a re$eated line in these son's, ends the verses. 7t means that the $ro$er GPima -ordshave &een for'otten.

>2ree translation?

The s#nset is red $nd the seeds are gathered together They will go and plant the seeds again.This corn has tassels on top $nd it is swaying 'ack and forth $nd singing $nd the 'lossoms of the p#mpkin $re swaying 'ack and forth $nd singing.

#

/his son' sin's a&out orn, $um$kins, little -hite &eans, and s$ekled &eans. Juan doesn;t understandsome of the -ords.

/he ne6t mornin' they $lanted this orn and $um$kin and sa- it turned out to &e 'ood. /he ne6t thin'that Siuuhu made -as the little 7ndian -hite &ean. /hen he made another kind of &ean that they used toall s$ekled &eans >you don;t see them anymore no-?. Corn son':



>0iteral translation?

He e yana heo>lt? vava heo>lt? 2s singing %arms in is singing This little white 'eans and the corn are singing Then the speckled 'ean and the p#mpkin are singing

together.4ava heo>lt? is singing Haih e ya.a ee na.

/he Gearlier t-o son's are alled orn son's. /he other t-o that -e Eust san' are alled <the kind that'oes -ith ru&&in' a stik aross a &asket, &asket ru&&in' son'.<GI So that is the four thin's thatSiuuhu made, and that is all, &eause four is an im$ortant num&er, and everythin' is made in four andis finished.

Another son':

Hay ee yana heo>lt?

!ater 'ree5e come o#t far awayThe 'ree5e r#ns a long ways 2t reaches far awayThe corn tassels it 'reaks to piecesHayh ee ya ya ee na.

The water clo#ds come o#t far away 2t came from far away $nd reached, p#mpkin lea)es 2t 'reaks to piecesHayh ee ya ya ee na.

*

Juan said he had never seen -hat it looks like.

/hen the &lak8eyed $eas -ere made &ut didn;t have any son'. /he ne6t thin' made -as some kind offood, alled koff ,Gf that is raised on a farm.

And there -ere no lies at that time, there -as no $ride at that time, there -as no murder at that time.All the $eo$le -ere lovin' eah other and -ere doin' their -ork to'ether and hel$in' eah other.

All these thin's -ere made to &e used for food. So one Gman -as 'iven this orn and -as alled theorn man. /he ne6t thin' made -as to&ao >oyote to&ao? that is alled in Pima <'reen to&ao,<and it -as only for the old $eo$le. So it Greeiver

$lant

is alled the to&ao man. /he $eo$le learned to use this orn and $um$kin, and they smoked theto&ao. So everythin' -as om$leted. /here -as no ruelty for men.



Story +=

%orn and To<a..o &ea-e

At a ertain time the orn and to&ao met to'ether, and the $eo$le deided the orn man and to&ao

man should $lay a 'ame of gins .G Corn and to&ao &elieved -hat the $eo$le said, so they started the'ame.

7t -as not their -ish to $lay this 'ame. 7t -as the $eo$le;s idea.

Gf <of or ko:f , nettle leaf 'oosefoot $lant >Chenopodi#m m#rale ?, an annual -eed atually introduedfrom 1uro$e >if m#rale> C. desiccat#m is nativeLParker !"=: !)#!)*? -hose seeds an &e 'atheredin early summer, $arhed, and made into $inole >ussell !"): (?. /he $lant 'ro-s on moistened,<distur&ed< 'round in or near fields. 7t is a semidomestiate. Sa6ton and Sa6ton do not list kof, ko:f , orko:w in their Pa$a'o ditionaries, nor does 3athiot list it. Perha$s it is more a Pima than a Pa$a'o $lant.

I

/hey heated eah other. /hat -as the first time that madness Gan'er ame into the -orld. Corn s$okeu$ to /o&ao. Corn said, <ou are nothin', /o&ao, only the old $eo$le smoke you. 2or my $art,men, -omen, and hildren eat me. 7 am raisin' the youn' $eo$le.<

/o&ao said, <7 think the same a&out you. ou are nothin', &ut mediine men smoke me and dotor;the $eo$le.<

So they -ere talkin', -hih -as not ri'ht. /hey felt sorry for the mean -ords they said, and the $eo$ledidn;t hel$ them out &ut Eust let them s$eak. So the to&ao left and -ent to-ard the -est. He follo-eddo-n the river >9ila?, and -hen he 'ot to a ertain distane he felt sorry. He ried like thisLson':

4lack 'o'cat Toward the s#nset is going Hay ya ha;a hah >crying ?.

/his Glast $hrase has no meanin'. 7t is Eust the -ay his mind -ent -hen he -as sad.G

He -ent and sto$$ed at the -est $art of the avaEo ountry. Corn stayed here for four days, -aitin' forthe older $eo$le to &rin' him soft feathers and &eads, so he -ould not have to leave the ountry. /he $eo$le didn;t 'ive him -hat he needed, so he san' this son':

2 deep 'eat ?deep win@

To'acco was mad

$nd was talking.The people, they will get 8a

soft feather



$nd gi)e it to meThe people will get a 'ead $nd gi)e it to me.

So he -ent out, to-ard the east. He 'ot all the orn that the $eo$le had and took it -ith him, and the $eo$le -ere hun'ry. /he old $eo$le -ere also sare in to&ao.

When Siuuhu sa- this, he didn;t like it. /he $eo$le had learned ho- to 'et mad, and Siuuhu made arule that every mornin' the old $eo$le -ere to talk to their youn' hildren and tell them -hat -as ri'htto do.

When the $eo$le -anted somethin' to smoke really &adly, they 'ot a man to 'o after /o&ao and &rin' him &ak home. /his man -ent and tried to tell him to ome &ak, &ut /o&ao said he doesn;t-ant to ome &ak. He said, <Corn alled me some mean thin's so 7 don;t -ant to 'o &ak.< /he man $rayed to /o&ao and said /o&ao should sym$athi+e -ith him and 'o &ak home.

/he to&ao didn;t -ant to ome home, &ut he 'ave the man one of his little seeds and told him to takethe seed -ith him, $re$are the 'round, $lant the seed, and sometimes the to&ao -ould ome out $retty -ell and sometimes it -on;t.

7f anyone -ants to kno- -hat a man is $lantin', he -on;t tell them. 7f the man tells -hat he is $lantin',the to&ao -on;t ome u$. So this man &rou'ht the seed home, $lanted it, and

ke$t it a seret and it ame out and -as 'ood to&ao.

/oday -e have that to&ao -hih is smaller than the one that -ent to the -est and stayed over there.

/he orn that -ent to-ard the east sto$$ed there and san' t-o son's:

The 'ig corn stalksThey called me corn 2 ha)e come o#t here.

3y stalks are stoutAnd are standin' strai'ht u$3y fruit is Gare

stoutAnd are standin' strai'ht u$.

So the $eo$le -ere hun'ry here.

Story >4

%orn !eturns

Just south-est of here are si'ns of -here $eo$le used to live, at the $lae alled top-oid#k ,G' or ra&&itfarm.



1ast of Santa Cru+, si'ns of a ruin.

/he reason -hy they alled it to$8oiduk is that there used to &e a lot of ra&&its there. When the $eo$le $lanted their ro$s, the ra&&its -ould eat it all u$.

2rom there one -oman -ent to Su$erstition 3ountain G#) miles east-ard, 'athered some Ghollaatus fruit, and &aked them in ashes, &eause they

G' /o:&i Fida', ;a&&it 2ield;.

"

-ere hun'ry. While the orn -as standin' in the east,G" he sa- -hat the -oman -as doin'. /he-oman ha$$ened to &e a youn' 'irl, very $retty, so the orn loved the 'irl and ame to-ard her.

He ame to a mountain, alled 4atum >means a hole?G!) at a ertain $lae in the east, and at the &aseof the mountain he san' this son':

2 ha)e gone 2 am going

$nd now 2 am passing 'y =atc#m %lat-headed ?corn, me@ Aittle 'it cra5y ?2 am@.

/his refers to freak orn -ith a flattened end.

/hen he ame to another mountain alled White8thin and san':

2 am passing 'y !hite-thin ?Stoa <om@G!! %lat-headed ?corn@?2 am@ little 'it cra5y hu$aGh >like a woman ?.

/here is a -ord for a little &it ra+y a$$lied to a man and another -ord as a$$lied to a -oman. He uses

the -ord a$$lied to a -oman.As he 'ets loser to the -oman he sin's this son':

2 went and met a girl 2 ran and met this girl $ cliff which decorated itself )ery pretty 2m getting closer to top-oid#k Hay do -ay ha;an.G!=

Cliff is a sym&ol of the minds omin' to'ether. /he 'irl -ants a man, and orn -ants a -oman. 7tmeans he is 'oin' throu'h roky ountry and everythin' -as $retty, Eust like -hen one 'oes to meet a-oman. Ch#pa is a$$lied to a -oman -ho s-ears and smokes and 'oes -ith &ad &oys, a little &ut not

muh.So this orn man -ent and ame to the 'irl;s home and stayed -ith her for one day. He told the 'irl that

Gh Ce:paowi , ;$rostitute;, ;-hore;.

")

his head felt ithy, so she looked for somethin' in the orn man;s hair and took out a -orm. She $ut itin her mouth and he-ed it u$. /he orn man -as also deorated. When his lothes $eeled off the front



of his hest, he a$$eared to have kernels of orn on himself.

When the sun -as a&out to set, he -ent out of the house -ith one of his arro-s and stuk it in someatus fruit that had &een ooked. When they took this atus fruit out Gfrom the $it in -hih it had &een ooked, it a$$eared that it -asn;t atus fruit &ut $um$kin and orn. /he 'irl 'ot this han'edfood and -ent a-ay. She -as 'lad and san' t-o son's:

0o# ha)e made a woman o#t of me $nd yo# ha)e made a 'asket for me!hich is made of corn tassels.

ou have made a -oman out of meAnd you have made a &asket for meWhih is made of $um$kin &lossoms.

/he 'irl -ent to -here her $arents -ere and 'ave them the $um$kin and orn, and they ate it. /hisha$$ened four times. She -ent &ak to -here the orn man -as and 'ot the same thin' from him fourtimes.

/he fourth time the orn man talked to her and told her that -hen she 'ot &ak to her $eo$le, she ould

"!

talk to them and tell them to make a s$eial house for him to live in. He -as 'oin' to live -ith the $eo$le. He also told her to tell them to lean u$ their houses and 'et everythin' ready, suh as dishesand $ots, and they must turn them Gfae u$.

When the fourth day -as u$, the orn man -ent. As he started he san' t-o son's:

Toward the west Closer to the setting of the s#n!here is m#ch #nderstanding

To this land 2 come $nd o)er this land 2t is raining corn.

/o-ard the -estClose to the settin' of the sun/here lies some landFver this land/he louds are roarin'And it;s rainin' $um$kinsFver this land.

When Corn 'ot to the land that he mentioned, Eust to 'ive you an idea ho- he 'ot G-hat he did there, itGhe ame like hail, it rained orn, it rained $um$kins in every dish, and it filled everythin' that theyhad turned u$. When Corn 'ot there, he -ent into the house that the $eo$le had made for him, and the'irl that he had met ame and lived -ith him.

"=

When some $eo$le sa- this thin' ha$$en, they ouldn;t &elieve that it -as really orn and $um$kins.When Corn found this out, he san' t-o son's:



2t is tr#e that 2 am Corn $nd yo# see that 2 ha)e white kernels.

7t is true that 7 am the Pum$kinWith -hite seeds.

When the $eo$le $re$ared and ate it, they -ere filled. /hey 'athered it and stored it a-ay for theirfood.

All this time the -orm that the 'irl he-ed had turned into a &a&y in the 'irl;s -om&. /he 'irl stayed-ith the orn man four times four days. When the fourth fourth day -as u$, the &a&y -as &orn. 7t -asthe hild of orn man and -as a 'irl.

When Siuuhu sa- this, he didn;t like it. /he &a&y -as taken are of for four days. /hen the 'irl $ikedit u$ in her arms, to take it some$lae. Fn the -ay, someho- she dro$$ed it and the &a&y died. 7t -asSiuuhu;s sheme that this should ha$$en. When the orn sa- it, he 'ot mad and -ent off to the east./his -as the first time the $eo$le sa- death.

/he elder $eo$le, -ho -ere alled -ise men, -ent to Siuuhu and asked -here the life of the hild -entto. Siuuhu said that out in the desert there is a mountain -hih is tossed &ak and forth &y the -ind.

/he -ise $eo$le asked -hat he meant &yWhat Siuuhu meant -as that human &ein's -ere made of earth. Whenever a human dies, it 'oes &akto earth, and the &ones also turn &ak to earth a'ain. /he life of a dead $erson,

"(

after it leaves the &ody, should 'o to the east -here land -as $re$ared for the s$irit. /he land -asalled Paradise, and everythin' is &loomin' $rettily. When the s$irit 'ets to that land, it should reeive<'ood air< >fra'rane? and should &e ha$$y -ith the $eo$le already over there. 0ife -hen it 'ets there-ill never &e thirsty or hun'ry. /his is only meant for Pima and Pa$a'o 7ndians, not any other kind of $eo$le.

that. Siuuhu told them that he e6$lained this to them &eause -hat ha$$ened to Corn and the 'irl -asnot ri'ht.

/he ne6t @uestion that the $eo$le asked Siuuhu -as, -hat -as 'oin' to ha$$en to that life Gafter deathin the future. Siuuhu told them it is not man;s $ur$ose to kno- -hat those lives -ere 'oin' to do, &ut itis Jeoss;s &usiness to kno- -hat he -ants to do -ith them.

/he $eo$le asked -hat -as 'oin' to ha$$en here, on earth. Siuuhu told them that in the earth there arefour kinds of -ater -ith -hih the -orld -ill &urn u$ -ith fire. /he $eo$le asked him a stron'er@uestion, ho- the $eo$le -ould kno- -hen this thin' G&urnin' -as to ome to $ass. /he reason theyasked these @uestions -as that they -anted more understandin', or to &e more $o-erful, than Siuuhu.

So from that time until no-, -hen a hild 'ets ross or mad, you 'ive him some s-eet thin's, and he;ll &e all ri'ht.

Siuuhu told them that at this time they have one son', and -hen the end is near there -ill &e all sorts of $eo$le dreamin' all sorts of son's a&out &irds and animals and everythin'. Also, -hen the time isomin', youn' men -ill 'ro- old in a short time, and a youn' -oman -ill 'ro- old in a very shorttime. He also made a statement a&out the orn. When the time is near, they -ill $lant orn andsometimes it -ill fail, and -ith the orn -ill ome u$ all kinds of -eeds. At that time, man must -ork



"#

hard to 'et a 'ood ro$ from that orn. He must lean the -eeds and ultivate it to 'et a 'ood ro$./hen Siuuhu made a &itter $um$kin, and he told them that this -ould &e a si'n of -hat had ha$$ened,that orn;s &a&y had died. 7t -as ri'ht here, then, that Siuuhu made -atermelons and musk melons.When he 'ave these melons to the $eo$le, they sto$$ed &ein' mad and -ere all ri'ht a'ain.

/hen Siuuhu made four ommandments &y -hih $eo$le should unite in marria'eLnot like orn did./he four ommandments are that the father of the 'irl and mother of the 'irl should a'ree, and themother of the &oy and father of the &oy should a'ree, -hih makes four ommandments &y -hih theyshould &e married.

2rom then until no-, -hen a $erson should die, the $eo$le should &ury him in the 'round. So the $eo$le -ere 'ettin' alon' niely.

Su22lement

The Story of %orn and To<a..o 6Thin &eather7

/here -as a $o-erful mahkai Gmediine man -ho had a dau'hter, -ho, thou'h old enou'h, -asunmarried and -ho 'retired of her sin'le life and asked her father to &ury her, sayin', -e -ill seethen if the men -ill are for me. And from her 'rave

"*

're- the $lant to&ao, and her father took it and smoked it, and -hen the $eo$le -ho -ere 'atheredto'ether smelled it, they -ondered -hat it -as and sent /oehahvs GCoyote to find out.

Althou'h the to&ao still 're-, the -oman ame &ak to life and ame out of her 'rave &ak to her

home. Fne day she $layed 'ainskoot G'ins, a die 'ame -ith Corn, and Corn &eat her and -on all shehad. But she 'ave some little thin's she didn;t are for to Corn, and the rest of her de&t she did not $ay,and they @uarreled.

She told Corn to 'o a-ay, sayin', <o&ody ares for you, no-, &ut they are a 'reat deal for me, andthe dotors use me to make rain, and -hen they have moistened the 'round is the only time you anome out.< And Corn said, <ou don;t kno- ho- muh the $eo$le like me the old as -ell as the youn'eat me, and 7 don;t think there is a $erson that does not like me.< And Corn told /o&ao to 'o a-ayherself.

/here -ere $eo$le -ho heard them @uarrelin', and althou'h /o&ao stayed on, -henever she -ould &e in a house and hear $eo$le lau'hin', she -ould think they -ere lau'hin' at her. She &eame very

sad and one day sank do-n in her house and -ent -est-ard and ame to a house there.A $erson -ho lived there told her -here to slee$, sayin', <3any $eo$le sto$ here and that is -herethey slee$.< But she said, <7 am travelin', and no one

"I

kno-s -here 7 am, and if anyone follo-s me and omes here, you tell them that you same, that 7 leftvery early in the mornin' and you do not kno- -hih -ay 7 -ent.< And she told him she did not kno-



herself -hih -ay she -ould 'o, and at ni'ht, -hen she -ent to &ed, she &rou'ht a stron' -ind. Whenshe -anted to leave, she sank do-n and -ent -est-ard, and the -ind &le- a-ay all her traks. Sheame to the 3oEaves G7ndians alon' the Colorado iver and lived there in a hi'h mountain, Cheof /oe8ahk,Gi or tall mountain, -hih -as a liff, very hard to lim&, and /o&ao stood u$ there.

After /o&ao had 'one, Corn remained, &ut -hen orn8$lantin' time ame, none -as $lanted &eausethere -as no rain. So it -ent on all summer, and $eo$le &e'an to say, <7t is so. When /o&ao -as here

-e had $lenty of rain, and no- -e don;t have any, and she must have had -onderful $o-er.< /he $eo$le solded Corn for sendin' /o&ao a-ay and told him to 'o a-ay himself. /hen they sent for/o&ao to ome &ak, that they mi'ht have rain a'ain.

Corn left, 'oin' to-ard the east, sin'in' all the -ay, takin' Pum$kin -ith him, -ho -as sin'in' too,sayin' they -ere 'oin' -here there -as $lenty of moisture.

Gi Ce- Dua', ;/all Gor lon' 3ountain;.

"

/he ne6t year there -as no -ater, and a $o-erful dotor, 9ee8hee8so$,GE took the Dotor;s Stone

Gdivinin' @uart+ rystal of 0i'ht and the Dotor;s S@uare Stone G$ossi&ly a flat slate, some softGdo-n feathers, some ea'le tail feathers, and -ent to -here /o&ao lived, askin' her to ome &ak,sayin', <We;re all sufferin' for -ater, and -e kno- you have $o-er to make it rain. 1very seed &uriedin the 'round is &e''in' for -ater and is likely to &e &urned u$, and every tree is sufferin', and 7 -antyou to ome home.<

/he /o&ao said, <What has &eome of Corn

He is still -ith you, and orn is -hat you ou'ht to eat, and every&ody likes it &ut no&ody ares for me,and 7 don;t -ant to 'o &ak, and 7;m not 'oin'.< But 9eeheeso$ said, <Corn is not here no-, he has

'one a-ay, and -e do not kno- -here he is.< And a'ain he asked /o&ao to ome &ak, &ut sherefused. But she 'ave him four &alls of to&ao seed and said to him, </ake these home -ith you, andtake the dirt of the to&ao8-orm, and roll it u$, and $ut it in a ane tu&e and smoke it all around, andyou -ill have rain, and then $lant the seed, and in four days it -ill ome u$. When you 'et the leaves,smoke them, and

GE 9i:su$i, ;Blak $hoe&e &ird;, Sayoris nigricans >Sa6ton, Sa6ton, and 1nos !"(: !I?. Sa6ton andSa6ton >!"I": !I? s$ell this &ird name as gi:soki , and at that time they identified it as a lar'ehummin'&ird. o dou&t, the later !"( s$ellin' and identifiation are orretions. /hese <flyather<8ty$e >at least to Amerians? &irds al-ays live near -ater. /hey make their nests from leaves mi6ed -ithmud >Peterson !"I!: !=?.

"

all on the -inds, and you -ill have louds and $lenty of rain.<

So 9eeheeso$ -ent home -ith the seed &alls and to&ao8-orm dirt and did as /o&ao had told himand the smokin' of the dirt &rou'ht rain, and the seeds -ere $lanted in a seret $lae and in four daysame u$ and 're- for a -hile &ut finally -ere a&out to die for -ant of rain. /hen 9eeheeso$ 'ot someof the leaves and smoked them, and the -ind &le-, and rain ame, and the $lants revived and 're- tillthey -ere ri$e.



When the to&ao -as ri$e, 9eeheeso$ 'athered a lot of the leaves and filled -ith them one of the'ourdlike nests -hih the -ood$eker, koh-daht ,Gk makes in the har-san GhasanG , or 'iant atus,and took a fe- of these and $ut them in a ane8tu&e $i$e, or -ath85ee G#acki , and -ent to -here the $eo$le 'athered in the evenin'.

/he dotor -ho -as the father of /o&ao said, <What;s this 7 smell

/here is somethin' ne- hereR< And one G$erson said, <Perha$s it is some 'reens that 7 ate today thatyou smell,< and he &reathed to-ard him. But the mahkai Gdotor said, </his is not it.< And the others &reathed to-ard him, &ut he ould not smell it. /hen 9eeheeso$ rolled a oal to-ard himself and lit u$his $i$e Gnot $reviously lit, and the dotor said, </his is -hat 7 smelledR<

Gk 3i'ht &e hokkad G , ;atus8-ren; > Heleodytes 'r#nneicapill#s ?.

""

9eeheeso$, after smokin' a fe- -hiffs, $assed the $i$e around to the others, and all smoked it. When itame &ak to him he stuk it in the 'round.

/he ne6t ni'ht he ame -ith a ne- $i$e to the $lae of the meetin', &ut the father of /o&ao said,<0ast ni'ht 7 had a smoke, &ut 7 did not feel 'ood after it. /he man -ho had eaten the 'reens kah8tee8'umGl the day &efore said, <He does not mean that he didn;t enEoy the smoke, &ut somethin' elsetrou&led him after it, and 7 think it -as that -hen -e $assed the $i$e around -e didn;t say ;3yrelatives,; ;&rother; or ;ousin; or -hatever it -as &ut $assed it @uietly -ithout usin' any Grelationshi$names.<

And /o&ao;s father said, <es, that is -hat 7 mean.< . . . So 9eeheeso$ lit his $i$e a'ain and $assed itaround in the -ay to satisfy the dotor. /he $eo$le saved the seeds of that to&ao, and today it is allover the land.G!(

Corn and Pum$kin had 'one east, and for many years they lived there, and the $eo$le they had left hadno orn and no $um$kins. After a -hile, they returned of themselves, and ame first to the moun8

Gl Sounds like -hat 7 -ould s$ell as kadigam. 7n story I, </he Whore,< Hayden s$ells -hat isundou&tedly the same -ord as <Cadi'um.< Here in this te6t the -ord is a$$arently taken as the name ofa $lant -ith fra'rant leaves, &ut Hayden -as told it is the name of a kind of &ird unfamiliar to Smithand Allison. 7 have not found anyone -ho kno-s the -ord, so 7 annot onfirm either inter$retation./he -ord does not sound $artiularly Pima8Pa$a'o and may &e ada$ted from another 7ndian lan'ua'e.7n any ase, it seems to &e o&sure.

!)) tain /ahtkumGm and lived there a -hile and then rossed the G9ila river and lived near Blak-ater, ata $lae alled /oeahk8Comalk,Gn or White /hin 3ountain, and from there -ent to 9ahkotekihGo or,as it is no- alled, Su$erstition 3ountain.

While they lived at 9ahkotekih, there -as a -oman livin' near there at a $lae alled 5a-t8kee oy8ee8dukG$ -ho, -ith her youn'er &rother, -ent to 9ahkotekih to 'ather and roast -hite G$ro&a&ly hollaatus, and -hile they -ere doin' this, Corn sa- them from the mountain and ame do-n. /he &oysa- him and said, <7 think that is my unle omin',< &ut his sister said, <7t annot &e, for he is too far



a-ay. 7f he -ere here, the $eo$le -ould not &e starvin' no-.<

But the &oy -as ri'ht, and it -as his unle, and Corn ame to them and stayed -hile the atus -as &akin'. After a -hile, as he sat aside, he -ould shoot an arro- u$ into the air, and it -ould fall -hirlin'-here the ookin' -as, and he -ould 'o and $ik it u$. 2inally he said to the -oman, <Would you not &etter unover the orn and see if it is ooked yet

< She said, <7t;s not orn, it;s atus.<

A'ain . . . he said, <Would you not &etter unover the $um$kin and see if it is ooked yet

< She re$lied,

Gm /a:tkam, ;2eeler;, a mountain east of 1loy, Ari+. See note ".

Gn /oa 5omalk, ;White /hin;.

Go 9akodkG , ;Bent;.G$ Pro&a&ly 5okotk Fida', ;Seashell 2ield;L/o:&i Ga&&it 2ield in Smith8Allison.

!)!

<7t;s not $um$kin -e are &akin', it;s atus.< 2inally he said, <Well, unover it any-ay,< and sheunovered it and there -ere orn and $um$kin there, . . . niely mi6ed and ut. . . . /hen he asked a&outthe /o&ao -oman, if she -ere married yet, and she said, <o, she is not married, &ut she is &ak -ithus a'ain no-.<

/hen he asked her to send the &oy ahead to tell the $eo$le that Corn -as omin' to live -ith them

a'ain. 2irst the &oy -as to 'o to the . . . father of /o&ao and see if he and his dau'hter -anted Cornto return. 7f they did, he -ould ome, and if they did not, he -ould stay a-ay. He -anted the &oy toome ri'ht &ak and tell the ans-er that he 'ot.

So the little &oy -ent and took some orn -ith him to the dotor, and said, <Corn sent me, and he -antsyour dau'hter, and he -ants to kno- if you -ant him. 7f you do, he -ill return, &ut if you do not, he-ill turn &ak a'ain. He -ants me to &rin' him -ord -hat you say.<

/he dotor said, <7 have nothin' to say a'ainst him. 7 'uess he kno-s the $eo$le -ant orn. 9o and tellhim to ome.<

And Corn said, <9o &ak and tell the dotor to make a little house . . . and to over it -ith mats insteadof &ushes, and let /o&ao 'o there . . . until 7 ome. And tell the $eo$le to s-ee$ their houses . . . and

if anythin' in their house is &roken, suh as $ots, . . .

!)=

to turn them ri'ht side u$ Goutside. 2or 7 am omin' &ak o$enly. /here -ill &e no seret a&out it.<

GSo it -as done and &efore sunset the -oman G-ho met Corn ame home -ith the orn and $um$kinsshe had ooked at the mountain, &ut Corn stayed out until evenin'. When evenin' ame there -as a &lak loud -here Corn stood, and soon it &e'an to rain orn, and every little &it a &i' $um$kin -ould



ome do-n &um$. 7t rained orn and $um$kins all ni'ht, -hile Corn and his &ride -ere in their house,and in the mornin' the $eo$le -ent out and 'athered the orn from the s-e$t $lae around their houses.

. . . So Corn lived there -ith his -ife, and after a -hile /o&ao had a &a&y. 7t -as a little rooked8nek $um$kin of the sort that Pimas all do'8$um$kin. When the hild had 'ro-n a little, one day its fatherand mother -ent to -ork in the 'arden, and they $ut the little $um$kin &a&y &ehind a mat leanin'a'ainst the -all. Some hildren . . . found it there and &e'an to $lay -ith it for a doll, arryin' it on

their &aks as they do dolls. 2inally they dro$$ed it and &roke its nek.When Corn ame &ak, he found his &a&y &roken and -as an'ry, and left his -ife, and -ent east a'ain,and stayed there a -hile, then &ethou'ht him of his $ets the &lak&irds, -hih he had left &ehind, andame &ak to his -ife a'ain. After a -hile he

!)(

-ent a'ain to the east, takin' his $ets -ith him, satterin' 'rains of orn so the &lak&irds -ouldfollo- him. Corn made this s$eeh -hile he -as in the house -ith /o&ao:

7n the east there is the /onedum 4ahahkkee,G@ the 4ahahkkee of 0i'ht -here lives the

'reat dotor, the kin'fisher. And 7 ame to Biveshool,Gr the kin'fisher, and asked him for $o-er, and he heard me askin', and fle- u$ on his house, and looked to-ard the -est, and &reathed li'ht four times, and fle- and &reathed a'ain four times, and so onLflyin' fourtimes and &reathin' after eah fli'ht four times, and then he sat over a $lae in the 'roundthat -as ut o$en.

And in the -est there -as a Blue&ird, and -hen 7 asked him for $o-er he fle- u$ on hishouse and &reathed four times, then fle- to-ard the east, and he and Biveshool met at themiddle of the earth.

And Biveshool asked the Blue&ird to do some 'reat thin' to sho- his $o-er, and theBlue&ird took the &lue 'rains of orn from his &reast and

G@ /ondam Wa;aki, ;Shinin' 9reat8house;.

Gr Pro&a&ly he:wac#d , the <&lueEay< aordin' to Sa6ton, Sa6ton, and 1nos !"(: =). Sa6ton andSa6ton s$elled the -ord <he:was/el < in !"I" >!*? and identified it then as a <lar'e &lue &ird.<5in'fishers >0loyd;s identifiation? are lar'e &lue &irds. Smith and Allison refer to this &ird in theirWhore story. /hey onsider it a &lue&ird. Hayden s$ells the name as <her8va8hut.<

!)#

then $lanted them, and they 're- into &eautiful tall orn, so tall that its to$s reahed the skyand its leaves &o-ed over and srathed the 'round in the -ind.

And Biveshool took -hite seeds from his &reast and $lanted them, and they ame u$ and-ere &eautiful to &e seen and ame to &ear fruit that lay one after another on the vineL these -ere $um$kins.

And the &eautiful &oys ran amon' these $lants and learned to shout and learned to -histle,and the &eautiful 'irls ran around these $lants and learned to -histle.

And the relatives heard of these 'ood years and the $lenty to eat, and there ame a relativeleadin' her hild &y the hand, -ho said, <We -ill 'o ri'ht on, for our relatives must have



$lenty to eat, and -e shall not al-ays suffer -ith hun'er.< So these ame, &ut did not eat itall, &ut returned. So my relatives, think of this, and -e shall not suffer -ith hun'er al-ays.

And Corn made another s$eeh at that time to /o&ao;s father:

DotorR DotorR Have you seen that this earth that you made is &urnin'

/he mountains are rum&lin', and all kinds of trees are &urnin' do-n. And the $eo$le overthe land, -hih you

!)*

have made run around, have for'otten ho- to shout, and have for'otten ho- to -alk, sinethe 'round is so hot and &urnin'. And the &irds, -hih you have made, have for'otten ho-to fly, have for'otten ho- to sin'.

And -hen you found this out you held u$ the lon' $inion feathers, mah8heev8a8duk,Gsto-ard the east, and there ame the lon' louds one after the other.

/here in those louds there -ere lo- thunderin's, and they s$read over the earth and-atered all the $lants and the roots of all the trees and everythin' -as different from -hatit had &een.

1very lo- $lae and every valley -as rooked, &ut the fore of the -aters strai'htenedthem out, and there -as drift-ood on all the shores: and after it -as over every lo- $laeand every valley had foam in its mouth.

And in the mouth stood the Dotor, and Ghe took the 'rains from his &reast and $lantedthem, and the orn 're- and -as &eautiful. And he -ent on further, to another lo- valley,

Gs 1a:cwidag literally <learnin'8thin'< Gfor mediine men, the lon' -in' or tail feathers $rimarily ofea'les, $erha$s also of o-ls, ha-ks, and &u++ards. /he feathers, usually t-o, al-ays of the sames$eies, are mounted -ith their &ottoms lashed to'ether, so that they urve a$art to form a <.<3ediine men fan thin's -ith them.

!)I

and $lanted other seeds, and the $um$kin 're- and -as &eautiful.

And its vine to the -est -as &lak and +i'+a' in form, and to the south -as &lue and +i'+a'in form, and to the east -as -hite and +i'+a' in form, and to the north -as yello- and

+i'+a' in form.So everythin' ame u$, and there -as $lenty to eat, and the $eo$le 'athered it u$, and theyoun' &oys and 'irls ate and -ere ha$$y, and the old men and the old -omen ate andlen'thened even their fe- days. So think of this, my relatives, and kno- that -e are not tosuffer -ith hun'er al-ays.

And the Do'8Pum$kin Ba&y lay there &roken, after Corn -ent a-ay, &ut after a -hile Gthe &a&y sankdo-n and -ent to 9ahkotekih and 're- u$ there and &eame the Harsan, or 9iant Catus.

/he mother and 'randfather ould not find the Do'8Pum$kin Ba&y and alled the $eo$le to'ether, and



/oehahvs GCoyote -as asked to find it, and he smelled around -here it had &een and -ent around inirles.

And he ame to -here the 9iant Catus -as and thou'ht it -as the &a&y &ut -as not sure, and so heame &ak and told them he ould not find it. /hey -anted ooee GBu++ard to 'o, and /oehahvs saidto

!)

ooee, <7 did see somethin', &ut 7 -as not @uite sure, &ut 7 -ant you to e6amine that 9iant Catus.<

So ooee fle- around and around and e6amined the 9iant Catus and ame &ak, and -hen the $eo$le@uestioned him he said, <7 have found it and it is already full8'ro-n, and 7 tell you 7 think somethin''ood -ill ha$$en &eause of it.<

When the atus had fruit the $eo$le 'athered it and made tis8-in Gloal S$anish name for atus -ineand other kinds of home&re- and took the seeds and s$read them out in the sun. And Bad'er stolethese seeds, and -hen the $eo$le kne- it they sent /oehahvs after the thief.

/oehahvs -ent and sa- Bad'er ahead of him in the road, and he sa- him 'o out and around and omeinto the road a'ain and ome to-ard him. When they met, /oehahvs asked him -hat he had in hishand, and Bad'er said, <7 have somethin', &ut 7;m not 'oin' to sho- you.< /hen /oehahvs said, <7fyou;ll only Eust o$en your hand so 7 an see, 7;ll &e satisfied.< Bad'er o$ened his hand and /oehahvs hitit -ith a sla$ from &elo- and knoked the seeds all around, and that is -hy the 'iant atus is sosattered. >0loyd !"!!: =!=()?

!)

Su22lement

How 5ornin Green &ost his 'ower o-er the Winds and the !ain Gods 6Thin&eather7

3ornin' 9reen Gmythi suessor to Si&a is re$uted to have had s$eial ma'i $o-er over t-osu$ernatural &ein's kno-n as Wind8man and ain8man. 7t ha$$ened at one time that many $eo$le -ere $layin' a 'ame -ith anes in the main $la+a of 3ornin' 9reen;s settlement >Casa 9rande?, on thesouth side of the om$ound amon' these -ere ain8man and Wind8man. /he latter laid a -a'er that ifhe lost, his o$$onent should look on the harms of a ertain maid. When Wind8man lost, in reven'e hesent a 'reat -ind that &le- aside her &lanket, at -hih indi'nity she ried and om$lained of Wind8manto 3ornin' 9reen, -ho -as so an'ry that he made ain8man &lind, o&li'in' him to &e led a&out &y hisservant, the -ind and he also &anished &oth from Casa 9rande. /hey -ent to the San Bernardino3ountains in -hat is no- California and lived at 1a'le 3ountain, near the $resent to-n of Wads-orth,-here as a onse@uene it rains ontinuously.

After the &anishment of these t-o the rain eased at Casa 9rande for four years, and 3ornin' 9reensent Hummin'&ird to the mountains -here Wind8man and ain8man resided. Hummin'&ird arried-ith



!)"

him a -hite feather, -hih he held aloft to detet the $resene of the -ind. /hree times he tried todisover Wind8man &y the movement of this feather &ut -as not suessful. When at last Hummin'&irdame to a $lae -here there -as muh 'reen 'rass, he a'ain held u$ the feather to see -hether itsho-ed any movement of air. 7t res$onded &y indiatin' a sli'ht -ind, and later he ame to the s$ot-here Wind8man and ain8man -ere &ut found them aslee$.

Hummin'&ird dro$$ed a little mediine on the &reasts of Wind8man and ain8man, -hih aused themafter a time to move and later to a-ake. When they had risen from their slee$, Hummin'&ird informedthem that 3ornin' 9reen had sent him to ask them to return and a'ain take u$ their a&ode -ith him atCasa 9rande. ain8man, -ho had no desire to return, ans-ered, <Why did 3ornin' 9reen send usa-ay

< and Wind8man said, <eturn to 3ornin' 9reen and tell him to ut off his dau'hter;s hair and makefrom it a ro$e. Brin' the ro$e to me and 7 -ill tie it a&out my loins, that ain8man, -ho is &lind, anath hold of it -hile 7 am leadin' him. But advise all in Casa 9rande to take $reaution to re$air the

roofs of their houses so they -ill not leak, for -hen -e arrive it -ill rain violently.< Hummin'&irddelivered the messa'e to the hief of Casa 9rande and later &rou'ht &ak the t-isted ro$e of humanhair. Wind8man and ain8man had &arely

!!)

started for Casa 9rande -hen it &e'an to rain, and for four days the do-n$our -as so 'reat that everyroof leaked. 3ornin' 9reen vainly used all his $o-er to sto$ the rain, &ut the ma'i availed him &utlittle. >2e-kes !"!=: ##?

!!!

'art +4

The Whore

/his is the story of a footloose -oman. 7t is lar'ely self8e6$lanatory. Beyond its 'eneral ontinuity -iththe marital theme of the $revious $art, there is a $artiular shared item to $oint out. /he name 'iven forthe -oman;s seond father8in8la- >-ho a$$ro$riates the -oman for himself on her hum&led return? isCadi'um. Smith and Allison thou'ht this -as the name of a &ird, &ut they did not kno- -hih &ird./hin 0eather 'ave -hat is undou&tedly the same name either for a villa'e om$anion >o8resident, not

the same family? of the father of the 'irl /o&ao or for a fra'rant leafy 'reen that the om$anion hadeaten. Both referenes are very am&i'uous Cadi'um is a ha+y -ord and thin'.

o matter. /he ourrene of the -ord links the t-o myths. 7 kno- of no other version of this <Whore<myth. 7t seems uni@ue to Smith;s mytholo'y, -hih &rin's us to my seond $oint. /here is no dou&tthat as a $reaher, Allison -as interested in family morality, s$eifially, in everyday domesti-ikedness. /his myth sho-s that Smith shared that interest. Allison o&viously did not reate it. either, $ro&a&ly, did Smith, at least not alto'ether. /he myth;s serial $osition ne6t to the orn myths,its sharin' the o&sure <Cadi'um< name -ith a /hin 0eather orn myth, and its su&Eet matter of a-oman;s fli'ht from farmin' 'ive it 'ood Pima redentials. /o revert to our earlier disussion, this



myth is t-o ste$s $ast the dreadful reation throu'h the $enis and one ste$ $ast the farmin'8and8familyori'in tales. /his ste$ takes us to a -orld of aom$lished farmin' and su$$osedly normal family life. ote in this re'ard that -hile the -oman hero is terri&le at the &e'innin' of the story, she &eomes $ro$er at the end, eBcept that her erst8-hile father8in8la- has im$ro$erly taken u$ -ith her. 7n thismyth Smith and Allison 'ive us somethin' @uite lose

!!=

to an Amerian soa$ o$era or Confession ma'a+ine story, -hih in my o$inion is not a ritiism. 7f thisis a folk soa$ o$era, &orn of Pimas in Pima, more $o-er to it and the tri&e.

Story ?4

The Whore

/he $eo$le -ere 'ettin' alon' niely. /he A$ahes -ent to the mountains and made their homes there,from -here they ame here and ro&&ed the $eo$le.

2rom then the -ikedness of the A$ahes &eame stron'er, and the time ame that the Pimas -erefi'htin' them. /hey -ere fi'htin' and killin' eah other. As you kno-, the A$ahes -ere older than thePimas, &ut they -ere stu$id. /he Pimas -ere -iser and al-ays sueeded in killin' them.G!

/he A$ahes made &o-s and arro-s from reeds. /he Pimas also made &o-s and shields andtomaha-ks and made arro-s from arro- reeds. When Siuuhu sa- that these $eo$le -ere fi'htin', hesa- that in the future the Pimas and A$ahes -ould &eome friends. When the Pimas heard this, theydidn;t &elieve it &eause they felt in their hearts that they -ere very mad and -ould never sto$ fi'htin'.

So these $eo$le lived here, and one time somethin' evil ha$$ened throu'h an old -oman. She -as very

$roud. Fne time -hen she -as 'oin' after fire-ood -ith some other -omen, she made a lie to them./hat -as the first time that $ride ame to them and the first lie that ha$$ened.

While the -omen -ere returnin' home, they talked a&out a ertain 'irl -ho lived some$lae and hadno hus&and. /hey talked a&out -ho -as 'oin' to

!!(

marry that 'irl. /he old -oman told the other -omen that she had a son -ho -as in love -ith the 'irland that he -as 'oin' to marry her, -hih -asn;t true.

When the old -oman 'ot &ak home, she told her son to 'o and meet the 'irl at some $lae -here there

-as -ater, -here the 'irl ame to &athe every day. He -ould meet her there and talk to her. /he &oy-ent and met the 'irl and tried to talk to her, &ut she -ouldn;t talk. So the &oy -ent home sorry &eausehe ouldn;t make the 'irl talk. He didn;t eat anythin' &eause he -as so sorry, and he -ouldn;t drinkany -ater.

/he old -oman -as thinkin' a&out her &oy all the time. She tried to $lan to do somethin' to her &oy &eause she kne- she had lied to those $eo$le. 2inally this -as her $lan. She -ould 'o to a veryres$eted $erson, -ho kne- very muh, and that $erson ould take her son and lead him and 'o to the'irl;s house and talk -ith her $arents a&out the &oy marryin' the 'irl.



/hat man -ent -ith the &oy and talked to the 'irl;s $arents. 2inally her father deided to let her marrythe &oy, and the mother a'reed that it -as all ri'ht. Here is the name for the 'irl, By8av8hu8luv,Ga-hih

Ga Ba;i8uklim, ;/hroat8&lak;, the &lak8throated desert s$arro- > onotrichia D#er#la ?LSa6ton,Sa6ton, and 1nos !"(: *. >Sa6ton and Sa6ton G!"I" define this &ird name as <small &lak &ird,< (,and <unidentified,< !I?. Smith does not seem to have the same &ird in mind, and his desri$tion

&affles me &eause 7 think the name literally means <throat8&lak.<

!!#

means a ertain &ird, somethin' like a @uail, -ith a rest, dark &lue -ith a -hite ollar.

/his By8av8hu8luv didn;t like the youn' man, &ut at that time the rule -as that hildren should o&eytheir $arents. So if her father and mother a'reed, she;d have to do it. When everythin' -as all fi6ed, theman laid do-n -ith the 'irl, &ut some time in the ni'ht the 'irl left and -ent a-ay.

When the 'irl left her house, she ame this -ay Gto-ard Snaketo-n, -est. /his Gde$arture ha$$ened Eust east of the San /an 3ountains at a $lae the Pimas all today /-o /anks >Gok !apchki ?.G& /he

'irl $assed throu'h the to-n there, &ut she didn;t sto$. She $assed throu'h Sho-in' iver > 1as $kimo ?G and -ent do-n to the -est to a $lae they all 3ounds of Sand >0ea H#k ?.Gd /here lived aman -ith a son -hom the youn' 'irl liked. /he man;s name -as Cadi'um,Ge a &ird;s name. /he 'irlmarried the son, that she loved.

Well, &ak at /-o /anks, -hen the 'irl;s mother found her dau'hter -as 'one, she told the &oy, or

When this ha$$ened, it -as a 'reat sin &eause they had &roken the four ommandments. We havefound that if -e are $roud, then Eealous thin's like that -ill ha$$en. /his &oy had 'one home and toldhis $arents that he -as married. Siuuhu $ut fear in all animals, suh as deer and ra&&its and other foodanimals, so that man -ould have to -ork hard. He also

G& 9o:k Wa$ki, ;/-o /anks; >or ;eservoirs;, ;Ponds;?. 7 have heard other narrators all a mythial $lae in this re'ion ;/-o Ponds; >9o:k Wo;o?. /hey onsider it to &e the $lae -here a man -as turnedinto an ea'le >Smith8Allison story !)?.

G 3a:s Akimel, ;Sho-in' iver;.

Gd Hia ;sand;, and an unkno-n -ord.

Ge /his mi'ht &e 5uhi'am, identified &y Sa6ton and Sa6ton >!"I": =? as a <&lak &ird s$eies< andon $. !I of the same ditionary as <unidentified.< /he name -ould seem to mean <nei'her,< <one -honei'hs >like a horse?,< or <ro-s,< <a-s,< or <sreehes.< >All those are meanin's of the stem k#h# ?.Alternatively, as disussed in the introdution to this $art and in a note to the $revious one, the -ordmay not &e a &ird name at all &ut the name of a leafy $lant.

!!*

made it hard for mediine men to &rin' do-n rain. And he made a rule that $arents must teah hildrenri'ht and -ron' and teah them not to sho- off and lie.

the hus&and, to stay until mornin'. She thou'ht the 'irl had Eust 'one out to visit friends and -ouldome &ak.

/he 'irl;s mother -ent to searh for the 'irl &ut ouldn;t find her. She follo-ed her traks throu'h





$nd sends his 'reath in all directions. His 'reath seems like green wind !hich is corn.G (

>Seond verse ut in half?

His 'reath seems like green weeds!hich is p#mpkins.

/he 'irl lived there &ut ame to Sho-in' iver >mas akimo ? G 1a:s akimel to 'et ookin' -ater. Aman from a ruin east of Sho-in' iver also -ent to -here the 'irl 'ot her -ater. His name -as Her8vahut >Blue&ird?.G' He -aited at the river for the 'irl to ome. When she didn;t ome for a lon' time,he made a &lue li'ht and sent it to the 'irl;s home. She -as there makin' &askets.

When she sa- Blue 0i'ht it $leased her. Blue 0i'ht left and started &ak, and the 'irl took a $ot andfollo-ed. When she 'ot to the river, she sa- the man -ho -as very &eautiful. /he 'irl s$oke first andasked -hat he -as doin' there. He said he Eust -anted to see her &eause, <When you -ere livin'

G' He:wac#d , ;&lueEay; >Sa6ton, Sa6ton, and 1nos !"(: =)?. See note !, $art (, $ertainin' to /hin0eather;s Corn and /o&ao story.

!!

at your old home, 7 sometimes sa- you and -as very ha$$y.< She said, </hat is true, for sometimes 7think a&out you.< And he said, <Well, it is all ri'ht then, leave your -ater $ot and ome to my home.<

3eans she -as thinkin' of fear in the future.

/he 'irl o&eyed. /hey started and did not 'o strai'ht &ut sto$$ed at some $lae and sat do-n. Whenni'ht ame they 'ot u$ and started on to his home. While they -alked the 'irl san':

4ya)ch#l#) 8the girls name ha)e 8has

made darknessTo fall aro#nd 2n which with s#perstitio#s tho#ghts 2 am getting farther away.

Byavhuluv have made the darkness/o fall all around7 am a little &it <noda'<GhGetting farther away.

3eans the 'irl must &e &ad. She kno-s she is doin' -ron'. /hese son's tell -hoever hears them thatshe is doin' somethin' too dirty to mention.

/he 'irl -ent to live -ith Hervahut and sa- that he -as la+y. When she sa- this she san' t-o son's:

The 'l#e Her)ach#t 2s lying down on top of the winds $nd is shaking himself. Aook and see



That the corn tassels are tossed 4y the wind.

3eans that Hervahut sa- -ind in the orn and kne- that it -as easy to raise orn &ut -ould not do it.

Gh ;odag G , ;di++y;, ;ra+y;.

!!"

The 'l#e Her)ach#t is lying downOn top of the water. Aook and see.The p#mpkin 'lossoms are shaking !hich is made 'y the clo#ds.

/he 'irl ran a-ay from Blue&ird and -ent -ith another man named Ho8ho8ki8muld >Butterfly?.GiButterfly asked the 'irl to marry and live -ith him. He said he had a farm -ith muh orn and $um$kins, so it -as hard for a -oman to -ork there. She -ent -ith him and sa- that -hat he said ofthe farm -as true. Butterfly had the kind of farm kno-n in those days as 4a$ik8oiduk, -hih meant

land -ith under'round moisture. 1verythin' -as $lanted in this -et land. When the 'irl sa- this shesan':

4#tterfly has a farm!hich is in a sacred place. 2n that farm grows the corn $nd there is too m#ch work %or a woman.G #

>Seond verse ut in half?

!here the p#mpkin grows which 2s too m#ch work %or a woman to do.

So this -oman -ent on, leavin' Butterfly, and -ent to-ard the east, teahin' all -omen -iked -ays.

o- -e are to find -hy this -oman 'ot into all this trou&le. Sin 'ot into her, and it -as ademonstration of -hat the -oman is, and she -as 'oin' to &e a sinful -oman, and she tau'ht

Gi Hohokimal , ;&utterfly;.

!=)

every -oman to 'o after her -ays. So the same thin' -as $ut on man, too. 2or $eo$le to talk a&out a

-oman is Eust as muh a sin for one se6 as the other. >Sinful to talk of -oman;s sins.? /hus it is today. A-oman -ith everythin', like a home and hildren, -ill often leave to look for some &etter $lae.

/he $eo$le in the east, Si8u8dom and 5a8voa8lim,G* -ent all over the -orld teahin' sin to all $eo$le.

/his 'irl -ent to the east, then she returned to the -est to some $eo$le that -e all ;aksert the 3oEave7ndians. When the 'irl 'ot to those $eo$le -e all aksert >sor$ion?,GE -hile this Gother, seondfather8in8la- man -as livin' some $lae, -e all Ghim



Cadi'um, he GCadi'um or his son -as thinkin' that the 'irl -ould ome &ak to him. /hen the 'irlremem&ered that one time she had a nie home, and she thou'ht that some time she mi'ht 'o &ak tothat home.

So she returned &ak, 'ot in a ertain distane, and sa- one end of the mountain 5omatke >1strellas?Gk

in the distane. When she sa- this, she -as ha$$y and san': 4efore the &imas called these mo#ntains <omatkeThe old-timers called it Old 1an mo#ntains 4elow these mo#ntains are fields that are green all o)er Heres where this 4y-a)-ch#-l#) 8said to 'e the girls name owns some fields. 2n those fields yo# see the corn tassels which shine $nd among those tassels0o# hear women la#ghing.GI

GE ;aksal G , ;sor$ion;.Gk <omadk G , ;&road;, ;s$read out;. /his mountain is alled <1strella,< the S$anish -ord for <star,< in1n'lish. Pimas do not all it <Hu:;u,< -hih is their -ord for <star.<

!=!

She ke$t omin', and Eust &efore sundo-n she ame to the home of Cadi'um. When the Cadi'um mansa- all that had ha$$ened, he didn;t &elieve it -as true. When the -oman found out -hat Cadi'um -asthinkin', she san':

2 came here

2 came here $nd yo# sing #n'elie)a'le words $nd 2m shaking myself.

So the father of the youn' man didn;t 'o to the $lae -here the $eo$le 'o at ni'ht to talk over matters.He didn;t 'o for four ni'hts &eause he liked the -oman -ho ame &ak. /hen on the fifth ni'ht he-ent to the meetin', and the first thin' he did on reahin' the meetin'house -as to 'o to the -isestmediine man and ask for some to&ao. /he mediine man ans-ered, <7 G-ould have 'iven you allthe to&ao you an smoke. Why is it that for four ni'hts you have not ome for my to&ao. 7 kno-the reason you did not ome to see me. 7t is over a &ad 'irl -ho you met at your house. /hat is -hy youdid not ome.<

/he -oman Gmean-hile -ent out and -as 'rindin' somethin'. /he -omen -ho lived around theresa- her and asked -hat this &ad -oman -as 'rindin'. When she heard the other -omen talkin' a&outher, she san':

!==

!hat am 2 grinding ?a'o#t herself@ 2 took a seed $nd that seed 2 am grinding ?she means the corn@.



So from the &e'innin' -hen the -oman ommitted the first sin -here she ran off from her truehus&and, she set an e6am$le for the -omen today, and that is -hy it is the duty of other -omen to talka&out her and all her &ad names suh as that.

When Siuuhu sa- this ha$$en, he thou'ht it -as a 'reat sin. He made another ommandment to the $eo$le, and sine that time it is the duty of the father and mother to $reah every mornin' to theiryoun' men and -omen, to tell them -hat is ri'ht and -ron'. So this -oman lived -ith this man, and

she didn;t do anythin' -ron' from then on, and she died there.

!=(

'art >4

#riin of Wine and Irriation

/here are t-o myths in this $art. /he first is really an adEunt to the stories on farmin' and family life.7t 'ives an ori'in of the atus -ine eremony, a to$i that -as treated at the end of the /hin 0eather

Corn and /o&ao te6t, a&ove./he atus -ine ritual is for the $ur$ose of &rin'in' rain. /his is &est seen in the hanted or orateds$eehes that are 'iven durin' the event. Atually the s$eehes inluded in the /hin 0eather Corn and/o&ao te6t, althou'h attri&uted to Corn, are like the ones used at -ine eremonies, or <-ine drinks<>nawait i ;ita ?, as these events are alled in Pima8Pa$a'o.G! /aken to'ether, all these te6ts, inludin'/hin 0eather;s Corn s$eehes, normally d-ell first on the o&tainin' of -ind, loud, rains, and seedsfrom the inha&itants of distant <'reat8houses,< that is, 'reat8houses at the ed'es or orners of theuniverse. /hen the ty$ial s$eeh turns to rain and the seedin' of the loal fields. /he seeds 'ro- and $ros$erity omes. Wine feast s$eehes sometimes also mention drinkin' and the su&se@uent vomitin'of atus -ine and the rum&lin' of $eo$le;s stomahs and &o-els. /hus, the humans at in sym$athy-ith the louds that they ho$e to attrat.

7n their $rose narrative and omments, Smith and Allison do not mention the rain8&rin'in' as$et of the-ine eremony. /he son's in Smith;s story allude to this, &ut the $rose i'nores the son's; hints. /oSmith and Allison, the eremony is a misuse of sa'uaros and an e6use for drunkenness. Siuuhu, theysay, did not intend sa'uaro to &e used this -ay.

/he version of the ori'in of sa'uaro -ine 'iven at the end of $art (, from /hin 0eather, does notmention Siuuhu or his e@uivalent 7;itoi. /hin 0eather $laes the ori'in in the Hohokam era, and if onesu$$oses that Siuuhu -as a fator

!=#

throu'hout that time, then Siuuhu mi'ht have o&served this develo$ment -ith dismay. But, in fat,'odly dismay over human -ikedness is a theme only for Smith and Allison. /he other mytholo'iessee Siuuhu as e@ual to the Hohokam in moral frailty, as -e -ill disover in om$arin' the aounts ofSiuuhu;s murder.

/he seond story, <Fri'in of 7rri'ation,< is a lear8ut man8over8nature myth. 7rri'ation o&viates rainand therefore -ould o&viate the -ine feasts of -hih Smith and Allison disa$$rove.G= /he myth &e'ins -ith a most o&sure $assa'e statin' that Siuuhu e6$eted a loss of &oth sea-ater and rains. /he $eo$le notie a derease in the rain, and they start a anal from a $oint atually a &it to the north of



histori Pima territory &ut a $oint at -hih one of the lon'est of the atual Hohokam anal systems hadits ta$, into the Salt iver. /his system arried -ater as far as t-enty miles. 7nterestin'ly, this Hohokamsystem &e'ins at a$$ro6imately the same $lae -here the -ater from an immense Amerian8&uiltdammin' $roEet enters the Phoeni6 metro$olitan area, a $lae alled the 9ranite eef Dam. Smithmentions this, im$lyin' that the Hohokam $reeded the U.S. Cor$s of 1n'ineers in seletin' the ideals$ot to &rin' -ater into Phoeni6.

/he te6t of the myth -ould 'ladden an en'ineer;s heart. A series of mediine men try to make -aterflo- throu'h the already du' hannel. /he first, -eak, mediine men fail the last, most ma'ially $otent one, sueeds.

A$$ended to this $art are &oth the 2e-kes and 0loyd versions of /hin 0eather;s story of the ori'in ofanals. 7 inlude &oth &eause they are short and diffiult of aess at $resent and &eause the to$i ofanal &uildin' is of some interest. /he te6ts are reassurin'ly similar, a testimony to /hin 0eather, hisPima inter$reters, and 2e-kes and 0loyd. /hese versions are 'enerally similar to Smith and Allison./heir differenes are four. 2irst, neither version of /hin 0eather mentions a anal8&uildin' loationnear 9ranite eef Dam, even thou'h /hin 0eather refers to a $lae in that re'ion in other stories><2eather Braided Chief and the 9am&ler< and one of his on@uest e$isodes?. Seond, eah /hin0eather version mentions a pair of ommunities -here anal $roEets are undertaken, one -here theanal is suessful, and another -here diffiulties similar to those

!=*

in Smith8Allison are enountered. /hird, no distintion is made in these versions &et-een the $oint-here the fields -ould &e -atered >no dou&t, lose to eah anal8s$onsorin' ommunity? and the $oint-here a river -ould &e ta$$ed. 7n fat, this third matter makes a differene -hen om$arin' /hin0eather to Smith8Allison. /he first of the /hin 0eather ommunities almost ertainly orres$onds totoday;s Pue&lo 9rande uin, in Phoeni6, Ari+ona. 7t is also ertain that this $lae -as -atered &y aanal that ta$s into the Salt iver only five miles from the site and t-enty miles do-nstream from

9ranite eef Dam >3a$ =?. /hus, the anal system that feeds Pue&lo 9rande -ould not &e the onereferred to &y Smith8Allison. /he seond ommunity is more va'uely loated: <near 3esa GAri+ona,<says 2e-kes;s /hin 0eather <on the south side of the Salt iver< G-hih is true of 3esa, says 0loyd;s.Any Hohokam ommunity near 3esa -ould have &een served &y the anal system ori'inatin' near9ranite eef Dam, and so this $art of /hin 0eather;s myth is onsistent -ith Smith8Allison. 2ourth, &oth /hin 0eather versions differ from Smith8Allison in holdin' that the final, $o-erful mediine $erson is atually a mediine -oman, -ho has to &e summoned from far to the -est >the oeanside,aordin' to 2e-kes? furthermore, the insuffiiently $o-erful mediine men are not ordinaryHohokam aordin' to /hin 0eather. ather, it is Siuuhu -ho annot make the anal -ater flo-.

Story @4

#riin of %a.tus Wine

After this sin -as ommitted, Siuuhu thou'ht he -ould make some kind of food for the $eo$le that-ould &e deliious and healthy. He $iked u$ a man, 'ave him some of his $o-er, and ordered him todo



!=I

3a$ =.Hohokam anals in the Salt iver 4alley. 9ranite eef Dam is in the e6treme northeast orner.>Dra-n &y 2rank 3idvale, a Phoeni6 arhaeolo'ist?

!=

this thin' for him. When the man reeived the $o-er, he felt $roud. He 'ot his &rother8in8la- and -entto the -est. When they started to 'o, they san':

2 went o#t $nd 2m sadly going Toward the west. 2m looking at sag#aro 'lossoms $nd 2m sadly handling the cact#s.

He -ent a little distane, turned &ak, and started to-ard the east. 7n the east, he san':

2 am going toward the east. 2 am sadly looking at yo#ng cact#ses,!ith ripe fr#it on it. 2 am sadly handling them.

He -ent Eust a little -ays east. He -as makin' the atuses, and if anyone 'oes that -ay they -ill seethat the atuses don;t e6tend very far from here to the east.

/his means like -hen a man $lants a seed, he takes are of it, kee$s it lean, and 'uards it and -hen itomes u$ a 'ood ro$, he is ha$$y.

When the man sa- that the atuses -ere 'ood, he thou'ht that Siuuhu -as very -ise. /hen he tookare of himself for four times four days.

When the atus fruit -as ri$e, the man didn;t think very ri'ht a&out ho- he -ould use the fruit. Hemade $lans to make a -ine that -ould make $eo$le drunk. So -hen the fruit -as ri$e, they

!=

'athered it, made -ine, and ke$t it for four days to ferment.

When it -as ready, they alled four $o-erful mediine men to drink the -ine. /hey alled the $eo$le

to'ether and took one of the mediine men and sat him on the north side, another on the -est side,another on the south, and another on the east. When the sun -as Eust omin' u$, t-o men $ut some-ine in vessels and took it and 'ave it to the man -ho -as sittin' at the east. /hey 'ave him four fullvessels to drink. When he drank the -ine, he felt $retty $roud, as thou'h he -as the -isest mediineman of any of them. He san'>the <drunkard;s son'<?:

Some 'looming, 'looming wind ?like pretty perf#med flowers@ 2m sending my wind ?power@ 2m making the earth t#rn yellow.



While the man -as sin'in', thinkin' that he o-ned all the $o-er that -as 'oin' out of him and makin'the earth turn yello-, he for'ot that Siuuhu o-ned this $o-er.

Ff the t-o that -ere distri&utin' the -ine, one ne6t -ent to the north and the other -ent to the south./he ne6t man to 'et the -ine -as the one that -as sittin' at the north. When this man drank and 'otdrunk, he san':

They ha)e come to their 'looming,!ine, 2 drink it and am dr#nk >noda?Ga

Ga ;Di++y;, ;ra+y;, or ;drunk;, &ut there is another -ord, na)am that only means drunk.

!="

So 2 am sending o#t clo#ds $nd e)erything its t#rning green.

/he other one -ho arried the -ine, -ho turned to the south, 'ave the -ine to the one -ho -as sittin'

on the south side. He drank it and san':They ga)e me that red water to drink, $nd when 2 drink it 2 am dr#nk,, $nd 2 am making Some rain'ows.

Both of the t-o men -ho -ere distri&utin' the -ine ame to the man sittin' on the -est side. /hey'ave him the -ine, he drank it, and san':

0o# ha)e gi)en meSome cra5y water >nodi'um shrodek?G&

$nd yo# ha)e made me dr#nk.This gro#nd is getting damp ?he makes rain@.

All the $eo$le 'ot drunk and -ere runnin' all around, and it ha$$ened that one old man -as deaddrunk, -as lyin' do-n some$lae, and they ste$$ed on his head and smashed it.

So the four $eo$le that drank this -ine, eah has made different thin's, and they thou'ht to themselvesthat they o-ned all the $o-er &y themselves to make them.

/he $eo$le that did this thin' of drinkin' -ere three different kinds, or -ere related to eah other inthree different -ays:

G& ;odaggam s#:dagi8 , ;di++y Gra+y, drunk -ater;.

!()

!. A8$a8$a8'um,G a ertain -ay of allin' father, like in 1n'lish <Daddy,< <Pa$a,< et.,Gd

=. 4a8va8'um,Ge

(. F8'alt.G(

/hese three 'rou$s of $eo$le -ere there at the first drinkin'.





There lie the ditches $nd 2 stood in the midst, 2m making the winds 'low ?d#st de)ils@ 2m making the water go.

He sends dust devils in the anal to make the -ater 'o.

/he -ater ated like it -as 'oin', &ut it sto$$ed and turned &ak to -here it started from. /his manouldn;t do it. So they 'ot another mediine man and told him to try. He san':

4y the side of a ri)er There lies a canal. 2n that canal The water is making signs of pretty decoration.

/he -ind is rufflin' the surfae, $retty $atterned -ater.

/his man made the -ater 'o, &ut not enou'h. /hey 'ot another mediine man and told him to $ut somemore -ater in the anal. He -ent do-n and stood in the anal and san':

There lie the canals

$nd in the midst of those 2 stand 1aking water-hair snakes.

He $ulled a hair from his head, $ut it in the -ater, and it moved.

/he -ater flo-ed some more, and they had $lenty of -ater in the anal. 2rom there on, the $eo$lelearned ho- to &uild anals in order to irri'ate their farms.

!((

Su22lement#riin of Irriation 6Thin &eather7

White 2eather and his $eo$le lived at a settlement alled Sturavik SivanavaakiG' near /em$e,G* thesite of -hih is no- a lar'e mound. Aordin' to some le'ends, this hief -as the first man -ho tau'htthe Pimas irri'ation, and he sho-ed them also ho- to $lant orn. /hrou'h his 'uidane his $eo$le &eame $ros$erous, and all the Pima on're'ated at his settlement to trade.

/he $eo$le of a settlement near 3esa ould not &uild a anal &eause the 'round in the viinity -as too

hard, so they asked /uhu GS8e;ehe, Siuuhu to aid them. He san' ma'i son's for four days, and at thefourth son' the 'round softened and the $eo$le easily e6avated the dith, &ut the -ater -ould not runin it. /uhu found he -as $o-erless to make it do so and advised them to invite /o-a Nuaatam Fhse,GI an old -oman -ho lived in the -est &y the 'reat -ater, to aid them. She -as summoned and sent-ord to the 3esa $eo$le to assem&le in their ounil8house and a-ait her omin'. /hey 'athered anda-aited her omin', &ut she did not a$$ear. At ni'ht a man $assin' that -ay sa- her standin' at thehi'hest $oint of the anal &lo-in' <mediine<

G' S8tua 4i:' Si-aO Wa;aki, ;White Do-n8feather Chief 9reat8house;.



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alon' the dith. 0ater there ame a 'reat -ind that du' out a -ide hannel, and -ater ran in the anal./he Casa 9rande $eo$le, it is said, learned the art of irri'atin' from those livin' on the site of /em$e,-ho -ere tau'ht &y /uhu. >2e-kes !"!=: *!?

Su22lement

Tawuahdah15aw/sCen@ and her %anal 6Thin &eather7 Su22lement

Tawuahdah15aw/sC@ and her %anal 6Thin &eather7

And after this Gkillin' of the With, the ne6t story in Smith8Allison;s se@uene the $eo$le had lon' $eae, inreased in num&ers, and -ere sattered all around. Some lived -here the old vahahkkeesG'reat8houses no- are in the 9ila Giver ountry, and some in the Pa$a'o ountry Gdesert south of the9ila, and some in the Salt iver ountry Gnorth of the 9ila until the t-o rivers Eoin sli'htly -est oftoday;s Phoeni6. And those -ho lived -here the mound no- is &et-een Phoeni6 and /em$e G$ro&a&ly

at Pue&lo 9rande uin -ere the first to use a anal to irri'ate their land. /hey raised all kinds ofve'eta&les and had fine ro$s. And the $eo$le of the 9ila ountry and the $eo$le of the Salt iverountry at first did not raise many ve'eta&les, &eause they did not irri'ate, and they used to visit the $eo$le -ho did irri'ate and eat -ith them &ut after a -hile the $eo$le -ho lived on

!(*

the south side of the Salt iver also made a anal, and you an see it to this day.

But -hen those $eo$le tried their anal it did not -ork. When they dammed the river the -ater did notrun, &eause the anal -as u$hill. And they ould not make it dee$er, &eause it -as all in lime rok./hey sent for 1e8ee8toy GDrink8it8all8u$, alternative name for Siuuhu to hel$ them. And 1e8ee8toy hadthem 'et stakes of iron-ood and shar$en them and all stand in a ro- -ith their stakes in their hands atthe &ottom of the anal. /hen 1e8ee8toy san' a son', and at the end of the son' the $eo$le -ere all tostrike their stakes into the &ottom of the anal to make it dee$er. But it -ould not -ork, it -as too hard,and 1e8ee8toy 'ave it u$.

1e8ee8toy said, <7 an do no more, &ut there is an old -oman named /a-8@uah8dahm8a-ks >-hihmeans Wam$um 1ater?, and she, thou'h only a -oman, is very -ise and likely to hel$ you &etter than7. 7 advise you to send for her.<

/he $eo$le sent for her and she said, <7 -ill ome at one.< She ame as she had $romised, &ut shedidn;t 'o -here the $eo$le -ere assem&led &ut -ent ri'ht to the anal. And she had &rou'ht a fo' -ithher, and she left the fo' at the river, near the mouth of the anal. She -ent u$ the ourse of the anal

lookin' this -ay and that to see ho- muh u$hill it ran.

!(I

When she reahed -here the anal ran u$hill, she &le- throu'h it the &reath -hih is alled see)-h#r-whirl ,Gh -hih means a &itter -ind. /his -ind tore u$ the &ed of the anal, as dee$ as -as neessary,thro-in' dirt and roks out on eah side. /hen the fo' dammed u$ the river, and the -ater ran throu'hthe anal.



/he old -oman did not 'o near the $eo$le &ut -ent home, and in the mornin' -hen one of the $eo$le-ent to see -hy the old -oman did not ome, he sa- the anal full of -ater and he yelled forevery&ody to ome and see it. 7n this -ay the $eo$le 'ot -ater for their ro$s and -ere $ros$erous asthe others &elo- Gdo-nstream fromG them.

Gh Siw Hewel , ;Bitter Wind;. /his -ind is an im$ortant harater in a version of the 2eather BraidedChief and the 9am&ler myth, disussed later.

!(

'art ?4

5ornin Green %hief and the Wit.h

Please reall the instanes of -omen 'ivin' &irth in the $revious myths. /here are t-o, or really ane'ation of -omen 'ivin' &irth and an irre'ular affirmation. /he ne'ation is in the flood myth. A-oman th-arts her one8ni'ht8stand hus&and and auses him to 'ive &irth. /he irre'ularity is the -ife

of Corn -ho 'ives &irth normally &ut after an irre'ular im$re'nation, &y eatin' a -orm. /he -hore hasno hildren $arentin' is not the $oint of that story footlooseness is.

7n fat, no-here in this mytholo'y -ill there &e an aount of a &irth &y a -oman nine months after shehas made love -ith a man. or, therefore, -ill there &e a sin'le $aternity of the normal sort. 3en reate $eo$le &y moldin' them of earth and in other -ays. And furthermore, only men do this. /he summaryfor the entire mytholo'y, then, is that -omen 'ive &irth as -omen normally do, from their -om&sthrou'h their va'inas, &ut they do so rarely as far as the narrators are onerned and never follo-in'normal lovemakin'. 3en sometimes make $eo$le om$letely -ithout -omen, as <reator 'ods< suhas 1arth Dotor and Siuuhu and sometimes they 'ive &irth freakishly, like the $hilanderer andsometimes they im$re'nate -omen a&normally, like Corn.

/his does not mean that normal $roreation -as a&sent in the times overed &y the mytholo'y. 7tsim$ly means that suh $roreation is 'lossed over. 3yths, at least these myths, are not a&out normal $roreation.G! /his myth and the ne6t one >$art ? enter on a&normal $roreation. Here a -oman isim$re'nated &y sittin' on a &all that has &een kiked to-ard her &y a man. 7n the ne6t $art, a man turnsinto an ea'le &y drinkin' a 'ruel $re$ared &y a -oman.

!(

/his last is a -oman8indued transformation, not the &irth or manufature of reature from srath.G=

/he -ith story is onveniently disussed relative to its ore, its $refae, and its $ostsri$t. /he ore isthe en'enderin' of a monstrous female hild, after the hild;s mother sits on a kik&all the areer ofthat hild as a la-ed mass stealer and devourer of &a&ies >she -as a threat to &a&ies analo'ous to thethreat $osed &y the $hilanderer to marria'ea&le 'irls? and the e6eution of the monster8-ith &y firstdru''in' her, then $lain' her in a ave, and then &urnin' or rather &akin' her there.

/he Smith8Allison te6t is onfined to that ore. 2or om$arison 7 'ive the /hin 0eather version, -hihhas a very similar ore and a fairly ty$ial $refae and $ostsri$t as -ell. /he latter is as follo-s. Afterthe -ith is killed, there is a feast to -hih a ertain old -oman and her t-o 'randsons are not invited.Bein' e6luded from the feast, she sends her 'randsons to 'et dro$s of the &lood of the ooked -ith >itis not said -hat -as eaten at the feast $resuma&ly, it -as not the -ith?. 2rom this &lood she reates



$arrots. /he feastin' ommunity -ants these $arrots so muh that they are -illin' to kill the old-oman and her 'randsons for them. /herefore, the old -oman sends the &oys and $arrots >the &oys; $ets? to the east. /here the &oys release the &irds. /hey return home to find that their 'randmother has &een killed. /hey &ury her, and to&ao 'ro-s from her 'rave.

/hin 0eather;s $refae also inludes $arrots, as follo-s. 3ornin' 9reen Chief, the ruler of the 'reat8house that Amerians all Casa 9rande, has a dau'hter lose to -hom a li+ard falls to earth, a$$arently

from the sky. /he fallen li+ard &eomes tur@uoise -hose mass 'reatly e6eeds the mass of the li+ard./hese stones are taken u$ as deorations and adornments &y the 'reat8house ommunity. /he hief at anei'h&orin' $lae >not alled a 'reat8house, nor -as the hief alled a sivaO?, named Sun 3eeter,desires some of the tur@uoise, so he reates a $arrot and sends it to 3ornin' 9reen;s $lae to s-allo-as many stones as $ossi&le. /he $arrot returns home filled -ith tur@uoise. /his loss $rovokes 3ornin'9reen to send rainstorms to douse Sun

!("

3eeter;s ommunity. /he dousin' is not fatal, and the undefeated Sun 3eeter sends a youn' man -itha kik&all to im$re'nate 3ornin' 9reen;s dau'hter, thus usherin' in the ore of the story.

We have in these t-o flankin' stories t-o reations of $arrots, one of to&ao, and one of [email protected] -e have a rare e6tra8&ody reation, of $arrots, &y a -oman, the 'randmother.G( 0et us note someresem&lanes and o$$ositions amon' those elements and &et-een them and some other events -e haveenountered. 2irst, the li+ard &eomin' tur@uoise resem&les the flood myth &y virtue of 'reenness, if-e an assoiate that olor -ith -ater. 7n Pima8Pa$a'o, &lue and 'reen are not distin'uishedlin'uistially. Both are s-cehedag and, of ourse, tur@uoise is &lue8'reen. Seond, the tur@uoises$reads into the 'round -here the li+ard has struk. 0et us say that the li+ard8turned8to8tur@uoise is aflood turned to stone, not a dan'erous flood &ut rather a &lessin'. S$eifially, it is a &lessin' to3ornin' 9reen Chief -ho, as -e note in this story and reall from 2ont, is the master of Casa 9rande>no-? uin and therefore a master of rain.

/his hief;s o$$osite is Sun 3eeter, a reator of $arrots. /he $arrot eats%drinks the tur@uoise >in'estedthem to its fill the te6t is e6$liit on this?. Conernin' the 2ont te6t, 7 s$eulated that Siuuhu;s name<Drink8it8all8u$< is solar, and 7 take this $arrot e$isode as su$$ort of that s$eulation. /he sun <drinks<-ater -hen -ater >or -etness or de-? eva$orates, the sun <drinks< it. /he $arrot does similarly, -iththe flood8turned8to8stone. /hat this $arrot is 'reen does not anel its solarity, 7 su&mit. /here ould &ea 'reen sun as a kind of limitin' or &rid'in' ondition &et-een hot li'ht and rain, and indeed 7 sus$etthat this is the meanin' of 3ornin' 9reen;s name. He a$$roahes sunness from the side of -etness, andthe $arrot a$$roahes -etness from the side of the sun.G#

/hat the $ostsri$t $arrot is reated from &lood is also solar if 7 -as orret earlier to ali'n Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'y -ith that of the A+tes >and no dou&t others in the e- World?, -hih holds that the

sun needs to drink -arm human &lood. Here, then, -e seem to have a $iee of that

!#)

&road system, a solar &ird that is formed of at least semi8human >monster, -ith? &lood. /he $ostsri$t $arrots are also released in the east, the diretion of the sunrise.

2inally, to&ao. /his is a $lant -hose &urnin' inevita&ly summons rain. We learned that from the /hin0eather te6t on Corn and /o&ao. /he to&ao -oman8'od of that te6t flees to the -est, -here it isal-ays -et, the o$$osite of the sun $arrots. /hus, one an see a tendeny to $lae moisture in the -est



and moisture;s enemy, the sun, in the east.G* /he $ro&lem is -hy to&ao should ori'inate from akilled and &uried -oman, youn' in the story of Corn and /o&ao and old in the With story $ostsri$t.7 $raise /hin 0eather for statin' this ori'in, &ut 7 annot inter$ret it.

7 annot e6$lain the female ori'in of to&ao, &ut 7 do see this ro$ as a ste$ in Pima mytholo'y;s $ro'ression into the ultural order of thin's. /hus, -e may note that Si&a and 3ornin' 9reen Chief donot need to&ao. 7n their -et $aradise they an have rain -henever they -ish. 7t is only normal $eo$le

-ho need to&ao sine, as story # and its variants say, there ame a time -hen the $erson /o&ao lefthumanity, -hereafter the $lant to&ao -as needed.

Seen in this li'ht, it is si'nifiant that 3ornin' 9reen Chief;s dau'hter 'ives &irth to a -ith, &ut the-ith is not to&ao. /he smoke from the -ith;s &urnin' does not &rin' rain, nor does the &urned orooked -ith;s &lood $rodue to&ao it $rodues $arrots. /o&ao is $rodued from the killin' >-e donot kno- ho-, &loodlessly or &loody 7 ima'ine &loodlessly? and &urial of an entire -oman. 7n sum, 7annot e6$lain -hy the $lant should ome from a &uried -oman, &ut one an see ho- that fatartiulates -ith, and enters an o$enin' in the ore of, the With story.

3y 'uess on -hy to&ao omes from a -oman is that men admire fertile -omen;s menstrual loks,and they ima'ine that if to&ao -as s$run' from a -oman, then the to&ao, -hen smoked >&ut -hy

smoked

?, -ill &rin' rain <like lok-ork.< 7 do not offer this as a final analysis and annot $rove it.

An additional te6t, not a&out the -ith, is a$$ended to this $art. 7t is a te6t on the life and times of3ornin' 9reen Chief, the suessor of Si&a as the master of Casa 9rande

!#!

and the 'randfather of the -ith aordin' to /hin 0eather. 7n this story, the erst-hile ommandin'

hief;s -omen, inludin' his -ife, are stolen &y a rival hief durin' a son' and dane festival. /he te6t-ill ome as a relief to those im$atient -ith the sym&olism Eust disussed, for this is a story of earthly $olitis, Hohokam style. As suh, it fits niely -ith the $reliminary $art of the With story, e6e$t-here the hiefly $olitis of that story -ere over the ommand of tur@uoise -ealth, here the $olitis areover -omen. 7n my vie-, -omen are no less im$ortant than the other to$is. /hey are -hat men &oasta&out to'ether early in the evenin', and the <sym&ols< are -hat they a-aken -ith in their minds in thedead of the ni'ht.

Story *4

Ho:o/, Wit.h

/hat;s the -ay the $eo$le made their livin' for years. As time -ent on, a -oman lived -est from hereGSnaketo-n or Casa Blana, Ari+.. She -as a 3oEave Gand therefore lived a&out !) miles -est ofSnaketo-n. She -as unmarried. oun' men tried to marry her, &ut she didn;t like any of them.

Another man lived Ga&out !* miles east from here, at the San /an mountains. He -as alled ello-Bu++ard >Huamanui?,GI and he had a son. He kne- the -oman that -as livin' over there, and he kne-she -as hard to marry.



He 'ave his son some kind of &all, so he -ould $lay -ith it and ome runnin' over this -ay. When the

!#=

&oy 'ot lose to the 'irl, he kiked and thre- the &all so it ame lose to -here the 'irl -as -orkin',makin' a reed mat. /he &all ame lose, and she $iked it u$ and hid it under her lothes. When the

&oy ame to her and asked if she had seen the &all, she said she didn;t kno- anythin' a&out it. All thistime the &oy kne- that the -oman 'ot his &all, &ut he $retended not to kno- and looked for the &allaround her. When he didn;t find it, he -ent home.

/he &all turned into a &a&y, and the -oman &rou'ht out the &a&y inside of nine months. When the &a&yame out, it -as not like any other &a&y &ut had la-s on its fin'ers like a &ear.

/hese 3oEave 7ndians did not kno- -ho the &a&y &elon'ed to. /he &a&y 're- u$ and -as learnin' tora-l alon', so these $eo$le deided they -ould meet at a ertain $lae, sit around in a irle, and $utthe &a&y in the middle. At that time, the only -ay they ould find out a&out a &a&y -as &eause a &a&yal-ays kne- its father. So they sat in a irle, $ut the &a&y do-n, and the &a&y ra-led around in themiddle of the $eo$le.

Coyote sat -ith them and alled for the &a&y to ome to him, $retendin' to &e its father. /he $eo$letold this Coyote not to all the &a&y to him. Amon' these $eo$le -as the 'randfather of the &a&y,ello- Bu++ard. /he &a&y ra-led to him and lim&ed on him. /hen the 3oEaves kne- the father ofthe &a&y.

!#(

/he &a&y -as a 'irl. 2our years $assed. /he hild had an unle -ho -ould take her alon' -hen he-ent huntin'. When he killed a ra&&it, he -ould 'ive it to her to arry for him. When she 'ot the ra&&it,she -ould tear it to $iees and eat it ra-. When the unle sa- this, he -as sad &eause he had never

seen $eo$le eat ra&&its -ithout ookin' them./he -ords are lost, &ut it has the -ord )ana in it, -hih means <niee< in 3oEave. Pimas say <mai <Gafor this relative. /his means the hild is half Pima and half 3oEave.

2our more years $assed. /he man took the hild huntin'. She lay do-n on a rok. He ouldn;t lift heru$. He -ent home ryin' and san' a son'.

/he hild 'ot u$ and ame east. She settled and 're- u$ south of here some-here in Pa$a'o ountry.2rom then, -henever she found that there -as a &a&y at some $lae, she -ould 'o there and $lay verykindly -ith it, take the &a&y home, and eat it u$. All the $eo$le -ere afraid, so they let her take their &a&ies.

She ke$t doin' this and killed a lot of hildren, so the $eo$le asked Siuuhu to do somethin' to 'et rid ofher. Fne man -ent to Siuuhu;s houseLat that time he -as near here at 3o8ha8duk >South 3ountain?.G&

When the man 'ot to Siuuhu;s home, he asked if he kne- that this thin' -as 'oin' on, that somethin'-as eatin' the &a&ies and destroyin' a lot of hil8

Ga 1ai , ;older8sister;s8hild;.

G& 3uhada', ;9reasy;, the name of the mountain alon' the south ed'e of Phoeni6. 7t is alled <South3ountain< in 1n'lish &ut <9reasy 3ountain< >3uhada' Du;a'? in Pima8Pa$a'o. See the introdution









!*)

-oman told her 'randsons that after another four days the $eo$le -ould ome and take their &irdsa-ay. So they must take them at ni'ht to a distant land and set them free there. She said that -hen theyreturned they -ould find her dead, as the $eo$le -ould have killed her.

After the $eo$le had killed Ha8ak they follo-ed the traks of the &oys, -ho had 'one to-ard the east-ith their $arrots. /he $ursuers raised a loud of dust as they -ent alon', -hih &etrayed their $resene on the trail to the &oys, -ho e6laimed, <What shall -e doR< At len'th they set free the $arrots, -hih fle- u$ into the mountains, -here they onealed themselves in the forest. 2ollo-in'their e6am$le, the &oys hastened to the same $lae, -here they suessfully eluded the $ursuers.

After the $eo$le had a&andoned the searh, the &oys -ent &ak to their former home and found thattheir 'randmother had &een killed. She had left diretions -hih they arried out. /hey 'ave the &ody $ro$er &urial in the sand. At the end of four8day $eriods she had told them to visit her 'rave until theysa- a $lant 'ro-in' out of it four days after it a$$eared they -ere to 'ather the leaves, and in timethey -ould learn -hat -as to &e done -ith them. /he &oys o&eyed her ommands and o&tainedto&ao, -hih they learned to use throu'h the instrution of 1lder Brother. >ussell !"): ==!==#?

!*!

Su22lement4

How a %hief from Another Great HouseCen)) Enti.ed the Women from %asa

Grande 6Thin &eather7Su22lement4

How a %hief from Another Great HouseC)) Enti.ed the Women from %asa

Grande 6Thin &eather7

3ornin' 9reen, hief of Casa 9rande, invited Chief /ernatsin'Gm and his -omen to visit him./ernatsin' lived in a 'reat house situated &y 9ila Crossin', -hih is so far a-ay G#) milesdo-nstream from Casa 9rande that he found it neessary to am$ one ni'ht en route at the settlementon the 9ila iver o$$osite Saaton G$resent8day 9ila iver eservation head@uarters. When thevisitors arrived at Casa 9rande a dane -as held in the o$en s$ae north of Com$ound A, some-here &et-een it and the irular -all enlosin' a reservoir or <-ell.<G!= Here the -omen -ho aom$anied/ernatsin' daned -ith those of Casa 9rande, sin'in' the son':

Ta sai n# w# w#G!(

S#n shade sing with me 1y 'ody will 'ecome a h#mming'ird.

When /ernatsin' ame and -itnessed the -omen danin', he shook his rattle and san' a ma'i son',-hih entied the -omen of Casa 9rande to follo- him to another dane $lae, nearer the 9ila.3ornin' 9reen, -ho also san' a ma'i son', found it $o-erless to $revent the de$arture of the -omen,and he

Gm "enasat8 , the name of a li+ard s$eies. See footnote d.



!*=

-ent &ak to his house for a more $o-erful <mediine,< after -hih he returned to the dane andordered his -omen &ak to their d-ellin's &ut they -ere so &e-ithed &y the son's of /ernatsin' thatthey ould not, or -ould not, o&ey him. 2arther and farther from their home /ernatsin' entied the-omen, danin' first in one $lae and then in another until they ame to his om$ound. Amon' the-omen -ho a&andoned their home -as the -ife of 3ornin' 9reen, -ho refused to return even after he

sent a s$eial messen'er to her./he se@uel of the le'end is that /ernatsin' married ati,Gn a dau'hter of 3ornin' 9reen, makin'him so an'ry that he sent a s$ider to &ite his o-n 'randson, offs$rin' of the union. When the &oy -assik unto death, /ernatsin' invited 3ornin' 9reen to visit his 'randson &efore the &oy died. 3ornin'9reen relented and sent his dau'hter an her& >the name of -hih is no- lost? $o-erful enou'h to urethe s$ider;s &ite, and thus the hild;s life -as s$ared. >2e-kes !"!=: #*#I?

Gn Possi&ly the same name that is sometimes enountered in myths and eremonial s$eehes as asia./he -ord does not sound like Pima8Pa$a'o, and there are no myths -ith this $erson as a entralharater. She only a$$ears in ameos. See note I for $art " for more on her.

!*(

'art @4

$eather Braided %hief and the Gam<ler

Althou'h there is another $roreation e$isode in this storyLa youn' -oman auses a youn' man to &eome an ea'leL$roreation is not the fous of the te6t. /he ori'in of -ar eremonies is the mainissue, and, as -as stated in the introdution, it is interestin' that this ori'in ours amon' theHohokam. /hey are killed in Siuuhu;s -ar, &ut in some sense they also invented the $ratie.

A moment;s revie- -ill esta&lish that there has &een neither -arfare nor -ar eremony in themytholo'y so far, that is, in the first nine stories. 7n the last $art, there -ere ma'ial &attles &et-eenhiefs, and a -ith and an old -oman -ere killed. What, then, is -arfare

2or this mytholo'y as 7 understand it, -ar is the intentional, fae8to8fae, &loodlettin' killin' of a male &y a male. /his is lakin' in the $revious stories, and -hen it ours in this $art, a $ostkillin', $urifiational eremonialism also &e'ins. /hus, -ar is men killin' men and &ein' $urified after-ard.

/here is one killin' om$lete -ith $urifiation in the Smith8Allison te6t, and there is that one $lusanother in a te6t that 7 inlude as a su$$lement to the Smith8Allison story. /his time the su$$lement is

from the Pa$a'os, from a narrator named Sivariano >Ci$riano, in S$anish? 9aria. His te6t -aso&tained &y the musiolo'ist uth Densmore in !"=".

/hese mythial killin's only a$$ro6imate the a&ove definition of -ar. 7n the Smith8Allison te6t >and9aria has this, too?, the killer is Siuuhu. /he enemy is a youn' man -ho has &een turned into an ea'le./he $ostkillin' $urifiation is done for Siuuhu &y an old -oman. /he ea'le has &een a menae tosoiety, arryin' off $eo$le as food for his family. He has a$tured a human -oman as his -ife, and hehas hildren &y her. He su$$lies his family -ith human meat.



!*#

/he other killin' also ours in &oth te6ts, &ut only 9aria makes it the oasion for a $urifiation. /histime the man -ho is killed is a normal &ut old Hohokam, that is, a man from the killer;s ommunity./he situation is this. A &oy &ein' raised &y his 'randmother takes the fi'urative ommands of his maleelders literally. After a series of suh fiasos, the elders station him for a deer drive, so they an drivedeer $ast him, and they order him to shoot. <the old man.< He shoots a human old man. 2or this he is

&anished from soiety, or he leaves voluntarily. 7n the 9aria version, -hile -anderin' he omes to a $erson alled Bitter Wind, far in the -est. Bitter Wind, -ho has ma'ially direted his literalfoolishness, $urifies and initiates him into the status of -arrior on the stren'th of his havin' killed theold man.

/he &oy;s at of killin' and his su&se@uent $urifiation ome at the &e'innin' of this @uite lon' myth,and Siuuhu;s killin' and $urifiation ome at the end. /he remainder of my introdutory remarks -illtreat three @uestions. 2irst, ho- does the story $ro'ress from the youn' &oy as killer to Siuuhu as killer

Seond, -here does the harater 2eather Braided Chief enter the story

And third, -hy -ould an old -oman offiiate in the $urifiation of Siuuhu

Conernin' the first @uestion, the Smith8Allison te6t dro$s the youn' &oy after the old man%deer killin'e$isode, -ithout onnetin' his story to the myth of ho- Siuuhu killed the ea'le. 7n the 9aria version,the &oy returns to soiety after his initiation, and he resumes residene -ith his 'randmother. He is no-a ri$e and res$eted man, &ut it is never said that he marries. Soon a friendless, -anderin', and al-ayslosin' youn' 'am&ler omes to him. /he ri$e youn' man 'ives him die stiks that render himinvini&le in 'am&lin' >see the note on the 'ame 'ins, in story #?. /he Smith8Allison te6t su&stitutes0i'htnin' for the returned ri$e youn' man. 7t is 0i'htnin' -ho $ities the loser and makes himinvini&le.

/he te6ts a'ree that the 'am&ler is a menae to soiety. He threatens to -in everyone;s $ro$erty. Peo$leannot refrain from tryin' to &est him. 7n the 9aria te6t, Siuuhu >alled <1lder Brother<? o&serves thisand deides to intervene. 7n the Smith8Allison te6t, the intervention is &y a $erson -hose name 7 annotunderstand. /his name is trans8

!**

lated as <tall fello- mediine man.< 7n any ase, the interventions follo- the same ourse. An

intervener 'ets a youn' -oman to tem$t the 'am&ler to a -aterhole &efore his ne6t &out. /here she'ives him a 'ruel of feathers mi6ed -ith orn. When the 'am&ler drinks it, he &eomes an ea'le, fliesa-ay, and ommenes to kill $eo$le as already stated.

7n the Smith8Allison te6t, the $eo$le turn to Siuuhu at this $oint in the 9aria version, Siuuhu hastaken an interest sine $lottin' to turn the 'am&ler into an ea'le. /he te6ts a'ree on -hat Siuuhu doesto the ea'le. He seeks him -here he lives -ith his -ife and hild on the to$ of a mountain, and he killshim -ith the -ife;s onnivane and to the hild;s horror. Humanity is saved. /he uneaten stored deadare revived >-hih 'ives ori'in to the -hite $eo$le? and Siuuhu is initiated &y an old -oman into



-arriorhood.

Seond, -ho is 2eather Braided Chief

Aordin' to /hin 0eather >ussell !"): =! 0loyd !"!!: I= 2e-kes !"!=: *!?, 2eather Braided isthe name of the literalist &oy -ho &eomes the &enefator of the 'am&ler. As an adult, aordin' to/hin 0eather, 2eather Braided Chief lives in the northernmost of the 'reat8houses on@uered &y thePimas. We -ill hear of him later in that onte6t, not in 'reat detail &ut merely &y -ay of affirmin' thatthe haraters re$resented at this sta'e of the mytholo'y -ere indeed Hohokam, that the Hohokamhiefs om$rised a small -orld, and that all these hiefs fell, aordin' to /hin 0eather >also Smith8Allison?, to the Pima8Pa$a'o. >2eather Braided Chief is not one of the t-o 'reat adversaries mentionedin the disussion of the 2ont te6t. He is neither a rain 'od nor a sun 'od &ut is merely one of the manyHohokam au'ht u$ in the s-ee$ of on@uest.?

/hird, the old -oman -ho took are of Siuuhu. /here is no mistake that this se6 and a'e -ereintended, &eause Smith8Allison and 9aria a'ree on them.G! 7 an no more e6$lain the seletion of anold -oman here than 7 ould e6$lain the seletion of the earlier one as the soure of to&ao. 7 an only

sho- some orrelates and onse@uenes of the seletion./hus, 7 sus$et that &eause an old -oman -as seleted,

!*I

no -ar oratory is derived from this $artiular e$isode. eall from the introdution that the Pima8Pa$a'o aom$anied the $urifiation of their suessful -arriors -ith oratory, that is, -ith -ord8for8-ord memori+ed s$eehes. We -ill find those s$eehes realled &ut not atually delivered as te6ts inthe 9aria narrative of 2eather Braided;s $urifiation. /here the $urifier is Bitter Wind, a male. We -illfind one other Hohokam era event from -hih the Pima8Pa$a'o derived -ar oratory. /his is the death,

resurretion, and under-orld entry of Siuuhu. /here the $urifier is 1arth Dotor, another male. But the $urifiation that -e are no- interested in, administered &y a -oman, has no s$eeh makin'. 7 do notthink this is oinidental. /he offiiants and s$eakers at <atual< -ar $urifiations -ere men >Underhill!"#I: !*=!) Underhill et al. !"": "!("?. Nuite $ro&a&ly, men -ould not 'ive a s$eeh ori'inallymouthed &y a -oman.

7f that is true, it is all the more interestin' that a -oman $erforms this funtion for Siuuhu. 7f -e annotsay -hy it is a -oman, -e an at least say ho-, for the te6ts are @uite lear on that. /his -oman has ane6e$tional a&ility to sense that Siuuhu has survived his enounter -ith the ea'le >the enounter isdesri&ed in very sus$enseful terms Siuuhu does not seem invini&le?. With kindness and modesty,@uite as a mother -e may say, she nurses him to health. /here is nothin' a''ressive or estati in heration, as there is in the $urifyin' ations of Bitter Wind u$on 2eather Braided and of 1arth Dotor

u$on Siuuhu >$art ?. She makes lay $ots and $re$ares a orn 'ruel for him, -hih in this onte6tseems more like &a&y food than like the -iked refreshment that turned the 'am&ler into an ea'le.Aordin' to Smith8Allison, she holds Siuuhu like a &a&y and sukles him.

Fne annot hel$ om$arin' this sene -ith the Piet, 3ihelan'elo;s sul$ture of 3ary holdin' Jesusafter the Cruifi6ion. Both senes sho- a -oman;s tenderness to a man8'od. Siuuhu, ho-ever, has Eustresued the Hohokam, and his $ro&lems -ith them -ill ome later. /his -oman holds a vitor, -hileJesus; mother holds him dead.





!*"

sides do-n. Fne stik is alled ginss L!*. Fne is alled see-i-ko , !# then I, then #.

/his man al-ays lost everythin' he had. Fne he lost all his dishes, ookin' $ots, and di$$ers. Hismother had to use s$oiled $ots for ookin'. When she finished ookin', she fi6ed somethin' like a dishsoo$ed in the 'round, $ut the food in it, and told the man to eat the food. She said, <7 have fi6ed thisfor you and you must eat out of it,< and she solded him that it is not ri'ht for him to 'am&le and loseher ookin' $ots.

/he man -as very sorry. He ate his food -ith the dust. When he finished eatin', he -ent to a man -hohad the $o-er of li'htnin', and -ho -as alled 0i'htnin'. /he man asked -hat he -anted and alsotold him that everyone -as afraid and -ould not ome lose to him. /he man told 0i'htnin' a&out thetrou&le he had in $layin' the 'ame, and he asked for hel$.

0i'htnin' told him it -as all ri'ht, he ould hel$ him out and do somethin' for him. He made ali'htnin'like sym&ol for the 'inss G!* stik. He did the same, only half-ay, for the see8i8ko, and he didthe same for the other stiks, si6 and four. /he man took these stiks and -ent &ak to the $eo$le hehad $layed -ith. /his time his luk han'ed. He -on all the time, -as 'ettin' -ealthy, and -as ha$$y.His mother -as also ha$$y &eause he -as doin' niely. /he $lae -here they lived -as east of the

San /an mountains. 7t -as and is still alled /-o /anks.

!I)

Fne day the men -ere 'oin' to $lay a'ain, startin' in the mornin'. With them -as the man -ho had &een the nau'hty hild. o- he -as alled Huikeene >tall fello- mediine man?.G& He sa- the manGhel$ed &y 0i'htnin' $layin' and -as Eealous. He -ent and 'ot some orn, mi6ed it -ith feathers, andtold one of the -omen to 'rind u$ the mi6ture. /hen he told her to 'o and sit at a $lae -here there is-ater.

When Huik8eene sa- that the other man -as $re$arin' to $lay 'inss, he $ut the thou'ht in his head to

'o drink some -ater &efore $layin'. /he man did this. Huik8eene also $lanned for the man to drinksome $inole &efore $layin'. So the man told the -oman, <7t is all ri'ht. 7 kno- 7;ll &e hun'ry at thetime -hen 7;m $layin'.< After he s-allo-ed a mouthful, he &e'an to feel funny and &e'an to shake allover. /he seond time he drank the $inole, little feathers ame out from his &ody, Eust like a youn' &ird./he third time he drank it, the feathers &eame lon'er. /he fourth time his feathers -ere full 'ro-n,and he -as like an ea'le.

3ean-hile the $eo$le had 'athered to $lay. When the man didn;t ome, they &e'an to ask eah other-hy he -as slo-. /hey sent a youn' man to tell him to ome ri'ht a-ay so they ould start the

G& 7 do not understand this -ord or $hrase. 7t is not the normal -ay to say </all 3ediine8man< >Ce-3a:kai?. /his man orres$onds to 7;itoi%Siuuhu of the 9aria te6t. /hat is, he is not the youn' man -ho

did everythin' literally.

!I!

'ame. /his &oy -ent to -here the -ater -as, and at that time the man8ea'le -as sittin' &y the -aterleanin' himself and $layin' -ith is feathers, as you see &irds doin' sometimes. /he &oy -ent &ak to-here the $eo$le -ere and told them in a very sad -ay that the man had turned himself into an ea'le.

/he $eo$le told one another that somethin' terri&le -as 'oin' to ha$$en, that they must $re$are their



fi'htin' -ea$ons that very day. /hey 'athered their &o-s and arro-s and surrounded the ea'le. /heman8ea'le &e'an to rise slo-ly -hile the $eo$le shot arro-s at him. He au'ht the arro-s in his la-sand -ent northeast > see-a-tak-#k , an old Pima -ord?.G

/hen Siuuhu s$oke to the $eo$le and told them that the time that he had told them a&out earlier -as'ettin' near. He told them to remem&er that the earth, the $eo$le, and the mountains -ere all s$innin'around.

A Pima visitor, a shool&oy, listenin' to this tellin', s$oke u$ to say that this is the A$$alahian ran'ene6t to the Atlanti Fean.G*

/he man8ea'le made his home at a $lae -here there is a stee$, hi'h mountain that no one ould lim&.

/he man8ea'le 'ot food &y killin' deer. Soon the deer 'ot afraid and moved do-n this -ay to live. /hene6t thin's the man8ea'le killed -ere youn' hildren. /hen he &e'an to kill 'ro-n $eo$le for food.Fne he 'ot a youn' -oman -ho had never

G Sialig is the normal, $resent8day -ay to say <east,< and the see-a 8 of this -ord seems related tothat.

!I=

married. He didn;t kill her &ut ke$t her for a -ife. /he ne6t thin' he 'ot -as a female do' -hih heke$t for a $et.

Siuuhu did this so man -ould reeive more understandin'. He kne- the man -as omin', for he is oneof the 'ods, and he only ated aslee$. /his -as a sym&ol that some $eo$le -ould ome out Gat the endof this story, not Pimas, &ut -iser than Pimas, as he had told them &efore.

When the $eo$le sa- this, they held meetin's on ho- they ould kill the ea'le. /hey thou'ht they-ould ask Siuuhu to kill him for them. Fne man -as sent to Siuuhu;s $lae -hih at that time -as atSouth 3ountain G&y Phoeni6. When he ame, Siuuhu -as lyin' do-n aslee$. /he man tried to tell him

to 'et u$ and listen, &ut Siuuhu -ouldn;t -ake u$, so the man 'ot a &urnin' oal and $ut it on his hest.When the oal -ent out, he 'ot another one and $ut it in the same $lae. /hen a third, then a fourth one.Siuuhu finally -oke u$ and 'ot u$ and sat do-n. /he man asked him if he kne- -hat trou&le -as'oin' on, if he kne- the $eo$le -ere &ein' killed and only a fe- -ere left, and he asked him to kill theea'le for them.

Siuuhu told the man to 'o &ak to his $eo$le and tell them that he -ould ome inside of four days, andthey must 'et four sa'uaro ri&s. When the man returned, he told the $eo$le that Siuuhu -ould 'o to thehouse of the ea'le, and, if he -as not killed, they -ould see a -hite loud rise over the mountains.

Siuuhu lit one of the stiks Go&tained from the $eo$le, and that -as his li'ht in the ni'ht as he -ent onGto-ard the ea'le. When he -ent a ertain distane, mornin' ame, and he hid himself. He

!I(

stayed there all day, and, -hen the sun -ent do-n, he lit another stik and -ent on all ni'ht. /hen-hen dayli'ht ame he did the same as &efore and stayed hidden all day. /he ea'le ould not see himas he fle- a&ove -here Siuuhu -as hidin'.

When the sun -ent do-n for the third time, he lit another stik and -ent on all ni'ht, and the ne6tmornin' he did the same as &efore. /hen, -hen the sun -ent do-n, he started out -ith the last stik in



his hand. All ni'ht he traveled, and sometime &efore da-n he ame to the &ottom of the mountain-here 1a'le lived. He hid himself there, as it -as 1a'le;s ustom to 'o out very early in the mornin'./hat mornin' he sa- 1a'le 'o out.

So Siuuhu ame out and -ent around the mountain lookin' for a 'ood $lae to lim& it. He sa- it -asim$ossi&le to lim&, so he alled a man &y the name of <o-thuk.<Gd /his man had &een alive sinethe time of the 'reat flood.GI So -hen this man o-thuk ame, he &rou'ht some 'ourd seed -ith

him. He made a hole at the &ase of the mountain and $lanted the seed there. /hen he san' and, -hilesin'in', daned:

$ cliff is coming o#t $ cliff is coming o#t ?repeat, as yo# please@.

Gd ;awic# , the <lo-n< fi'ure in the Pima8Pa$a'o wi:gita <$rayerstik< or <harvest< eremony. /hisis one of the rare myths that 'ives an aount of that $erson. Sa6ton and Sa6ton G!"(: =)()# 'ivet-o versions of this story, one -ith and one -ithout the ;awic#.

!I#

As he san' this son', the seed started to 'ro-. 7t &e'an to lim& the liff and -ent u$ until it reahed1a'le;s nest on to$. o-thuk did this to make a $lae for Siuuhu to lim& on, &ut a stron' -ind &le-the $lant &ak to the 'round. o-thuk ouldn;t do it Gsuessfully hel$ Siuuhu. /hen Siuuhu s$okeu$ and said, <7f it -as my desire, 7 -ould Eust say that the 1a'le mi'ht die, and he -ould die.< /hen helooked around and 'ot a kind of -ood alled )ass >Juan doesn;t kno- -hat this -ood is?,Ge and hesan':

2 am HeetoiGf =ass, 2 ha)e st#ck The )ass, $nd 2 walked on them

$nd killed the eagle.So Siuuhu lim&ed on these Gvass stiks and ame to -here the ea'le;s -ife -as and asked her -hattime the ea'le -ould return. She told him he -ould return at noon. /hen Siuuhu asked -hat he doesafter he 'ets &ak home. /he -oman told him that -hen 1a'le omes &ak, he looks very arefullyamon' the meat that is there, and if he finds any livin' reatures, suh as flies or s$iders, he kills them.

Ge =a:s , a$$arently &room-eed >3athiot n.d.: =!*L =ass entry, no 0innaean name 'iven?, or &roomsnake-eed >G#tierre5ia sarothrae LParker !"=: ="=="( no Pima8Pa$a'o e@uivalent 'iven?. /helatter, Parker says, is a native $erennial half8shru& that 'ro-s &oth in 'ravelly and layey soils. Sa6ton,Sa6ton, and 1nos >!"(: I!? 'ive <a s$eies of $lant used for $ink dye >unidentified?< under their wa:s entry >T Pima )a:s ?. Sa6ton and Sa6ton >!"I", !"(? lak this -ord.

Gf 7;itoi, another name for Siuuhu.

!I*

After he finds that there is no dan'er, he lies do-n and 'oes to slee$. When Siuuhu heard this he -asafraid.

7t ha$$ened that 1a'le had a son. Siuuhu asked the -oman if the son ould talk. She said that heunderstands -ell enou'h to tell his father that some&ody ame there. So Siuuhu stuk his hand in ashes,



took it out, and ru&&ed his fin'ers on the youn' &oy;s mouth, meanin' that his mouth -ould &e tied andhe ouldn;t tell his father -hat had ha$$ened. /hen Siuuhu turned himself into a snake and ra-led intoa rak in the stone. He asked the -oman if she ould see him there. She told him that she ould seehim and that the 1a'le ould find him.

So Siuuhu ame out and turned himself into a fly. He -ent -ay underneath the oldest $iees of meatand -as out of si'ht. 7n a little -hile the 1a'le ame. He &rou'ht the $eo$le that he had killed. Some

-ere om$letely dead, and some -ere 'roanin'. /he youn' hild ran to its father and -as tryin' to tellhim that someone had ome, &ut he ouldn;t do it. He ould only say, <a-papa-ch#-)itch <>meanin'less?.

/he ea'le told his -ife, <Someone has ome here, and this is -hat this son of mine is tryin' to say.</he &oy ke$t re$eatin' the same -ord. /he 1a'le s$oke to his -ife for a seond time, <7f someone hasome, you must tell me.< /he -oman said, <ou kno- very -ell that no&ody an ome here &eause

!II

everyone is afraid of you.< And, <ou kno- -hen a hild is learnin' to talk, he -ill &e tryin' to say

somethin' and someday he -ill tell us -hat he is tryin' to say.<Son' is not understanda&le, &ut the last -ord is yaka-hai Lslee$.G

/he 1a'le -ent out and &e'an to look over everythin' and to kill anythin' that sho-ed it -as alive. Hedidn;t feel easy, and it took him a lon' time to 'o to slee$, for he kne- that trou&les -ere omin' andhis time -as 'ettin' loser. /he -oman 'ot the ea'le, $laed him on her la$, and &e'an to nurse him to $ut him to slee$. She san'.

She made all these e6uses &eause she -as sad all the time, &eause it is not ri'ht for a -oman to usehuman flesh as food, and another thin' she -as sad a&out -as that she had no -ay to 'o &ak to herhome.

/he 1a'le fell aslee$, and the -oman -histled for Siuuhu to ome out, &ut &efore he ame out, old man1a'le -oke u$. /he 1a'le said to the -oman, <7 &elieve someone is around here, that;s -hy you aretryin' to all him.< /he -oman s$oke &ak, <ou kno- very -ell that no&ody an ome u$ here. 7;m Eust makin' this noise &eause 7;m 'lad -e have fresh meat to eat.<

She san' the same son' a'ain:

Hai yaka hai yaka hai mona >last line ?.G

At the end of the son', 1a'le fell aslee$ a'ain. /his time she -histled and Siuuhu ame out. He tooksomethin' that they alled ch# mos >somethin' to ut -ith, Juan doesn;t kno- its a$$earane?, stuk1a'le;s nek -ith it, ut the nek off, and the ea'le flo$$ed until he died. /hen he did the same thin' to

!I

the youn' hild. /hen he s$rinkled some hot -ater over the &odies of all the dead $eo$le that -erelyin' around, as many as 1a'le had killed sine he started killin' $eo$le. /he last human &ein's that he &rou'ht &ak to life, -hen he finished, -ere the -hite $eo$le.

His $ur$ose -as that, -hen he thre- the do's into the hot earth, they -ould turn into human &ein'sand -ould &e the e'roes.

Siuuhu s$oke to the -hite man and asked him -here his home -as. /he man -ouldn;t s$eak &eause





raise u$ hildren -hite, -hite -omen -ill have 7ndian hildren and -hite men also do it. But the -hiteman an;t reate another -orld like Jeoss did.

/hose -ere all the -ords Siuuhu s$oke to his -hite hildren. /hen he -orked on old man 1a'le, $ulledoff all his feathers, $laed him over his shoulder, and started home. When he ame over the to$s ofmountains, the soft -hite ea'le feathers rose over the mountains and sho-ed the $eo$le -hat he hadtold them &efore he -ent: to -ath for -hite louds over the mountains, and they sa- them there.

Story ))4

#riin of the 'urifi.ation %eremony and the Strenthenin of 5edi.ine 5en

When the $eo$le sa- the louds they -ere ha$$y. Fne old -oman -orked to make a dish and a -ateru$ for Siuuhu, so -hen he 'ot home, he -ould eat from the $latter and drink from the u$. Fthersmade a shade Gramada for him, so -hen he 'ot home he -ould 'o under it to rest. And -hen he

!)

ame home he did so, &eause it -as the season they all moo-ee-he-'ik >&urnin' heat?.Gh

He stayed four days under the shade -ithout drinkin' -ater or eatin' food, and the ni'hts -ere four-ithout -ater or food. When the fourth day -as a&out finished, Siuuhu -as ready to $ass out. /he old-oman ame and sa- him in that ondition. She $ut some -ater in the u$, $laed it &eside him, then $ut her hand under his head, and raised it. She san':

2m going to gi)e yo#Some 'right water !hich will make yo#r heart shine.

She raised his head onto her knees and san' >same as &efore?. /hen she raised his head still hi'her, ontoher shoulder, and san' >same as &efore?. When she finished the son', she made Siuuhu drink the -ater.Sine his stren'th -as almost 'one, the -ater nearly hoked him, and he almost $assed out. When heame &ak to onsiousness, he told the $eo$le a&out the mountain -here 1a'le lived, and ho- there-as muh &lood on the mountain, and ho- it has a &loody smell. He told them to all it <Cliff thatsmells like &lood.<

/hen he made a rule for the Pimas and Pa$a'os, that -henever they have -ars -ith the A$ahes, -hen

2rom that time, there -ere t-o kinds of mediine men. He 'ave the lon' feathers to the mediine

Gh Unkno-n, unless it is m# ;i he:pidk , ;muh old;.

!!

men -ho kne- ho- to healL sy-/##k#mGi Land the soft feathers to the mediine men -ho kne- ho-to $ray for rainL makai.GE

one of them kills an A$ahe, he must 'o -ithout food and -ater for four days. And at that time he $re$ared some ea'le feathers for Pima mediine men to use in -orkin' over a sik $erson. He also $re$ared the fine, -hite, soft do-n feathers and 'ave them to the mediine men to use in $rayin' forrain. When he om$leted all this -ork, he started for home.



2rom then the $eo$le ontinued to multi$ly, and the understandin' of the sy8Euukum and makaiinreased.

Su22lement

Story of the Gam<ler 6Si-iriano Gar.ia7

GAfter his adventures as a literalist, the &oy left home. He traveled a lon' time, al-ays 'oin' to-ardthe -est. /he reason for this -as as follo-s: His stran'e ations had &een aused &y an evil mediineman named Beater Wind,G!) -ho lived in the -estG!! and om$elled the &oy to ome to-ard him.Beater Wind had foreseen that the &oy -ould do somethin' like the killin' of his 'randfather, so hemade a

Gi Sai /#:kam , ;very doers;.

GE 1a:kai , ;mediine man;, ;shaman;. 3ost $eo$le use this -ord for all those -ho an divine and <see<ma'ially, -hether for rain foreastin' or urin' or any other $ur$ose. /hus, the distintion made here

&et-een the t-o kinds of mediine men is not universally made.

!=

ne- house for the &oy near his o-n and -as livin' in it -hen the &oy arrived.

All the time that the &oy -as 'oin' to-ard the -est, Beater Wind lay in the ne- house -ith his &ak tothe door. Someone ame in the door and sat do-n. Beater Wind ould feel it and turned over and said,<7 did not &uild this house for you to enter first. /he $erson for -hom 7 &uilt it is omin'.< /he man-ho entered -as Bro-n Bu++ard.G!= /he house -as full of <mediine,< -hih -as said to &esomethin' like the heat vi&rations that rise from the desert in the summer.G!( Beater Wind had $ut his

mediine in the house for the &oy, &ut Bro-n Bu++ard -as so an'ry at Beater Wind;s -ords that hes$read his -in's a'ainst the house and took out every &it of mediine of every sort.G!# He san' thisson':

$m 2 an eagle

G!* 1y feathers are filled with mysterio#s power.

When Beater Wind found that Bro-n Bu++ard -as doin' this, he turned to him and said, <7 do notmean any harm. ou an enter this house if you -ant to.< Bro-n Bu++ard -as already offended, so he

-alked out the door and fle- over the hi'hest and the lo-est mountains and dro$$ed onto eahmountainto$ some of the mediine that he had taken out of the house. Beause of this some of themountains &eame full of mediine, as the house had &een. Bro-n Bu++ard said that &eause of this

!(

mediine there -ould &e a roarin' of -ind or noise of thunder and a shakin' inside of these mountains &efore a storm, and this -ould &e a -arnin' to the $eo$le.



/he &oy a$$roahed the house after Bro-n Bu++ard had flo-n a-ay. He -ent inside and sat do-n &ythe door. Beater Wind turned over, sa- the &oy, and said, <Have you ome

< /he &oy re$lied, <es.< Beater Wind took him in front of the house -here he had leared a &i' irle.He $ut the &oy in the middle of the irle and -ent over to one side. /hen he -ent &ak to the &oy, took

him u$, and thre- him to the east. He -ent a'ain to the &oy, took him u$, and thre- him to the north./hen he thre- the &oy to-ard the -est and to-ard the south.G!I

GCommentary from the Densmore te6t: 9aria said that a s$eeh should &e inserted at the $oint -hereBeater Wind $iks u$ the &oy. He said that he had heard the story many times, &ut the s$eeh -asal-ays omitted &eause there -as no one $resent -ho ould 'ive it orretly.G!

He thou'ht that the &oy must &e dead, and yet he kne- that he had not fully killed him. Beater Wind-ent home and lay do-n for a -hile. /hen he thou'ht he -ould 'o &ak and see if the &oy -as 'ettin'u$ yet. /he &oy -as <omin' to< &ut lay there, his lon' hair tan'led and filled -ith stiks or -hatever-as on the 'round. Beater Wind $iked him u$ and arried him to the $lae -here they sat do-nto'ether.

While they sat there Beater Wind fi6ed the &oy;s hair as it -as -hen he arrived. He ut several stiksfour or five inhes lon' and $ointed at the end and told the &oy to use these instead of his hands in

!#

srathin' his head or &ody. Beater Wind $ut these stiks in the &oy;s hair and told him that heneforthit -ould &e the ustom that if a man killed an enemy he must use one of these stiks until he had 'onethrou'h a ertain manner of $urifiation.

GCommentary from the Densmore te6t: /he follo-in' ats of Beater Wind -ere the &e'innin' of theustom -hih -as later alled the 0imoGk and used throu'hout the tri&e.

Beater Wind took the &oy @uite a distane from the house and fi6ed a $lae -here he -as to stay fourdays -ithout food or -ater. At the end of four days, the &oy -as as thou'h he had &een sik for years.Fn the fifth day Beater Wind ame to him -ith a little food and one s-allo- of -ater. 2rom that dayon, for four days, he 'ot a&out the same amount then for four days he 'ot a&out dou&le that @uantity offood. /his -as follo-ed &y one more $eriod of four days durin' -hih the food -as dou&le that in thethird $eriod. After eah $eriod Beater Wind had the &oy &athe and ome nearer the house. Beater Wind-as doin' this all the time to <strai'hten out< the &oy. While the &oy -as fastin', Beater Wind -asthinkin' all the time, kee$in' -ath of the &oy, and seein' that his mind -as learin'. At the end ofsi6teen days >four $eriods of four eah?, Beater Wind sa- that the &oy -as 'oin' to &e all ri'ht, so onthe seventeenth day he allo-ed him to enter the house and 'ave him a full meal.

Gk Aimh# , ;$urifiation;, ;offerin';. /he -ord may &e from the S$anish Catholi limosna , ;offerin';,;harity;, -hih is $resent in Pima8Pa$a'o as limh#saG , and is used in referene to food offerin's leftfor the dead on All Souls; 1ve. Fr limh# as used in the onte6t of -arrior $urifiation may have aom$letely different and stritly 7ndian etymolo'y. /he -ord does not sound like Pima8Pa$a'o,ho-ever, and it does sound like limh#sa .

!*

/he &oy stayed in Beater Wind;s house @uite a -hile, and then he deided to 'o home. Beater Wind



said, <All ri'ht. 7 have done -hat 7 -anted to do. 7 have strai'htened out -hat 7 -anted to strai'htenout in you. 7t is all ri'ht no- for you to return and live like other $eo$le.<

/he &oy ame out of the house and started to-ard his o-n home. As he -ent alon' he entered everymountain and learned son's. /he four kinds of son's he learned are alled komatan and koo$ >used intreatin' the sik?,G! kohemorle >used in the rain eremony?, and hiuholita >son's that ome fromthe oean?.G!" He learned these and kne- that all these son's -ould in the future &e used for urin'

the sik and $erformin' other remarka&le ats &enefiial to the $eo$le. /hese -ere very $o-erfulmediine son's.G=)

After enterin' these 'reat mountains the &oy reahed the villa'e, -ent into his o-n house, and lived asBeater Wind had tau'ht him, stayin' at home all the time and not min'lin' -ith the $eo$le. /here -asmuh 'am&lin' in the villa'e. /here -as one youn' man -ho onstantly stole, 'am&led, and lost, thenhe -ould 'o to another villa'e, steal, 'am&le, and lose a'ain. /his had 'one on for a lon' time. /hefello- -as very rou'h in all he did. He 'am&led all the time and -as alled <Wanta,< meanin'<'am&ler.<Gl

Gl 7n fat this -ord does not seem to mean ;'am&ler;, &ut sim$ly to &e the $erson;s name. 7t does notseem like a Pima8Pa$a'o -ord.

!I

GDeleted here are the setions of the story on Wanta;s &efriendin' the no- 'ro-n &oy,Wanta;s invini&ility in 'am&lin' thanks to 'amin' stiks su$$lied &y the 'ro-n &oy, 1lderBrother;s suess in turnin' Wanta into an ea'le, the ea'le;s rava'es, and 1lder Brother;ssuess in killin' the ea'le. /hese are all rather like the Smith8Allison te6t. We resume thestory -ith the aount of 1lder Brother;s $urifiation &y the old -oman.

Before 1lder Brother had left the old -oman;sG=! house Gto hunt the ea'le, he strun' a strin' arossher room, sayin', <7f this &reaks, you -ill kno- 7 am dead, &ut so lon' as it is not &roken, you -ill

kno- 7 am alive.< /he shok of the earth@uake Gaused &y the ea'le;s death throes &roke the strin',and 1lder Brother;s $eo$le &e'an to fear that he had failed.

. . . Bak at the house -here his strin' -as &roken, the old -oman had mediine $o-er, and she kne-that 1lder Brother -as alive and had killed the ea'le. So she san' and daned.

Before 1lder Brother -ent a-ay Gto hunt the ea'le, he told the $eo$le to -ath a ertain hain ofmountains. He told them to -ath a lo- $lae in it and said that if he had &een killed &y the ea'le there-ould &e -hite louds over that $lae. So the $eo$le -athed the old -oman danin' and sin'in', andthey also looked for the louds in the lo- $lae. At last somethin' a$$eared that looked like louds, &utit -as 1lder Brother;s hat deorated -ith tufts of ea'le do-n. /hen they remem&ered his -ords andsaid to eah other, <7t must &e that the old lady

!

kno-s more than -e kno- and 1lder Brother has killed the ea'le.<

After 1lder Brother ame do-n from the hi'h $lae -here his hat sho-ed, he did not ome home atone &ut -ent to a @uiet $lae for several days. /he old -oman -as out -alkin' and ame u$on him,aslee$ from e6haustion. After she found him she -ent home and &e'an to make an olla G$ot to ook'ruel for him, a little olla for him to drink from, and a $late, and a little s$oon for the 'ruel. When shefinished makin' the dishes and had made the 'ruel, she 'ot some -ater, took it over, and sat it &eside



him. /his is her son'.

0o# ha)e done it right, yo# little 'it of an Elder 4rother. Henceforth the )illages will 'e safe and 2 am on the gro#nd, 2 will get along 'etter.G==

After 'ivin' him the food, she ared for him for si6teen days. She had also made ollas to arry -aterfor his old &ath, and she ared for him in every -ay, as Beater Wind had ared for the &oy at the &e'innin' of the story. . . . At the end of the third $eriod of four days she took him inside the house andontinued her are until the end of the fourth $eriod of four days, -hen he took a &ath and -as entirelyfree. /hen he lay around the $lae for a -hile. He kne- everythin' -as settled and that everythin'-ould 'o on the same as &efore the 'am&ler -as made into an ea'le. >Densmore !"=": (I(", *=*#?

!"

'art 4

Siuuhu:s Death and !esurre.tion

At this $oint in the mytholo'y, -ar eremonies, ro$s, marria'e, and a host of other thin's haveori'inated, and the t-o mortal menaes, the -ith and the man8ea'le, have &een eliminated. All thisourred in the era of the Hohokam, so it is lear -hy 7 all the mytholo'y </he Hohokam Chroniles.<7n truth, nearly everythin' of mythi im$ort to the Pima8Pa$a'o ourred in the Hohokam era.

/hat time nears its end in the $resent $art, &eause the Hohokam kill Siuuhu. 2ollo-in' our normalmethod of au'mentin' and ontrastin' Smith8Allison -ith /hin 0eather and -ith a Pa$a'o soure, -e-ill find this time that Smith8Allison;s version of Siuuhu;s death is 'enerally Christian and s$eifiallylike the neo8orthodo6 Protestant theolo'y of einhold ie&uhr.

Aordin' to Smith and Allison, the Hohokam <thou'ht they understood more than Siuuhu,< and theys$ent four days askin' him $resum$tuous and em&arrassin' @uestions: Who is 9od, and -ho are 9od;sson, father, and mother

What is Siuuhu;s status as son of the earth >see story !?

Why does Siuuhu $ermit -eeds to 'ro-, and -hy did he $ermit the Corn hild to die >story *?

Why is atus used to make -ine >story ?

7n the introdution 7 said that the fi'ure of Siuuhu is like Jesus &eause &oth are killed and resurreted./his is true, &ut $rior to his death, Smith and Allison;s Siuuhu ats more like the Fld /estament 9odthan the e- /estament Jesus. /hus, on the Fld /estament analo'y, the Hohokams; interro'ation ofSiuuhu e@uates -ith humanity;s fall from 'rae in 1den. /he Hohokam interro'ation is humanity;s first,and also fatal, diso&ediene to 9od. All the sin that -e have seen heretofore in the mytholo'y -as done









3eans as -hen you $ull the strin' of a &o- &ak and let it 'o &ut don;t shoot anythin' off.

At that time, on the earth, Siuuhu felt his heart &e'in to 'et @ueer, and he -ent out and -alked

G 3#:wi , ;&u++ard;. /he initial <m< in the transri$t is $ro&a&ly from s-#am , ;yello-;, as thisharater;s full name is <S8uam Ou:-i,< ello- Bu++ard.

!*

a&out. /hen Bu++ard ame a little loser to the earth, to -here he ould see mountains, and he san':

2 am going down and 4elow meThere stands the mo#ntains!hich are 'l#e. 2n them the mind of Si##h# 2s going o#t 'l#e.

At the end of the son' he sna$$ed his &o- a'ain. At this time Siuuhu;s heart -as 'ettin' hot, and he

-ent to di$ himself into some ool -ater. When he 'ot in the -ater, he found that it -as hot, too, andhe ame out. Bu++ard ame loser to the earth, and he san':

2 am going down, $nd #nderneath me Aies the earth which is grey. $nd in that The heart of Si##h# 2s coming o#t 'l#e.

At the end of the son' he shot a'ain. Siuuhu -as lookin' for a ooler $lae, -here there -as -ater -ithie in it. When he 'ot there he found that it had turned to &oilin' -ater, and the -orst -as yet to ome.As Siuuhu -as lookin' for a land -here there -as nothin' &ut ie, Bu++ard ame do-n, $assedthrou'h those four kinds of -ind, and san':

!I

2 am going down $nd #nderneath me stands the mo#ntains 2n those mo#ntains the mind of Si##h# 2s going o#t 'l#e.

At the end of the son' the Bu++ard shot nothin' &ut li'htnin' and it hit this $lae -here the ie -as.When Siuuhu reahed the $lae, he died ri'ht a-ay. When the man GBu++ard ame to the $lae, hetook Siuuhu and left him on dry 'round. 2rom that time, everythin' -as o$en and the $eo$le ouldfreely 'o ahead and do the -iked thin's that they -anted to do, suh as drinkin' stron' drinks and'ettin' drunk. /hey -ere ha$$y.

Story );4

Siuuhu:s Journey #ut



Siuuhu died for four years. All this time he -asn;t really dead, &ut he -ent and stayed -ith the life ofthe earth. Where his dead &ody lay, small hildren used to $lay on him. 2our years $assed, and he ame &ak to life a'ain.

When the hildren started out to $lay one day, they -ent and sa- Siuuhu sittin' -ith his fae all $ainted &lak and -ith a shar$ stik stikin' in his &ak, to use for srathin' it. /he hildren also sa-that he -as fi6in' his anteen. /hey -ent &ak to their

So this -ron', -hat the $eo$le -ere doin', &e'an -ith the reation of the -orld and -ent on. Arossthe oean it Gthe -ron' ame to the $eo$le -ho lived on the other side

!

of the oean, alled the -hite man.

/hat is -hy the 7ndian and the -hite man are the same. /hey all like to sho- off. So, the -hite man is aliar. White $eo$le learned to kill a human &ein' and ho- to 'et drunk. We are all alike, and the -hiteman -ill also do the smaller sins Eust like 7ndians.

father and told him that that man -as alive a'ain, that they sa- him -ith his fae &lak and a $ointedstik in his &ak.

/he fathers of these hildren told them that somethin' terri&le -as 'oin' to ha$$en. While Siuuhu -assittin' there, sometimes he thou'ht he -ould not $unish the $eo$le and sometimes he thou'ht that he-ould $unish them. He -as ryin' for the 'reat -ron' they had done, and he san':

2 am going to do this to my people!hich will 'e )ery sad.The s#n has died halfway.

When he finished this son', the sun ame u$, &ut it didn;t shine like it used to and darkness fell over theearth. When the $eo$le sa- this, they didn;t understand for they had not seen anythin' like it &efore.

/hen, -hile sittin', he san' another son':

2 am going to do this,To spoil e)erything That was made so good !hen the moon comes #p 2t has died halfway.

/hen he stood u$ and $laed his ri'ht foot do-n very hard.G*

/he reason he did this -as to $ut the $o-er of the mediine men in the 'round, so their understandin'-ouldn;t &e so stron'.

/hen he took a ste$ -ith his left foot and $laed it do-n harder. /his -as to lo-er the understandin' ofthe sy /##k#m >the healers?. /hen he took another

!

ste$ -ith his ri'ht foot and $ushed it harder. /his $ushed do-n the $o-er of the &ravest man Gin -ar./hen he took a ste$ -ith his left foot and $ushed do-n the $o-er of the shar$shooters >fourth ste$?.

He -ent to the 1ast. At that time the sun -as Eust omin' u$, and he ame to it. He -ent u$-ard -ith



it, and they 'ot ri'ht in the middle of Ga&ove the earth -here there -as some kind of tim&er that kno-sho- to talk. He talked -ith this tim&er and asked him for some of his $o-er. He took some &ranhes-hih -ere leanin' to-ard the -est, to-ard the settin' sun, and he took a leaf from one of the &ranhes and made a shield from it. He also took a lim& and made a tomaha-k. /hen he ke$t 'oin'-est and san':

$ talking stick

2 ha)e 'roken $nd 2 am taking fo#r steps $nd 2 am going.

He san' another:

$ talking stick 2 ha)e 'roken $nd 2 am taking fo#r steps $nd 2 am r#nning.

He -ent on and 'ot to a $lae to-ard the settin' sun and san':

2t is the s#ns ro#te 2 am following

!"

2ts the land of the setting s#n 2 am going down.

And he san' another:

2t is the walking of the s#n 2 am r#nning in it.

There stands the mo#ntainpon which the s#n lies down. 2n this slide 2 am sliding down.

3eans he is noon the other side of the earth. 7n the -est there is a mountain like a slide, and -henthe sun 'ets there, it slides do-n.

When he -ent a ertain distane, he ame lose to the home of his &rother, 1arth Dotor >Juut 3akai?.>1arth Dotor had 'one throu'h the earth, and no- he had made some $eo$le on the other side of it.?GISiuuhu han'ed himself into a youn' hild. His fae -as all dirty, and his hair -as like that of anau'hty hild -ho doesn;t take are of himself, all mussed u$. He ame to 1arth Dotor -ho asked

-hy he had ome there.With his $o-erful -ind, 1arth Dotor &le- Siuuhu and thre- him a-ay, four times. /hen Siuuhu said,<3y fello- old man, you kno- ho- my $eo$le are G&ad.< /hen 1arth Dotor told Siuuhu to sit do-n.When ni'ht ame, Siuuhu told one of the elder $eo$le, -ho -as the to-n rier, to tell his $eo$le toome and smoke his i'arette. All the elder $eo$le ame to'ether and smoked Siuuhu;s i'arette. /henhe took out four stiks that he had ut from the talkin' tree and sho-ed them to the $eo$le.

!")



Su22lement

How Nooee Filled Ee1Ee1Toy 6Thin &eather7

1e8ee8toy G7;itoi, ;1lder8Brother; lived in the Salt iver 3ountain, -hih is alled &y the A-a-tam

GPima8Pa$a'o 3oehahdhek,Gd or the Bro-n 3ountain, and -henever the 'irls had eremonialdanes &eause of their arrival at -omanhood, he -ould ome and sin' the a$$ro$riate son's. And itoften ha$$ened that he -ould tem$t these youn' 'irls a-ay to his mountain, to &e his -ives, &ut afterkee$in' them a -hile he -ould 'ro- tired of them and send them &ak.

/he $eo$le disliked 1e8ee8toy &eause of this. And -hen they had ro$s, too, 1e8ee8toy -ould oftenshoot hot arro-s throu'h the fields and -ither u$ the 'ro-in' thin'sG and thou'h the $eo$le did notsee him do this, they kne- he -as 'uilty, and they -anted to kill him, &ut they did not kno- ho- to doit.

/he $eo$le talked to'ether a&out ho- they ould kill 1e8ee8toy. And t-o youn' &oys there -ere, -ho-ere al-ays to'ether, and as they lay at the door of their kee Ghouse they heard the $eo$le talkin' of

sendin' &unhes of $eo$le here and there to kill 1e8ee8toy, and one said, <He is only one, -e ould killGd 3uhada', ;9reasy;.

!"!

him ourselves.< And the other one said, <0et us 'o and kill him, then.<

So the t-o &oys -ent to 3oehahdhek, and found 1e8ee8toy lyin' aslee$, and &eat him -ith theirlu&s, and killed him, and then ame &ak and told the $eo$le -hat they had done. But none of the $eo$le -ent to see the truth of this, and in the mornin' 1e8ee8toy ame a'ain, Eust as he used to do, and-alked around amon' the $eo$le, -ho said amon' themselves, <7 thou'ht the &oys said they killed

him.</hat same ni'ht the $eo$le -ent to 3oehahdhek, and found 1e8ee8toy aslee$, and fell u$on him andkilled him. And there -as a $ile of -ood outside, and they laid him on this and set fire to the -ood and &urned his flesh. And feelin' sure that he -as no- dead, they -ent home, &ut in the mornin' there he-as, -alkin' around alive a'ain.

And so the $eo$le assem&led a'ain, and that ni'ht one more they killed him, and they ut his flesh u$into little &its and $ut it in a $ot and &oiled it, and -hen it -as ooked they thre- it all a-ay indifferent diretions. But in the mornin' he -as alive a'ain, and the $eo$le 'ave it u$ for that time.

But after a -hile they -ere $lannin' a'ain ho- to kill him, and one of them $ro$osed that they all 'oand tie him -ith ro$es and take him to a hi'h liff and $ush him off and let him fall. And so they -ent

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and did this, &ut 1e8ee8toy -as not hurt at all. He Eust -alked off -hen he reahed the &ottom andlooked u$ at the $eo$le a&ove him.

/he ne6t sheme -as to dro-n him. /hey au'ht him and led him to a -hirl$ool and tied his hands andfeet and thre- him in. But he ame u$ in a fe- minutes, -ithout any ro$es on, and looked at the $eo$le, and then dived, and so ke$t on omin' u$ and divin' do-n. And then the $eo$le, seein' that



they ould not dro-n him, -ent home one more.

/hen ooee GBu++ard alled the $eo$le to'ether and said, <7t is of no use for you to try to kill 1e8ee8toy, for you annot kill him. He is too $o-erful for me to kill. He has $o-er over the -inds, and all theanimals, and he kno-s all that is 'oin' on inside the mountains, and in the sky. And 7 have $o-ersomethin' like him.< So ooee told the $eo$le to ome in, that evenin', to his house. He said, <7 -illsho- you $art of my $o-er, and 7 -ant everyone to see it.<

ooee lived not far from -here 1e8ee8toy did, south of the 3oehahdhek mountain, at a $lae alled ooee 4ahahkkee,Ge and that -as -here he invited

Ge Qu:-i Wa;aki, ;Bu++ard 9reat8house;. Fn my theory, sine Bu++ard is solar $o-er, this $lae shouldnot &e alled a -a;aki. 7 stay -ith the o$inion that an assoiation -ith -ater is $rimary to the meanin'of wa ;aki. 7 think that this $lae is alled &y that term &eause of its im$ortant role in Hohokammythial history. And 7 -ill -a'er that no one alls Bu++ard a si-aO, ;hief;, that is, no Pima says<Qu:-i Si-aO Wa;aki,< Bu++ard Chief 9reat8house.

!"(

the $eo$le to ome. When the $eo$le assem&led there, ooee made earth in his ha&itation, andmountains on it, and all thin's on it, in little Gminiature as -e say, so that the $eo$le ould see his $o-er for Juh-erta 3ahkai G1arth Dotor had made him to have $o-er, thou'h he had not ared touse it. And he made a little -orld in his house for them to look at, -ith sun, moon, and stars -orkin' Eust as our sun and stars -ork and everythin' -as e6atly like our -orld.

When ni'ht ame, ooee $ushed the darkness &ak -ith his hands and s$read it on the -alls, so thatthe $eo$le ould see the little -orld and ho- it -orked. And he -as there four days and four ni'hts,sho-in' this -onder to the $eo$le. After this ooee fle- u$ throu'h the o$enin's in the roof of hishouse, and sat there, and sa- the sun rise.

As soon as the sun rose, ooee fle- to-ard it, and fle- u$ and u$, hi'her and hi'her, until he ould see

1e8ee8toy;s heart. And he -ore a &i' nose rin', as all the &rave $eo$le did, a nose rin' of tur@uoise. Butfrom his hi'h vie- he sa- that everythin' looked 'reen, and he kne- he ould not kill 1e8ee8toy thatday.

/he ne6t day he did the same thin', only he -ore a ne- nose rin', made of s$arklin' shell. And -henhe 'ot u$ hi'h enou'h to see 1e8ee8toy;s heart he sa- that the 'round looked dry, and he -as muh

!"#

$leased, for he kne- that no- he -ould, someday, kill 1e8ee8toy. And he -ent home.

/he third mornin' ooee a'ain $ut on his nose rin' of 'litterin' shell and fle- u$ to meet the Sun, andhe fle- u$ and u$ until he ame to the Sun Himself. And ooee said to the Sun, <ou kno-, there is a $erson on earth, alled 1e8ee8toy, -ho is very &ad, and 7 -ant to kill him, and 7 -ant your hel$, and thisis the reason 7 ome to you.< And ooee said to the Sun, <o- you 'o &ak, and let me shine in your $lae, and 7 -ill 'ive Eust as muh li'ht as you do, &ut let me have your vi8no8me8'aht,Gf your 'un, toshoot -ith -hen 7 'et around to your home.< And the Sun said, <3oe8vah So$8h-ah,G' that is all ri'ht.But 7 al-ays 'o do-n over yonder mountain, and -hen you 'et to that mountain, Eust sto$ and look &ak and see ho- the -orld looks.<

And ooee took the Sun;s $lae and -ent do-n that evenin' over the mountain, sto$$in' as he -as



told to see ho- -onderful the -orld looked and -hen he ame to the Sun;s home, the Sun 'ave himthe -ea$on he shot -ith.

/he ne6t mornin' ooee rose in $lae of the Sun, and after risin' a &it he shot at the earth, and it &eame very hot. And &efore noon he shot a'ain,

Gf Wainom 9a:t, ;7ron Gor $erha$s any metal e6e$t 'old 9un.; Ga:t means either <&o-< or <'un< > Tlethal shootin' devie?. ote that Smith8Allison have Bu++ard use a &o-, made of uns$eified material.

G' $m o wa s-ap ;e , ;7t;s 'ood;, ;7t;s F5;.

!"*

and it -as still hotter. And 1e8ee8toy kne- no- that he -as 'oin' to &e killed, &ut he tried to use all his $o-er to save himself. He ran around and ame to a $ond -here there had al-ays &een ie, and he Eum$ed in to ool himself, &ut it -as all &oilin' -ater. When it -as nearly noon ooee shot a'ain, andit &eame terri&ly hot, and 1e8ee8toy ran for a rok -hih had al-ays &een old, &ut Eust &efore he 'otthere the heat made the rok &urst. And he ran to a tree -hose ool shade he had often enEoyed, &ut ashe ame near it the tree &urst into flame, and he had to turn &ak.

o- it -as noon and ooee shot a'ain. 1e8ee8toy ran to a 'reat $ost, all stri$ed around -ith &lak and-hite, -hih had &een made &y his $o-er, and -hih had a hollo- that -as al-ays ool inside. He -asa&out to $ut his arms around it -hen he fell do-n and died.

So 1e8ee8toy -as dead, and ooee -ent do-n to his settin' and returned the -ea$on to the Sun andthen -ent home to his vavahkkee. >0loyd !"!!: !=*!()?

!"I

Su22lementI:itoi is Filled 6Dolores7

GWhile 7;itoi lived in the land of the Pa$a'os, Si-ani G;Chief; also lived -here the Pimas no- lived.Si-ani -as a very im$ortant $erson, and $eo$le -ould al-ays listen to him and &elieve him. He hadmany friends, and they -ere al-ays doin' different thin's -ith him. When Si-ani -anted somethin',he -ould tell his friends, <0et;s do this,< and they -ould have to do -hat Si-ani -anted.

Si-ani had a dau'hter, and -hen she reahed $u&erty, 7;itoi found out and -as 'oin' to ome and sin'.But Si-ani 'ot an'ry and told his friends, <Wait for me until 7 am ready, and -e -ill 'o have a $u&erty

ele&ration.< But they started the ele&ration -ithout him, over &y a &i' $ond. Peo$le ame from everydiretion and -ere there -ith 7;itoi.

7n the middle of the ni'ht, Si-ani ame -ith his friends. Before lon', Si-ani ar'ued -ith 7;itoi, sayin',<ou aren;t 'ood for anythin'. ou al-ays 'o a&out $eo$les; homes lookin' for food, &ut from noon $eo$le -ill not &e trou&led &y you.< 7;itoi said, <7 'o every-here sin'in' &eause no- 7 am 'oin' to dieand 7 -ill not &e here any more. And -hen $eo$le remem&er me they -ill sin' as 7 sin' no-.<

!"





they sa- a little old man sittin' there, knittin' a arryin' stra$ for a -ater Ear. /he hildren said,<Where do you ome from, little old man

< He didn;t tell them &ut Eust said, <Hah. un alon' hildren. A startlin' thin' is 'oin' to ha$$en.<

So the hildren ran home and told their relatives that a little old man -as sittin' at the $ond and theytried to ask him -here he ame from, and he Eust ke$t sayin', <un alon' hildren. A startlin' thin' is'oin' to ha$$en.< /hen some of the adults -ent, sayin', <We -ill see -ho the old man is sittin' thereand -hy he says somethin' startlin' is 'oin' to ha$$en.< So they -ent there and found that it -as 7;itoi, &ut he had 'otten old. He -as sin'in':

!hat characteristics are mine,!hat characteristics are mine,!hat can yo# do to really know.

=))

Aittle people that 2 ha)e made.They did a dreadf#l thing to me. Aike the s#n, 2 die repeatedly.

9reat are my harateristis.Great are my characteristics .The poor little people 2 madeTreated me cr#elly . Aike the moon, 2 die repeatedly .

Just then he finished the -ater Ear stra$ and -ent off to-ard the east. /here -ere many $eo$le alon' hisroute, &ut he Eust $assed &y &eause he kne- that they -ould surely hel$ Si-ani. Fver in the east there

-ere many $eo$le. 7;itoi arrived there and asked them -here their hiefG lived. /hey told him, anda-ay he -ent to see him.

As 7;itoi -as 'oin' alon' he -as sin'in' this son' &eause he -anted the $eo$le to hear that he -as theone that had made them, yet they killed him four times, and he ame &ak to life four times and reallykne- somethin'. Just then he finished his son'. /hen he arrived and sat do-n -ith the hief and saidri'ht a-ay, <An A$ahe8like $eo$le have done somethin' maddenin' to me so 7;m 'oin' a&out $leadin' for hel$.< /hen the hief said, <7 may not &e a&le to do anythin' for you. 3y older &rotherlives to the north. 9o and see him. Whatever he says, 7;ll do.< So he left and traveled on.

=)!

2ar to the north there -as a &i' villa'e. He ame to their hief and said ri'ht a-ay, <A$ahe8like $eo$lehave done somethin' maddenin' to me so 7;m 'oin' a&out $leadin' for hel$.< /he hief said, <7 maynot &e a&le to do anythin' for you. 3y oldest &rother lives in the -est. 9o and see him. Whatever hesays 7;ll do.<

So he -ent out and traveled on. He arrived in the far -est. /here -ere many $eo$le there. 7;itoi -ent tothe hief and said, <A$ahe8like $eo$le have done somethin' maddenin' to me so 7;m 'oin' a&out $leadin' for hel$.< i'ht a-ay the hief said, <7 may not &e a&le to do anythin' for you. 3y older &rother lives in the south. 9o and see him. Whatever he says 7;ll do.<



So 7;itoi -ent out a'ain and traveled on. /he $eo$le in the far south had a &i' villa'e, and 7;itoi ame totheir hief and said ri'ht a-ay, <A$ahe8like $eo$le have done somethin' maddenin' to me so 7;m'oin' a&out $leadin' for hel$.< /he hief said, <oun' men, run and tell the $eo$le &elo-G" that-hoever -ants to $rove his manhood soon, ome and -e -ill hel$ this man. 7t;s true that he hassuffered many thin's.< >Sa6ton and Sa6ton !"(: !*)!I=?

=)(

'art *4

The %onuest until Buard

/here are three more $arts in the mytholo'y, t-o on the on@uest and a final one in -hih thevitorious Pima8Pa$a'o e6$eriene their first individuali+ed death and then meet an insu$era&le enemyto the -est of Hohokam ountry. /hey return to the land of their vitories, and, after a &rief dash to the $resent, the Smith8Allison te6t ends. /hese introdutory remarks onern the struture of the on@uestaordin' to Smith8Allison >$arts " and !)? and ho- that on@uest om$ares -ith other versions of the

end of the Hohokam.

/he ta&le in the a$$endi6 >see $a'e =(? om$ares the hiefs and $laes 'iven in Smith8Allison;s te6t-ith the hiefs and $laes in one or another of /hin 0eather;s lon' on@uest narratives. /hin 0eather isthe only other narrator of reord to 'ive an aount of numerous &attles in the 9ila and Salt ivervalleys. As -ill &e seen, Smith8Allison and /hin 0eather, -hile not idential, are really @uite similar.

ot entered in the ta&le &ut e6er$ted at the end of this $art is a lon'ish on@uest aount &y thePa$a'o 3attias Hendriks >Densmore !"=": =*(#?. 7 all this aount <lon'ish< &eause it overs'reater distane in s$aeL'reater than Smith8Allison or /hin 0eather. But this aount seemsinom$lete and even 'ar&led, as if it -as 'iven or taken too hastily. 9eo'ra$hially, -here Smith8Allison and /hin 0eather desri&e a 'enerally east8to8-est marh do-n the t-o river valleys &y the

Pima8Pa$a'o, Hendriks 'ives a @uadran'ular marh to the north, -est, south, and then east. /he $oints of the @uadran'le are not $erfetly lear >they orres$ond to mountains of $artly unertainloation?, &ut the area -ithin them surely inludes &oth the territory overed in Smith8Allison andadditional land to the south >a$$ro$riate for a Pa$a'o8&ased te6t?.

=)#

Also 'iven at the end of this $art is a short, om$lete, and relia&ly reorded sin'le &attle version ofon@uest. /his -as olleted &y Dolores and is atually the ontinuation of the Dolores te6t on thekillin' of 7;itoi 'iven at the end of $art . /his te6t teahes us ho- modestly the on@uest an &eoneived. 7nterestin'ly, the sin'le &attle ours in Pima ountry at a $lae alled attlesnake House,that is, at a $lae that mi'ht -ell &e Snaketo-n, the loation of the arhaeolo'ial e6avations and thetellin' of the Smith8Allison narrative. Also of interest is the fat that 7;itoi >the e@uivalent of Siuuhu?'athers most of his army on the surfae of the earth. 7t is literally as if he has &een killed &y oneHohokam hief >alled Si-aO see my remarks on this term in introduin' the 2ont te6t?, and he arriesout his ven'eane &y means of nei'h&orin' hiefs >alled <ones8made8&i'<L ge ;e/ig Lnot sisiwa+ ?.

With Hendriks and Dolores to remind us of the diversity in on@uest narratives,G! let us no- revie-the key $oints held in ommon &y the t-o lon'est and rihest versions, Smith8Allison and the variousrenditions of /hin 0eather. /hese $oints are three, and they ou$y a $hysial s$ae of a&out si6ty



miles alon' the ourse of the 9ila iver. 2rom east to -est, the $oints are >!? the ruin at Casa 9rande ational 3onument, that is, the home of 2ont;s Si&a and /hin 0eather;s 3ornin' 9reen Chief, >=? aruin thirty miles to the -est of Casa 9rande, near the $resent Pima villa'e of Casa Blana, and >(? aloation -ithout a kno-n ruin a&out thirty miles to the -est of Casa Blana. /he Casa Blana loationis the home of a <hief< >si-aO? -ho is identified &y /hin 0eather as <Blak Sine- Chief< >Cuk/ataikam Si-aO?. /he final, most -esterly loation is the home of Bu++ard, -ho is more a 'od than a

man. 0ike Siuuhu, he does not have a normal home and family. He lives alone in a house -here,aordin' to /hin 0eather, he $erforms most e6e$tional ats of osmi, not se6ual, reation >/hin0eather;s aount of these is 'iven at the end of the $revious $art?. 3y im$ression is that no Pima in/hin 0eather;s or Smith8Allison;s time and area ould $oint to e6atly -here Bu++ard had lived,G= &utmany, like /hin 0eather, -ere onfident that he lived not far from the 9ila iver -here that rivertraverses south of the mountain

=)*

alled <9reasy< >3uhada'? in Pima and <South 3ountain< in 1n'lish. >Aordin' to these Pimas,Siuuhu lived on that mountain. He -as Bu++ard;s 'odly nei'h&or.?

We have, then, t-o identifia&le ruins and one mysterious loation. Before $ursuin' the om$le6ities ofthe names of the hiefs assoiated -ith the t-o ruins, let us note ho- the three $laes fit in the overallstory of the on@uest. Sim$ly, Bu++ard is an im$ortant on@uest &eause it is he -ho has $reviouslykilled Siuuhu. His on@uest is the limati at of ven'eane in the mytholo'y aordin' to &oth /hin0eather and Smith8Allison. 7n /hin 0eather, Bu++ard is dealt -ith after the on@uest of the hief and'reat8house at Casa Blana, &ut in Smith8Allison he is dealt -ith &efore >see the A$$endi6?. 2ollo-in'Smith8Allison, our $art " ends -ith the on@uest of Bu++ard, and our $art !) ends -ith the fi'ht a'ainstthe hief -ho lived near Casa Blana.

o-, -ho is this other hief, and ho- -as his killin' also limati

/hin 0eather alls him Blak Sine- Chief and Smith8Allison sim$ly all him Chief >Si-aO?. 7 take himas em&lemati of the -hole of the Hohokam, not only &eause of his unadorned name <Chief< inSmith8Allison &ut also &eause of his mastery of moisture. As &oth narrators state, this mastery doesnot avail. /he hief;s $o-ers of ni'ht, fo', mist, and mira'e do not $rotet him from the Pima8Pa$a'os;li'ht and heat. 7nterestin'ly, Siuuhu stays out of this ontest. /he unsto$$a&le solar $o-ers are -ielded &y Pima8Pa$a'o mediine men -ho are no- fully fused -ith Siuuhu.

o- a om$liationL&ut not a ontradition. /he master of the 'reat8house at Casa 9rande ational3onument -as alled Si&a &y 2ont, and althou'h the $u&lished te6ts do not sho- it, some Pima8Pa$a'o all the master of this $lae Chief >Si-aO?, and they all the $lae Chief 9reat8house. >/hin

0eather loates 3ornin' 9reen Chief at this $lae, and Smith8Allison $ut a $air of &rothers there.? 7nshort, these other narrators use the same names for this hief and $lae as Smith8Allison use for thehief and 'reat8house at Casa Blana. Some may do so in a-areness of the fat that the same names areused for &oth hiefs and $laes, &ut some, 7 am sure, use the name stritly for the national monument,-ithout kno-in' of any mythi &attle

=)I

at Casa Blana. /hus, some Pima8Pa$a'o think of Casa 9rande 'reat8house and its master as the



$remier, even the sole, Hohokam 'reat8house and hief >see n. !?.

2rom this -e ould either onlude that /hin 0eather;s distintion &et-een 3ornin' 9reen Si-aO andBlak Sine- Si-aO is an ela&oration on a sim$ler and earlier myth or that the sim$ler versions areontrations from an earlier om$le6ity. /he 2ont te6t im$lies the former, sine it only deals -ith one'reat8house and hief, &ut -e must su$$ose that 2ont;s narrator kne- stories a&out Casa Blana andother loations. 7t is Eust that -e do not kno- -hat 2ont;s narrator -ould have said. /he onversation

&roke off $rematurely, as 2ont himself noted./hus, somethin' e@uivalent to the om$le6ity of the /hin 0eather and Smith8Allison te6ts must havee6isted in 2ont;s and 3anEe;s time, for all of the $laes mentioned &y the later narrators e6isted then,and the $laes should have held fresher memories than in !")) and !"(*Lfresher &ut still threehundred years old. 7 annot, and -e may never, 'uess this earlier mythi or oral historial om$le6ity.0et us revert to -hat -e an do and assess the im$ortane of Casa 9rande ational 3onument, theeasternmost $lae, in the mytholo'ies of /hin 0eather and Smith8Allison. /he assessment is sim$le./his $lae and its ruler are of lesser im$ortane than the t-o -esterly $laes and rulers. Aordin' to/hin 0eather, 3ornin' 9reen Si-aO, the su&Eet of several $re8on@uest era myths, lived there and -asdefeated -ithout diffiulty early in the Pima8Pa$a'o marh of -ar. Aordin' to Smith8Allison, t-o &rothers, Win'8feather unnin' and Do-n8feather unnin', lived there, and they -ere defeated earlyand -ithout diffiulty. 7 onlude then that Casa 9rande ational 3onument is of seondary and $ossi&ly demoted im$ortane -ithin /hin 0eather;s and Smith8Allison;s conD#est mytholo'y. 7t iso&viously seondary, &ut -e annot say it -as demoted &eause -e have no earlier on@uest myth in-hih Casa 9rande ational 3onument is $rominent >save $ossi&ly 3anEe;s, if A$ahe $ressureounts as a on@uest?. And 7 note for em$hasis that the seondary im$ortane in the on@uest does notmean that Casa 9rande ational 3onument is seondary in /hin 0eather;s and Smith8Allison;s

=)

narratives of $reon@uest Hohokam times. 7n those myths, Casa 9rande is the most im$ortant 'reat8

house and 3ornin' 9reen -as the most talked a&out hief.What historial onlusions or hints an -e dra- from Smith8Allison;s and /hin 0eather;s myths of theHohokam on@uest

/here are t-o hints, 'eneral and s$eifi. /he first is that the totality of $laes named in /hin 0eatherand Smith8Allison may orres$ond -ith the final Hohokam $hase lay8-alled settlements of the 9ilaand Salt iver valleys. 7 annot $ronoune on that, as 7 do not kno- the full re'istry of final $hasearhaeolo'ial sites.G( /he seond hint is that the Casa Blana 'reat8house emer'es as entral to the/hin 0eather and Smith8Allison myths, and one -onders ho- this site re'isters arhaeolo'ially. /o

my kno-led'e it has neither &een surveyed nor e6avated. 7t is five miles from Snaketo-n, &ut ashistory had it, arhaeolo'y $iked Snaketo-n, -hih is not mytholo'ially $rominent >save in the mostsim$lified Dolores te6t?, rather than Casa Blana, -hih is.G#

Story )+4

Siuuhu:s Journey Ba./



When the $eo$le sa- the stiks, they a'reed it -as all ri'ht for them to 'o to these >u$$er? $eo$le andmake -ar on them. /he four stiks meant that -hen four days -ere u$, they must &e ready to 'o andmake -ar. /hey must $re$are the food to use as they 'o alon'.

Siuuhu s$oke to them and said that his -hite $eo$le are out of this @uestion. He meant that the -hite $eo$le -ere not a'ainst him.G*

=)

/hey asked one man to 'o over the Gunder-orld land and find out -hat it -as like to-ard the east. He-ent and found four $laes -here there -as 'ood -ater, so they ould sto$ at those $laes to drink.

When the four days -ere u$, the $eo$le started to ome, not only the men &ut also the -omen andsmall hildren, and so their Eourney -as started. 7n their arryin' &askets they took their fi'htin'-ea$ons suh as &o-s and arro-s and everythin' they must fi'ht -ith. With the $o-er of 1arthDotor, these arryin' &askets -alked &y themselves. 1arth Dotor s$oke to Siuuhu and told him, <7fyou 'et to a $lae -here it is im$ossi&le, you must remem&er me and 7;ll hel$ you out.<

When they started their Eourney, they had a &road road. When 1arth Dotor sa- this road, he san':

Toward the morning 4right roads ha)e 'een made. $nd 'right carrying 'askets $re 'eing set.

/hey -ent on and ame to the first $lae -here there -as 'ood -ater to drink, and they am$ed there./hey started and ame to the ne6t -ater hole and am$ed there, and the third and am$ed there, and thefourth -ater hole and am$ed there. 2rom this $lae they sent the same man -ho had found the -aterholes, and he ame out over the ed'e of the earth and -as lookin' out into the -est.

=)" He returned &ak, and -hen he 'ot to the $eo$le he said, <When 7 looked over the earth, 7 sa- manywahpo ki >houses, alled <ki < no-?,Ga and it seems that they e6tend ri'ht aross to the settin' of thesun.<

/he $eo$le Gemer'in' from &eneath are alled <wooshkam :G& the $eo$le a&ove, <hohokam <G

He told that amon' these Gu$$er $eo$le -ere old and youn', and men and -omen, -ho talked -iselyand &ravely, so it seemed im$ossi&le Gto defeat them, and Ghe said, <7f -e 'o there, the only thin' -ean do is take a shot at those $eo$le and 'o &ak home.< But this Gsame

different

man, -ho had reeived $o-er from 1arth Dotor, -as sittin' -ith his head do-n, and then hestrai'htened himself and said, <We;ll kill them and -e;ll 'et them,< and he san':

!e are going to kill them.!e are going to kill them. 2t so#nds like we



$re going to '#rn them #p.

And another son':

!e are going to get them,!e are going to get them. 2t so#nds like we $re going to like it.

Ga !a ;aki >sin'., $l. wa:paki ?, ;'reat8house; ki: , ;house; >of $resent8day $eo$le?. ot-ithstandin' thefirst emer'ene in 1uro$e >&elo-?, this seems to &e a vision of the Hohokam 'reat8houses soon to &eon@uered in today;s entral Ari+ona.

G& !#:skamG , ;emer'er;, ;somethin'8that8ame8out;. 0ater in the mytholo'y, Hayden s$ells this -ordas <Wooshkum.< 7 retain his s$ellin's.

G H#h#gkam , ;finished8ones;, ;those8that8are8ended;.

=!)

So they ke$t omin' this -ay, and as they -ere omin' over the to$ Ged'e of the earth, they san':The earth is grey in which 2 am coming o#t $nd the earth is getting damp ?means that they were coming o#t with clo#ds@.

So this is the -ay the son's -ere sun' and is -hy they all them -ooshkum, that is, <omin' out<:

$ song with #nknown 8forgotten

#ntranslata'le

words that speaks of mo#ntains coming o#t someplace.

Another son', not understood, that s$eaks of the $eo$le omin' alon' some mountains.

When they first ame out, they settled -ay &ak east, farther than the GAtlanti oean. /hen they san':

2m coming o#t of the east

!e are getting closer to the &eople we are mad at >vay $ay shutGd LHohokam?.

Another son':

2m going now to the other side of The setting of the s#n.

2rom the $lae -here they last am$ed Gsome-here in 1uro$e, they -ere 'ettin' ready to see -hat-as



/his son' asks the $o-er of assyaGI >not a -oman, not a human, &ut somethin' that Jeoss reated?.7t Gnot she -as love of -oman in s$irit form. Jeoss

Gd =ipisat G , ;'reat8'rand$arents;, ;'reat8'randhildren;, an alternative name for the Hohokam, that is,for the $rehistori d-ellers of Pima8Pa$a'o ountry.

=!! made it as a rule for every -oman to have that love. Juan doesn;t kno- -here the name <-hite eater,<to D#ai-d#m oB ,G ame from. 7t may &e a 3ario$a name, or from some other Pima story. G7n anyase assya is mentioned only in $oetry Gson's or hants8$rayers8orations, -hih is -ritten Gsaid inthe old, hard -ords used &y Pimas sine the reationLWhite 1ater, assya, Gthe one an old Pima-ord, the other a 3ario$a -ord.G

'oin' on over here. /hey $ut one of their mediine men to look as far as the oean -as and find out-hat -as there, and they san':

0o# ha)e done a sad thing to me0o# ha)e fiBed the earth

$nd in this earth0o# ha)e p#t me down. $nd 2m looking ahead $nd 2m seeking e)erything right.

He -as sittin'. /hen he arose and -as standin', and he san':

0o# ha)e done a sad thing to me0o# ha)e fiBed the earth $nd in that earth0o# ha)e made me stand. $nd in front of me

2 ha)e learned the mo#ntains.

Story )>4

Siuuhu:s !e-ene

Sof.h Fah and the Water %rossin

/he mediine man looked as far as the oean and sa- that there -as no dan'er u$ to there. /hey Ghe

ould also look aross the oean, and on the other side they sa- some $eo$le livin' alled Sofh kah./hey ame and destroyed their enemies the Sofh kah, &ut they -eren;t as -ise and $o-erful as

=!=

the $eo$le -ho lived &eyond them. /hey ame Gto them and arrived at the GAtlanti



G" oean Gto reah these ne6t $eo$le

, &ut they ouldn;t 'et aross and so they sto$$ed.

Siuuhu ame out and stood at the ed'e of the oeanG!) -ith his ane in his hands. He said he -ouldstrike the -ater -ith his ane. /hen he remem&ered -hat 1arth Dotor had said, and he thou'ht that1arth Dotor -ould hel$ as they -ent throu'h this 'reat -ater. /he oean turned into a lar'e river, andthe -ater didn;t reah as far as it did as an oean. 7t &eame narro- &eause 1arth Dotor had made theoean Gshrink. Siuuhu san':

The ri)er is getting low. 2 am striking the water with my cane.

When he finished the son', he hit the -ater -ith his ane, and the -ater 'athered on t-o sides andmade a $ath for the $eo$le to $ass throu'h.

Story )?4 Siuuhu:s !e-ene

#mens at 5esuite ah/i

After rossin' the oean, the $eo$le settled do-n Eust -here they had ome out, and they san':

The land is getting closer, $nd my enemy is getting closer.

=!(

And:

The mo#ntains are getting closer, $nd o#r enemies are waiting for #s.G!!

/he man -ho -as sent to look over the land -orked like a 'o$her, and he san':

0ellow Gopher is going and comes o#t. %o#r times 1y enemies arrow feathers

He chewed #p, which makes them go straight./hen he san':

0ellow Gopher is going and comes o#t %o#r times. 1y enemies 'ow strings he has chewed #p!hich makes them go straight.

When the Gu$$er -orld $eo$le G-ho -ere to &e attaked



sa- this 'o$her, they did not kno- -hat it -as &eause at that time there -ere no 'o$hers here, andthe 'o$her &elon'ed to the under-orld.

When the sun rose, they Gattakers see &elo- $ut somethin' -ith it -hih is alled the mediineman;s stone, and the &ri'htness of this stone shone all over the earth in different olors. At that time

there -as a man livin' some-here north-est of 9lendale GAri+ona at a $lae alled 4ahkiGe in theGe =aaki , ;'reat8house;.

=!#

3es@uites, and this man;s name -as Sivain,Gf a stron' mediine man. He found out that some enemies-ere omin' to destroy them, so he -as sad and afraid.

He told one of his sons to 'o to a man -ho lived at Casa Blana and ask if he felt or kne- anythin'a&out -hat -as 'oin' to ha$$en. /he &oy 'ot to the man and told him -hat he -as sent to find out. /heman said, <7 am -ell and ha$$y here at my home, and there is only one thin' that 7 kno- that isha$$enin', -hih 7 think must &e 'ood luk. When the sun ame u$ over my house, there -as a &ri'ht $ink li'ht. 7 &elieve it;s a si'n -e;ll have $lenty of sa'uaro fruit and s@ua- &erries >D#a w#lt ?G' to eat,and so -ill you.<G!=

/he &oy returned and told -hat he;d &een told. Sivain said there -as some kind of trou&le &ehind thosesi'ns. He felt sorry &eause his &rother Gat Casa Blana didn;t understand them. /hen he san':

The s#n is coming #p $nd it is shining Thro#gh the ho#ses.

/he sun is 'oin' do-n

And the li'hts are shinin'7n &lue streaks.

Gf Si)a+ , ;hief;. ote the use here as a $ersonal name. 2or Smith there -as only one SivaO.

G' <waw#l , a shru& > Aici#m fremontii ? that seems to 'ro- $artiularly -ell in Pima rather thanPa$a'o territory and is a $o$ular Pima -ild food item.

=!*

While he san', one of the WooshkamGh dreamed -hat he -as sin'in' a&out. /hese Wooshkam -eredivided into t-o $arts, alled A$ $ ki kan and A$ $a $a kan.G!( /hese $eo$leG!# lived to'ether lose

to the oean for one year.G!* Durin' that year they $ratied ho- to shoot and ho- to use their shieldsfor $rotetion, and they $ratied a $o-er alled ch# d#n kiGi -hih is more $o-erful Gthan &o-s orshields, and their mediine men also used li'htnin' >we# pa ki ?GE and thunder >!ee h#n ?.Gk /he manGmust &e Siuuhu -ho -as takin' are of these $eo$le, -ho had &rou'ht them u$ to fi'ht the earth $eo$le, -athed and san' these son's:

2n the rising of the s#n!e are coming o#t $nd the so#nd of o#r weaponsSo#nds frightening.



/o-ard the -estWe are shootin'And the sound of our shootin'7s fri'htenin'.

Gh !#:skamG , ;emer'er;, ;emer'ent;, the $eo$le &rou'ht &y Siuuhu from the under-orld.

Gi Unkno-n -ord, $ro&a&ly related to cedenG , ;to thum$;, ;to hit;.

GE !epgi ;li'htnin';.

Gk !#ihom , usually also onsidered to &e a kind of li'htnin', es$eially the rashin', flashin', -hiteli'htnin' that strikes thin's in rainstorms, as o$$osed to the 'lo-in' red li'htnin' >normally alledwepgi ? that one sees in the distane.

=!I

Story )@4

Siuuhu:s !e-eneA2a.hes

While they stayed there G&y the oean, they told one of their mediine men to look over this -ay andfind out the sha$e of the land and mountains. /he mediine man san':

2 am now sitting down $nd ahead of me 2s the land that looks like day $nd in that are o#r enemiesThat looks like 'a'ies.

7 am no- standin' u$And in front of me7 sa- the mountains dark And amon' them our enemies0ooked like -omenAnd 7 have found out -hat 7 have found out.

/he first son' means that the $o-erful mediine men over here Gin the land to &e on@uered look like &a&ies, and the seond means that the &ravest shar$shooters look like sissies or -omen.

When his -ork -as done, they told a seond mediine man to look and see if he ould see anythin'. Hesat and looked and sa- an A$ahe in a ertain $lae. He ould see them $lainly leadin' a do'. He san':

Coyote is r#nning 2t seems to 'e him!a)ing his tail.

=!

When the Coyote heard this, he -as all e6ited and started runnin' around. /hen the mediine man



san':

2t is the Coyotes road 2t seems to 'e tr#e!a)ing his tail.

/he Coyote -as ready to kill, &ut he ouldn;t do anythin' &eause the son's -ere a&out the do' and nothim. So t-o of their Gemer'ents; youn' &oys ame over here Gto the $resent Pima ountry and killedthe A$ahes. /hen they -ere 'oin' to 'et everyone to start, and they san' t-o more son's:

2 am coming o#t $nd 2 am going $nd the so#nd of my mo)ing 2s terri'le ?frightening@.

7 am no- Eum$in' outAnd runnin'And the sound of my runnin'7s fri'htenin'.

After he sa- the $eo$le start out, one of the mediine men made some kind of $lume, out of some kindof feathers, -hih meant that -hoever -ore it -ould die. Son':

2 am a medicine man $nd sadly my #nderstanding. 1y nephews are wearing the pl#mes.

=!

2 ha)e an #nderstanding $nd my nephews are sadly wearing Hats of peacocks tails.

/he $lumes are alled 4#ch po kaGl and the hat is like a onventional G$o--o- 7ndian -ar &onnet.

Story )4

Siuuhu:s !e-ene

Ja./ra<<it Eaters

/hey moved on and made am$ at four $laes. At the last one they asked the mediine men to look

over this -ay. He sat do-n and sa- some Jakra&&it 1aters >do a D#oi d#k ?.Gm He sa- one of theirshar$8shooters 'o out and kill a deer, and he san':

!ho was this man that <illed the deer

2t was the man wind !ho is coming



2n a 'lack shadow.

Who -as this maneahed the deer

Gl Possi&ly 'aiyoka , ;&ead;, ;$endant;, ;neklae;. 7n any ase, this does not look like any -ord that 7kno- for feather, $lume, $eaok, or $arrot. eall, ho-ever, that /hin 0eather;s story of the With has &oth tur@uoise and a $arrot in its $reliminary $ortion and tur@uoise -ould &e the $rime material for &eads, $endants, and neklaes.

Gm Pro&a&ly /ua 5uada', ;White 1aters;, &eause one kind of Eakra&&it is ommonly alled <-hite Eakra&&it< >t#a c#:wi ?. /hese $eo$le, ommonly alled Cu:-i 5uadam, ;Jakra&&it 1aters;, are a kindor su&'rou$ of Hohokam, that is, a su&'rou$ of the $rehistori inha&itants of Pima8Pa$a'o ountry.Another $ossi&ility for this e6$ression is /o:&i 5uada', ;Cotton8tail Gra&&it 1aters;, &ut Allison;stranslation ne'ates this.

=!"

2t was the clo#d man $nd there he shines.

Amon' the Jakra&&it 1aters -as a mediine -oman as $o-erful as the mediine man Gof theemer'ents -ho sa- them. She kne- that trou&le -as 'ettin' loser, so she -orked to make -ind tomake trou&le for them. She san':

2 am calling the wind $nd that wind 2s going to twist them.

7 am allin' the loudsAnd that loud7s 'oin' to dam$en their arro-s.G!I

7t is true that -ind and rain ame, and everythin' -as soakin' -et. /hen the -oman 'athered all herrelatives and -ent to-ard the south. Fne of the Wooshkam mediine men sa- this and told his &oys to'o for four days inside of four days they mi'ht &e a&le to meet them. He san':

*ight now yo# are going !here the s#n is right $'o)e o#r heads.0o# are going to meet

The enemies.i'ht no- you are 'oin' to runAnd find out.

==)

$nd 'efore the setting of the s#n0o# will find the enemies.



So they tried to ath the enemies, &ut they disa$$eared and -ere saved. Some others Gsearhers

, 'oin' strai'ht, ame to Gsome others of

the Jak8ra&&it 1aters and destroyed them all.So the Pimas kno- that there is a kind of 7ndian -ho live in 3e6io -ho are Pimas Gand these are thedesendants of the Jakra&&it 1aters.

When they had destroyed all the Gontated Jakra&&it

$eo$le, they made their home there.G!

Story )*4

Siuuhu:s !e-eneBuard

/he older Gemer'ent $eo$le held a meetin' &eause some GJakra&&it 1aters had esa$ed. /hey-orked and made a <al da k#m ,G! a &ird, somethin' like a ni'htha-k, and sent him over hereG$resent8day Pima8Pa$a'o ountry. /hey did so &eause it -as this &ird;s ha&it to land in the -interand lay there for the year Gseason

-ithout any food or drink. /he mediine man -ho made the &ird san':

The <al da k#m 'ird 2s going

==!

$nd he is going To lay for my enemies.

/he 5al da kum &ird

7s runnin'And he is 'oin'/o lay for my enemies.

/he &ird ame here amon' the Genemy $eo$le, and they heard him sin'in' this son' at ni'ht. When-inter ame he lay do-n, and the same ha$$ened to these $eo$le. /hey all -anted to lie do-n &eausethe &ird held do-n their stren'th.

Another Wooshkam Gemer'ent made a &ird alled gi i sop ,Gn a small &ird that makes a nest like a &asket -ith a hole in the side. He sent him here, and he san':



4l#e oriole0o# are going !ith some #nderstanding To ha)e fo#nd the enemies $nd are p#tting them to sleep.

When this &ird 'ot here, he made a nest &efore sundo-n and -ent in the nest and -ent to slee$. So it

-as -ith the $eo$le, everyone -ent to slee$.Gn 9i:su$i, ;&lak8$hoe&e8&ird;. See footnote E, $art (, on /hin 0eather;s Corn and /o&ao story. /hese &irds are like orioles in that they &uild mud nests, &ut in my e6$eriene Pima8Pa$a'o have a different-ord for orioles, wa/#k#k. /he latter are yello- and &lak, -hile the $hoe&es are 'ray and &lak.Smith;s son', ho-ever, is a&out a &lue <oriole%$hoe&e,< -hih, 7 take it, is a mythial ma'ial &ird that-e annot see.

===

3ean-hile the Wooshkam $lanned to s$lit into four om$anies. /hey -ould not 'o all to'ether this

time. /hey san':!e are now going !e are going to split #p 2nto fo#r companies0o# see the lights $nd yo# call it a whirlwind Tho#gh yo# dont know.

/hese are not really son's, for Sivain -as ryin'.

/he Wooshkam ame do-n this -ay and asked another mediine man to look ahead and find out -hat-as 'oin' on. He san':

;ow 2 am seeing yo# 2 am now holding a soft feather $nd 2 can clearly see 1y enemies $nd with this 2 am lighting the earth.

7 am seein' my enemies7 have strun' out some &eadsAnd -ith these &eads7 am runnin'

7 am lookin' at my enemies.G!"/he mediine man looked over here. He sa- the men 'o out, and he sa- Bu++ard 'o out and strai'htu$ in the air. /he mediine man sent some $eo$le

==(

-ith the $o-er of ea'le and ha-k to ath Bu++ard in the air, for he kne- he -as headed for a hole inthe sky and li&erty.



3ean-hile Sivain Gnot Bu++ard reated fo' to over the earth, so the Wooshkam 'ot another mediineman -ho had $o-er -ith his ane. /he ane man $ointed this -ay Gto-ard Si-ain;s settlement, &ut heouldn;t see anythin' for the fo'. He san':

1y 'right cane 2 am pointing $nd it co#ld not shine.

He ru&&ed the ane -ith his hand and $ointed it a'ain, &ut he still ouldn;t see. /hen they asked anothermediine man to try. /his man made an o-l -hih he sent this -ay to the Genemy $eo$le, and he san':

The grey owl !ho is a medicine man He went $nd fo#nd o#r enemies $nd he dont feel like sleeping.

/he 'rey o-l is no- runnin'And he found our enemiesAnd he s$oilt your memory.G=)

So it -as true, the o-l ame lose to the Hohokam houses makin' a noise that they didn;t kno-. /hey

==#

-ere su$erstitious &eause the o-l didn;t &elon' there.

/he Wooshkam traveled and made a am$ at sunset. /hey asked for another mediine man. /his onelooked and sa- some $eo$le and sa- their hief GSivain

-ho had lothes alled soan kam ko tam . >o&ody kno-s -hat that means.? He also had some nomkam loth.Go /he GWooshkam mediine man san':

$fter 2 got here $nd from here 2 looked o)er $nd 2 saw my enemies. Hohokam kotam 2 see.

After 7 'ot here2rom here 7 looked over And 7 sa- my enemiesHohokam nom8tam Gnot <nom kam,< as a&ove

7 see.

/hey moved do-n and ame to these $eo$le and destroyed them all and made their home there.

As those Wooshkam moved on, some of them -ould &e killed.

/hey deided to s$are some of their G$resent enemies; lives, &ut they -ould make them fi'ht for them.



So, Bu++ard had &een travelin' u$, &ut Eust &efore he reahed the hole in the sky, his enemies

Go /he <soan kam< of the first $hrase ould inlude s-#am , ;yello-; and the <nom kam< of the seondould &e namkam , ;meeter;, ;one8-ho8meets8somethin';, &ut these are Eust 'uesses.

==*

GWooshkam 1a'le and Ha-k soldiers au'ht him alive.

/hey &rou'ht Bu++ard to the Wooshkam am$, and tied his hands and feet to'ether, and set him amon'the $eo$le. All the $eo$le made fun of him and alled him a $o-erful mediine man to make fun. /he-omen ame and s$it on him and &urned him and alled him names. >/hey &urned a -ooden s$lint andstuk it in his flesh.? /hey san' son's for him:

?%irst word not #nderstood@,!hy are yo# going to die

!e are going to hang the skin on yo#r head.

>e6t son' is hard to say. 7t means the same as &efore, and mentions Sivain and urses Bu++ard.?

3ean-hile the elder $eo$le held meetin's to disuss the $unishment of Bu++ard. Some -anted todro-n him, and others -anted to &urn him alive. Bu++ard $rayed to the $eo$le -ho asked them not to $unish him too hard. He said, <7f you leave me alive, 7 mi'ht &e of some use to you.< /he maEority ofthe $eo$le a'reed &eause they kne- of his 'reat understandin', &ut some still -anted to kill him.

/hey ar'ued for four days, and those -ho didn;t -ant his death -on. So they set Bu++ard in the middleGof the 'round and ut around his head. /he skin slid do-n to his nek and that is -hy his head

==I

is red today. /hey ut his head Ghair or feathers and hun' it on a stik, that is, the to$ of his head -asskinned and $ut on a stik. /hey 'ave Bu++ard a rattle and told him to sin' to the skin of his head. /his-as his $unishment for killin' Siuuhu.

/hese -ere some of the son's that -ere sun' for 'ood danes. Fne roof daners faed another, andthey s-ayed to-ard and a-ay from eah other in a dane alled <strai'ht danin'< >chei le nea ?.G=!

Bu++ard did not really mean to hel$ the $eo$le, and he had a $lot a'ainst them. He &reathed on hishand and $ut it on the rattle, and the &reath -as the si'n of his -iked sheme. /hen he stood u$ and

rattled the rattle and san' t-o son's >-hih are not understood or translata&le?.

Bu++ard san' for four days and ni'hts. /his -as a 'reat Eoy for the Wooshkam. /hey did not 'ive himfood or drink for ei'ht days, four days of ar'uin' and four days of danin'. He san' and daned all thattime -ithout any rest. /his -as to suffer for -hat he had done.

/he $eo$le danin' -ith Bu++ard took turns to eat and rest. At that time it -as the same month as no-G-hen this story is told, A$ril !"(*, and the s@ua-&erries -ere $lentiful for food. 7t ha$$ened that ayoun' -oman -ent to her home to eat &erries. When she finished, she 'ot u$ and returned to the dane.Her hus&and asked her if she -as 'oin' to dane a'ain, and she said that she -as.





the earth losed u$. Ho-ever, many had already ome out and are omin' this -ay.<

=="

7;itoi led the $eo$le, and -herever there -ere a lot of Gearth surfae $eo$le they -ould immediately 'oalon' to hel$. So the $eo$le inreased and reahed @uite a num&er &y the time they arrived near the

house of Si-ani and am$ed.7;itoi said, <7n the mornin' Si-ani -ill ome out and -hoever kills the first man, 7 -ill let him hoose-hatever land $leases him to &e his home.< When attlesnake heard this, he -ent in the evenin' andsat in Si-ani;s road. 7n the mornin' the $eo$le Gof Si-ani ame out and attlesnake -as the first tokill someone. /hen they -reked Si-ani;s house and destroyed his $eo$le, and attlesnake hose theland for himself -hih is no- alled attlesnake House.G==

/hose -ho no- live alon' the G9ila river lived far to the south Gin today;s 3e6io and -ere farmers.So they took the land alon' the river. 2rom that time on -e all them to iver Peo$le. /hose that -erehunters took the land &elo- Ba&o@uivari &eause there -ere many mule deer and $lenty of other foodthere. 2rom that time on these -ere alled the Desert Peo$le. >Sa6ton and Sa6ton !"(: !I(!I?

=()

Su22lement

The %onuest 6Hendri./s7

/he $eo$le emer'ed from the east and traveled to-ard the north, then to the -est, and south, someom$letin' a 'reat irle and returnin' to the east. Fn this Eourney they ontinually fou'ht the earlierinha&itants of the land. 2rom time to time 'rou$s of $eo$le left the om$any and settled do-n, thePa$a'o remainin' in the Saaton 4alley. As they Eourneyed 1lder Brother 'ave names to the mountains.He -ould listen to the $eo$le as they talked a&out the &eautiful mountains, then he -ould tell the nameof the mountain in a son'.

7t -as said that the $eo$le sa- a little loud on to$ of a mountain and said, <We thou'ht -e hadeverythin' -ith us. We thou'ht -e had all the louds. What an &e the name of that mountain that has alittle loud inside

< 1lder Brother san' the follo-in' son', tellin' the $eo$le that the mountain they sa- -as aven

3ountain >Ha-antohak?.G$ /he -hole ro-d said to themselves, </hat is aven 3ountain,< and it isalled &y that name to this day.

Here we are on o#r way and see the distant mo#ntain.See, the mo#ntain far away from #s that has the clo#d is *a)en 1o#ntain.

G$ Ha-an Dua', ;aven Gor Cro- 3ountain;.





him to 1e8ee8toy -ho took him and sal$ed him alive. And ooee, after he -as sal$ed, fell do-n anddied, and the -omen ame around him, reEoiin' and danin', and sin'in', <Fh -hy is Seeven deadR<And after a -hile he &e'an to ome to life a'ain and lay there rollin' and moanin'. >0loyd !"!!: !*"?

=(*

'art )34

The %onuest until Siwa Wa:a/i

/he final te6t of this $art is the earlier mentioned on@uest of Si-aO, or Blak Sine- Si-aO, at a 'reat8house near the $resent villa'e of Casa Blana. /he story as told &y &oth /hin 0eather and Smith8Allison has a feature not mentioned in the introdution to $art ", namely, a &rid'e into $ost8Hohokam,s$eifially A$ahe, -ar8&urdened times. /he &rid'e is as follo-s. Both /hin 0eather and Smith8Allison state that the Hohokam hief had a son -ho -as taken in &y the Pima8Pa$a'o. Aordin' to/hin 0eather, the &oy -as alled 5okoOi$Ga Smith8Allison do not state his name. Also aordin' to/hin 0eather, the &oy married a Pima8Pa$a'o -oman named Pu:l, or Hu:l, Ha;akamG& Smith8Allison

do not tell this $art of the story. While she -as e6$etin' their first hild, /hin 0eather ontinues,5okoOi$ -ent deer huntin' alone and -as killed &y A$ahes. /he son 're- u$ to &e a ven'eful -arriornamed Pad A:n'am.G! His areer is realled in -ar oratory $u&lished &y ussell >!"): (*((*I?,0loyd >!"!!: !)!=?, and Sa6ton and Sa6ton >!"(: !!= !(!I?.

/hus -e have a story that runs for three 'enerations, the first and only in the entire mytholo'y. 7t is farfrom a normal family history. /he ven'eful -arrior;s 'rand$arents are Hohokam on one side and Pima8Pa$a'o on the other. His father is a Hohokam or$han, and his mother is Pima8Pa$a'o. He is himself anor$han due to his o-n father;s

Ga A name 7 annot translate or analy+e etymolo'ially. Althou'h it sounds like Pima8Pa$a'o, it doesnot seem to have lin'uisti or le6ial meanin'. 3ost $ersonal names do have suh meanin', e.'., 1lder

Brother, 1arth Dotor, et.G& /he first -ord is untranslata&le, -hih is $erha$s -hy it -as reorded differently &y ussell andSa6ton and Sa6ton. /he seond -ord means <Has8$ottery,< or <Pot8haver.<

=(I

death. /here is no reason to &elieve that the mi6ed $arenta'e -as re'retted or disa$$roved of &y thetellers, &ut there is 'ood reason to &elieve that they re'retted the dou&le or$hanin': it is a sad &oy -holoses his father, -ho also lost his father, to -arfare.

7n this already lon' &ook, 7 -ill not re$rodue the te6ts that e6$ress that sadness. /hey inlude -aroratory as -ell as $rose. 7 do, ho-ever, undersore the han'e of mood &et-een the Hohokam on@ueststories and this story -ith its t-o 'enerations of doomed fathers. /he Hohokam hief, the first of thedoomed, flees -ith his son from his destroyed 'reat8house. /he $air are hunted do-n &y the Pima8Pa$a'o. /he hief tells his son to hide -hile he faes his death. He does not die &oastfully &ut is $itifully dis$athed one his ma'i $o-er has run out. 7t is a meriless fu'itive death story.

/he son;s doom omes similarly. While out huntin', he is sal$ed and disem&o-eled &y A$ahes. 7nother -ords, 'one are the days of the massed army, astle8&ustin' Hohokam on@uest, and &e'un arethe days of the killin' of isolated hunters and 'atherers. /he $ost8Hohokam era, -hen it -as dan'erous





the $o-er to kill.

As the $eo$le traveled, these GWater Plume;s $eo$le -ere killin' the &est 'ame, deer and &irds, andthey -ere selfish in their understandin' to-ard others. /hen the other $eo$le took this $o-er a-ayfrom them GWater Plume;s &and or tri&e, and they took it a-ay from another tri&e, too.

Juan doesn;t understand the -ords, &ut he kno-s it;s a $rayer to the mediine man to 'et &ak -hat hekne- &efore, ho- to kill. And he kno-s that these $eo$le -ho had lost that $o-er had &eome slee$yand la+y. /he son' asks for the mediine man to 'ive &ak their former understandin' Gand $o-er

.

/he name of the leader of the other 'rou$ -as Himmult. When these t-o hiefs found -hat had &eendone to them, they -ent to a mediine man and told him their trou&les in $rayers. Fne of them 'ave themediine man a soft feather, and the other 'ave him a &ead. /hen Water Plume san' a son'.

Juan doesn;t understand the -ords, &ut their meanin' is the same as the $reedin'.

/hen Himmult san'.

/he son' has old Pima -ords, and Juan doesn;t remem&er their meanin'.

/he mediine man 'ot the soft feather and &ead and held them u$ in his hand. He held the hand on his

G Su:da'iG Si-udkam, ;Water Plume8havin';, ;Water 2eather8havin';, or ;Water 2lame8havin';>< siw#d < an mean <$lume,< <feather,< or <flame<?. /his -ater8assoiated hief does not violate therule that the on@uerin' army laks -etness $o-er. /his man;s -ater $o-er is stri$$ed from him.

=("

&reast, and then he strai'htened u$Lhe;d &een &o-in' do-n.G( /hen he san' to Water Plume.

But rou'hly the son' means that the mediine man is 'lad for -hat these Gt-o $eo$le had told hima&out their trou&les and a&out their sad $rayer to him, and he -as ha$$y to hear this from them.

/hen he san' to Himmult >son' means same thin'?, and then he restored their understandin'. /hey-ent a-ay and hunted and killed and -ere free from then on.

Story 884

Siuuhu:s !e-ene

Hat 5ountain 'ause

/he -hole Wooshkam Gtri&e moved on and ame do-n to a ertain mountain -hih is alled Wonnum>Hat?.Gd >7ts loation is unkno-n.? /hey -ere 'ettin' lose to -here -e Gtellin' and reordin' thisstory are today >Snaketo-n?. When they sto$$ed at Wonnum, they $laed some of their youn'estmediine $eo$le, -ho had never $erformed &eause they -ere very youn'. /hese youn' ones san' ason':

2 am acting Aike a medicine man



2 am s#rro#nding many people!ith 'eads.

/hese t-o youn' mediine $eo$le looked over here and sa- that amon' the GHohokam $eo$le there

Gd !onam , ;hat;, $erha$s from S$anish <som&rero.<

=#)

-as a leader -ho kne- that some trou&le -as omin'. He -as 'ettin' ready. He -ould 'o eahmornin' to look at the risin' sun, and he had t-o of the roks that the Hohokam mediine $eo$le usedat that time. /hese roks shone &ri'ht and -ere terrifyin'.

So one mornin' he -ent out and stood on to$ of his house and san':

2t was a white morning 2n this 2 came o#t !ith a shining heart.

/he 'reen evenin' >hod nuk?Ge

2t is shaped like a wind'reak >oon ma, old word uk sa, new word@Gf $nd in that 2 came o#t !ith the green mind.G#

/his man looked dan'erous, like fire, to the Wooshkam mediine men.

And all this time 1arth Dotor, -ho -as left on the other side of the -orld, kne- that the Wooshkam-ere sared of the Hohokam and that they -ere stayin' a lon' time at this $lae GHat 3ountain -herethey had sto$$ed. He 'ot his ane and shot it throu'h the earth. 7t ame out -here the Wooshkam -eream$in', and it had eyes on it, like a $erson.

emem&er, no-, that the Wooshkam had sent an o-l to find out -hat -as ahead Gstory !. All thistime the o-l had &een amon' the Hohokam makin' noises at ni'ht and makin' si'ns that they -ould &e destroyed soon. Also remem&er that the

Ge H#dnig G , ;desent;, ;sundo-n;, ;evenin';, ;-est;.

Gf O:nma, #:ksaG , t-o -ords for roofless, -ind&reak enlosures.

=#!

Wooshkam sent a 'o$her amon' the Hohokam to destroy all the fi'htin' -ea$ons that they had Gstory!I. All this time the 'o$her -as -orkin' amon' the Hohokam, &reakin' their &o-strin's and he-in'

the feathers on their arro-s. When a man sat do-n to make a &o-strin', the ne6t mornin' it -ould &eall he-ed and &roken.

When the Wooshkam $eo$le sa- this ane, they san':

Come all yo# people $nd see $ green cane has come.

/he ane -ent &ak in the 'round and ame out over here, under the Hohokam, lookin' around. /heWooshkam then san' another son':



1y crooked stick went $nd came o#t toward the setting s#n $nd it came o#t O)er there. $nd my enemies saw it $nd they talked a'o#t it

$nd they la#ghed at it./hen:

2t was my thin stick !hich went toward the setting s#n $nd came o#t o)er there 2t was my enemy, a woman!ho came and saw it and Aa#ghed at it.

When it ame out over here, it destroyed all the $o-er of the mediine men -ho had the t-o terrifyin'shinin' roks.

/hat;s -hy some of those roks are found here GSnaketo-n arhaeolo'ial site. /hey don;t lookdan'erous anymore &eause the $o-er has &een taken a-ay frm them, so they don;t look like they did.

/he ne6t thin' they Ginvaders Siuuhu;s $eo$le sent here -as a rattlesnake. 7t -ent on to$ of the house

=#=

-here the mediine man -ent every mornin'. /he ne6t mornin', -hen he -ent to look for theWooshkam, the rattlesnake &it and killed him.

Just &efore the Wooshkam started to ome this -ay, they told their hildren ho- they should live if theyG$arents -ere killed or destroyed, and they set a rule for their hildren and -ives. And they san':

Sivain i vah ki >Siivan, man vahki, ho#se> soSii)ans ho#se@G' is3akin' me mad7t is far a-ayWe have many days to 'o yet.Siivan i vahki, you are3akin' me madA-ay ahead of usWe an see dimly3any mountains.

/hey hadn;t moved yet. /hey asked t-o more mediine men to -ork for them. Fne of them made araven -hih he sent to the Siivan, and he san':

0o# ha)e made a ra)en o#t of me 2 am now hanging a'o)e )ahki $nd 2 am making my enemies heart To go to sleep.

G' Si)a+ , ;hief;. /his is the same -ord that -as s$elled <Sivain< earlier in the manusri$t. /here ita$$eared to &e the $ersonal name of a man livin' in 4ahki in the 3es@uite, near 9lendale, Ari+. wa





G* -ere ready to start Gfor home

on a Eourney

GI at ni'ht, after a meetin', every&ody &reathed on their Gindividual

&reasts.

And they sin':

2 am now going aro#nd $nd the enemy are scared They are lea)ing their D#i)ers

$nd r#nning away.7 am runnin'And my enemies are afraid of me/hey are leavin' their sonsAnd runnin' a-ay.

/he $eo$le -ith their hair tan'led -ere &rothers. As they 'ot ready Gfor the omin' trou&le, the oldest-orked and reated a &i' -hale.G He $ut it in the diretion that the Wooshkam -ere to ome, for $rotetion. When the Wooshkam ame to -here the -hale -as lyin', it ated very dan'erous. /hey

=#*

didn;t ome any further, &ut sto$$ed ri'ht there. /he youn'er &rother also $ut one in their road. >/heolder &rother;s name -as Han de muth, 2eather runnin'. /he youn'er;s name -as 4ee ky muth, Softfeather runnin'.?Gh

When one of the Wooshkam mediine men found -hat these men -ere doin', he san':

*#nning feather 0o#)e made a whale,Close to this whaleThe wind is twisting.

Soft feather runnin'

ou;ve made a -haleFn the &ak of this -hale/he louds are t-istin'.

When the son's ended, they sent some youn' men to these -hales. /hey stuk a &unh of stiks in one-hale;s mouth and killed it.G /he other -hale they -ould kill &y han'in'.

/he $eo$le -ho lived at the house at Casa 9rande ruins ame out of the house and -ent to a mountainalled kok ch#t >urled u$?. /he Wooshkam found them there and destroyed them. /hat is -hy thehouse Gtoday;s national monument is not -reked like the others: they did no fi'htin' there.



Gh Pro&a&ly A;an 3el, ;Win'8feather Cause8to8run;, and ertainly Wi:' 3el, ;Do-n8feather Cause8to8run;.

=#I

Story 8+4 Siuuhu:s !e-ene

"ellow Soft $eather 'lume

When they killed all those $eo$le, they ame to a $lae Eust east of Casa Blana >-here there is a smallmound?. /he man -ho lived there -as a shar$8shooter -ho al-ays hit his mark, didn;t kno- -hatmissin' -as, and al-ays killed -hat he hit. His name -as Suam veek sil da kumLello- soft feather $lume.Gi When they 'ot there, they surrounded his house, &ut they didn;t ome very lose.

/he man ame from his house, and he shot arro-s and killed $eo$le. /he Wooshkam told their a$tivesto 'o first, so the man -as killin' his o-n $eo$le. /hey sa- that his arro-s -ere as fast as li'htnin'./hey -ere fri'htened and san':

$nother land,0ellow soft feather pl#me, $ro#nd yo#r arrows $re flying fast.

Another mountain7 'ive you a -hite &ead7n that a stri$ed &o-7s runnin' near.

Gi S8uam 4i:' Si-da'kam, ;ello- Do-n8feather Plume8havin';. /hese shootin' skills -ould seem to $lae this Hohokam on the solar side. He is a &ak'round adversary, not one of the $rini$al ones.

=#

/hen a mediine man -ho had the $o-er of thunder -orked and killed the shar$shooter, &ut he hadkilled a lot of $eo$le.G"

Story 8>4

Siuuhu:s !e-eneSii-an I ah/i

o- they ame to Siivan i 4ahki at Casa Blana. /he man Siivan -ent into his house -ith all his $eo$le. /he Wooshkam -athed him and said, <ou ome out like a man. ou;re not a -oman to stayin the house.< Some of them said, <3ay&e he;s not home, and that;s -hy he doesn;t ome out.<

2our different kinds of fo' surrounded the vahki so the Wooshkam ouldn;t see it. /hey told one of



their mediine men to roll a i'arette and &reathe and find out if he GSiivan is in there. /he mediineman did this and sa- Siivan inside -ith his hands tied &y a snake and una&le to do anythin'. /hemediine man san':

=ahki is '#ilt of clay 2n it 2 saw $ medicine man.

He is afraid of me He is staying in thereThe )ahki is made of clay.G!)

=#

/he $eo$le inside the vahki -ere shootin' their arro-s throu'h holes made in the -alls for that $ur$ose, and they -ere killin' the $eo$le outside. /hey fou'ht for four days. /hen they GWooshkamsearhed for a hild -ho had &eome an or$han, -hose Greently dead father and mother -ere $o-erful mediine $eo$le.

3ean-hile the $eo$le inside the vahki looked out and said Ginsultin'ly that the <$late8liker< >was a a)i+ oo ma d#m ?GE ouldn;t do anythin'. /hen the hild $ulled one of his hairs, held it &et-een hishands, and thre- it ross-ays to the vahki, -hih it hit and &roke. /he vahki fell do-n, and that -asthe end of Siivan.

After they killed this man, -ho lived here at Casa Blana, they ame to his &ody to searh it and makesure he -as dead. /hey asked a mediine man to -ork over the &ody and &e sure he -as dead, &eausethey had heard a lot a&out the $o-er of these Hohokam $eo$le. /he mediine man sat do-n to -orkand san':

2 am now sitting down $nd my power is shining forth

2 saw rain'ows./he mediine man said that the man -as dead, the understandin's that he had -ere 'one, and the

GE Huas8ha;a WiOumdam, ;Pottery8$late >literally <&asket8$ot,< a $ost8His$ani neolo'ism used todesri&e 1uro$ean8style $ottery ta&le 'oods? 0iker;.

=#"

thin's that he used -ere Eust shinin' dimly. All that the mediine man ould see Gof Siivan;s thin's-ere Eust olors like a rain&o-. /he $eo$le ried out that they must destroy this last little &it ofunderstandin', that sho-s in the rain&o- olors. /hen the mediine man san' another son':

2 am holding my hand $nd with my cane 2 ha)e destroyed the #nderstanding Of this medicine man $nd the stones that he #sed $re now coming o#t in 'lack colors.



Story 8?4

Siuuhu:s !e-ene

Downstream

2rom there the mediine man looked over this $lae here GSnaketo-n and sa- that some $eo$le lefthere and -ent -est, &ut some remained. So they GWooshkam moved do-n this -ay, ame here, anddestroyed everythin' that -as here. /hen they 'athered some &i' roks and $laed them on the ruins ofthe houses. /his -as to sho- that the $eo$le -ho had lived here -ere $o-erful. o one GWooshkam-as killed.

=*)

Story 8@4

Siuuhu:s !e-ene#.otillo $oundation House

/he Wooshkam made am$ here GSnaketo-n and then sa- that ahead of them lay a 'reat &ody of-ater that no one ould ross. /he man -ho had made this -ater lived Eust north of here >$erha$s the<tanks< north of Hi'ley, Ari+.?. /he Wooshkam asked a mediine man to find out -hy the -ater -asthere. /he mediine man -as named Judum nam kum >a man that has the $o-er of a &ear?.Gk He-orked and found that there -as a house there Gat the -ater

, and the house foundations -ere made of ootillo >m#l-l#k ?.Gl He san':

2 saw ahead of me $ ho#se which has $ fo#ndation of m#hl#k.

7 sa- a house ahead of me7 have no- learned/hat this house is thereAnd the roof of this house7s made of ootillo.G!!

/he Wooshkam -ent do-n and found that there really -as no -ater &et-een them and the house. /heman -ho lived at the house had fooled them to

Gk Judum amkam, ;Bear 3eeter;.

Gl 1elhog , ;ootillo; >a kind of atus?.

=*!



make it look like there -as -ater, -hih -as really a mira'e >co ;o at /# ki ?.Gm When they 'ot to thishouse, they fou'ht for four days and ni'hts -ith no food &ut -ith -ater to drink. 2inally they destroyedsome of the $eo$le there and a$tured and made $risoners of the rest.

Story 84

Siuuhu:s !e-ene

Guadalu2e and 'ue<lo Grande

/hey made am$ there and asked another mediine man to -ork for them. He had the $o-er of the &lue&ird, Huh -ut Eut nam kum.Gn

;amk#m means that a $erson slee$s at ni'ht, and if he is very interested in somethin', suh as &irdsand animals, and if the &ird or animal kno-s that, then it omes to him in his dream and sho-s himho- to at like the &ird or animal. /hat;s ho- mediine $eo$le 'et their $o-er, &y learnin' fromdifferent thin's Greatures that they are interested in, in their dreams. /hat;s -hat namk#m means.

/he &lue&ird man found out that ahead of them lived a hief -ith many $eo$le, at a mound that issome-here a little north of a@ui 4illa'e >9uadalu$e, Ari+.?. >/he mediine man san' t-o son's, &utJuan has for'otten them.? /he house at this mound -as destroyed.

/he &lue&ird man -orked some more and looked in the same diretion and sa- that it -as rainin' veryhard at a s$ot Eust aross the river from -here the $revious enemy man -as >9uadalu$e?. /his s$ot

Gm <#:/egi , ;mira'e;, ;heat -ave; >as over a road? >Sa6ton, Sa6ton, and 1nos !"(: (*?.

Gn He:-aud amkam, ;BlueEay 3eeter;.

=*=

-as -here ello- Bu++ard >Huam a nui?Go used to live >Pue&lo 9rande?.G!=

1very Hohokam villa'e had a mediine man, alled makai >dotor?, as a leader.G$

/his man had made his house from solid rok, so it seemed im$ossi&le for the Wooshkam to hurt it. Hehad done this &eause he didn;t -ant any of his $eo$le to run off and leave him. /hey must all stay inthis house -ith this mediine man.

7t -asn;t really a stone house, &ut the leader made it look like solid rok.

At that time there -as evil in the minds of the $eo$le -ho used to live here. /hey -anted to kill anddestroy everythin', -hih is like selfishness. /his same evil has &een arried on until today.

/he &lue&ird man fooled himself &y sayin' that the house -as made of rok, and he ouldn;t doanythin' -ith it, so they asked another man -ho had the $o-er of thunder to see -hat he ould do>Chu din nam kum?. He san':

2t is a hard ho#se 2t is a hard ho#se 2t is a hard ho#se (o yo# see the fo#ndation





$eo$le in that ountry. Amon' this 'rou$ -as a mediine man alled Siu duk -y nam kum, Po-er ofthe &lue deer.G@ He sa- that the $eo$le -ho had ome this -ay Gno- restin' at Pue&lo 9rande had &een fi'htin' hard, that their -ea$ons -ere 'ettin' sare, and that most of them -ere killed. He sent a-oman to &rin' them some arro-s.

When the mediine man >one of those to the north? sa- her omin' -ith arro-s, he kne- they -ere forthe Wooshkam, and he san':

The woman is getting closer The woman is getting closer (ont yo# see her

$ll yo# people

She &rou'ht the arro-s, and they distri&uted them.

Story ;34

Siuuhu:s !e-ene

Si-ern, his Bo0, and the Handsome "oun Boy

Durin' all this time, the man Sivern G$ro&a&ly the same as the Siivan of story =*, -ho -as livin' thereGsome-here, -as 'ettin' ready, and he told his hild to 'et his )a sha >&o6?.Gr He 'ot the &o6, andsome-here -here Sivern had a $iee of land, -here

G@ S8eheda'i H-ai amkam, ;Blue Deer 3eeter;.

Gr =asaG , ;overed &o6;, ;suitase;, ;o&lon'8$laited8&asket8-ith8over;.

=**

he $lanted his ro$s, Sivern took the hild and the &o6. He $ut him some-here and overed him u$. Heleft the hild, tellin' him, <ou must lay here all the time. ou -ill notie the -ind &lo-in'. 7f it kee$s &lo-in', 7;m alive, &ut if it sto$s, you -ill kno- 7 am dead. /hen you 'o and look for my &ody. Whenyou find it, ut me o$en, and do-n in my heart you -ill find a shinin' stone. /ake it. /hen you mustfollo- the Wooshkum $eo$le. Wherever they am$, you 'o and irle their am$ till you find out

-here there is a small 'rou$ 'athered se$arately. ou 'o and make om$any -ith them. /hen you;llfind out if they;ll kee$ you or kill you.<

/here -ere four GWooshkum mediine men -ho -orked and made the stron' ylone, or -ind, GofSivern &eome 'entle. 7t -as easy for them. But the mediine man, Sivern, 'ot half of the $o-er of thestron' -ind and losed it in his &o6. /he other half -as the -ind that the Wooshkum sa- Gstory ==

. 7n the &o6 -ere also some feathers from the man8ea'le Gstory !).



When Sivern sa- that the $o-er of this -ind -as 'oin' do-n, he s$oke, <7 thou'ht 7 -as more $o-erful than any&ody else, &ut no- 7 see that there are $eo$le more $o-erful than me.< /hen he riedand san' -hile ryin':

!ay off yo# can dimlySee the wind standing 2n that my heart is dying.

=*I

The clo#ds are all gone 1y mind is all gone.

While he san', the louds ame lose to the earth, and the Wooshkum ouldn;t see -here this man -as./hey 'ot the man -ho had dreamed the son' of this Sivern -hen they first ame to the oean from theeast Gstory !I. When this man -as ready, he san':

2 am now sitting down 2 am now singing the song of Si)ern.

7 am no- standin'7 am learnin' the son' of Sivern.

/hen he san' the son' -hih is Sivern;s:

The s#n is coming #p 2ts shining thro#gh the va $a ki ?ho#ses@.

He sa- that Sivern -ent out of his house and -as movin' in some diretion. /he Wooshkam madeli'htnin' to kill Sivern, &ut it did not hit him. >Si)ern or Si)anyn , a -ord meanin' mediine man?. He-ent under'round someho- and ame u$ some$lae. /hey tried to hit him a'ain, &ut he -ent do-n,and they ouldn;t do it. /hen he ame u$ lose to -here he -ent do-n. /his time thunder tried to hit

him, &ut he -ent do-n a'ain. /hen he ame out a'ain, and this time he -as -alkin'. He -as not amediine man anymore &ut Eust like any other $erson.

=*

/hen it -as not a mediine man -ho -ent after him, &ut some of the $eo$le -ho -ere 'ood -ith &o-sand arro-s. /hey -ent do-n Gthere and killed him.

/he fi'htin' -ent on for four times four days >a sared num&er, -ith a s$eial -ord, < gee ko chi# moid#k <?.Gs After they killed this man, the sun -ent do-n, and they made am$ for the ni'ht. /he -indsto$$ed &lo-in' -here the hild -as -ith the &o6, and he ame out and did -hat Sivern had told him

to do. He irled the am$ and found a 'rou$ of $eo$le &y themselves. He ame to them, and itha$$ened that one -as a mediine man, sittin' &y the fire. /his man said to the $eo$le -ho -ere there-ith him, <0ook &ehind me. Some&ody is standin' &ehind me.<

/he $eo$le -ho reeived the hild -ere those that -e all Ho ho la.Gu /hey live at Ak Chin and 9ilaBend, a mi6ture Gtoday of Pima and Pa$a'o &lood. So Gtoo

the Pimas are mi6ed Wooshkum and Hohokam. /here -ere ori'inally three kinds of Hohokam,



olletively alled <5ee a kum<:Gvma ma g#m, )a )a g#m and oh ga g#m. And there -ere t-o kinds ofWooshkam.G!* /oday all five are livin' here, and everyone kno-s -ho they are.

/oday the Hohola $eo$le have that &o6, and no&ody else is allo-ed to see or take are of it.

When the $eo$le looked they sa- no&ody standin' there. /he man told them to look four times, andthey still ouldn;t see anythin'. /hen he reahed -ith his hand &ehind him, and surely there -as thehild -ith the &o6.

/he $eo$le sa- that he -as a handsome youn' &oy > sk#g#t )iap pw#h ?.Gt /he $eo$le talked amon'them8

Gs Pro&a&ly giiko ce:mooidag , ;four8times om$letion;, ;four8times $ermeation;.

Gt S-keg )iapoi , ;handsome >or ;'ood;? &oy;.

Gu Hu:hu;ula, a <dialet 'rou$< of Pima8Pa$a'o. /hey live in the north-est $art of today;s Sells >orPa$a'o? reservation and are the ore residents of today;s Ak Chin and 9ila Bend reservations.

Gv /his -ord is $ro&a&ly kiikam , -hih sim$ly means <resident.< /hus, it is $ro&a&ly not, as onemi'ht ho$e, a hitherto undislosed name for the Hohokam.

=*

selves and said they must not tell every&ody a&out this lad that had ome. /hey must kee$ him seretly.

/he ne6t mornin' the Gentire Wooshkum

$eo$le talked and deided to rest for a -hile, &eause they -ere -orn out. /hey asked a mediineman to look around -here they -ere and see if there -as any dan'er lose &y.

Su22lementBla./ Sinew %hief, his Bas/et, and Fo/oi2 6Thin &eather!ussell7

G/he Pima8Pa$a'o army moved to-ard the 'reat8house at Casa Blana, home of Blak Sine- Chief./hey then attaked /otuk /atai Sivan,G- -ho -as the most $o-erful of all the hiefs -ho venturedto o$$ose them. He kne- that they -ould defeat him, yet he stru''led &ravely to save his $eo$le and atthe last to save himself.

He first took some soot from his himney, $o-dered it in the $alm of his hand, &le- it into the air, and

darkness immediately fell so dense that 1lder Brother;s -arriors ould see nothin'./otuk /atai Sivan then thre- do-n his d-ellin' and made his -ay throu'h the midst of his enemies.

G- Cuuk /atai Si-aO, ;Blak Sine- Chief;.

=*"

But the 'od of darkness Gi.e., the li'htmaker, -orkin' for the invaders dis$elled the ni'ht, and theesa$in' leader -as seen in the distane. 1lder Brother;s -arriors sueeded in 'ettin' ahead of him



and -ere a&out to surround and kill him -hen he -i$ed the tears from his eyes and &le- the dro$samon' the men a&out him. /his $rodued a mira'e -hih onealed him from vie-. But the 'od ofmira'e Gthe heatmaker, eva$orator of moist mira'es aused the veil to lift, and a'ain he -as seenfleein' in the distane.

A'ain /otuk /atai Sivan -as headed Goff and in dan'er &ut this time he took out his reed i'aretteand &le- $uffs of smoke, -hih settled on his $ursuers like a heavy fo' throu'h -hih he ontinued his

fli'ht. /he 'od of fo' Gdis$ellin' drove it into the sky and he -as seen esa$in'.He no- reali+ed that he had &ut one more hane for his life. When the fo' had formed louds in thesky he took his &elt and thre- it u$-ard and lim&ed u$ and laid himself a'ainst the louds as arain&o-. 7t -as im$ossi&le for the 'od of the rain&o- unaided to &rin' him do-n he made severalunsuessful attem$ts &efore he hit u$on the e6$edient of makin' some s$iders, -hih he sent after therain&o-. /hey formed a -e& over the &o- and &rou'ht it to earth and destrution.

1lder Brother;s soldiers -ere so astonished at the $ro-ess of /otuk /atai Sivan that they thou'ht he

=I)

must have a stran'e heart, so they ut it o$en to see, and, sure enou'h, they found -ithin it a 'reenstone a&out the si+e of a &ullet. /he stone is ke$t to this day in a mediine &asket -hih they a$tured-ith his 'randson.

Before he had undertaken his fli'ht he had told the &oy, 5akanyi$, to 'o -ith his &asket and hide undera &ush after the 'randfather should &e killed the lad should ome, touh him, and s-allo- the odor ofthe &ody, and he -ould a@uire the $o-er of the Si-aO. But a -arrior named Shohany disovered thelittle 5akanyi$, and after a time sold him to the Pa$a'o hief 5ak Sisiveliki,G6 /-o8Whirl-inds. /he &o6 is yet ke$t &y the Pa$a'os livin' () miles south of 9ila Bend. 7f it is distur&ed a severe storm is $rodued and old -eather $revails in Pima 0and. >ussell !"): ====?

Su22lementHe Great Do.tor:s End 6Thin &eather&loyd7

And then they Ginvaders -ent on to -here the Casa Blana vahahkkees no- are in ruins and the 'reatdotor -ho lived there GBlak Sine- Chief, the same -ho had sent his &oy to in@uire of the $ro$h8

G6 9o:k Sisi-eli', ;/-o Whirl-inds;.

=I! eies Gon the omin' invasion, dre- a ma'i line &efore his $lae, so that the enemy ould not ross.And -hen 1e8ee8toy;s men ame to the line the earth o$ened, and they ould not 'o further till one oftheir 'reat dotors, &y his $o-er, had losed it, and then they ould $ass it.

And they had a 'reat &attle there, for the $lae -as very stron', and hard to 'et into. And there -as adotor amon' them alled ee8hum 3ahkai,Gy and they asked him to use his ma'i $o-er to tear the $lae do-n, and he tried &ut ould not sueed. And they asked another, alled /hu8dun 3ahkai,G+ or1arth@uake Dotor, and he tried and failed also. And then they asked another little man, not su$$osedto have muh $o-er, and he took a hair from his head and held it u$ &y the t-o ends and san' a son'



and turned it into a snake. And he sent the snake, and it struk the house and shook it so it &roke andfell do-n from a&ove. And then 1e8ee8toy;s men took the $lae and killed every&ody there e6e$t/heutikadahtai Seeven,Gaa -ho esa$ed and ran on.

And one of 1e8ee8toy;s -arriors $ursued him and -as 'oin' to strike him -ith a lu&, -hen he sankdo-n, and the $lae -here he sank -as filled -ith fo', so they ould not see him, and he 'ot out on theother side and ran on. But they had a dotor alled

Gy Pro&a&ly Wuihom 3a:kai, ;0i'htnin' 3ediine 3an; Gor ;dotor;.

Cuuk /atai Si-aO, ;Blak Sine- Chief;.

=I=

5u8mi8-ahk 3ahkai,G&& and they had him lear a-ay the fo', and then they ould see him and hasedhim a'ain.

And a'ain, -hen a&out to &e struk, he sank do-n, and a mira'e filled the $lae so that they ould notsee him, for thin's did not look the same. And he 'ot out &eyond and ran on. And they had a Saskath

3ahkai,G or 3ira'e Dotor, -ho leared a-ay the false a$$earane, and a'ain they hased him and-ere a&out to kill him, -hen a'ain he sank.

And this time a rain&o- filled the $lae and made him invisi&le, and a'ain he ran on till their 5ee8ha-t3ahkai,Gdd or ain&o- Dotor, removed the rain&o-. And then one more they -ere a&out to strikehim -hen he sank, and the @uivers -hih heat makes, alled oad8Eook,Gee filled the hole, and a'ainhe 'ot a-ay. But they had a CoadEook Dotor, and he removed it, and then they hased him and killedhim. >0loyd !"!!: !*I!*?

5o:mhai-a 3a:kai, ;2o' G-et, misty 3ediine 3an;. Here and in the ne6t t-o instanes, a $erson -hoco#nters the thin' in @uestion, e.'., -ho ounters fo'.

SaskaEG 3a:kai, ;3ira'e G-aterlike 3ediine 3an;.

5iohodG 3a:kai, ;ain&o- 3ediine 3an;.

5u:Ee'i, ;mira'e; >as -aves over a $aved road?, ;heat -aves;.

=I(

'art ))4

After the %onuest

o- the end, -hih is self8e6$lanatory or at least understanda&le from the footnotes and earlierintrodutory statements. Just one te6t is 'iven to su$$lement Smith8Allison. /his is from the lon' &ut $oorly reorded Hendriks version of the on@uest. 7t desri&es the death of an old -oman amon' theon@uerors, and it is learly the same story as Smith8Allison;s story (=. /hin 0eather laks a version ofit. 7 inlude it to sho- that more narrators than Smith8Allison follo- the on@uest, -hih is almost &loodless for the vitors, -ith an ori'in of death amon' the vitors.G!



Story ;)4

Endin

Bi 5ountain

/he makai Gmediine man -orked around -here these $eo$le -ere and found out that the Hohokam-ere 'oin' to-ard a mountain that they all <9u do ak< >Bi' 3ountain?,Ga all fri'htened and runnin'./here -as no dan'er. /hen he san':

2 am looking )ery sad >hu mathum?G& %eather water >an shrodek?G

Ga 9e;e Dua', ;Bi' 3ountain;.

G& Seems to &e hema/im , ;kind;, ;'entle;, ;tame;, ;sym$atheti;.

G $an s#:dag8 , ;lon'8feather -ater;.

=I#

2 am going to 'ig mo#ntainsTo the 'ig mo#ntain Enemy woman looks good.

7 am no- lookin' sadlyAt soft feather -ater /o the &i' mountainSome of the hildrenFf my enemiesAre $retty.

/hat;s the -ay he sa- the mountain and the $retty -oman, ho- it ame to his mind. /hey -eren;t'oin' to hurt these $eo$le. /hey Eust ame to destroy the ones that lived &y Snaketo-n, &eause theykilled Siuuhu.

Story ;84

Endin

$irst Gra-e

When they sa- there -as no dan'er lose &y, the GWooshkum $eo$le deided to make their homelose to 5omatkeGd mountain. /hen the mediine man san' t-o other son's:

$ sandy land 2 saw $nd in this land 2 make my home. $ sandy land mo#ntain 2 learned 2 am going to make my home there.



Gd <omatk , ;Broad;. Pima8Pa$a'o name for 1strella 3ountain, south-est of Phoeni6, Ari+. Also thename of St. John;s villa'e, -hih is near the mountain.

=I*

While they made their home there, a leader of the other om$any Gof Wooshkum died. /his man;s -ife

-as an old -oman. She &e'an to lead the $eo$le, -ho -ere alled Chuh ma mike Fh tum, or hornedtoad $eo$le.Ge She took sik and -as 'oin' to die.

At this time the $eo$le stayin' at 5omatke -ere $lannin' to leave a'ain, and they told the other 'rou$,<When this old -oman dies, you an leave and 'o on. We don;t think there -ill &e any more trou&le.<

So some -ere 'oin' to leave, and some -ere 'oin' to stay there. /hen they said they -ould dosomethin' to sho- that the o-l >ch# k#t ?Gf does not &elon' here Gin Pima8Pa$a'o ountry. /heymade a rule: -hen a &i' &ird &uilds its nest some$lae, the o-l -ill ome and fi'ht -ith the &ird, haseit a-ay, and lay its e''s in the nest.

/his -as true. When the o-l found the nest of another &ird, he fou'ht the &ird and took a-ay its nestand laid its e''s there.

So it is true today. o one ever sa- an o-l &uild its o-n nest any-here.

1arly in the mornin', &efore sunu$, the $eo$le 'ot ready to start their Eourney, and they san':

2 am lea)ing yo# and 2 am going The morning shining across.

Ge Cemamai' >sin'., cemamaig ? F;odham, ;Horned8toads Pima8Pa$a'o;.

Gf C#k#d , ;o-l;, ;'host;. 7n this story, the <'host< as -ell as the <o-l< meanin' is $resent.

=II

2 am lea)ing yo# $nd r#nning awayThe setting of the s#n 2s shining 'l#e.

Part -ent on their Eourney and $art stayed, &ut they -ere all afraid &eause this $art of the land -asdan'erous. When the old -oman found out the thou'hts G$lans to stay and leave of the $eo$le, shesan':

O)er ahead of me the land

Seemed like a piece of r#''er 2 want to lead my people 4#t 2 cannot do it.

Ahead of me there are many3ountains.7n these mountains3y mind is 'ettin' -eak.

She;s tellin' the $eo$le she;s sik, and -hen she -alks the 'round doesn;t feel hard &ut s$rin'y.



/he $eo$le takin' are of this old -oman -ere her 'randhildren. /hey san':

O#r grandmother 2 wish yo# wo#ld die. $nd e)erything will 'e all right. $head of yo# the land Seemed to 'e springy.

9randmother,We -ish you;d fall $retty soon.

=I

$head of yo# there are 1any mo#ntains.

/he old -oman died, and they arran'ed her &ody in a 'rave like she -as sittin' do-n, lose to these5omatke mountains. 2rom that time, the 'rave -here she -as, -as ke$t lean &y the Pimas.

Juan says he doesn;t kno- ho- it is today. 3ay&e it is s$oiled, &ut it still sho-s.

Story ;;4

Endin

!a-en and Geehodu/

Soon after the old -oman died, the $eo$le G-ho had stayed &ehind moved loser to these G5omatkemountains, -here there -ere lots of &ushes or trees in a thiket. /here a raven and a &ird they all geehod#k >like a $i'eon?G' had a fi'ht. /he raven -as a Wooshkum and the 'eehoduk -as Hohokam.

/he &ird like a $i'eon made a noise like a $i'eon, and the GWooshkum $eo$le -ere afraid. 7t -asn;tlon' sine the old -oman had died, and they -ere sad all the time. /hey san':

!e ha)e arri)ed 2n the land of the thicket 2n this the geehod#k 2s gladly singing.

G' Unkno-n. Gi ;ihodag means <thinness,< <leanness.<

=I !e ha)e arri)ed 2n the land of the thicket 2n this the ra)en 2s gladly singing.



Story ;+4

Endin

Tur/ey 5an

Soon after they san' those son's, the $eo$le moved -est. Soon they ame to the other GWooshkum $eo$le -ho had &een ahead of them. /hey -ere 'ettin' lose to the man that -ent &efore these $eo$le-ho used to live over here.G= His name -as /ovaule, </urkey man.<Gh

When he sa- them omin', he turned himself into a skeleton. When they sa- him, they -ere afraid.He san':

2 am t#rning myself 2nto a dead person.0o#r tomahawks are 4reaking all to pieces.

/he Wooshkum hunted for the hild -ho had destroyed the house at Casa Blana Gstory =#. When they

found him, they asked him to kill that man.

/he reason -hy the hild rolled on the 'round -as that he -as 'oin' to han'e himself into a ha-k.

Gh /ova 5eli, ;/urkey Fld8man;.

=I"

/he hild lay on the 'round and t-isted himself in every -ay. When /ovaule sa- this, he made fun ofit and said, <ou ashes dum$er, ma ta ya wa t#m ,Gi you an;t do a thin' to me.<

When the hild;s 'randmother heard /ovaule say this, she -as very mad, and she san' a son':

That is my poor 'oy0o# ha)e called him my poor 'oyPi vi um ?hawk@ GE &ird is mi'hty stron'.

So it -as true. /he hild turned himself into a ha-k and killed the old man /ovaule.

Story ;>4

Endin

Defeat at the #.ean 'eo2le

/hey fou'ht those G/urkey Fld8man $eo$le and destroyed them all. /hey moved to the -est, and-henever they ame to a 'rou$ of $eo$le, they destroyed them easily. /hey reahed and rossed the redriver, Wik Akima.Gk

At that time there -ere some $eo$le livin' lose to the oean. /hey kne- these GWooshkum $eo$le

Gi 1atai iawatam , ;ash dum$er;.

GE Unkno-n, not a kno-n ha-k name.



Gk We' Akimel, ;ed iver;, e@uals the Colorado ><ed< in S$anish? iver.

=)

-ere omin' and that they -ere destroyin' everyone they ame to. /he $eo$le &y the oean -orked tomake them thirsty and to make them lose their -ay.

/he Wooshkum 'ot thirsty and san':

$head of me lies mirage $head of me the land 2s nothing '#t mirage.

/hey 'ot out of the heat that these $eo$le sent out, &ut then they lost their -ay. /hey san':

$head of me lies nothing 4#t fog. (ont yo# see

$head of me mo#ntains $re co)ered !ith fog.

/hey -ent on and ame out of the fo'. /hen they ame to -here these $eo$le -ere livin', and theyfound that they -ere small $eo$le. /hey also found that their ountry -as a-fully old. Sno- fell allthe time, and their houses -ere &uilt into the 'round. Fn to$ of them -as nothin' &ut sno-.

/hey had a fi'ht. /he Goean $eo$le -ould ome out from their houses, shoot at them, and 'o &ak intheir houses. /he Wooshkum ouldn;t do a thin' to them &eause they -ere from a -arm ountry and

=!

ould not stand the old. /he thunder tried &ut ouldn;t e6$lode &eause it -as too old, and the hudunk tried and ouldn;t do anythin' for the same reason.

/he thunder san':

Th#nder, 2m like the th#nder 2t hits 4#t it slips

To the other direction.

/he hu dunk san':

2 am ch#d#nk 2 look like a ch#d#nk 2 am coming %rom a'o)e.

Chu dunk is a heavy rok -ith fire. 0on' a'o, you sometimes sa- a streak of li'htnin' like a shootin'



star, tied to thunder.Gl

After the Wooshkum ouldn;t do anythin' to these $eo$le, they held a meetin' and deided not to &other them. 7f they ke$t on fi'htin', they mi'ht lose all their $eo$le, so they deided to turn &ak./hey all ame and turned their faes a-ay from the Goean $eo$le

and san':

The s#n is going down. 2 am now going 'ack On the road where 2 came from

Gl A$$arently the same cedenG >;thum$;?8derived -ord that -e enountered earlier, -here it -as saidto mean <earth@uake.<

==

2 am holding my cane $gainst my 'reast.

/he sun is 'oin' do-nAnd 7 am returnin'Fn the road that 7 ame from7 am no- runnin'7 am holdin' my ane on my &reast.

Story ;?4

End

Sto2 the War, S2lit the Water, De2art the God

/he Wooshkum started &ak to -here they ame from. When the $eo$le -ho lived there Gold oeanshore sa- this, they ame from their houses and yelled and made fun of them, sayin' many thin's intheir lan'ua'e that the Wooshkum did not understand &eause their lan'ua'es -ere different.

/he Wooshkum moved &ak this -ay sadly and ame to a $lae -here the 'round -as &oilin'.G( /heysaid they -ould fi'ht this land, and that mi'ht make them ha$$y. /hey san':

2 ha)e gotten this far

!ith a shining rock 2 ha)e gotten this far. $nd 2 ha)e now folded the land.

=(

2 ha)e gotten this far !ith a shining rock 2 ha)e gotten this far



2 ha)e folded the mo#ntains.

/he &ravest $eo$le tried to destroy the &oilin' -ater, &ut it ated very dan'erous. 7t &oiled, and allaround it hot -ater s$lashed at a ertain distane so no one ould 'et lose to it. /hen the Coyote 'othis shield and tomaha-k and -ent near to it. 7t s$lashed on him and turned into arro-heads -hih -entall over into his flesh. He ame out and said, <7 did this so the $eo$le an learn ho- to kill theirenemies -ith the shield and tomaha-k.<

/hen he -ent to the oean to dotor himself, sin'in':

(ont yo# think That 2 am a real man

2 ha)e gone to the edgeOf a large 'ody of water. 2 met a medicine man.

Am 7A real, true mediine man

Fn the ed'e of a lar'e &odyFf -ater 7 met a assya >White 1ater?.G#

After this ha$$ened, Siuuhu san' to state that the -ar -as all over:

=#

2 ha)e placed myself $nd 2 saw. 2 ha)e killed the enemy 2 am carrying it across.

0et us run and see7t -as Siuuhu -ho killedAnd he has &rou'ht it.

/he $eo$le moved on do-n this -ay. /hey ame to the red river Gstory (#, and its -aters -ere no-

very hi'h. /hey ouldn;t 'o further. /hey am$ed there. /hen they talked to a man -ho understands hisarro-s thorou'hly. /hey asked him to hel$ them 'et aross.

He stood u$ and 'ot one of his arro-s and san':

0o# called meThat 2 ha)e the power Of an arrow. 2 ha)e p#t my arrow 2n the water.





said that the five kinds of $eo$le G<si&s< must 'et to'ether and fi'ht their enemies to'ether, and hes$oke es$eially a&out the A$ahe 7ndians -ho -ould &e their enemies in the future. /hen he s$okea&out the time -hen the -ar &et-een A$ahes and Pimas -ould sto$, and they -ould make friends.

After he told them these thin's, Siuuhu -ent &ak to his home -hih is alled Chok -e um >the $lae-here the olla is, in -hih Siuuhu enlosed himself durin' the flood?.Gn /he $eo$le lived and made-ar -ith the A$ahes until one time -hen this -as

Gn Pro&a&ly Cuk Wi;ikam, ;Blak emainder;, of story =. 3ost Pa$a'o stories say that he -ent to liveat Ba&o@uivari Peak, the hi'hest $oint on the Pa$a'o reservation.

=

sto$$ed and they made friends -ith eah other. A$ahes -ould Gat one time in the $ast ome to visitthe $eo$le here and eat -ith them here -ith -hatever they raised on their farms.

So at one time a GPima -oman -as 'atherin' mes@uite &eans some-here, and she had a &a&ysome-here G-ith her. /he &a&y -as ryin', and Eust at that time some A$ahes -ere lose &y andheard it. /hey -ent -here it -as and tried to nurse it to sto$ it from ryin'. /hey didn;t mean any harm.

/he mother ame and -as sared and -ent to -here the Pimas -ere and told them that the A$ahes 'other &a&y. /he Pimas -ent over and killed the A$ahes, and they &e'an to fi'ht one another a'ain.

/hey -ent on fi'htin', and finally a hief of the A$ahes and a hief of the Pimas met to'ether, talkedthin's over, deided to sto$ the fi'htin', and did sto$ the fi'htin'. 2rom that time, the A$ahes didome every one in a -hile and made friends -ith the Pimas and shared the thin's that the Pimasraised over here. 1verythin' -ent on in $eae.

At another time, there -as a -hite man livin' at a $lae alled <4o- $ek< >3any -ells, 3ario$aWells?.Go /he A$ahes stole some mules from him. He told the Pimas a&out it, and the Pimas -ent and

Go Wai-$iak, ;3any8-ells;, near today;s 3ario$a, Ari+.

=

killed the A$ahes. 2rom then on they &e'an to fi'ht a'ain. /hen it ame do-n to -here the9overnment sto$$ed the fi'htin', and the A$ahes are our friends a'ain.

/hat is -hy the old $eo$le say that this story is all true, -hat Siuuhu has done and said to the $eo$lefrom the &e'innin'.

Su22lement

The #ld Woman:s Death 6Hendri./s7

7n the 'reat thron' of $eo$le -ho traveled -ith 1lder Brother after he emer'ed from Ashes Hill,G*there -ere t-o &rothers -ho had their old 'randmother -ith them. /his little 'rou$ ould not kee$ u$-ith the ro-d -hen it -as movin', and at evenin' they al-ays am$ed a distane &ehind the others./he t-o &rothers had to 'o in the evenin' and overtake the $arty to find -hat the $eo$le -ould do thene6t mornin'. /hey &uilt a &i' fire and left their 'randmother near it. /hey ke$t doin' this for a lon'time, and at last they 'retired of it. /he older &rother said, <7 'uess -e had &etter kill our



'randmother and &e a&le to travel -ith the rest, so -e -ill kno- -hat is 'oin' on all the time. Perha$s-e -ill meet some of the $eo$le -e are 'oin' to fi'ht, and

="

-e -ould not &e a&le to see them &eause -e are al-ays &ehind.<

/he youn'er &rother said, <All ri'ht, &ut -e must tell our 'randmother and see -hat she -ill say a&outit.< /hey told their 'randmother and said, <Well, 'randmother, -e -ould like to kno- -hat you thinkof this $lan that -e kill you, &eause you kno- that -e are al-ays &ehind and do not kno- -hat is'oin' on over there. So -e thou'ht -e -ould kill you and kee$ u$ -ith the ro-d.< She said, <Well,'randsons, it is all ri'ht &eause 7 have &een livin' a lon' time and have seen many thin's in this-orld. 7 -ould like you to &e -ith the ro-d and see -hat is 'oin' on.< She san' the follo-in' son', &ut she felt so &adly that she -as ryin' rather than sin'in'. >/his @uality of tone -as imitated &y thesin'er -hen reordin' the son'.?

Oh7 2 ha)e seen many things in this world and 2 ha)e 'een in this world a long time.

/he old 'randmother said, <After 7 die, find some fine sand and &ury me in it. When you ome &akthis -ay, sto$ and see -hat you find.< /he &oys then san' the follo-in' son'. /hey san' it four times,and -hen they ame near the end of the fourth time, the 'randmother &e'an to die.

O#r grandmother says it will 'e all right if she dies, 4eca#se she has 'een ali)e a long time

=)

That is why she does not mind dying, 4eca#se we cannot keep #p with the crowd.

/he &oys &uried their 'randmother in the sand and Eoined the ro-d on its Eourney. As they -erereturnin' they ame to the $lae -here they had &uried her, and they sa- a $lant 'ro-in'. 7t -asto&ao. 1ver after-ards they did not smoke &eause they said the to&ao -as the flesh of their'randmother. >Densmore, !"=": =()?

=!

%on.lusion4

5ytholoiesBy <mytholo'y,< 7 mean <a olletion of te6ts, or'ani+ed &y one $erson, statin' the ori'ins of the thin'sof this earth.< 7 think that fe- -ould dis$ute the three $hrases that onstitute this definition, &ut somemay o&Eet that the definition fails to distin'uish mytholo'y from history and, relatedly, fails to e6ludethe seular from the $rovine of myth. 3y defense is sim$le. 7n the first $lae, the Pima8Pa$a'omytholo'y that -e have dealt -ith intends to &e historial, and our $ro&lem is to understand ho- it isso, that is, ho- it is $reou$ied -ith Pima history and yet makes almost no referene to Pima and-hite relations. Seond, e6e$t for a feelin' onveyed &y the narrative that -hat ha$$ens is ha$$enin'for the first time, 7 find little that seems sared in the sense of $erfet or &lessed in the mytholo'y,



-hile there is a 'ood deal that is fri'htful and earthy. /his feelin' of ori'ins seems essential, &ut 7-ould as -illin'ly all it ma'ial as sared, the ma'i of first times. /hus does the mytholo'ya$$roah &ut not em&rae saredness, as a matter of narrative feelin' or tone.

7 -ill no- omment &riefly on the relevane of the rest of the definition to the Smith8Allison te6t and,finally, on the relation of the te6t to the urrent $rodution of literature &y and a&out ative Amerians.

<Colletion of te6ts.< /he issue here is -hether this mytholo'y is one te6t or -hether it is an antholo'y,or a on'lomerate. Smith 'ave it as one te6t, and as noted in my introdution, the story and $artdivisions and titles -ere su$$lied &y me. 7t is not diffiult to see ho- it is one te6t. /he events have atem$oral order the mytholo'y is a linear hronile. Still, years are not ounted, the story is silent a&outthe 1uro$ean $eriod, and one harater, Siuuhu, is in

==

ation throu'h $ratially the entire narrative. 2rankly, althou'h 7 all the -hole narrative /heHohokam Chroniles, the -hole ould e@ually &e alled The (eeds of Si##h# /he su&Eets ometo'ether, as -e kno-, &eause Siuuhu reated and terminated the Hohokam. We also understand that

most of the realled ori'ins of thin's fall into the Hohokam $eriod, -hih makes a dou&le im$ression,that the Pima8Pa$a'o -ho lived &y and -ith all those thin's are ulturally @uite like the Hohokam andthat the $eriod of ori'ins and therefore the formative time of the universe -as very short, -ithin ayoun'8into8middle8a'ed man'od;s time s$an.

7n my vie-, there is a definite $ro'ression throu'h the events of the mytholo'y as a -hole, and this $ro'ression 'ives the de$th of the -ork. /he $re8Hohokam $eriod -as a time of 9enesis8like man8'odreations >inludin' ats &y 9od himself?, the Hohokam $eriod sa- the ori'in of human families in-hih man8'ods ould not $artii$ate, and the Hohokam on@uest $eriod -as really the aftermath ofthat inom$ati&ility. /he on@uest -as the omin' of the Pima8Pa$a'o, &ut it -as also the e6$ulsion, orthe oasion for the de$arture from human affairs, of the 'od Siuuhu. Fn this readin', the Hohokamon@uest is a literary devie or, let us say, a mythi truth. 7t -as motivated &y a need to se$arate

humanity from 'od.

<Fr'ani+ed &y one $erson.< /hrou'hout ative orth Ameria, if anyone kne- one myth, that $erson-as &ound to kno- others, meanin', 7 think, that the $ro$er unit for mytholo'ial study, -hether ashistory, ima'inative literature, or theolo'y, is not the sin'le myth &ut the full set or or$us of one $erson;s tales. /hus 7 -ould also define mytholo'y as <all of the tales that one $erson tells, in the orderthat he or she tells them.< o-, that definition ertainly a$$lies to the Pima8Pa$a'o. /hey had the ideathat mytholo'ies ould and should &e told &y sin'le narrators durin' the lon'est four ni'hts of the year,in Deem&er. And as -e sa- in Smith8Allison and also in /hin 0eather, the only other Pima8Pa$a'omytholo'ist -hose entire -ork -as reorded, the mytholo'y 'ains inte'rity throu'h assoiation -ithSiuuhu. early every story involves him in some -ay, even thou'h one ould ima'ine the story -ith a

male har8

=(

ater other than him. 7 sus$et that this is the e6e$tion rather than the rule in ative Amerian mytholletions. 3ore ommonly, there are om$lete shifts of haraters &et-een maEor myths, and theoverall order, if any, is hronolo'ial and%or themati &ut not as in this ase also &io'ra$hial, the &io'ra$hy of a 'od.

eally, there are three @uestions: What is the totality of myth stories or myth ty$es e6tant amon' a



$eo$le

/o -hat e6tent are these stories &rou'ht into order &y individual narrators

And to -hat e6tent do these individual syntheti -orks du$liate or re$liate eah other

7 do not kno- the ans-ers to these @uestions, and 7 am not a-are that anyone does. And if they $oint toa ne- field of study, the key to it is the one$t of the sin'le narrator, multimyth mytholo'y. /hrou'hit, the one$t of author omes into ative Amerian myth studies. 3ytholo'y is not only the study ofmyths &ut also the reation of meanin' and order &et-een and -ithin them.

2inally, -e must note that the time of these native mytholo'ial authors may haveLseems to haveL $assed. We need not 'rieve over this, if -e an understand the time as a $hase. 0iterary and ultural $rodution have not eased amon' 7ndians, nor has reli'ion, nor has the $otential for interest in the-ork of the $ast authors. 7ndeed, if the last fresh mytholo'ial syntheses have &een made, those -orksan &e vie-ed as Sri$ture or master$iees, or &oth. A $iee of ative Amerian literary history, thea'e of mytholo'y makin', omes into vie-. Amerian ivili+ation needs to kno- this $iee &eausethat ivili+ation -as not only a ne'ative fore &ut also a stimulus and in'redient for many of themytholo'ies.

/here is an almost $erfet leava'e &et-een -hat 7ndians have -ritten in the last thirty years and thesu&Eet matter of the mytholo'ies. /he mytholo'ies are silent a&out $ost81uro$e, that is, a&out the-hite olonial or invasion era and the ne- -ritin' is silent in its novels, $oems, and essays a&out the $re81uro$ean era. 7 do not mean totally silent, &ut 7 mean voied from today and reahin' &ak -ith-ishful thou'hts to $re81uro$e. /he Smith8Allison mytholo'y, as -e sa- it, is voied from $re81uro$e, and it reahes u$ to no-. /his is -hy the son's are

=#

so -onderful: their <7;s< are Hohokam. /he <7;s< in the urrent -ritin', not ina$$ro$riately, are of today,the essayist;s <7,< the same as 7 use.

7f Smith and Allison seem to &e unusual 7ndian literary $ersons to readers of today, that is the reason./hey -ere late $ratiers of a mytholo'ial tradition that sou'ht its ins$iration solely in $re81uro$eanevents. /heir ounter$arts -ere the arhaeolo'ists suh as Hayden -ho, if 7 understand them orretly,-ould love to kno- Hohokam events -ith the $reision ontained in &ut not $rova&le outside of themytholo'y. 7f reation in that mytholo'ial tradition is no- $ast, let it &e. 7t -as a 'reat a'e.

=*



A22endi04

%orrelation of %onuests in Thin &eather and Smith1Allison

07510 P0AC18A31 07510 CH712 A31 1A1S/ P1S1/8DA0FCA/7F

/H7 01A/H

Unkno-n Unkno-n 1uro$e

Wa;aki, ;9reat8house; or5ui Wa;aki, ;3es@uite9reat8house;

Si-an orth-est of 9lendale, Ari+ona

Unkno-n Unkno-n 1astern Ari+ona

Unkno-n Unkno-n 1ast8entral Ari+ona

Unkno-n Si-aO, ;Chief; u:vi,;Bu++ard;

Central Ari+ona

Unkno-n Unkno-n Central Ari+ona

Wonam Du;a', ;Hat3ountain;

Uninha&ited Central Ari+ona

Si-aO Wa;aki, ;Chief9reat8house;

A;an 3edG , ;G0on'8feather unnin'; 4i:'3ed, ;GDo-n8 featherunnin';

Casa 9rande ational 3onument

=I



07510 P0AC18 A31

07510, CH712 A31 1A1S/ P1S1/8DA0FCA/7F

/H7 01A/H

Si-aO Wa;aki, ;Chief9reat8house;

Si;al Ce:heda' Si-aO,;3ornin' 9reen Chief;

Casa 9rande ational 3onument Casa 9rande, 3ornin'8Blue>ussell, ==?9rande, headeStheuadak S;9reen Chief;?!*#?

F;odkam Wa;aki, ;9ravel9reat8house;

9iada' Si-aO,;Bo-strin' Chief;

Santan, Ari+ona Sandy Anienheaded &y 5ia;Handle; >reall;&o-strin';?, ==? A-a-tku

4ahahkkee, he9eeaduk See>0loyd, !!*, !

Unkno-n Ce- Ha;o Si-aO, ;0on'9ourd Chief;

# miles north of Santan, Ari+ona 4illa'es, headBao-o Sivan =#, ==? Plae &y Cheof8hahv;0on' Di$$er >0loyd, !*I?

Unkno-n Da;a Si-aO, ;2lyin'Chief,; or /as Si-aO,;Sun Chief;

S-eet-ater, Ari+ona S-eet-ater Puheaded &y /a8;2lyin'; >usse==? Plae, heDthas Seeven !*I?

Unkno-n Uam Wi:' Si-oda'kam,;ello- Do-n GfeatherHeadfeather;

Just east of Casa Blana, Ari+ona

=

07510 P0AC18 A31

07510 CH712 A31 1A1S/ P1S1/8DA /H7 01A/H



0FCA/7F

Cuk /ataikam Si-anWa;aki, ;Blak Sine-Chief 9reat8house;

Cuk /ataikam Si-aO,;Blak Sine-ed Chief;

Casa Blana, Ari+ona Plae, headed &/atai Sivan, ;BSine- Chief; >=#, ==? 4ahah>-a:$aki, ;9reaheaded &y/heuthikadSeeven >0loyd

S8ko:ko;i', ;3anyattlesnakes;

Unkno-n Snaketo-n, Ari+ona Plae, then alFdhee GBahr inter$ret, headdotor >0loyd,

Unkno-n Qu:-i, ;Bu++ard; I miles -est of Casa Blana, Ari+ona Pue&lo, headed4ulture >usse=="?

5okodki Fida',;Seashell 2ield;

Jenasat Si-aO, ;0i+ardChief;

ear 9ila Crossin', Ari+ona Plae, headed &/uunarsat Siv>ussell, =="?kee Fyyee8du2ield,; headed /heunasset Se

>0loyd, !*!*

Unkno-n Unkno-n Possi&ly near Hi'ley, Ari+ona

=

07510 P0AC18A31 07510 CH712 A31 1A1S/ P1S1/8DA0FCA/7F

/H7 01A/H

u:-i Wa;aki, ;Bu++ard9reat8house,; or We:'aE>

?, ;Behind8it>

Qu:-i, ;Bu++ard,; Uam Qu:-i, ;ello- Bu++ard;

South of South 3ountain >south &oundary of Phoeni6, Ari+.? aordin'to 0loyd;s /hin 0eather >!=? Pue&lo9rande uin >north of South3ountain? aordin' to Smith8Allison

Plae, -here ;Bu++ard,; live!=, !*" uss



?;>story =?

Si-aO Wa;aki, or Cuk/ataikam Si-aO Wa;aki

Si-aO or Cuk /ataikamSi-aO

Casa Blana, Ari+ona

Unkno-n Unkno-n orth of Salt iver, near Camel&ak3ountain >Cheof See8vik, in thiste6t &etter s$elled <Ce- S8-e',<;0on' ed;

Plae, -here ahis &rother live!*"?

F;odkam Wa;aki, ;9ravel9reat8house;

A8an Hi:t$a'i Si-aO,;2eather Braids Chief;

3esa, Ari+ona >ussell, =="? near2ort 3Do-ell, Ari+ona >therefore on4erde iver? >0loyd, !((, !I)? atWukkakotk, a mountain >We'9akodk, ;ed Hill;?, therefore near

4erde iver at north &oundary oftoday;s Salt iver 7ndian eservation>2e-kes, *!?

Pue&lo, headedHitu$aki >;2eaBreathin';? Siv>ussell, =#, =ussell;s trans

notes must hav<&raided< inste<&reathin',< anhave misread h-ritin'? a $laA-a-tkumvahheaded &y a se>0loyd, !I)? a-here 2eatherDotor lived >2*!?

="

07510 P0AC18 A31

07510 CH712 A31 1A1S/ P1S1/8DA0FCA/7F

/H7 01A/H

Unkno-n 4i:' 7ol 3a:kai Si-aO,;Do-n8feather /urned8

over Chief; or S8toa4i:' Si-aO, ;WhiteDo-n8feather Chief;

Pue&lo 9rande uin, Phoeni6,Ari+ona >ussell, =#? &et-een /em$e

and Phoeni6 >true of Pue&lo 9rande?>2e-kes: *!?

Plae, headed ial 3akai Siva

2eathers olli>ussell, =#, = $lae, headed /uravrik Civa2eather; >2e-k

Unkno-n Unkno-n Unkno-n, $ro&a&ly -est8entral





them, and 7 -ould also say that they -anted to make a hurh sri$ture >see &elo-?, -hile 3omaday-anted to make a more seular and modern kind of literature.

=. A $eo$le -ith the same ulture, lan'ua'e, and myth tradition as the Pimas. /he Pimas live alon' the9ila and Salt rivers in desert entral Ari+ona. /he Pa$a'os live in the riverless desert to the south ofthem. 7 -ill refer to the t-o $eo$les Eointly as the Pima8Pa$a'o.

(. 7 -ill make onstant referene to /hin 0eather;s mytholo'y. 7t -as taken do-n inde$endently threetimes, first &y 2rank ussell >$u&lished in ondensed form in !")?, then &y J. W. 0loyd >$u&lished ina more oral, more 7ndian 1n'lish in !"!!?, and finally &y J. W. 2e-kes >e6er$ts $u&lished in !"!=?./he 0loyd version, -hih is @uite lose to Smith8Allison in ontent, om$leteness, ontinue

and style, -as $rivately $u&lished and is no- @uite rare. /he other t-o versions are also out of $rint. 7-ill fre@uently su$$lement a Smith8Allison story -ith a /hin 0eather version from one of thesesoures.

#. /he latter transmissions are im$erfet, 7 think, more due to $ro&lems of haste and in the relia&ility oftranslation than to $ro&lems of untranslata&ility. 9ranted, there are also $ro&lems of omission ofmaterials that the narrator thou'ht ould make the tri&e look silly or rude. Fne Pa$a'o summed theseu$ as <the mirales and the dirty stuff.< 2inally, there are $ro&lems of misunderstandin' and

misa$$rehension on the $art of the -hite olletor. 7n 'eneral, these are not 'reat &eause the olletorsde$ended on and took fe- li&erties -ith native translators, that is, $eo$le like Allison. /he translatorsare the unsun' heroes of myth olletion. 7n the &est te6ts, for e6am$le, the Smith8Allison te6t and/hin 0eather;s version $u&lished &y the 0loyd 9rou$, the native8lan'ua'e narrator -as -illin' to s$eakand -as not hurried, the translator had a keen sense of &oth lan'ua'es, and the olletor let the te6t-rite itself, off the translator;s li$s.

*. ote that suh aounts an our in any of 4ansina;s three tem$oral +ones. /here an &e $ersonalaounts of revelations and divine trans$orts. 7 su$$ose that in 4ansina;s sheme these are dis@ualifiedas history &eause they lak inde$endent sensory verifiation. We should also note that suh eru$tionsof the divine into the $resent have the $otential to han'e the sense of the anient $ast. /his ours

-hen the eru$tion is taken as informative a&out the $ast. Alfred 5roe&er >!"=*: *#? felt that the3oEave 7ndians and other <uman< tri&es near to the Pima8Pa$a'o &elieved that they reeived suhinformation, hene they ould u$date their mytholo'ies. 7 kno- that the Pima8Pa$a'o say that theytravel in dreams -ith the 'ods of their myths, &ut no one has told me that these travels atually han'edtheir understandin' of the $ast. Ff ourse, it is likely that no 3oEave told that to 5roe&er, either. He $ro&a&ly surmised it.

I. 7 thank /odd Bost-ik for $ointin' out in a letter of 3ay !""( that the Hohokam area ontainedseveral do+en settlements in -hih earth <$latform mounds< -ere surrounded &y <om$ound -alls.<Fnly a fe- of theseLless than a do+enLhad massive, multistory lay or ado&e houses, that is, <'reathouses< in the strit sense.

. /heir names from &ottom to to$ are 4ahki, 1strella, S-eet8-ater, Snaketo-n, 9ila Butte, SantaCru+, Saaton, Soho, and Civano. /he first one and last t-o are from Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'y: Wa;aki,;9reat8house;, S8e;ehe, ;1lder Brother;, and SivaO, ;Chief Gof a 'reat8house;. /he other names are ofPima villa'es, 'enerally -ith Hohokam sites near&y, or of loal 'eo'ra$hi features. &reak

ote that the $eriod names, Pioneer, Colonial, Sedentary, and Classi, amount to a sketh history of theHohokam, and it is a history that ehoes that of An'lo8Ameria. Ff ourse, those terms have $assionatemeanin's for Ameria, and -e do not kno- -hether or ho- they re'istered in the minds of theHohokam. Fn the &asis of Smith8Allison, 7 su''est the follo-in' $eriods: 9enesis, 2lood >atually nota $eriod &ut a hiatus?, the Fri'in of 2armin' and 3arria'e, and the 5illin' of 9od.



. Here is Hayden;s o$inion on the history of the Hohokam, as stated in a letter to me of January =(,!""(.

/o &e sim$listi, 7 ima'ine that the re'ion -as Gvery aniently ou$ied &y F;otam8Pimans$eakers -ho -ere hunters and 'atherers. /hey had &een $art of a mi'ration of suhs$eakers at the end of the Altithermal $eriod, *))) Gyears B.P. or so. Fthers of thismi'ration -ent on to the viinity of the 4alley of 3e6io -here they learned anal

irri'ation and many other distint traits Gre$resented in the Colonial Hohokam $eriod.Around the time of Christ or &efore, some of these southern folk must have ome &ak u$to the 9ila iver, -ith -hih they must have &een -ell a@uainted, $ro&a&ly throu'h Pima8s$eakin' travelers in &oth diretions. /hese returnees settled do-n very @uikly atSnaketo-n, -ithout any kno-n develo$mental sta'es.

/hese -ere the Hohokam, surrounded &y the F;otam, -hom they @uikly influened andtau'ht the ne- -ays that they had learned in the south. 7n time these Hohokam -ere Eoined &y others -ith $o-er, -ho &eame the &i' house &uilders and the onstrutors of theimmense anal systems. /hese -ere the ones a'ainst -hom the F;otam, the 1mer'ents,arose, and -hom the F;otam drove out as detailed in /he Hohokam Chroniles, as you termthe tales. ot many of us ae$t the one$t of <Salado< $er se, althou'h influene from thePue&loans of the north is lear to-ard the last Gof Hohokam history, and there -asertainly trade &et-een Hohokam and Pue&los. But 7 think it is safe to onfine the historyof Hohokam develo$ment to the southern influene and the immi'rants from 3e6io -ho-ere Eoinin' their on'eners on the 9ila.

". Smith8Allison tend to deny this, &ut many other Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'ies laim it. See theintrodutory remarks to $art (.

!). 7t -ould &e ideal if the te6t had &een -ritten in Pima, &ut Hayden -as not trained in lin'uistis.3ore im$ortant, even if he or Allison -ere -illin' and a&le to takle Pima $rose >muh moredemandin' than the -ritin' of sin'le key -ords?, 7 dou&t that ontinue

they ould have o&tained Smith;s entire mytholo'y throu'h the $ainstakin', $ain8'ivin' method offae8to8fae -ritten ditation. 7n 'eneral, ditation is not used for te6ts as lon' and &ooklike as this one.>/he 7ro@uois te6t mentioned &elo- is an e6e$tion.? /he method is &est used for short te6ts and smallseries. Had Hayden or Allison attem$ted it, the result -ould $ro&a&ly not have &een as lon' and livelyas the te6t that -as taken in 1n'lish. And if 7 may say so on the &asis of () years e6$eriene -ithPima8Pa$a'o, Allison;s translation is faithful &ut free.

7n 'eneral, lon' native8lan'ua'e mytholo'ial te6ts suh as Smith;s have only &een -ritten &y natives./he &est8kno-n e6am$les are old, e.'., the Code6 Chimal$o$oa and the Po$ul 4uh from the early $oston@uest A+tes and Nuihe 3ayas >see Bierhorst !""= and /edlok !"* for reent editions ofthose -orks? a /simshian aven yle -ritten &y Henry /ate and $u&lished &y 2ran+ Boas >!"!I? andthe 7ro@uois osmolo'y ditated in Fnonda'a and -ritten and $u&lished &y the /usarora J. . B.

He-ett >!"=?.Fne -ould think that the era of ta$e reorders -ould &e a &oon to native mytholo'ial literature, andthis is true. /here have &een some e6ellent ta$e reorder8&ased myth &ooks in the early and middle!")s, e.'., &y Dennis /edlok from the Kuni >$u&lished in !"=? and 9ary 9ossen and o&ert0au'hlin from /+ot+il 3ayas >!"# and !"?. Ff those, only 0au'hlin 'ives the native8lan'ua'eori'inals, &ut the ori'inal ta$es are availa&le. /he $ae of suh $u&liation @uikened in the !")s,es$eially for lan'ua'es s$oken in Alaska, Canada, and 3e6io and due to the efforts, res$etively, ofthe Alaska ative 0an'ua'e Center >University of Alaska, 2air&anks?, the 3erury Series of theCanadian 1thnolo'y Servie, and the Summer 7nstitute of 0in'uistis >es$eially for 3e6io?. /hose



$u&liation $ro'rams are losely tied to $artiular native ommunities. 7n the United States, the avaEoCommunity Colle'e Press, for one, has done similar -ork. /he $ro'rams are deli&erately &ilin'ual, &ein' tied to shool urriula.

/o my kno-led'e those $ro'rams have not $u&lished many -orks like the Smith8Allison te6t, that is,te6ts formed &y one author and overin' the entire s$an of anient, $re81uro$ean history. 7t is an o$en@uestion ho- many suh te6ts still e6ist in native ommunities. 7n the onludin' setion of this &ook, 7

s$eulate that the a'e of suh mytholo'ies may &e $ast, &ut, of ourse, 7 -ould like to &e $roved-ron'.

!!. He is remem&ered as that today, rather than as Allison Smith.

!=. 7 -ill sketh Bierhorst;s rekonin' &eause it is the most reent. 7n his study of 3e6io and CentralAmeria, he distin'uishes &et-een $re8Colum&ian motifs and tales . A motif is a dominant e$isode orima'e, somethin' that a -hole story seems to ontinue

revolve u$on, suh as <Why the 1arth 1ats the Dead,< </he 1mer'ene of Anestors,< </he 3an ofCro$s,< </he 0oss of the Anients,< and </he Seeds of Humanity.< /hose are in fat all of the maEor $re8Colum&ian motifs identified &y Bierhorst in his &ook on the mytholo'y of 3e6io and CentralAmeria. /hree of them >the seond, third, and fourth? a$$ear as storiesL&ut -ith different titlesLin

the Smith8Allison te6t.

/ales are more s$eifi and onstrainin' than motifs. /hey are standard $lots, made u$ of several ormany inidents that reur from variant to variant >!""): ?. Ff a total of !* different $re8Colum&ian3e6ian and Central Amerian tale ty$es that Bierhorst reo'ni+es, only one a$$ears as a story in theSmith8Allison te6t, namely, </he 2lood 3yth.<

/hose $ro$ortions are not unim$ressive. Fne ould say there are more than enou'h shared motifs to@ualify our te6t as a 3e6ian or Central Amerian mytholo'y, althou'h not enou'h shared tale ty$es./hese latter are @uite s$eifi, and they tend to ome in alternative sets, e.'., five alternative mythsa&out the sun. o $eo$le -ould have a $erfet sore on them, &ut nonetheless it a$$ears true thatSmith8Allison have too fe- of them, e.'., none of the sun myths as reo'ni+ed &y Bierhorst.

/urnin' &riefly to the orth Amerian side, Bierhorst 'ives three &asi myths for the South-est $ortionof the $re8Colum&ian ontinent: </he 1mer'ene< Gfrom the under-orldLa motif in the 3e6io8Central Ameria alulation, <GBoy Heroes and /heir 9randmothers,< and </he Dyin' G3an8 9od.</he Smith8Allison te6t has the first and last &ut laks the seond, more than enou'h to esta&lish theirte6t;s ontinuity -ith $re8Colum&ian orth Amerian $eo$les, not Eust in the South-est &ut &eyond.Bierhorst does not 'ive a ontinent-ide inventory, and 7 -ill not venture one.

/he Pimas are a&out e@ually distant >!,=)) mi.? from 3e6io City and Chia'o, so -e should e6$ettheir stories to sho- relations &oth to the south and to the north.

!(. /he 'od Siuuhu is an e6e$tion in Smith8Allison. He has human morality onstantly on his mind.His moral interest is more $ronouned in Smith8Allison than in any other Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'y

kno-n to me, -hih is to say that their mytholo'y omes loser than any other to violatin' this as$etof the 2irst Commandment.

!#. Fne may say that sim$ly to redit 'ods -ith a formative role is to -orshi$ them, &ut 7 take -orshi$to mean somethin' more s$eifi, namely, to ae$t a lastin' ovenant -ith 'ods, to seek $ersonal andolletive salvation throu'h them, and to ho$e for Eoy in eventual eternal union -ith them. Suh-orshi$ is ur'ed and re@uired in the Bi&le and the Book of 3ormon, om$ati&ly so in the eyes of the3ormons. 7t is not re@uired in Smith8Allison or ontinue

any other Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'y, nor is it e6$ressed in any traditional, non8Christian Pima8Pa$a'o



eremony kno-n to me. 7t is e6$ressed relative to 9od in Pima8Pa$a'o <esta&lished< and folkChristianity >see &elo- for that distintion?.

!*. /he reent Afrian8entered -orld histories surely do Afriani+e 1uro$e, and they do so similarlyto the 3ormons; 7sraeli+ation of Ameria. /he Afrian8entrists and 3ormons do not dis$ute the raeof the urrent 1uro$eans and 7ndians, res$etively, &ut they detet influene from their o-n kind of $eo$le on the land and ustoms of anient 1uro$e and Ameria.

!I. Fther soures that 7 onsulted on the Book of 3ormon are Hu'h i&ley;s Since C#morah >!"I?and essays &y Adele 3Cullum, Steven Sondru$, Brue Jor'ensen, ihard ust, and 9eor'e /ate in Aiterat#re of 4elief >!"!?, edited &y eal 0am&ert. /hese -orks sho- that the sholarshi$ on theBook of 3ormon is onfident and so$histiated. 7 ho$e 7 have done it Eustie.

!. 2or sim$liity and due to my lak of kno-led'e, 7 limit this disussion to tri&es, mytholo'ies,'overnments, and hurhes -ithin the United States.

!. /he most hurhlike native formation kno-n to me, &eause it has a full mytholo'y, is a om$le6that develo$ed amon' 7ro@uois $eo$les at the turn of the nineteenth entury and that still e6ists today./he $olitial as$et of this om$le6 is the 0ea'ue or Confederay of the 7ro@uois, a 'overnmentalstruture that took sha$e -ell &efore !)) and in fat &efore the first 1uro$ean ontat. /he ritual,

litur'ial, saramental as$et is the 0on'house reli'ion, -hih took its $resent form around !)) underthe im$etus of the Senea $ro$het Handsome 0ake. /he mytholo'ial as$et has three layers of te6ts: areation story analo'ous to Smith8Allison, an aount of the ori'in of the $olitial lea'ue, and anaount of $ro$heti im$etus for the reform of the 0on'house reli'ion. As 7 understand it, no 7ro@uoissoverei'nty -ithin or outside the lea'ue has formally esta&lished this om$le6 as the 7ro@uois reli'ion,and yet its various om$onents om$rise a virtual, full hurh in the sense used in this essay. 7 thankJohn Bierhorst and William 2enton for $ersonal disussions on as$ets of this reli'ion. 7 also onsultedthe -ritin's of 1li+a&eth /ooker >!" a !" ' ?, Anthony Wallae >!"?, and 1dmund Wilson>!"I)? in -ritin' this note.

!". /here is no use to lament that the son's -ere not -ritten in Pima and translated literally. /hat

-ould have &een a very s$eiali+ed ativity. Perha$s many of them are still out there, and in any ase,thousands of more or less similar ones, not neessarily used for reation myth8tellin', are still there. &reak

'art 34 'relude, the $ont Te0t

!. 7t is a nie thou'ht that the 8 ki element of the -ord ould &e related to ki :, ;house;, &ut 7 annotdefend this. 7t does seem likely that the waa 8 element has to do etymolo'ially -ith moisture or -ater.Sometimes these $laes are $oetially alled <rain8houses< in 1n'lish, for -hih the a&ove analysis is a Eustifiation.

=. /here -as earlier S$anish ontat -ith Pimas hundreds of miles to the south of these $eo$le. /he

southerners -ere alled <0o-er Pimas,< -hile these to the north >inludin' the Pa$a'os? -ere alled<U$$er Pimas.< /hus, 3anEe -ould &e the first $erson to -rite U$$er Pima.

(. 7t is im$ortant to note that the $resent status term siwa+ >hief? is not used -ith a ontem$oraryreferene. 7t refers e6lusively to mythial Hohokam <hiefs.< 3y ar'ument, then, is that a term that isalready of narro- a$$liation, namely, <GHohokam hief,< is &ased on somethin' even narro-er, thatis, the name of a sin'le suh hief.

/-o additional omments. 2irst, uth Underhill has im$lied in her e6ellent Pa$a'o ethno'ra$hy that<Si-aO< -as a Pa$a'o status term ></he rain shaman is alled Sivanyi< G!"(": #I?. /his is not so. /he



shamans or mediine men -ho divine for rain at <-ine eremonies< >see story ? are not alled &y thisterm. But the term is used &y $eo$le -ho 'ive s$eehes $rior to servin' -ine at the eremonies. /hes$eehes >disussed in onnetion -ith story and illustrated -ith a te6t from /hin 0eather 'iven in $art (? tell of Eourneys to mythial si-aOs to o&tain rain. /hey are delivered durin' -ine eremonies toindividuals -ho sit &efore &askets of -ine, -hih they are a&out to serve. Fne ould say that the -ineservers im$ersonate si-aOs, &ut they are not shamans, at least not durin' the eremony. /he shamans

are others, and they are not alled <si-aO.<Seond, Underhill and others have noted that the Pima8Pa$a'o -ord <si-aO< is similar to a Kuni -ords$elled, for instane, as shiwanni . /he Kuni -ord desi'nates rain $riests or $riesthoods. >Here 7 amfollo-in' the s$ellin' and summary 'iven in /ea'ue and Deaver G!"": !I!, !I*.? /hus, the Pima8Pa$a'o may have &orro-ed the Kuni -ord or vie versa. 7 have Eust $ro$osed that the Pima8Pa$a'o-ord omes from their -ord for <&itter,< &ut this ould &e a false or $artial etymolo'y. We need anetymolo'y of the Kuni -ord shiwanni , &ut 7 do not kno- if one is availa&le.

#. Fne an understand this. /he rains -ere un$redita&le, and $erha$s the rivers -ere not and as someanthro$olo'ists have su$$osed, $eo$le tend to eremoniali+e more that -hih is un$redita&le. 7 do not-ish to dis$ute that idea, &ut 7 do sus$et that $eo$les -ho -ere truly de$endent on river irri'ationL for e68 soft

am$le, the anient 1'y$tians and Sumerians, the Hara$$ans >7ndia? and 3ohia >Peru?Lmay havehad more river lore, eremony, and ma'i than the Pimas.

*. We need evidene of ideolo'y from the 'reat8houses, from arhiteture or $ottery deoration or $ito'ra$hs or -hatever. We annot kno- their s$oken myths, &ut -e may &e a&le to read ideolo'iallyoded $hysial artifats, and -e may find disontinuities -ith the $resent Pima8Pa$a'o enoded inthem. /he Hohokam <&all ourts< are one suh $ossi&ility, &ut 7 kno- of no su&stantive readin's of-hat the &all ourt details meant to the Hohokam. /here are only interestin' s$eulations on -hat &all'ames ould have meant to Hohokam trade $olitis >Wilo6 !""!: !)!8!=*?. Wilo6 &elieves that &all'ames ena&led trade and 'ift 'ivin' >and &ettin', 7 -ould add? &et-een <home< 'rou$s and visitors./he &all 'ame8like &ettin' 'ame disussed in note , $art (, &elo-, also served those $ur$oses.

I. /he full roster of variant names for this harater is the follo-in': S8e;ehe >and variants: Siuuhu,Soho, and many others?, ;1lder8&rother; >atually elder8&rother8sister8or8ousin, as the -ord does notlimit itself to se6 or even full si&lin'shi$? Si:s 3a:kai, ;1lder8&rother 3ediine8man;, or ;1lder8&rotherShaman; 7;itoi, ;Drink8it8all8u$; and 3ondisuma, ;3onte+uma;. /hese four variants are mi6ed throu'hPima and Pa$a'o mytholo'ies. 2or e6am$le, the Pima /hin 0eather uses &oth names for this haraterand im$lies that the 'od -as alled 7;itoi u$ to a ertain $oint in the story and then took on the name S8e;ehe >ussell !"): =)"?. /he te6t is not e6$liit, and the Pima lan'ua'e is lakin', so one annot seee6atly -here that han'e ha$$ened. 0o'ially, it -ould have &een -hen this 'od and t-o others metafter survivin' a flood. At that $oint there -as a dis$ute over seniority >i.e., -ho had ome to 'roundfirst?, and the other 'ods averred to 7;itoi;s%S8e;ehe;s insistene that he had &een first.

7 onfess that no Pima8Pa$a'o has told me that 7;itoi means <Drink8it8all8u$.< 7 have told this to them,and they have a'reed, &ut they seem to think that the 'od;s name merely sounds like it means <Drink8it8all8u$< in their lan'ua'eLe6atly like that, 7 &elieve. /he reason for their retiene may &e that there isnothin' o&vious in the story of 7;itoi%S8e;ehe to earn him that name. He has no $enhant for drinkin'anythin' in $artiular.

Fn the stren'th of the 2ont te6t, 7 think the reason for his name is his solar $ro$erties >disussed &elo-?. By dryin' thin's out, he seems to drink them u$. /hus, his involvement -ith the mythialflood is a false lead into his name <Drinker.< He does not drink the flood &ut takes refu'e from it.2inally, 7 sus$et that the Drinker name links him to the A+te sun -ho <drank< human &lood. &reak





>!? someone makes stars, >=? the maker $uts them in the sky, and >(? the earth shines, or is lit. /here aredifferenes, ho-ever. Here is the ussell /hin 0eather version as inter$reted into Pima8Pa$a'o $roseand translated &y me: &reak

=anyingi 0o-ohowa nato!a+ h#h## na:to 2 ST$*S 1$<E

)anyingi 0-ohoowa nato!a+ h#h## na:to 2 ST$*S 1$<E

tamai na+gita (a:m dagito $4O=E TH*O!

tc#w#t# mamasi-i "ewed ma:si E$*TH SHO!S

?$lternate last line:tc#w#t# tonoli-i "ewed tonlid E$*TH SH2;ES O;@ .

3ore freely translated:

2 make stars. 2 make stars,Toss a'o)e: Earth shows.

7 make stars.

7 make stars,/oss a&ove:Shine on earth.

/his free translation is true to /hin 0eather;s Pima. 7 sus$et that Juan Smith;s son' -as very nearly thesame &eause the se@uene of ats is the same. Another reason to &elieve the son's are the same is that,in 'eneral, the son's a&out the very earliest thin's in reation tend to &e uniform aross Pima8Pa$a'onarrators. /his -as my im$ression in the !")s and !")s. At this time, narrators -ere $roud of thisuniformity, for it meant a'reement on the most &asi, earliest thin's. 7f sin'ers differed, the differenestended to &e in the myriad son's that ome later in the narrative of -orld history.

Assumin' that the /hin 0eather and Smith son's are the same and that the different translations are

sim$ly more or less aurate, then the $rini$al differene that 7 -ould $oint out, in ritiism ofAllison, is that his translation is too -ordy. What Smith san' @uite onisely, Allison translated @uite-ordily. /his is a matter of style, -hih is im$ortant in my o$inion and the indiations are that theAllison translations are 'enerally too -ordy.

/here are sli'ht differenes of su&stane &et-een the t-o translations. /hin 0eather asri&es themakin' and $uttin' of stars to a sin'le $erson, 1arth Dotor >rendered as <7<? and to Eud'e from thetranslation, Smith asri&es the makin' and $uttin' to a trinity, Jeoss, 1arth Dotor, and Siuuhu>rendered as <-e<?. We -ill never kno- if the Pima te6t used <-e< rather than <7.< 7f it did, 7 sus$etthis -as an innovation on J. Smith;s $art. /hat is, 7 sus$et that far more sin'ers of his era used <7<



rather than <-e< in their versions of this son'.

*. Fther versions of the mytholo'y $ut this e$isode after a flood that omes later.

I. /he -ord for <li'ht,< tonlig is different from <sun,< tas . F&viously more thin's than the sun 'iveli'ht. eall that in the Smith8Allison te6t, $ure li'ht -as reated &y 9od, and the sun and the variousother elestial li'ht soures -ere reated later &y 1arth Dotor.

. /hese hihihs mi'ht &e forms of the ver& <to 'o,< > hi:hi in the $lural, hihhi in the <re$etitive<?, &utDolores must have felt that ontinue

they -ere more mysterious than <'o< or that they -ere $laed in the son' for the sake of their soundand therefore are meanin'less.

. /his story is -idely told, es$eially amon' 3ario$as and other uman lan'ua'e8s$eakin' tri&es.16e$t for this version, 7 have not heard of a $lae named from the story. 7 have not asked if anyonekno-s this $lae.

". /he Pa$a'o te6t atually says <1arth Dotor,< not <2irst Born.< /his -as a translator;s li&erty. /heearlier Pa$a'o $rose se'ments in this te6t do say <2irst Born< onsistently, so that must have &een thisnarrator;s $referene. When he san' the son', ho-ever, he used the more standard name.

'art 84 The $lood

!. But note this differene. 7n the /hin 0eather te6t, the a&normalities alarmed 1arth Dotor, -hoaused the sky to fall on the $eo$le. /hus, the a&normalities aused 'od8sent destrutions. 7n the $resent te6t, the destrution issues from the a&normality itself. 7 ar'ue later that the a&normality is alsoa 'odly at of reation &ut a $erverse one. /hin 0eather has a version of this e$isode, too. 7t is sim$lythat he led u$ to it -ith 1arth Dotor;s destrutions.

=. /he differene &et-een 9od in the Bi&le and 1arth Dotor in this res$et is that 9od did not reatethe earth. /he earth 'athered itself, on 9od;s ommand. 1arth Dotor did reate the earth, from his o-ne6truded su&stane. Fne the earth -as formed, &oth 9od and 1arth Dotor rafted the various lifeforms, 1arth Dotor rather more $hysially and e6$liitly than 9od.

(. Aordin' to /hin 0eather, @uoted in the last $art, this man -as Bu++ard. ote from that te6t that1arth Dotor had hi'h ho$es for Bu++ard, -ho at that time -as a man, $erha$s a $erfet man, not anu'ly arrion8eatin' &ird. 0ater in the mytholo'y, Bu++ard is the means used &y the Hohokam to killSiuuhu. Fnly he had the $o-er, the sun ma'i or $rivile'es, to do so. He is a sun 'od and not a rain 'odlike Si&a and the sisiwa+ >see the disussion of the 2ont te6t?. But he is an e6tra sun 'od in all Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'ies. Siuuhu is the main one. Bu++ard is the Hohokam;s friendly sun 'od Siuuhu istheir <unfriendly< one.

#. 7f the lon'8haired youn' man -as the old man;s son, -hih he -as not, then wosmad -ould &e the $ro$er term. 7n fat, the old man and his dau'hter -ere not kin at all to the &a&y sine the &a&y ame

diretly from the lon'8haired youn' man. ussell;s version of /hin 0eather tells ho- this ha$$ened.Her father told her to feth some of the to$most thorns of the holla atus Gvery thorny,alled <Eum$in' atus< in ontinue

1n'lish. When she o&eyed him he $laed the thorns u$on her Git is ommonly said that he $ut them in her roth, tellin' her not to &e afraid of the youn' man. . . . When he ame . . .after e6han'in' 'ood -ishes for health and ha$$iness, they -ent to the d-ellin' $re$aredfor them. Soon the sreams of a hild aroused old South Dotor Gthe 'irl;s father and his-ife, -ho ame runnin' desirous of seein' their 'randhild. >=)"8=!)?



/he Pa$a'o version of this story in Sa6ton and Sa6ton >!"(: #*8**?, reorded &y Juan Dolores, has anormal marria'e and &irth, not a series of -eddin's leadin' to a hild &orn from the 'room. /he hild;stears ause a flood in this version, as in /hin 0eather and Smith, &ut in this Pa$a'o version the rootause of the flood -as the mother;s refusal to move -ith the father and hild to the father;s homevilla'e. /he father and hild -ent alone, the shamed father left the hild outside his home villa'e, andthe hild ried a flood of tears.

*. 3ost versions say the house is an olla, or Ear, made from reosote &ush 'um. ote that in the /hin0eather te6t reorded at the end of the $revious $art, this &ush is the first livin' thin' that 1arth Dotorreates. Ants, the 'od;s seond reation, slo-ly eat, di'est, and a$$arently e6rete the 'um of this &ushto $rodue the $resent mass of the earth. /hus, the 'um $lus the ants are an earth $lasma.

I. 7n the sky. 3ost versions have him enter his ane and float throu'h the flood.

. ear A$ahe Juntion, Ari+.

. 3ost versions say that the $eo$le turned to stone the instant the do' s$oke and that they an still &efound and seen $etrified on to$ of the mountain. /here are many son's, dreamed &y mediine men,a&out visits to these $etrified $eo$le. eall that the 2ont te6t >$art !? had the Drinker >Siuuhu in thisstory? take refu'e there -ithout turnin' to stone. /he 2ont story therefore laks the re&irth levelin' and

seniority ontestin' of this flood myth, -hih is the myth that 'oes -ith the on@uest mytholo'y.

". /here is a son' a&out this <house< in ussell >!"): =*?. /he son' &e'ins, Tc#koi )a)ahaki , -hihis translated as ;Blak house;. /he first -ord is c#k ;&lak;, in ordinary lan'ua'e, and the seond -ord is)aaki , our ;'reat8house; -ord. /he element Chok in the Smith transri$tion is $ro&a&ly the same;&lak;. Perha$s the element 8 weec#m is the -ord )iikam , ;survivor;, ;remainder;. /he house, therefore,-ould &e ;Blak remainder;.

Ff ourse, it is interestin' to find a lifesavin', floatin' $ot alled a <'reat8house.< Here is my -ritin' ofthe /hin 0eather son' into ontinue

Pima ordinary >versus son'? lan'ua'e, and &elo- it is my literal translation:

C#k waakiC#k waaki Eda +-#lin Eda +-#lin!e:ma/ aai +-himc#d.

Blak floatin'8houseBlak floatin'8house7nside 7 stay7nside 7 stayWith it &ak8and8forth make8me8'o.

!). /his &elon's to the same family of -ords as )akolif , -ords a&out -ater&orne de&ris, -ashin',s-immin', oo+in', rottin', and rustin'.

'art ;4 New %reation and %orn

!. /he Dolores te6ts an &e read as $ositin' no onnetion &et-een the $eo$le of the first reation andon@uerin' emer'ents. /he $ro&lem is that these te6ts are from a variety of narrators, and -e annottell -hat any of these narrators; entire mytholo'y -ould have &een like. 3oreover, not only is theDolores olletion a om$osite &ut Sa6ton and Sa6ton add additional narrators to those reorded &y



Dolores. Sa6ton and Sa6ton;s &ook, therefore, is an or'ani+ed antholo'y of Pa$a'o mytholo'y. 7t is not,like the te6ts of /hin 0eather and Smith, the om$rehensive, or'ani+ed, -ell8onsidered tellin' of one $erson. 7t is analo'ous to an Amerian history om$osed of ha$ters taken from the -orks of differenthistorians.

While not ideal, suh antholo'i+in' is not neessarily evil. /he truth is, -e do not kno- -hether it is soor not, &eause the study of -hole, sin'le8narrator mytholo'ies is a ne- field. eally, /hin 0eather;s is

the only suh -ork $u&lished from the Pima8Pa$a'o >ha$$ily, in three versions?. Smith8Allison is theseond. 7 should say that these are the only lon' -orks. /he Pima narrator Anna 3oore Sha- -rote arelatively short 1n'lish8lan'ua'e &ook of Pima mytholo'y. She meant it for the instrution of hildrenon the virtues of the old life, and so it tends to avoid tales of onflit. /o om$lete this survey, thenative8lan'ua'e ty$esri$t of another Pa$a'o mytholo'y e6ists. 7t -as s$oken &y the narrator 2rank0o$e+ for Bernard 2ontana in the !"I)s. /his -ork has not yet &een 'iven a -ritten 1n'lishtranslation. 2inally, Harold Bell Wri'ht, a &est8sellin' -riter of ins$irational fition in the !"=)s, editedand $u&lished a Pa$a'o mytholo'y that, like Sa6ton and Sa6ton%Dolores, seems to have ome fromseveral narrators. &reak

=. Son's a&out the irularity of the earth are in ussell >!"): ==? and Sa6ton and Sa6ton >!"(: (? &ut these son's are attri&uted to 1arth Dotor at the time of the earth;s reation. /hey do not refer tos$innin' or irular movement > sikol him ?, as in the Smith son's, &ut to the irular form of the ne-lymade earth > sikolim na:to , ;irularly made;?. 7 ima'ine that Smith san' sikol him , not sikol na:to ,and he took his $hrasin' as an e6$ression, or even a $rodut, of Siuuhu;s di++y han'e of heartre'ardin' the seond reation. 7n short, aordin' to Smith, the -orld s$ins &eause Siuuhu han'edhis mind.

(. Seems to &e a hitherto unreorded -ord for the olletivity of <uman< >&y anthro$olo'iallassifiation? lan'ua'e s$eakers. ote, ho-ever, that the 2ont te6t uses the term <F&a< to refer to atri&e or nation of uman8s$eakers. And <F;o&a&< is the Pima8Pa$a'o -ord no- 'enerally used to namethe 3ario$a tri&e, the mem&ers of -hih share reservations -ith the Pimas. Coneiva&ly, Smithatually said one of those t-o -ords oneiva&ly, 2ont;s F&a, today;s F;o&a&, and Smith;s F&niu are

the selfsame -ord and $eo$le.#. /his is the only Pima8Pa$a'o son' 7 kno- of on the ori'in, as o$$osed to the reovery, of a farmro$. 7t is also the only son' 7 kno- of on otton, and it is the only instane of a sin'in' seed. See noteI, &elo-, on ro$ son's in 'eneral.

*. An allusion to a !"()s artoon or ma'a+ine ad

I. Some omments are in order on ho- suh son's are re$orted else-here in the literature on Pima8Pa$a'o. 7n fat, a rih and onsistent reord is availa&le, and it is time for someone to study it >no onehas done so, so far?.

Consistent -ith Smith;s remarks, althou'h he did not $ut the matter so firmly, there seem to &e t-oate'ories of <farmin'< or <ro$< son's. Fne ate'ory, let us all it /y$e A, 'oes -ith his story *,<Corn eturns,< not -ith the son's of his story #, <Corn and /o&ao 0eave.< /here are son's -ith thatCorn and /o&ao story, as -e have seen, &ut they do not have the distintive lin'uistiallyunanaly+a&le <si'nature $hrases< of the t-o ate'ories of farmin' son's. /he <Corn eturns< story isre$orted from throu'hout the Pima8Pa$a'o area. /hus, Underhill makes referene to it in &apago 2ndian *eligion >!"#I: ) she tries to distin'uish it, misleadin'ly 7 think, from a <myth of the orn-oman< that she disusses on ? and Sa6ton and Sa6ton 'ive an e6ellent &ilin'ual version fromDolores in their Aegends and Aore >!"(: =8##?.



/hese /y$e A son's, uniformly in Pima8Pa$a'o ountry, have a distintive, endin' <si'nature< or <all< $hrase, < hi l#, ya a na .< /he $hrase has no o&vious meanin' in the Pima8Pa$a'o lan'ua'e. Different-riters -rite it differently >Hayden -rote Smith;s ren8 soft

dition as Hai lo Hyaan ?. /he a&ove is sim$ly my version, -hih 7 &elieve, ho-ever, to &e $honetiallyorret for more sin'ers than the ones 7 have $ersonally heard.

2inally, the /y$e A son's, at least many of them, seem to &e the thou'hts or statements of the $rini$alharaters of <Corn eturns,< or Corn Woman >&etter alled Corn 3an? myth, a story in -hih the keymale harater is Corn and the key female harater is a human >not orn? -oman. 3ost ommonly, $erha$s, the <7;s< of the son' te6ts refer to, or are taken to &e the -ords of, Corn 3an.

/y$e A son's are $u&lished &y 9. Her+o' >!"(I: ((*?, = son's 2. ussell >!"): (((8((#?, son's D.Sa6ton and 0. Sa6ton >!"(: ="8(), #(8##?, # son's . Underhill >!"#I: 8!?, ! son's.

/y$e B son's seem to have no myth assoiated -ith them. /hey tend to &e a&out rain, thunderin', andro$sLnature and -ater $oetry. /hey are sometimes alled ain Son's >e.'., &y ussell and Her+o'?and an &e taken as $art of a ro$8related rain eremonialism that is distint from the more famous andsalient <-ine drinks< or <atus -ine< eremony >the su&Eet of Smith;s story ?. /he -ine eremonyson's do not have the distintive si'nature $hrase, and the -ine eremony is distint from the

eremonies in -hih /y$e B son's are used.

/y$e B son's are sun' to the aom$animent of a stik sra$ed over another, nothed stik, -ith thelatter $ressed onto a &asket resonator, thus <sra$in' stik son's< >Smith alled them <&asket ru&&in',<the same idea?. 7t is not kno-n -hether /y$e A son's -ere sometimes or normally aom$anied in thesame manner, or -hether, on the ontrary, they -ere normally aom$anied &y shakin' a 'ourd rattle,the more ommon, or <unmarked< form of Pima8Pa$a'o son' aom$animent. >9ourd rattles are usedfor -ine eremony son's, for e6am$le.?

/y$e B son's have a distint all or si'nature &oth at the &e'innin' and at the end, and this si'nature,also not inter$reta&le into Pima8Pa$a'o, is different from that of the /y$e A son's. At the &e'innin', itis somethin' like he eyanayo >as Her+o' -rote it?, and the end has heceya hahena >a'ain, as Her+o'

-rote it?. 7 have heard them sun', res$etively, as 8soiya soiya soiya hi ya nai h# >the &raketed $art,a se$arate initial line, -as in the t-o son's 7 heard? and hi ci ya yai na .

/y$e B son's are $u&lished &y 9. Her+o' >!"(I: ((I?, son's 2. ussell >!"): ((!8((=?, " son'sand . Underhill >!"#I: =8I?, =# son's.

/his makes a total for the t-o ty$es of ( son's. Her+o', ussell, and Sa6ton and Sa6ton 'ive them inPima8Pa$a'o as -ell as in 1n'lish translation, and the Pima8Pa$a'o ori'inals for the Underhill son'smust e6ist in her note&ooks. /here are $ro&a&ly additional ro$ son's in $rint or in arhives, althou'hit seems that ontinue

Densmore;s &apago 1#sic >!"="? laks them. 7n !""!, $erha$s a thousand suh son's -ere in Pima8Pa$a'o sin'ers; minds and memories, &ut $ro&a&ly no one -ho -as not losely assoiated -ith the

traditional a'riulture kno-s suh son's, and no- all those farmers are old and retired. /he son's asoral literature -ill $ro&a&ly die -ith the last old farmers. >7 must note that the /y$e A and /y$e Bson's, -ith their distint si'natures, are different from the otton son' 'iven earlier in this myth. /hatson' laks a voa&le si'nature and is a&out the ori'in of otton raisin'.?

Her+o', in !"(I, traed onnetions &et-een the Pima8Pa$a'o son' si'natures and those of variousPue&lo 7ndian orn or farmin' son's, &ut he only o$ened the door for suh onsiderations and 7 -ouldadd that om$arisons of $oetry, eremony, and myth should also &e made south-ard, startin' -ith thea@uis, es$eially -ith a@ui deer son's >1vers and 3olina !"?. 7t is not idle to om$are deer son's



-ith ro$ or orn son's &eause the Pima8Pa$a'o /y$e B son's, as <sra$in' stik son's,< -ere usedfor deer huntin' and o&tainin' oean salt as -ell as for farmin' and the <Beneath the 1ast< of Pima8Pa$a'o /y$e A son's should &e om$ared -ith the <Wilderness World< of a@ui deer son's.

. A stik die 'ame -hose 'oal is to move a marker alled soiga >;$et;, ;slave;, or ;horse;L&ut kawiy#from S$anish ca'allo is the normal -ord for horse? around a lar'e retan'le marked -ith lines inisedon the 'round. /he 'ame is not unlike a U.S. 3ono$oly8ty$e &oard 'ame, e6e$t it is $layed outdoors

on a retan'ular $layin' surfae, feet &y != >ussell !"): !*8!I?./he terminolo'y of this 'ame, -hih inludes <hi$,< <&urnin',< <fire,< and <house< as -ell as thea&ove8mentioned <$et%slave%horse< >all 'iven in ussell?, seems learly related to the terminolo'y ofthe 3esoamerian &all 'ame >disussed e6tensively &y Sar&orou'h and Wilo6 G!""!?. /herefore'ins may have some relation to the &all ourts of the $rehistori Hohokam. /he relation need not &e of'ins as a redued, mok, or simulated version of former live8$layer Hohokam &all 'ames. 2or onethin', the A+tes had &oth a version of the die 'ame, alled patolli , and a live8$layer &all 'ame.3oreover, Pima8Pa$a'o -omen $layed a lar'e $layin' field stik&all 'ame, alled toka and the menhad kik&all raes. /here are many 'ames, $ro&a&ly all related.

3ythial assoiations -ill &e ruial to esta&lishin' the relations. Conernin' the $resent stories, 7 an

only say that 'ins is the means &y -hih female >mostly? /o&ao and male Corn $arted om$any./o&ao is assoiated -ith rain allin' or rain ma'i, and orn is assoiated -ith unnatural a&undaneon the ondition of nonmarria'e.

. Hai ya haai ya , a standard lamentin' $hrase in son's. /his is not one of the ro$ son' si'natures./hose si'natures and this ontinue

one $ratially e6haust the <voa&le $hrases< >standardi+ed s$eial <-ords< that lak meanin' -ithinordinary s$oken Pima8Pa$a'o?.

". Su$erstition 3ountain is at the east end of Pima ountry, and Santa Cru+ is at the -est. Corn;s home-as some-here &eyond Su$erstition 3ountain. >/a:tkam, of the ne6t note, is atually #) miles south ofSu$erstition 3ountain.? /he version of this story $u&lished &y Sa6ton and Sa6ton >!"(: =8#(? $uts

Corn;s home at <Belo- the 1ast< > Sialig !eco ?, the loation of the Pima8Pa$a'o land of the dead, ortheir $aradise. /he same $lae fi'ures into the end of this story &y Smith.

!). Bahr had thou'ht that this ould &e /a:tkam, the lar'e mountain east of 1loy, Ari+., &eause /hin0eather 'ives that mountain as the home of a Corn 3an, the su&Eet of /y$e A ro$ son's >ussell!"): (((8((# see n. I, a&ove, for ro$ son' ty$es and myths?. Ta:tkam does not mean <hole,<ho-ever. 7t seems to mean <feeler.< /he -ord < )ag < does mean <hole< and <4a'kam< -ould mean<Hole8$lae.< Hayden onfirmed this in a letter of 2e&. !""(.

4atumLa &utte east of 2lorene GAri+. -ith a hole on eah o$$osin' side, 'ivin' thea$$earane of $assin' all the -ay throu'h. 7n !"() 9eor'e Boundy, ustodian of/umaaori Gational 3onument, Ari+., took my father, Dr. 4an Ber'en and Art

Wood-ard to it, laimin' that the a$$arent $assa'e fored a draft throu'h the mountain-hih made for the effiient remation of &odies, hene the Hohokam use of it as arematory and the <smoked< -alls and roof of the <tu&e.< ot so, the holes are notonneted and didn;t 'o throu'h.

!!. 7n a letter of 2e&. !""(, Hayden stated that this means <White /hin.< 7f so, 7 -ould s$ell the Pima $hrase S8toa 5omalk. Hayden understood the $hrase to &e the name of a lon' east8-est mountain ran'enear Blak-ater, Ari+. 7 think this ran'e is normally alled 5o:ma'i, ;9rey;. /hus, 7 think the lastelement is really the -ord for <'rey,< not the -ord for <thin< >or <flat<Lanother translation of<5omalk<?.



!=. 16e$t for the letter <d,< -hih ould &e a ty$in' error, this $hrase is lose to Hayden;s rendition ofthe /y$e A ro$ son' si'nature $hrase as disussed in note I, a&ove.

!(. ote that this e$isode says that the $ro$er use of to&ao is in 'rou$s -hose mem&ers kno- andstate their kinshi$ -ith eah other. /o kno- those relations, $eo$le must kno- their $arenthood. 7nPima8Pa$a'o and 7 su$$ose in all soieties, the institution of marria'e serves to make $arenthood lear./hus, this e$isode on the $ro$er use of to&ao underlines -hat 7 take to &e ontinue

the theme of this $art, that -ith the ne- food ro$s ame the re'ulari+ation of marria'e. /o&ao;sfather insists on it. o dou&t he kne- that he -as /o&ao;s father, &ut he insisted that all $eo$le kno-suh thin's. /hey annot smoke -ithout testifyin' to that kno-led'e.

'art +4 The Whore

!. See the last story in this mytholo'y, story (I, for more on the A$ahes.

=. /he $lae -here this mytholo'y -as reorded.

(. /his &reath8sendin' seems to ali'n Cadi'um -ith a sented $lant like to&ao. We may s$eulatethat the adi'um sent is as far8reahin' as to&ao smoke, &ut the adi'um $lant does not need to &e

&urned to &e sensed at suh a distane. Cadi'um is a no8smoke, no8fire to&ao <su&stitute.<#. ote the resem&lane &et-een the first and third lines of this son' and the Amerian son', <Fld3Donald<. While 7 &elieve that there -as a Pima son' &eneath this translation, and that theresem&lane to <Fld 3Donald< is lar'ely oinidental, 7 also sus$et that some Smith son's,inludin' this one and the mother;s lament in story !), de$art from traditional Pima8Pa$a'o $oeti $ratie in that they o$enly voie a om$laint a'ainst another live, usually family, $erson. /hus,althou'h the $arallelism &et-een <Fld 3Donald< and this son' may &e oinidental, the emer'ene inSmith of <$rotest son' $oetry< may reflet an Amerian ultural influene.

*. /hese ould &e &i&lial referenes, to Sodom and some other &i&lial $lae >$ro&a&ly not 9omorrah,as that seems a little too remote from the renderin' of this -ord?.

I. /his must &e the syno$sis, not the translation, of the son'.

'art >4 #riin of Wine and Irriation

!. 16am$les of <-ine drinks< s$eehes are $u&lished &y ussell >!"): (#8(*=? from the Pima and &ySa6ton and Sa6ton >!"(: ((*8((I, ((8(("? and Underhill et al. >!"": !8(*? from the Pa$a'o. /he/hin 0eather orn myth s$eehes are different from the rain te6t $u&lished &y ussell, and ussell;solletion laks those orn myth s$eehes.

=. 7t is @uite likely that from Hohokam times on there -as a loal >Sonoran Desert8-ide? distintion &et-een iver Peo$le, -ho ta$$ed $ermanently flo-in' rivers for -ater, and Desert Peo$le, -ho ould

not and did not &eause they had no rivers to ontinueta$. /hus, Smith and Allison may have felt that -ine feasts are the only reourse of the Desert Peo$le,or of the rustis. /rue, &ut note the ori'in of -ine feasts in the Pima /hin 0eather;s /o&ao and Cornmyth. o-, one mi'ht take this as evidene that the Pimas -ere not fully alimated to the rivers, that a $eo$le truly ommitted to river ta$$in' -ould not have -ine feasts or rain eremonies at all, or that atruly river8alimated $eo$le -ould not have the mytholo'ial <$rofile< on to&ao and rainfall that -eo&serve for the Pima as -ell as the Pa$a'o. 7t is an interestin' idea &eause it makes one -ish toom$are Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'y -ith the mytholo'ies of other, $erha$s more ommitted andentrali+ed irri'ation ivili+ations.



(. Ogali , the fathers of the ogali lan or si&. 7t is im$ortant to note that the first of these three si&s &elon's to the Coyote moiety, the seond &elon's to the Bu++ard moiety, and the third is onsidered to &e <moietyless< >Underhill !"(": ()8(#?. 3issin' from this mythi -ine eremony is one additional si&name from eah moiety, A$ki'am from the Coyotes and Wa-'am from the Bu++ards. 0ater, in story!I, it -ill &e said, some-hat am&i'uously, that all or an im$ortant $art of the Pima8Pa$a'o army -asom$rised of Coyote si& mem&ers. Had Smith identified the $eo$le of this myth as &ein' entirely and

e6lusively Bu++ards >om$rised e6lusively of )a) and ma:m si& mem&ers?, then the ase ould &emade that an army om$rised of <Coyotes< defeated and inor$orated the Hohokam, -ho -ere all<Bu++ards.< Suh an idea may have &een at the &ak of Smith;s mind, and Hayden >!")? onsidered ita novel and $lausi&le solution to the lon'standin' arhaeolo'ial riddle of -hat &eame of the $rehistori Hohokam $eo$le or ulture, &ut 7 annot say that Smith atually said that.

#. /his does not resound -ith other Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'ies. /here is a -ell8kno-n myth a&out athreatened eru$tion of sea-ater from a hole near Santa osa, Ari+. >Sa6ton and Sa6ton G!"(: (#!8(#'ive a 'ood &ilin'ual version?, &ut that is o&viously not -hat this myth says. Smith and Allison use thise$isode of salt-ater de$letion to set the sta'e for the ori'in of irri'ation: if Siuuhu ould di' a hole toollet the oean, humans ould at least di' anals.

*. See the A$$endi6. /he loation -ould either &e the site alled 0os 3uertos or the one alled Pue&lo9rande. 7f the former, the anal had its ta$ into the Salt iver near 9ranite eef Dam, as Smith8Allisonsay. 7f the latter, the river ta$ -as onsidera&ly do-nstream near today;s /em$e.

I. /o-a 5uadam Fks, ;White 1ater Fld8-oman;. As 2e-kes $oints out, there is little dou&t that this isthe Pima8Pa$a'o name for the same -oman8'od that avaEos and Ho$is, for e6am$le, ontinue

all variously <White Shell Woman,< <Woman of Hard Su&stane,< and <Chan'in' Woman.< /he Pimasloate her in the -est. 7 am not sure a&out the other mytholo'ies. But the Pimas, unlike those other $eo$les, do not really have myths a&out her. /o them she is a true and im$ortant harater of other $eo$les; mytholo'ies, and she merely has a ameo -alk8on role in their o-n. 7t is the same -ithanother -oman8'od -hom they all <9reen 9irl< >S8eheda'i Cehia?: She fi'ures $rominently inuman >3ario$a, uman, 3oEave, Coo$a? mytholo'y, as a youn' -oman -ho, as a fro', ate her

father;s fees after he almost tried to make love -ith her. Pima8Pa$a'o tell his story, &ut they tell it as aforei'n, in that ase 3ario$a, myth. /hey tell the $rose in Pima8Pa$a'o and sin' the son's in3ario$a. 7 onsider that these t-o -omen haraters are different and are foal haraters in t-odifferent &ut oordinate mytholo'ies. 9enerally, a $eo$le -ho have one of the -omen do not have theother. And the Pima8Pa$a'o, as 7 said, have neither they kno- a&out &oth &ut ae$t neither as $ertainin' diretly to their history. /hey do have an e@uivalent for these -omen, ho-ever. She is the'irl of the ne6t story, of the ne6t $art, -ho 'ives &irth to a -ith.

. See $revious note.

. /his s@uares -ith the loational analysis in the introdution to this $art. 7t im$lies that theen'ineerin' $ro&lems for the Hohokam anal system servin' sites in today;s 3esa and south /em$e

area -ere 'reater than those for the anals servin' today;s entral Phoeni6. Clearly, the 3esa systemori'inates u$stream of the Phoeni6 system. 7t may in fat &e the lon'er, more om$le6, and therefore $olitially more oordinated system.

'art ?4 5ornin Green %hief and the Wit.h

!. 7 think this is ty$ial of orth Amerian and $erha$s of all tri&al, or sim$ly of all human,mytholo'ies. /hese are stories that treat of reations and ori'ins in lon'8a'o times. /hey are sared andtell of mirales. As a rule, or at least as a stron' tendeny, these stories lak normal human $roreation.



Fne may say that they lak it $reisely &eause a 'ood deal of their sared and miraulous reation is,as 2reud -ould say, su&limated ><made su&lime<? se6ual $roreation. Suh reation is instead of se6ual $roreation. 7t is ahieved &y retainin' one mem&er of the normal $roreatin' $air, man or -oman, and &y kee$in' that $erson a-ay from normal oitus -ith the o$$osite se6. /his $erson normallymani$ulates or omes into ontat -ith a su&limated form of the o$$osite se6 >molds feminine earth,eats masuline -orm, et.?. 2inally and $erha$s a sensitive issue to feminism, 'enerally only man8'ods,

not -oman8'ods, reate humans e6ternal to their &odies >e.'., the ontinue'od sits and molds mud?. Perha$s this is not stritly true, and insofar as it is true it may not &ea&horrent to feminists. 7 am not a-are that this to$i has &een surveyed and Eud'ed relative to orthAmerian myth or tri&al myth in 'eneral.

=. 7 onsider this to &e like $roreation. 7t re$resents a -oman8enated ounter$art to the moldin' of $eo$le from srath &y Siuuhu, et. 7t is a -oman;s <reation< of a harater outside her &ody. As suh,it ontradits or @ualifies the rule on e6ternal reation as stated in the $revious note.

(. /his may &e @ui&&lin', &ut $arrots are not $eo$le. /he old -oman does not e@ual the reator man8'ods.

#. Another instane of this is a 'reen ha-k that is formed from the smoke from the &akin' -ith. 7 take

it that this ha-k is solar, and yet its olor is e6$liitly 'reen >Sa6ton and Sa6ton !"(: ="*8()#?.

*. As noted a&out the Wind and Cloud myths, ho-ever, this tendeny is not a&solute. /here is a loss ofWind and Cloud myth in -hih the friends retreat to the east.

I. Uam u:-i, ;ello- Bu++ard;.

/he /hin 0eather version of this story has the t-o families, the mother;s and the <father;s,< livin'res$etively at Casa 9rande uin and a $lae a&out =) miles to the southeast, near a mountain alled/a:tkam in Pima8Pa$a'o, -hih is the lar'e mountain Eust to the east of 1loy, Ari+. /hin 0eather andSmith8Allison a'ree that the father;s side is assoiated -ith the sun ><Sun 3eeter< in /hin 0eather,<ello- Bu++ard< in Smith8Allison?. /hin 0eather e6$liitly assoiates the mother;s side -ith -ater><3ornin' 9reen Chief,< tur@uoises, et.? and Smith8Allison do so im$liitly, if 7 am orret that thediretion -est onnotes -etness.

Smith;s identifyin' the mother as a 3oEave and his attahin' the <father;s< family to ello- Bu++ardali'ns his version of this story to a myth alled the 2lute 0ure. /his myth is kno-n &y Pima8Pa$a'o,and it a$$ears in several olletions >e.'., Densmore !"=": *#8?, &ut they 'enerally onsider it to &e a3ario$a or 3oEave narrative. 7t is similar to the <ho;ok< myth in that it treats the areer of a $erson &orn of a human -oman. 7n the ho;ok story, this $erson is fathered miraulously &y a kik&all, -hile inthe 2lute 0ure story, the $erson >atually t-in &oys? is fathered miraulously from under'round andthrou'h -ater &y a 'o$her.

Smith;s mytholo'y laks a version of the 2lute 0ure story, e6e$t that he uses the 2lute 0ure 'eo'ra$hy,so to s$eak, to o$en his version of the ho;ok.

. ussell;s /hin 0eather 'ives five son's that are said to have &een sun' on this oasion >=8="?.Sa6ton and Sa6ton;s t-o ontinue

versions of the story lak son's and, so far as 7 kno-, the <Ho;ok killin'< son's in ussell are the onlyones that have &een reorded so far. /hose five ontain many $assa'es that ussell and his hel$ersould not understand. 7 annot understand them either.

. 3uhada'. 3ost versions of this story $ut the loation of the dane near the $resent Pa$a'o villa'e ofPoso 4erde, Sonora, 3e6io and Smith himself stated earlier in the story that the 'irl 're- u$ >and



$resuma&ly met her end? in Pa$a'o ountry. /his does not $relude that Siuuhu mi'ht have &eensummoned from his residene at a mountain in Pima ountry, near today;s Phoeni6, &ut it -ould havemade it a lon' tri$. >Some Pa$a'o versions of the story, 7 &elieve, $lae his residene at this time nearBa&o@uivari 3ountain in Pa$a'o ountry.?

". /he most $rominent mountain on today;s Pa$a'o or /ohono F;odham reservation.

!). Pa$a'o or /ohono F;odham villa'e Eust south of the U.S.%3e6io &order, () miles south ofBa&o@uivari mountain.

!!. 7 s$eulate that 2e-kes $ut this term in @uotations &eause the other settlement in @uestion may nothave &een referred to as a <'reat8house< >-a;aki?. 7n the most restritive sense, it seems that the term-as reserved for Casa 9rande uin and for various distant, osmi $laes suh as the <Shinin' 9reat8house< named in the eremonial s$eeh &y Corn in the /hin 0eather version of the Corn and /o&aomyth. /hus, $laes suh as the settlement in this myth are 'reat8houses &y e6tension or &y ourtesy.

!=. 2e-kes had /hin 0eather stayin' -ith him at Casa 9rande uin, hene the detail in this narrative.

!(. /he first t-o sylla&les add u$ to tas , ;sun;. /he remainin' three sylla&les annot $ossi&ly yieldthe rest of that line, &ut they are $ro&a&ly the first line of the son'. 2e-kes should have -ritten do-n

all the sylla&les, start to finish, then one mi'ht use his 1n'lish sketh to $iee the son' &ak to'ether.

'art @4 $eather Braided %hief and the Gam<ler

!. But for one, not /hin 0eather. He says that -arrior $urifiation did ori'inate throu'h the killin' ofthe ea'le, &ut he does not say that 1lder Brother the ea'le killer $assed throu'h it. or, therefore, doeshe mention an old -oman as offiiant or $urifier.

=. /he Pima8Pa$a'o lan'ua'e does not have 'ender8s$eifi $ersonal $ronouns >e.'., <he< and <she< vs.<it<?. 7nstead, it has unise6 $ronouns e@uivalent to <it< >or <that one,< <this one,< et.?. /hus, unless it ismade lear -ith a noun >e.'., <that girl <?, one ontinue

annot tell the se6 of the $erson referred to in a sentene. /his makes it inonvenient to translate Pima8Pa$a'o into 1n'lish, &eause 1n'lish re@uires that $ersonal $ronouns &e 'enderi+ed and to use the'enderless <it< in 1n'lish translation im$lies that the thin' &ein' referred to is not human, or not evenanimate. Here -e see Allison shiftin' &et-een <it< and <he< at a $oint -hen the story has not yeto$enly stated that the &a&y is a &oy.

(. /his son' is remote from any Pima8Pa$a'o son' kno-n to me. 7 have not heard any son' as hidin'and om$lainin', or one mi'ht say, as tattlin', as this one and 7 do not kno- any Pima8Pa$a'oe6$ressions $reisely e@uivalent to <nau'hty< and <sold.< /his is not to say that somethin' very likethis son' -as not sun', &ut 7 -ish 7 had heard it.

#. Gins , a stik die 'ame.

*. 7 have heard this $lae alled Wa- S8do;i', ;ok a-;. /he latter -ord refers to the smell of ra-meat, &lood, fish, and female 'enitals. <otten< is a different -ord > s-/ew ?. /he im$liation of usin'<ra-< for this $lae is that the or$ses did not rot &ut remained rankly fresh. /he $lae is said to &e eastof Pima8Pa$a'o ountry, $erha$s in today;s A$ahe ountry. Smith8Allison affirm the <ok a-<name in the ne6t story, -hih says that Siuuhu told the $eo$le to all the ea'le killin' $lae, <Cliff thatsmells like &lood.<

I. /herefore, althou'h not mentioned in the flood story, he must have found a -ay to save himselfe@uivalent to the -ays found &y 1arth Dotor, Siuuhu, and Coyote. 7n fat, no kno-n Pima8Pa$a'oflood story involves a a-iu harater. 7t is as if the a-iu harater is an <e6tra< to that strand of





Pima8Pa$a'o ontinue

literature in the introdution. 7t is ertain that the atual s$eeh -ould have &een more diffiult to 'ivethan this $rose $reis. /he @uestion is -hether 9aria ould have 'iven the s$eeh if he -as asked todo so for a ure or some other eremony and if he had time in -hih to all it to mind.

!. <omtan and k#:p , &oth used for siknesses $ertainin' to -arfare and -ar $urifiation.

!". Gohimeli and hiwc#lida , the first for the t-o ni'hts of danin' that $reede the -ine drinks, theseond &ein' the /y$e B ro$ son's, disussed earlier. 7 do not onsider this to &e a $ro$er myth ofori'in of those son's, sine the son's are mentioned as a@uired as a &lok, alon' -ith three other &loks of son's. A $ro$er ori'in myth, 7 think, -ould have the son's a$$ear one &y one, on someator;s li$s, like arias in an o$era, as the Creation and various other kinds of son's ori'inate in theSmith8Allison te6t.

=). But not as $o-erful as the son's atually used &y mediine men to dia'nose siknesses, the so8alled d#a/ida son's. 7n this $assa'e 9aria is mainly res$ondin' to Densmore;s lar'e interest in son's.She ame to the tri&e to -rite a &ook on their musi.

=!. /his is the first mention of the old -oman in the te6t. Densmore does not omment on that fat.

A$$arently this -oman is neither the 'randmother of the literalist &oy nor the -ife of the ea'le. She is Eust an old -oman.

==. /his is $ro&a&ly Eust an 1n'lish $ara$hrase of the son'. Sine the Pa$a'o te6t is not 'iven, it is notsafe to $onder the 1n'lish -ords and meanin's.

'art 4 Siuuhu:s Death and !esurre.tion

!. /he loss of the $aradisiaal relation -ith Corn8man, et., is also 1deni, &ut no 'reat human sin isinvolved. /hose are stories of humanity;s lost innoene -hen no one @uite kne- -hat -as ha$$enin'.Smith8Allison;s Siuuhu himes into them after the fat -ith his se6ual morality, &ut this seems differentfrom 9od;s $re8 and $oste6$ulsion relation to Adam and 1ve. Suh a relation is no- at stake &et-een

Siuuhu and the Hohokam.=. !#aga in Pima8Pa$a'o. /hese are desri&ed entho'ra$hially in Underhill >!"#I:=*(8=I)? andauto&io'ra$hially in Underhill >!"(?. Alon' -ith -ine feasts and ele&rations for -ar vitories, the $u&erty eremonies -ere the 'reat festive and onvivial oasions of nineteenth8entury Pima8Pa$a'olife.

(. <Fn this vie- Gie&uhr;s, the evil -e find in history is not . . . an aidental or transient thin' it isloated in the $ermanent ontinue

human ondition of ;ori'inal sin,; sym&oli+ed &y the ;2all.; 7n sim$lest terms, -hat this dotrine assertsis ;the o&vious fat that all men are $ersistently inlined to re'ard themselves more hi'hly and are moreassiduously onerned -ith their o-n interests than any o&Eetive vie- of their im$ortane -ould

-arrant.; . . . Sin is the tendeny to re&el a'ainst 9od< >Dray !"I#: !)), @uotin' . ie&uhr, The 2ronyof $merican History , !"*=?.

#. See story *. A &a&y -as &orn from a 'irl -ho ate a -orm from the orn8man;s hair. Siuuhu ausedthe mother to dro$ the &a&y, -hih killed it.

*. Here &e'ins the $rose tellin' of -hat is also told in -ar oratory. Bahr >!"*? om$ares three versionsof the oration that 'oes -ith this e$isode, one from /hin 0eather, one from another Pima named/homas 4anyiko, and one from the Pa$a'o Juan 9re'orio.

I. /he version $u&lished &y ussell >on ==I?, from /hin 0eather, states that these under-orld $eo$le



had not &een reated there, as Smith says here, &ut -ere reated &y 1arth Dotor on the earth;s surfae $rior to the 'reat flood. 1arth Dotor saved them from dro-nin' &y ena&lin' them to $ass throu'h ahole in the earth into the under-orld. He made the hole for them -ith his $o-erful ma'i ane.Althou'h 7 have heard Pa$a'os say the same thin', the summary fo Pa$a'o mytholo'y $u&lished &yUnderhill >!"#I: !!? leaves this $oint moot. While it e6$lains the $resent $eo$le as emer'ents from theunder-orld, it neither laims nor denies that this $eo$le had any $rior u$$er-orldly e6$eriene.

Smith im$lies the same thin' in his story !, -here he says that the Primas <ame< from a man reatedon the earth;s surfae &y 1arth Dotor and Siuuhu. 7t is fair to say that Smith is am&i'uous on thisissue, unlike /hin 0eather >in ussell? and, of ourse, Smith;s mytholo'y laks the e$isode, $resent inussell >=!!?, in -hih 1arth Dotor made a hole in the earth for the anestral Pima8Pa$a'o to $assdo-n throu'h.

. ote ho- this makes 1e8ee8toy%Siuuhu a sun 'od. His rays -ither thin's.

. All the te6ts in Sa6ton and Sa6ton are 'iven &oth in Pima8Pa$a'o and 1n'lish. /hus, one an hekon the ori'inal -ordin'. /he -ord translated as <hief< is gee/ig , ;one8made8&i';. /his is a standard-ord for hief. Si'nifiantly, the -ord siwa+ -as not used. 7n this te6t, siwa+ serves as the $ersonalname of the man -ho killed 7;itoi. We kno- that there are other te6ts in -hih the -ord is used as a

status term ><hief<? rather than as an individual;s name and -e an ima'ine te6ts a&out the Hohokamera in -hih some hiefs are alled siwan and other are alled gee/ig , the sisiwa+ &ein' the 'reat8house heads, the gee/ig &ein' lesser hiefs or, as in this te6t, hiefs of a re'ion outside 'reat8houseontrol. &reak

". /his <&elo-< seems to mean the under-orld, as if the a&ove8'round south hief ontrols theommuniation to the under-orld. /he $assa'e translated as <$eo$le &elo-< is t-weco hema/kam , ;us8 &elo- $eo$le;, or more freely, ;$eo$le &elo- us;.

'art *4 The %onuest until Buard

!. 3ore te6ts on the on@uest are 'reatly desired. 7 may say that 7 have heard narrators from the Santa

osa area of the Pa$a'os name all of the $laes mentioned &y /hin 0eather, so a lon' 9ila and Saltiver valley on@uest is a Pa$a'o as -ell as a Pima idea. But 7 have heard narrators from 9unsi'ht andCharo = villa'es, in the -est of Pa$a'o ountry, say that there -as only one Si-aO, -ho lived atCasa 9rande ational 3onument. /hese narrators s$eak of a &attle a'ainst Bu++ard near today;s 9ilaBend, Ari+. 9ila Bend is !)) miles to the -est8south-est of Snaketo-n and is &eyond the so$e of theSmith8Allison and /hin 0eather &attle narratives.

=. Smith;s story !" has Bu++ard a$tured and sal$ed at an unidentified loation, &ut his story =identifies Pue&lo 9rande uin, in Phoeni6, as Bu++ard;s <house.< Bu++ard is not mentioned in the latere$isode, $resuma&ly &eause he has already &een su&dued. /hin 0eather assi'ns another hief to the'reat8house at Pue&lo 9rande, and so does Smith in his narrative of this later &attle. Smith must havethou'ht of the latter hief as Bu++ard;s assistant. 7 am sur$rised to see Bu++ard so losely assoiated-ith a to-n and hief. /o me, the /hin 0eather version of Bu++ard as a sun 'od and a loner, aounter$art to Siuuhu, makes more sense, &ut 7 do not dis$ute Smith;s loatin' Bu++ard at a reo'ni+ed'reat8house.

(. 0ynne /ea'ue and William Deaver have made suh a re'istry and have studied the on@uest myths./hey onluded that <all of the settlements definitely loated &y the Pima are, in fat, Classi $eriod $latform mound sites arhaeolo'ially kno-n to have &een surmounted &y houses $ro&a&ly inha&ited &y reli'ious and $olitial leaders< >!"": !*?. Ff ourse, this does not $rove that the on@uestourred. /he Pimas -ould have &een uno&servant had they not notied the mounds, &ut notiin' them



does not $rove that their anestors on@uered them. /he $ro&lem remains that other mytholo'ies $laydo-n the on@uest, and still others loate and fi'ure it differently from Smith8Allison and /hin 0eather.See note ! for remarks on some of these different mytholo'ies.

#. As the A$$endi6 and the te6ts sho-, the &attle at this $lae is limati, that is, the hardest fou'htand most $rotrated. >7t has ontinue

a final $hase in -hih the defeated Si-aO is hunted do-n as a fu'itive.? /here are &attles later at otherHohokam 'reat8houses, to the north and -est of Casa Blana. Why -as this $lae made ritial

A$art from the $ossi&ility that it atually -as so in a. !#)), -hih annot &e $roven, itseems si'nifiant that Casa Blana -as a$$ro6imately in the enter of the territory held &y the Pimas inthe ei'hteenth and nineteenth enturies. 7f it -as at the middle of their land, -hih -as stron'ly $ressed &y A$ahes, it makes sense that the Pimas -ould onsider Casa Blana the enter of anient Hohokamresistane, the ome, so to s$eak, of the Hohokam.

*. As -e -ill see, the Pima8Pa$a'o emer'e first in 1uro$e.

I. asia, a -oman harater, a 'oddess, -hose name does not seem to &e of Pima8Pa$a'o ori'in. She ismentioned in a Pima -ar s$eeh or oration $u&lished &y ussell >(*? &ut is not a maEor harater inany Pima myth kno-n to me. 7n /hin 0eather;s myth on the theft of Chief 3ornin' 9reen;s -ives, a-oman alled ati is said to &e 3ornin' 9reen;s dau'hter. /his -oman married /ernatsin', the thiefor -inner of 3ornin' 9reen;s -ife. /hat is the only onrete referene to a asia in any Pima8Pa$a'omyth that 7 kno-. See the myth at the end of $art I.

. T#a k#adam oks , literally, <White eater old lady,< the name of a female harater for -hih there is a-ell8defined and -idely told myth, 'enerally alled the 2lute 0ure story. A lon' and 'ood version is inDensmore >!"=": **8?. Althou'h told in Pima8Pa$a'o, the story is 'enerally onsidered to &e of3oEave or 3ario$a ori'in, and its son's are sun' in a lan'ua'e understood to &e 3ario$a. /here isno version of the 2lute 0ure Story in Juan Smith;s mytholo'y, and this is Smith;s only referene to its $rini$al female harater. 3ost $eo$le -ho kno- the story do not e@uate this harater -ith the

mysterious asia. /he same -oman harater a$$ears in 0loyd;s version of the ori'in of irri'ation >$art*?.

. 7f 7 understand Smith orretly here, he thinks that to D#aid#m oB , althou'h said in Pima, is in fatthe Pima translation of a 3ario$a name >7 a'ree -ith this? that assya is an anient Pima -ord >7dou&t this on the &asis of ho- it sounds &ut annot e6$lain -hy? and that the t-o -ords or namesdesi'nate the same mythi $erson >7 onsider them distint as e6$lained in the $revious note?.

". /his referene to an oean rossin' $rior to the main narrative of on@uest is uni@ue to Smith8Allison.

!). A$$arently in 1uro$e.

!!. /his $air of son's orres$onds to a lar'er son' om$osition from /hin 0eather, in ussell, alled<Fn 1mer'ene from the ontinue

ether-orld< >=)?. Where Smith 'ives a $air of t-o8line son's >total of four lines?, ussell 'ives suha $air, follo-ed &y another $air of three8line son's >total of ten lines?. Sim$ly, the first lines of Smith;s $air >/he land is 'ettin' loser % the mountains are 'ettin' loser? orres$ond to the first lines ofussell;s /hin 0eather;s seond, three8line $air >5usi tohai tutu-uta>r? tamai tiitiviaka nyuhunati %5usi tok-e totovaku tamait a8ahuka nyuhunati literally, White land u$on arrivin' sin'in' % Blakmountains u$on reahin' sin'in'?. 7n this instane >and, of ourse, there are additional lines in the /hin0eather son's?, Smith o$$oses <land< and <mountain,< -hile /hin 0eather o$$oses those $lus <-hite<



and <&lak< and <arrivin'< and <reahin'< >distint -ords in Pima?. /hin 0eather outdoes Smith inthese $artiular son's.

!=. /hin 0eather has the same e$isode &ut -ith the e@uivalent of Smith8Allison;s Sivain livin' near the $resent Casa Blana villa'e. He is alled Blak Sine- Chief. He sends his son to in@uire of 3ornin'9reen Chief at Casa 9rande >no-? uin. Atually, Smith8Allison end u$ -ith their Si-aO fi'htin' hislast &attle at Casa Blana. /he $resent referene to a $lae near today;s 9lendale, #) miles north-est of

Casa Blana, ould &e an error that Smith later orreted.!(. A$ki'am and A$a$'am, t-o <lan< or <si&< names, &oth inluded in a hi'her <moiety< 'rou$in'alled the Ban We:m'al, ;Coyote Gas Hel$er;. Distint from them are the 3a:m'am and 4av'am lansor si&s, -hih &elon' to the Qu:-i We:m'al, ;Bu++ard Gas Hel$er;. Also e6istin' &ut lakin' a <Hel$er<>either not lassed at all or not so readily lassed as to <moiety<? is the F'ali lan or si&. Underhill>!"(": (!8(#? 'ives a 'ood disussion of this system amon' the Pa$a'os, &ut -hat she says also holdsfor the Pimas.

!#. Who -ere not the -hole of -hat &eame today;s system or inventory of lans and moieties.S$eifially, the <Bu++ard< $ortion is lakin' and as Hayden &elieves >!")? and Juan Smith says>story !?, that $ortion -as inor$orated &y on@uest. /o them, the Bu++ards desend from the

on@uered Hohokam, in $art at least. Atually, as stated in n. !!=, Hayden is more firm on this $ointthan Smith.

!*. And therefore the ontent of Sivian;s son' -as dreamed &y a man near the oean.

!I. An attri&ution of -et $o-er to the Hohokam &ut not to a $erson alled Si-aO, ;Chief;. Coneiva&ly,this -oman mi'ht have that status, &ut the te6t does not say so. or -ould Smith8Allison say so, sinethey onsider that there is only one Si-aO.

!. /his statement an &e inter$reted t-o -ays: either that the advanin' emer'ents made their homes-here the destroyed ontinue

Jakra&&it 1aters had lived or that the Jakra&&it 1aters, fleein' into 3e6io, made homes on land thatthey 'ained there &y on@uest: the ones -ho fled &eame on@uerers.

!. Pro&a&ly 5o:lo;o'am, ;Whi$$oor-ill; >e.'., Sa6ton, Sa6ton, and 1nos !"(: ((?, a &ird very like theloal ni'htha-k >Peterson !"I!: !*!, !I*?.

ote that here the emer'ents, $eo$le @uite like today;s 7ndians, are makin' an animal >&ird? s$eies, anat that one -ould not have thou'ht $ossi&le, 'iven Smith8Allison;s aounts of earlier stru''les &et-een humans and 'ods over the $o-er of reation.

ote also that Hayden;s s$ellin' of this $ro&a&le -hi$$oor -ill -ord is not so different from the -ords$elled as <Cadi'um< in story #. Smith8Allison thou'ht that the -ord meant a &ird, &ut on the stren'thof a similar -ord in 0loyd;s /hin 0eather, 7 onsider it to &e a $lant name. Sine 7 ima'ine that Hayden-ould have heard the <l< if it had &een $art of the first name, 7 onsider these to &e t-o different -ords,

so 7 -ill stay -ith the idea that <adi'um< is a $lant name.!". /his is a mediine man in the $roess of divinin' or <seein'.< As mentioned in note E, $art !, 7 takethis to &e the essential ativity of mediine men% mamakai . Here the o&Eet of the divination is anenemy, Bu++ard. Pa$a'o mediine men did the same sort of seein' in their -arfare a'ainst A$ahes.Underhill >!"#I, !""? disusses it.

=). Here is another essential mediine man% mama:kai ativity, the use of animals or s$irit hel$ers tolearn a&out and to affet >e.'., disa&le? enemies, 'ame animals, et. F-ls are often used for this $ur$ose. /hey are understood to &e s$irits of the dead. Peo$le are said to turn into o-ls after dyin'.



=!. Pro&a&ly sel +ei , ;strai'ht son';, a term meant to desi'nate the kind of dane ste$ orhoreo'ra$hy that 'oes alon' -ith the sin'in'. /hus, there are <irle< and <strai'ht< danes. 7n thefirst, $eo$le Eoin hands and move ounterlok-ise in a lar'e irle, and in the seond, they formstrai'ht lines and advane and retreat, often fain' $eo$le in an o$$osin' strai'ht line.

/he most im$ortant kind of strai'ht danin', the one relevant here, is for 'irls; adolesene or $u&ertyeremonies, alled w#aga . >/he son's used for these ould e@ually &e alled <strai'ht son's< or

<-ua'a son's<?. /hese eremonies, that -ere ele&rated over many days and ni'hts, and other &ut notall eremonies as -ell -ere oasions for lovemakin'.

3any versions of the mytholo'y, inludin' /hin 0eather;s, attri&ute these son's to Siuuhu, and thesemytholo'ies also state that Siuuhu -as killed &eause he $estered or stole the 'irls at the danes. Smith'ives a different reason for Siuuhu;s murder, and in ontinue

the $resent story he attahes the eremonies to Bu++ard rather than Siuuhu.

==. /his ould &e a referene to Snaketo-n, the site of the e6avations. /he te6t >from a Pa$a'o, viaDolores? 'ives 5o;oi 5i:, ;attlesnake House;, as the name of the $lae, -hile the more usual Pimaname for Snaketo-n is S8ko:ko;o-ik, 3any attle8snakes;.

=(. 3ount 0emon, near /uson, is 'enerally alled 2ro' 3ountain, &ut the usual reason 'iven &y Pima8Pa$a'o is that the 3ario$as and umas have a story in -hih a 'irl fro' ><9reen Woman,< see n. I, $art #? eats her father;s fees. /he father dies from this, and the 'irl flees east-ard, eventually reahin'and stayin' thereafter at 2ro' 3ountain. 7f that mountain is meant in this story, the im$liation is thatthe $lae of emer'ene is some-here rather far to the south of /uson, e.'., in 3e6io. But this te6tseems most fra'mentary, and it is likely that Densmore either reeived or rendered it 'ar&led.

=#. ote that &oth of these skin uttin's eho -hat Smith8Allison;s and /hin 0eather;s -arriors do toBu++ard. Hendriks has that e$isode as -ell, in the ne6t te6tual su$$lement.

'art )34 The %onuest until Siwa Wa:a/i

!. ;Bad Willo-8$lae; G7 think. <Willo-8$lae< is the name of a Pa$a'o villa'e north of Santa osa. As7 understand it, this story &elon's $artiularly to that $eo$le, and they take their $lae8name from a-illo-y $lae -here they formerly lived, some say around the loation of the $resent8day to-n ofNueen Creek, Ari+., &et-een the 9ila and Salt rivers, =) or () miles northeast of Snaketo-n>Snaketo-n is loated -here that reek Eoins the 9ila iver?.

=. <3esal< $ro&a&ly means the a'ave atus > $ga)e americana ?, -hih is sometimes alled mesalatus.

(. /his is the e6at -ordin' of the manusri$t. 7 annot envision the sene learly.

#. /his <mind< ould &e a misty$in' of <-ind.< /here are many son's that say <'reen -ind,< &ut this-ould &e the first kno-n to me that says <'reen mind.< ote that the $air of son's seem to 'rant solar

><shinin'<? and -et ><'reen< and $resuma&ly loud8havin'? $o-ers to the Hohokam.*. Pro&a&ly the former.

I. Pro&a&ly the former.

. 0ike the mention of sea-ater as disussed in onnetion -ith story , this mention of a -haleonnets to an im$ortant ontinue

Pa$a'o myth, namely, an aount of Siuuhu;s >there alled 7;itoi, or 3onte+uma? killin' a menain'-hale or sea monster > +e:'ig in Pima8Pa$a'o?. 7nterestin'ly, &oth the sea-ater%hildren;s shrine myth



>onneted to story ? and the Pa$a'o -hale8killin' myth are losely assoiated -ith -i:'itaeremonies, -hih -ere lar'e, famous, and hi'hly sared affairs. Wi:'itas -ere $erformed >so far as iskno-n, from the ninteenth entury to the $resent? at Eust t-o loations, &oth in Pa$a'o ountry, onenear Santa osa, Ari+., and the other at Nuitova, Sonora, 3e6io. /he Ari+ona eremony veneratedthe hildren;s shrine myth, and the Sonora one venerated the myth of the killin' of the -hale -hih isto say that those myths Eustified and -ere the harters of those t-o -i:'itas.

Pimas kne- a&out the eremonies, inludin' the eremonies; ori'in myths, &ut Pimas did not have a-i:'ita of their o-n. Had they had one, it seems that they -ould also have needed a loali+ed ori'in ofmyth for it, e@uivalent to the hildren;s shrine or -hale8killin' myth. o-, in effet, Smith $asses >as inard $layin'? on this matter. 7 assume that he kne- the esta&lished, loali+ed Pa$a'o -i:'ita myths. Hedoes not tell them outri'ht &ut tells loali+ed >set in Pima ountry? refrations of them. He does not usethose refrations to Eustify a -i:'ita in Pima ountry, -hih he ould not do &eause there was no-i:'ita in Pima ountry. ather, he $asses, mentionin' the a$$ro$riate anient thin's >sea8-ater in ahole, a -hale? &ut not advoatin' a Pima -i:'ita. 7 may mention that these Smith8Allison -hale son'sdo not refer to salt -ater, as do the -i:'ita ori'in myths, &ut to -ind and louds, ty$ialHohokam%si-aO $ro$erties. See Hayden >!"?, 9alinier >!""!?, and Bahr >!""!?, on the mytholo'yand $erformane of the -i:'ita.

. /his -as $art of the method used &y 7;itoi to kill the -hale in one of the -i:'ita foundation myths>Sa6ton and Sa6ton !"(: ()*8(!I?.

". /his is almost the only referene to death amon' the invaders. Part !!, on the aftermath of theon@uest, has the $ro$er, individuali+ed ori'in of death amon' them.

!). /his orres$onds losely -ith a son' in ussell >=!?. ussell;s narrator, /hin 0eather, assi'ned theson' to the $oint at -hih the Wooshkam >ussell did not reord that -ord, &ut it is ertainly orret,althou'h &etter s$elled as <-u:skam <? a$$roahed Saaton. Here is ho- 7 -ould edit >orret,sli'htly modify? ussell;s son' lan'ua'e transri$tion and literal translation. &reak

&ipin# ha)a)aki k#tda hamo-olina.

1#d their-ho#se inside their-8they-stay. <#tda maka hitc#, 2nside 8the ho#se 'ecome-medicine-men

<otdena siny#-#p#iitoka, 2nside )ery-frighten me,

5utda ahamo8olina,

7nside there8G7 they 8stay,

Pi$inu havavahaki kutda maka hitu.3ud their8house inside &eome8mediine8men

!!. /his $air rou'hly orres$onds -ith a sin'le son' in ussell >=!?, desi'nated <As they a$$roahedthe villa'e &elo- Santan<:

$m#ko )#-#hony#i-ita,0o#-8imperati)e-go-and tr#ly see-it,

Amuko vu8uhonyuita8a,ou8Gim$erative8'o8and truly see8it,

Hamonyui8i8i.





*. /he $lae of emer'ene, aordin' to Hendriks. /here is an Ashes Hill near the villa'e of Santaosa. 7t is the <trash mound< of a Hohokam site, -here the Hohokam livin' near&y dum$ed their ashesand trash. 7 have not heard of this hill as a $oint of emer'ene. Perha$s Hendriks had a different asheshill in mind. &reak

!eferen.es

Bahr, D.

!"!Who Were the Hohokam

/he 1videne from Pima8Pa$a'o 3yth. Ethnohistory !>(?: !#*!II.

!"* &ima-&apago *it#al Oratory: $ St#dy of Three TeBts San 2raniso: 7ndian Historian Press.

!"aPima8Pa$a'o Christianity. "o#rnal of the So#thwest ()>=?: =(=#).

!"'0a 3odernisation du Chamanisme $ima8$a$a'o. *echerches $merindiennes a# I#e'ec !>=(?: I" !.

!""!Pa$a'o Fean Son's and Wi:'ita. "o#rnal of the So#thwest ((>#?: *("**I.

Bahr, D., J. 9re'orio, D. 0o$e+, and A. Alvare+

!"# &iman Shamanism and Staying Sickness . /uson: University of Ari+ona Press.

Bahr, D., and J. Haefer

!"Son' in Piman Curin'. Ethnom#sicology ==>!?: "!==.

Bierhorst, J.

!"*The 1ythology of ;orth $merica . e- ork: William 3orro-.

!"The 1ythology of So#th $merica . e- ork: William 3orro-.

!"")The 1ythology of 1eBico and Central $merica . e- ork: William 3orro-.

!""= History and 1ythology of the $5tecs: The CodeB Chimalpopoca /uson: University of Ari+ona Press.

Boas, 2.

!"!I/simshian 3ytholo'y. 4#rea# of $merican Ethnology $nn#al *eport JK : ="!)(. Washin'ton, D.C.



(=

Brum&le, H. D.

!"") $merican 2ndian $#to'iography . Berkeley, 0os An'eles, and F6ford: University of California Press.

Densmore, 2.

!"="Pa$a'o 3usi. 4#rea# of $merican Ethnology 4#lletin 9L . Washin'ton, D.C.: Smithsonian 7nstitution.

Di Peso, C.

!""Prehistory: F;otam. 7n A. Frti+, ed., Hand'ook of ;orth $merican 2ndians ": "!"". Washin'ton, D.C.:Smithsonian 7nstitution.

!""Prehistory: Southern Peri$hery. 7n A. Frti+, ed., Hand'ook of ;orth $merican 2ndians ": !*=!I!.Washin'ton, D.C.: Smithsonian 7nstitution.

Dray, W.!"I# &hilosophy of History . 1n'le-ood Cliffs, .J.: Prentie8Hall.

1vers, 0., and 2. 3olina

!"0aD#i (eer Songs . /uson: University of Ari+ona Press.

1+ell, P.

!"(History of the Pima. 7n A. Frti+, ed., Hand'ook of ;orth $merican 2ndians ": !#"!I). Washin'ton,

D.C.: Smithsonian 7nstitution.2e-kes, J.

!"!=Casa 9rande, Ari+ona. MFth $nn#al *eport of the 4#rea# of $merican Ethnology . P$. =*!".Washin'ton, D.C.

9alinier, J.

!""!2rom 3onte+uma to San 2raniso: /he Wi:'ita itual in Pa$a'o >/ohono F;odham? eli'ion. "o#rnalof the So#thwest ((>#?: #I*(.

9lad-in, H., 1. Haury, . Sayles, and . 9lad-in

!"(16avations at Snaketo-n. 7: 3aterial Culture. Gila &#e'lo, 1edallion &aper M . 9lo&e, Ari+.e$rinted &y Ari+ona State 3useum, /uson, !"I*.

9ossen, 9.

!"#Cham#las in the !orld of the S#n: Time and Space in a 1ayan Oral Tradition . Cam&rid'e: HarvardUniversity Press.



(="

9ummerman, 9., and 1. Haury

!""Prehistory: Hohokam. 7n A. Frti+, ed., Hand'ook of ;orth $merican 2ndians ": *"). Washin'ton,

D.C.: Smithsonian 7nstitution.Haury, 1.

!"#*/he 16avation of 0os 3uertos and ei'h&orin' uins in the Salt iver 4alley, Southern Ari+ona. &apers of the &ea'ody 1#se#m of $merican $rchaeology and Ethnology, Har)ard ni)ersity =#>!?.Cam&rid'e, 3ass.

!"IThe Hohokam, (esert %armers and Craftsmen: EBca)ations at Snaketown, K9NK9 /uson:University of Ari+ona Press.

Hayden, J.!")Ff Hohokam Fri'ins and Fther 3atters. $merican $ntiD#ity (*>!?: "(.

!"/he 4ikita Ceremony of the Pa$a'o. "o#rnal of the So#thwest =">(?: !((=#.

Her+o', 9.

!"(IA Com$arison of Pue&lo and Pima 3usial Styles. "o#rnal of $merican %olklore #": =##!.

He-ett, J.

!"=7ro@uoian Cosmolo'y, $t. =. 4#rea# of $merican Ethnology $nn#al *eport NJ : ##"!". Washin'ton,D.C.

Jakson, 5.

!"*0atter8Day Saints: A Dynami Sri$tural Proess. 7n 2. Denny and . /aylor, eds., The Holy 4ook inComparati)e &erspecti)e . Colum&ia: University of South Carolina Press, I((.

Jae'er, 1.

!"#!

(esert !ildflowers . Stanford: Stanford University Press.5roe&er, A.

!"=*Hand&ook of the 7ndians of California. 4#rea# of $merican Ethnology 4#lletin F . Washin'ton, D.C.

5u&ler, 9.

!"#The $rt and $rchitect#re of $ncient $merica . e- ork: Pen'uin.





/he Pima 7ndians. Mth $nn#al *eport of the 4#rea# of $merican Ethnology . P$. ((". Washin'ton,D.C. e$rinted &y University of Ari+ona Press, /uson, !"*.

((!

Sa6ton, D., and 0. Sa6ton

!"I" (ictionary: &apago and &ima to English, English to &apago and &ima . /uson: University of Ari+onaPress.

!"(Oodham hook aagitha: Aegends and Aore of the &apago and &ima 2ndians . /uson: University ofAri+ona Press.

Sa6ton, D., 0. Sa6ton, and S. 1nos

!"( (ictionary: &apagoP&imaEnglish, English&apagoP&ima . /uson: University of Ari+ona Press.

Sar&orou'h, 4., and D. Wilo6, eds.!""!The 1esoamerican 4allgame . /uson: University of Ari+ona Press.

Sha-, A.

!"I &ima 2ndian Aegends . /uson: University of Ari+ona Press.

S$ier, 0.

!"((0#man Tri'es of the Gila *i)er . Chia'o: University of Chia'o Press.

Ste-art, F.

!"The &eyote *eligion, $ History . orman: University of Fklahoma Press.

/ea'ue, 0., and W. Deaver

!""/he !"=!"# 16avations at 0as Colinas: Syntheses and Conlusions. C#lt#ral *eso#rce 1anagement (i)ision, $ri5ona State 1#se#m, ni)ersity of $ri5ona, $rchaeological Series KM , vol.I. /uson: University of Ari+ona.

/edlok, D.

!"= %inding the Center: ;arrati)e &oetry of the #ni 2ndians . e- ork: Dial.

!"*The &op#l =#h: The 1ayan 4ook of the (awn of Aife . e- ork: Simon and Shuster.

/hom$son, S.

!"#IThe %olktale . e- ork: Holt, inehart, and Winston.





!"=" Aong $go Told ?H#k-kew $h-kah@ e- ork: A$$leton.

Ke$eda, F.

!"( $ Grammar of &apago . /uson: University of Ari+ona Press.

(((

Inde0

F/1: after a $a'e num&er indiates material found in a mar'inal omment n indiates materialfound in notes.

A

Afrian8entered -orld histories, ="I n!*Afrians, ori'in of, !! , !I

A'ave atus, (== n=

A'in'

a&normalities in, *I , I

&revity of Hohokam mythi history, = , ( , * , I , !! , ( , =" n*

$remature, "(

youthfulness of Siuuhu, !! , ==

Ak Chin >villa'e?, =* Alaska ative 0an'ua'e Center, ="# n!)

Al'ae, in reation, *"

Allison, William, ! , != , !# !I, =I =, !!!

Amerian hurhes, esta&lished and tri&al, ! =#, ="I n!

An'er, ori'in of, I ,

Animals

reated &y 2irst Born, *"

reated &y 9od >e- 1n'lish Bi&le?, I# I*

reated &y Hohokam, (=! n!

dream visitations &y, =*!

2irst Born;s han'in' of, I!

human8like, #=

mythi loss of human as$et, #=



$ur$ose of fear in, !!#

talkin', ("

use &y mediine men, (=! n=)

Ants, reation of and &y, *# , ()( n*

A$ahes

reation of, #!

era of, =(* =(I

first $eo$le to talk, )

friendshi$ -ith the Pimas, =

killin' of, =!

killin' of 5okoOi$ &y, =(* , =(I

raids &y, (I

-ars -ith, !! , !) !!, =I =-ikedness of, !!=

Arhaeolo'y

$re81uro$ean interest of, =#

@uantifyin' interest of, *

Arro-, $o-er of, =#

Arro-head makin', dream si'n a&out, =

Ashes Hill, = , (=* n*

Auto&io'ra$hy, ative Amerian, ="! n!A+te mytholo'y, =" ""nI

B

Ba&o@uivari 3ountain, !#" , == , (!( n

Ba&y tears, as ause of flood, I

Bad dreams, drivin' a-ay of, =##

Bad'er, stealin' atus seeds &y, !)

Ball ourts and 'ames, !) , =" n*, () nBasket makin', dream si'n a&out, =

Battles.

See also War

-ith A$ahes, !! , !) !!, =I =

in 9ila and Salt iver valleys, =)(





<Boy 9am&ler, the 3an81a'le, and the Fri'in of White Culture,< !* !I"

Broom-eed, !I# n

Bro-n Bu++ard, != !(, =(= . See also Bu++ard

Bro-n 3ountain, !")

Brum&le, H. David, ="! n!

Burial, ori'in of, "#

Bushes, reation of, *# , ()( n*

Butterfly, !!"

Bu++ard

authority of, *=

a$ture of, #! #=, =)* , ==# ==, =(= =((, (! n=

reation of, *! *=

1arth Dotor;s ho$es for, ** , ()= n(e6amination of 9iant Catus &y, !)

home of, !"= , =)# =)*, (! n=

killin' of Siuuhu &y, !# !I, !"= !"*

loss of $o-er of, ==

$unishment of, ==* ==I, =(=

$ursuit of, === ==(

as sun 'od, #! #=, ()= n(, (!* nn!#, !*

-iked sheme of, ==I ==Bu++ard moiety, (!) n(, (=) n!(

By8av8hu8luv >&ird?, !!( !!# son' of, !!

%

Cati

han'in' into orn and $um$kin, !)) !)!

transformin' of $eo$le into, #)

Catus fruit, han'in' into $um$kin and orn, ")Catus thorns

hastity $reserver, ()= ()(n#

ear $ierin' -ith, !*

Catus -ine, !)

ori'in of, !=* !()



Catus -ine eremony. See Wine eremonies

Cadi'um, !!! , ()" n(

marria'e of, !!#

return of the -hore to, !=) !=!

as to&ao su&stitute, ()" n(

Cadi'um son', !!

Canals. See Hohokam anals

Cane, -ith eyes, =#) =#!

Cane man, ==(

Cane son's >1arth Dotor?, ! =

Canni&alism, *I , I , !II

<Ca$ture of Bu++ard< >Hendriks?, =(=

<Ca$ture of Bu++ard< >/hin 0eather?, =(= =((Casa Blana, =)# , =!# , (! (!"n#, (!" n!=

as enter of Hohokam resistane, (!" n#

Casa 9rande

&uildin' of, (#

easin' of rain at, !) !)"

entiin' of the -omen of, !*! !*=

relative to Casa Blana, (=) n!=

Casa 9rande uin ational 3onument, (! , =)* =)I, =##Chan'in' Woman, (!) (!!nI

Chants, =* . See Fratory, or $u&li s$eakin'

Charaters, in ative Amerian myths, =(

Charity, !# n

Chiken8ha-k, a$ture of oo8ee &y, =(= =((

Chiefs, namin' of 'reat8houses after, (= , (! n. See also Si-aO

Children.

See also Parenthood

killin' &y the monster female hild, !#( !##, !# !#"

rearin' of, !*

Christianity

folk, amon' Pima8Pa$a'o, ==

influene on Smith8Allison te6t, !I =#



Chu$a >ra+y like a -oman?, " . See also Whore

Churhness, ative Amerian formations on, == =#

Civano su&$hase, ="= ="(n

Clans. See 3oieties Si&s

Classi $eriod, !) , ="= ="(n

Cla-ed monster &a&y, !( , !#= !#I, !# !#"

Cliff sym&olism, "

<Cliff that smells like &lood,< !) . See also a-, ok

Cloth, nom kam , ==#

Cloth makin', dream si'n a&out, =

Clouds, as rain arriers, = (

Code6 Chimal$o$oa, ="# n!)

Colonial $eriod, !) , ="= ="(nCommandments

&i&lial first, as a$$lied to Smith8Allison, =) , ="* ="In!#

&reakin' of, !!#

a&out marria'e, "#

a&out $arental duties, !== , !*

<Con@uest, /he< >Hendriks?, =() =(!

Con@uest, varieties of Pima narrative of, I , =)( =)I, (! nn!, (

Cornaordin' to /hin 0eather,

heatin' of /o&ao &y, I

marria'e to human -oman, I

marria'e to /o&ao, !)= !)I

mytholo'y of, I

@uarrel -ith /o&ao, "*

rain of, "! , !)=

return of, "" !)

s$eehes &y, !)( !)I

travels -ith Pum$kin, "I

<Corn and /o&ao 0eave,< *

((*



Corn and /o&ao myth, #= #(

Corn and /o&ao stories, * !!)

Corn man, * , () n

&irth and death of the hild of, "=

fallin' in love &y, " ")

$re$arations for the return of, "!

<Corn eturns,< "#

Corn seeds

Siuuhu;s reation of, =

as sym&ol of marria'e, (

Corn son's, I , , " , "! , "= , ()* ()n#

Corn -orm, ")

transformation into a &a&y, "=Cotton

dream si'ns a&out, ! =

$lantin' &y Siuuhu, !

son', ! , ()* n(

Coyote >/oehahvs, Ban?, (" , #"

reation of $eo$le &y, "

as a flood survivor, I

$ursuit of Bad'er &y, !)return of the flute of, #

return of the house of, (

searh for Do'8Pum$kin Ba&y &y, !)I !)

as Si-ani;s hel$er, ==

-ater in the traks of, ) !

Coyote moiety, (!) n(, (=) n!(

Cra+y -ater, !="

Creation. See Parenthood, versus reation

<Creation< >Dolores?, * I=

Crooked 3ountain, =(!

Cro$ son's. See Corn son's 2armin' myths and son's

Cruelty, a&sene of, *

Curin'



as sarament, ==

son's for, !*

Cushin', 2rank H., "

D

Danin', method of, #" , (=! (==n=!

Danin' 'round, I=

Dark 'reat8house, ()( ()#n=!

Darkness

reation of, *) *!

'od of, =*"

Datin' tehni@ues, "

Da-n, reation of, # #

Dead, dreams of, =##

Death

ori'in of, "= , =I( , (=( n", (=* n!

return to earth after, "=

as su''ested &y Blak Beetle, I) I!

Deaver, William, (! n(

Deer

reation of, #huntin' of, !* !*

Densmore, uth, !*(

DeSautel, 3., !=

Desert Peo$le, ==" , ()" (!)n=. See also Pa$a'o territorial 'rou$ Pima8Pa$a'o

<Destrution throu'h Se6,< I" #

Devil, !(

Die stiks, !*# , !*

Dirty ation, $ereived &y Allison, !! Diso&ediene, as ori'inal sin, !" =)), (!I (!n(

Divinin' @uart+ rystal, "

Dotor;s S@uare Stone, "

Dotor;s Stone of 0i'ht, "

(octrine and Co)enants , =!



Do', s$eakin' in flood, ( , ()( n

Do'8Pum$kin Ba&y, !)= , !)I

Dolores, Juan, #* , * , =)# , ()# n!

Do-n8feather unnin', =)I

Dreams

animal visitations durin', =*!

myth revelations in, ="= n*

Dream si'ns, ! =. See also Bad dreams

Dream travel, ="= n*

<Drinker, /he< >9overnor of Uturitu?, (" #(

Drink8it8all8u$, !(* , !( , !(" , =" =""nI. See also Siuuhu

<Drunkard;s son's,< != !="

Drunkenness, !=( !=#, !=" n, !=Dryness. See Wetness and dryness as mytholo'ial themes

(#a/ida son's, (!I n=)

Duks, reation of, "

Dust devils, !(=

Dyin' 'od motif, !I !

E

1a'lea$ture of oo8ee &y, =(= =((

death of, !II !I

killin' &y Siuuhu, !*# , !**

killin' of, !#"

$eo$le -ith the $o-er of, ==(

transformation of a youn' man into, !*( , !I) , (!= n=

-arrior $urifiation and, (!( n!

1a'le 3ountain, !)1arth

irularity of, ()* n=

onnetion to the heavens, #

reation of, !! , #*

reation of >Dolores?, * I=



reation of >e- 1n'lish Bi&le?, I(

reation of >/hin 0eather?, *( *

Jeoss;s reation of, #I

$lasma, ()( n*

s$innin' of, ) , !I! , ()* n=

1arth Dotor, #* , #I

as an aid to Siuuhu, =)

ane son's of, ! =

ontrasted -ith 9od, ()= n=

reation &y, ** , I

reation of Bu++ard &y, *! *=

reation of oil &y, )

reation of under-orld $eo$le &y, (! nIdifferene from 9od, ()= n=

as the first $erson, *(

as a flood survivor, I , =

as a $urifier, !*I

role in ori'inal $eo$le;s esa$e, *

rule for -omen of, *(

shrinkin' of the oean &y, =!=

s$ittin' of sikness &y, "1arth 3ediine 3an, #* n. See also 1arth Dotor

1arth 3ediine 3an son's, *" , ="" ()!nn(, #

1arth@uake Dotor, =I!

1arth Shaman, #* n. See 1arth Dotor

1arth surfae hiefs, ==

1e8ee8toy, * , !(* .

See also Siuuhu

killin' of, !") !"*

sal$in' of oo8ee &y, =(= =((

1Eaulation 'od,

1l Be&edor, ( , =" =""nI. See also Siuuhu

1lder Brother, * .

See also Siuuhu



killin' of Ha8ak &y, !#"

namin' of mountains &y, =() =(!

$urifiation of, !I !

tem$tin' of 'irls &y, !")

((I

1mer'ene, $lae of, (== n=(, (=* n*

1mi'ration theories, "

1m$iriism, a&out oral histories, = , "

<1ndin': Bi' 3ountain,< =I( =I#

<1ndin': Defeat at the Fean Peo$le,< =I" ==

<1ndin': 2irst 9rave,< =I# =I

<1ndin': aven and 9eehoduk,< =I =I<1ndin': Sto$ the War, S$lit the Water, De$art the 9od,< == =

<1ndin': /urkey 3an,< =I =I"

1strella su&$hase, ="= ="(n

1uro$e, in Smith8Allison te6t, (!" nn", !)

1vers, 0arry, () nI

1vil, selfishness as, =*= . See also Wikedness

1vil s$irit, in -oman, *(

$

2armin' myths and son's, #= #(, * , !!! , !") , ()* n#, ()* ()nI, () nn!), !=

2astin', for $urifiation, !#

2ather of /o&ao, " , "" , !)!

2eather Braided Chief, !*# !*I

<2eather Braided Chief and the 9am&ler,< !=#

2eather8orn 'ruel, !** , !I)

2eeler 3ountain. See /a:tkam 3ountain

2enton, William, ="I n!

2e-kes, J. W., " , ="! n(, ="I n!

2i'htin' -ea$ons, =)

2ire, reation &y man8'ods, *(

2irst Born, * I=, ()= n". See also 1arth Dotor



<2irst Creation,< #I *(

<2irst Creation< >/hin 0eather?, *( *

2irst reation, fate of, *

2irst day, events of, #"

2ish, reation of, "

2lat8headed orn, "

<2loatin' 'a$,< as feature of oral histories, ( , *

2lood, I #

as aused &y &a&y tears, I

ause of, ()( n#

destrution &y, =

myth of, !("

re&irth of 'ods after, I I2lood -ater, turnin' into oean, (

2lute 0ure myth, (!= nI, (!" n

2o'

reation of, ==(

'od of, =*"

role in irri'ation, !(I

%olktale, The >/hom$son?, !

2ont, Pedro, (!2ont te6t, (! #(

</he Bitter 3an< >9overnor of Uturitu?, (( (I

</he Bitter 3an< >3anEe;s 9uides?, ( (

</he Drinker< >9overnor of Uturitu?, (" #(

2ontana, Bernard, ()# n!

2ood, reation of, #

2our, si'nifiane of the num&er, #

2ro', (== n=(

2ro' 3ountain, =(! , (== n=(

2ruit $ikin', dream si'n a&out, =

2uture, Siuuhu;s $reditions a&out, "(



G

9am&ler, !*# !*I, !* !I

transformation into an 1a'le, !#I , !**

9aria, Sivariano, !*(

9ender markin', lak of in $ronouns, (!( (!#n=

9enesis, #* I*

in the e- 1n'lish Bi&le, I= I*

9iant >Sa'uaro? Catus, !)I

satterin' of, !)

9ila Bend, =* , (! n!

9ila Butte su&$hase, ="= ="(n

9ila Crossin', !*!

9ila Pue&lo, !(9ila iver, I , !)) , =)# =)*

9ila 4alley, &attles in, =)(

9ins, 'ame of, * I, "* , !*I , !*" , () n

9lad-in, Harold, !) !!

9od, Christian, =) , #* , #I , I= I*, !! !=, ="" n=, ()= n=

9ods

diso&ediene to, !" !)

and marria'e, #( , I , I , !!! , !) !!, == , (! n=

re&irth after the flood, I I

Golden !oman, The , !=

9old hat&and, *!

<9ood air,< "(

9o$her, sa&ota'e of the Hohokam &y, =#!

9o$her &oys, == ==

Grammar of &apago, $ >Ke$eda?, ="

9ranite eef Dam, !=# , !=* , !=I

9rass, as food, #"

9ravel 9reat8house, (=

9rease-ood &ush, reation of, *#

<9reasy earth< >$ers$iration?, *#

9reasy mountain, =)* . See also 3uhada' 3ountain



<9reat Dotor;s 1nd< >/hin 0eather%0loyd?, =I) =I=

9reat flood, destrution of $eo$le &y, *( . See also 2lood

9reat8houses, I .

See also Wa;aki

end of, ", (I , (=# (=*n!(

in the 2ont te6t, (!

meanin' of, to Pimas and arhaeolo'ists, I , (= , =" n!, (!( n!!, (!* n!(

namin' of, (=

$ot as, ()( ()#n"

Snaketo-n e6avations and, !)

-arfare durin' the time of, "

9reen 9irl, (!! nI

9reen ha-k, reation of, (!= n#9reen to&ao, *

9reen -ind, (== n#

9re'orio, Juan, (! n*

9reyness, early onset of, *I , I

9rou$ aounts, ( , *

9uadalu$e, =*! =*=

HHair, transformation into a snake, =#( , =I!

Handsome 0ake, ="I n!

Hat 3ountain, =#)

Haury, 1mil, !) !!, !(

Ha-k

$eo$le -ith the $o-er of, ==(

as solar, #= , (!= n#

turnin' of a hild into, =I =I"Hayden, Julian, ! , !)

on the reation narrative te6t, != !*

on Hohokam history, ="( n, (!) n(, (=) n!#, (=# (=*n!(

((



Head 3ountain, =(!

Heatmaker, =*"

Heaven, reation of, I(

Hendriks, 3attias, on@uest narrative &y, =)( , =() =(!, =I(

Her&s, for urin' s$ider &ite, !*=

Her8va8hut >Blue&ird?, !! , !! !!"

$o-ers of, !)( !)#

Her+o', 9eor'e, ()* ()nI

Hikovik >-ood$eker?, = , "

Hohokam, ! , =)"

arhaeolo'y, history of, " !!

&all'ames, !) , =" n*, () n

anals, !) , (* (I, !=( !=*, !() !(I, (!! n, (=# (=*n!(hiefs, !* , !** . See also Si-aO

ivili+ation of, end of, ! =, ( #, ", * , =) , == , ="( n

on@uest, narratives of, =)( =((, (! (!"nn!, (, #

dissoiation from the Drinker, #!

interro'ation of Siuuhu &y, !" , !! !=

meanin' of the term, !

$latform mounds, ="= nI, (! n(. See also 9reat8houses

$re8'reat8house, relationshi$ to $lants, I

villa'e life, arheolo'ial $eriods of, !) , ="= ="(n

Hohokam Chroniles, !" , ==

&e'innin' of,

son's and -ar orations of, =*

<Hohokam Chroniles, /he,< !!

Hook , !( , !#) , !## .

See also With

myth of, (!= nI

son's, of killin', (!( n

<Ho;ok, ;With;,< !#! !#I

Horned toad $eo$le, =I*

<Ho- a Chief from Another ;9reat House; 1ntied the Women from Casa 9rande< >/hin 0eather?, !*!



!*=

<Ho- 3ornin' 9reen 0ost His Po-er Fver the Winds and the ain 9ods< >/hin 0eather?, !) !!)

<Ho- ooee 5illed 1e8ee8toy< >/hin 0eather?, !") !"*

Huamanui, !#! , =*= , =*( . See also Bu++ard

Humans

reation of >e- 1n'lish Bi&le?, I# I*

reation of >/hin 0eather?, **

'round as a 'uide for, *=

neessity of -ork for,

$erfetion of, *= , *I

Hummin'&ird, $ursuit of Wind8man, !) !)"

Huntin', dream si'n a&out, =

dan'erousness of, in A$she $eriod, =(* =(Ifor marria'e feast food, !!* !!I

I

7;itoi, I= .

See also Siuuhu

army 'atherin' &y, =)#

on@uest of Si-ani &y, ==

etymolo'y, =" =""nISi-ani;s killin' of, !" !""

travels of, =)) =)!

<7;itoi 7s 5illed< >Dolores?, !"I =)=

<7nterlude: Arro-s from the South,< =*( =*#

<7nterlude: Water Plume and Himmult,< =( =("

7nterro'ation, of 'od &y $eo$le, !" , !! !(

7ro@uois reli'ion and 'overnment, ="I n!

7rri'ationfirst teahin' of, !((

mytholo'ially less interestin' to Pimas than rain, (* (I, #= #(

ori'in of, (* , !=# , !() !(#

Siuuhu;s role in, !()

7srael8entered histories, =) , ="I n!*



7sraelites, !"

J

Jakra&&it, reation of, #

Jakra&&it 1aters, ==) , (=! (==n!

Jakra&&it son', #"

Jakson, Barney, !#

Jealousy, ori'in of, ==

Jeoss. See 9od, Christian

Je-ed 3a:kai, #* . See also 1arth Dotor

Jimson-eed, !## n, !#*

Juh-ertamahkai.

See also 1arth Dotor

reation &y, **

destrution of $eo$le &y, *I *

son' of reation &y, *#

F

5ik&all, im$re'nation via, !( , !( , !#! !#=, !#

5illin'

&y man8ea'le, !I! !I=

mythial, !*( !*#

of Siuuhu as Jesus fi'ure, !I !, !"

as -ron', !*

5in'fisher &ird, !)(

5omalk Hok >/hin Bukskin?, *( *#. See also /hin 0eather

5omatke mountains, !=) , =I# , =I

5roe&er, Alfred, ="= n*

&

0earnin', neessity of, *)

Aegends and Aore >Sa6ton and Sa6ton?, ()* nI

0i'ht

reation of, &y 2irst Born, *" I)

reation of, &y 9od >e- 1n'lish Bi&le?, I= I(



reation of, &y Jeoss, #I , ()! nI

0i'htmaker, =*"

0i'htnin', !*# , !*" , !I)

mediine man;s use of, =!*

0iteralism

in myth harater, !*# , !* !*

a&out oral histories, =

0iterature

and ontem$lation, =#

'enres of, Pima8Pa$a'o and memory &ased in 'eneral, =# =I

$eriods of, ative Amerian, =I(

0i+ard, transformation into tur@uoise, !(

0loyd, J. W., ="! n(0o$e+, 2rank, ()# n!

0os 3uertos, " !), (!) n*

0ove, ri'hteous versus unri'hteous, != !(

0ove of -oman, s$irit form of, =!) =!!

<0o-er Pimas,< =" n=

0yin', ori'in of, !!= !!(

53a'i son's

entiin' -omen -ith, !*! !*=

role in irri'ation, !((

3alva >$lant?, #" n

3an.

See also Humans

reation of >e- 1n'lish Bi&le?, I# I*

((

3an

3eoss;s reation of, #I

likeness to 'ods,

3an8ea'le, !I) !I!



feathers from, =**

3an8'od

harateristis of, #*

reation &y, *( , (!! (!=n!

murder and revival of, , !I

-oman;s tenderness to, !*I

3anEe, Juan, (( , (I , =(I

3an8over8nature myth, !=#

3any attlesnakes >villa'e?, (== n==

3any -ells, =

3ario$a 7ndians, ! , ()* n(, (== n=(

3arital infidelity, !!# !!I, !*! !*=

3arria'eof Cadi'um, !!#

and 'ods, #( , I , I , !!! , !) !!, == , (! n=

$aradise $ersons and, #= #(, I

re'ulari+ation of, () ()"n!(

relation to ori'in of farm ro$s, I

si'nifiane of stories a&out,

Siuuhu;s ommandments a&out, "#

as sym&oli+ed &y orn and $um$kin seeds, ( 3arty, 3artin, !

3at makin', dream si'n a&out, =

3attina, Anthony, !=

3ediine, Hummin'&ird;s, !)"

3ediine man son's, =!I =!

3ediine man;s stone, =!(

3ediine men

&rin'in' rain &y, !!*

Coyote havin' the $o-er of, ) !

diminishment of $o-er of, !

divination, (=! n!"

drinkin' atus -ine &y, !=

flood;s over$o-erin' of, = (



kinds of, !) , !!

makin' $lumes &y, =!

o-nin' Siuuhu;s $o-ers &y, !="

$o-er of, " )

role in irri'ation, !(! !(=

use of li'htnin' and thunder, =!*

use of o-ls, (=! n=)

3ediine son's, !*

3ediine -oman, !=*

makin' -ind trou&le &y, =!"

role in irri'ation, !((

3eet the Sun, !#

3en.See also Humans 3an as <reator 'ods,< !(

fashionin' from mud, ("

3enstral lok, male admiration for, !#)

3erury Series >Canadian 1thnolo'y Servie?, ="# n!)

3esal, =( , (== n=

3esal $ainted hief, =(I =(

3esoameria, ="( ="#n!), ="# ="*n!=, () n. See also A+tes

3e6ians, or S$aniards, )3ilky Way, reation of, *)

3ira'e, 'od of, =*"

3ira'e Dotor, =I=

3oah8haht8tak, 3oehahdhek, 3o8ho8dak, *# , !#( , !#* , !") , !"! , =)* . See also 3uhada'3ountain

3oieties >desent 'rou$s?, (!) n(, (=) nn!(, !#, (=* n!*

3oEave 7ndians, "I , !=) , !#= , ="= n*, ="" n, (!= nI

3olina, 2eli$e, () nI3omaday, . Sott, ="! n!

3onster8-ith, e6eution of, !( . See also Ho;ok

3oon

reation &y 2irst Born, I)

reation of, #"



reation of >e- 1n'lish Bi&le?, I( I#

reation of >/hin 0eather?, **

as mother of oyote, * *

3orality, Allison;s interest in, !!!

3ormonism, !" =!, ="* ="Inn!#, !*, !I

3ornin', reation of, #

3ornin' 9reen Chief, !) !!), !( !#), !#I !#, =)* , (!= nI

defeat of, =)I

entiin' of the -omen of, !*! !*=

$o-erful mediine of, !*=

3ornin' 9reen Chief 9reat8house, (=

3ot+, 2isher, !#

3ounds of Sand >$lae?, !!#3ountain of the 2oam >Sierra de la 1s$uma?, ("

3ountains

reation of, **

mediine in, != !(

3ount 0emon, (== n=(

3uhada' 3ountain, =)* , (!( n

3usk melon, Siuuhu;s reation of, "#

3ythonentration on individuals, #

versus history, = I, =! , =( , () n

3esoamerian and orth Amerian in 'eneral, =( , ="# ="*n!=

mystial e$isodes, "

uni@ue instane of three8'eneration story, =(*

3ytholo'y, =! =#

as or$us of one $erson;s tales, == , ()# n!

as terminated era of ative Amerian literature, =(

variations in,

N

;ames, The >3omaday?, ="! n!

asia, assya, ati, !*= , !*= n, =!) =!!, =( , (!" nnI, , (=* n#





Fld 3an mountains, !=)

Fld -oman, as Siuuhu;s $urifier, !*I

<Fld Woman;s Death< >Hendriks?, = =)

Fllas, !

<Fn 1mer'ene from the ether-orld,< (!" (=)n!!

<Fnes8made8&i',< =)#

Fral history, = I

Fral tradition, tem$oral +ones of, ( , * , ="! n!, ="= n*

Oral Tradition as History >4ansina?, =

Fratory, or $u&li s$eakin', =* , !** !*I, ()" n!, (!* (!Inn!I, !, (! n*

Fri'in aounts, (

Fri'inal sin, !) , (!I (!n(

Fri'in myths, (*<Fri'in of Catus Wine,< !=* !()

<Fri'in of 7rri'ation,< !=# , !() !(=

<Fri'in of 7rri'ation,< >/hin 0eather?, !(( !(#

<Fri'in of the Purifiation Ceremony and the Stren'thenin' of 3ediine 3en,< !I" !!

Friole, &lue, ==!

F-l

reation of, ==(

fri'htenin' of Hohokam &y, =#) stealin' of nests &y, =I*

used &y mediine men, (=! n=)

'

Pa$a'o ountry, !(#

&apago 2ndian *eligion >Under8hill?, ()* nI

&apago 1#sic >Densmore?, () nI

Pa$a'o territorial 'rou$, #Paradise

as s$irit destination, "(

stories of loss of, #= #(, (!I n!

Parental duties, ommandment onernin', !== , !*

Parenthood





riverine versus desert ada$tations of, ()" (!)n=

saraments amon', !

Pima8Pa$a'o mytholo'y $hysiality of, I

relationshi$ to history, =!

sin'le narrators of, ==

Pimas

fi'htin' amon', !!=

first anestor of, #

as first to $lant, !

relationshi$ to Hohokam, ! =, !)

U$$er and 0o-er, =" n=

Pima territorial 'rou$, #

Pima8to8Pima on@uest, (Pinion feathers, !)*

Pinole, drinkin' of, !I)

Pioneer $eriod, !) , ="= ="(n

Plantin'

&y anient Pimas, !

are in, !=

Plant8$ersons, I

Plantsreation &y 2irst Born, *"

reation of >e- 1n'lish Bi&le?, I(

Plate8liker, =# , =# n

<Platform mounds,< ="= nI

Po$ulation, inrease in, *I

Po$ul 4uh >mytholo'y?, ="# n!)

Poso 4erde, !#" , (!( n

Post8Hohokam era, &e'innin' of, =(I

Postkillin' $urifiation, !#

Po-er.

See also Wetness and dryness

of &lue deer, =*#

of Bu++ard, #! #=, =)# , (!* nn!(, !#, !*, (! n=



of Siuuhu, #! #=, =" =""nI

of si-aOs, #! #=, =)* , (== n#

sym&olism of, (!

Pre'nany, shortenin' of, I , I"

Pre8Hohokam $eriod, ==

Pride

onse@uenes of, !!#

ori'in of, !!=

Proreation. See Parenthood Se6ual relations

Proof, and myth,

Prose, =*

and memori+ation, =# =*

narrative versus ommentary, =Prostitute. See Whore

Protestantism, !I , !"

Protest son' $oetry, ()" n#

Pu&erty eremonies, !) , !"I , (!I n=, (=! (==n=!

Pu&erty son', !" , !"

Pue&lo 9rande >anient $lae and ruin?, !* , !=* , =*= , =*(

(#)

Pue&lo 7ndian farmin' son's, () nI

Pum$kin

$lantin' of, !)#

rainin' of, "! , !)=

return of, "" !))

Pum$kin seeds, as a sym&ol of marria'e, (

Purifiation

$ostkillin', !*( !*#, !) !!

s$eehes, ! , !*I

K

Nuails,

Nuart+ rystal, for divinin', "



Nuisto, 0ouis, !#

!

ain.

See also Wetness and dryness

atus -ine ritual for, !=(

versus irri'ation as mytholo'ial theme, (* (I, =" ="n#, ()" (!)n=

3ornin' 9reen Chief as the master of, !("

relationshi$ to /o&ao, " "

ain&o-

Blak Sine- Chief as, =*"

meanin' of, #

ori'in of 'reen in, !#I

ain&o- Dotor, =I=

<ainhouses,< =" n!

ain8man, !) !)"

ain son's, ()I nI

attlesnake, I!

killin' &y, =#=

attlesnake House, =="

&attle at, =)#attlesnake;s /eeth >$lae?, I! , ()= n

aven

reation of, =#= =#(

fi'ht -ith geeho-d#k , =I

aven 3ountain, =()

a-, ok, (!# n*

e&irth, of 'ods, I I, ()( n

ed 3ountain, !(!eed flute, !

eli'ious tradition, saraments in, ! !

esurretion, !I !, !" !!, !I !, !"" =))

etellin' auray, Pima8Pa$a'o onern for, =* =I

evelations, =) =!, ="= n*



iver, red, =#

iver Peo$le, ==" , ()" n=. See also Pimas

oadrunner,

<ok a-,< (!# n*

o$e, made from 3ornin' 9reen;s dau'hter;s hair, !)"

osesuker >hummin'&ird?, ("

ussell, 2rank, =I , ="! n(

S

Saaton su&$hase, !*! , ="= ="(n

Saaton 4alley, =()

Saraments, ! !, =! =#

Sarifie, human, =" nI

Sa'uaro -ine, ori'in of, !=( !=#

Salado one$t, !) , ="( n

Salt iver, !=# , !=*

Salt iver ountry, irri'ation at, !(#

Salt iver 4alley

a&andonment of, (=# (=*n!(

&attles in, =)(

Hohokam anals in, !=I , (=# (=*n!(San Bernardino 3ountains, !)

Santa Cru+ su&$hase, ="= ="(n

San /an 3ountains, !!# , !#!

Sa6ton, Dean and 0uille, #* , ()# n!

Sal$ dane, =(=

Sal$in', (== n=#

<Sra$in' stik< son's, ()I nI, () nI

Sri$ture, !" =!, !ISea-ater eru$tion myth, (!) n#

<Seond Creation,< *

Sedentary $eriod, !) , ="= ="(n

Seed son', !

S8e;ehe, etymolo'y and alternative names, =" ="". See also Siuuhu



Seeurhuh, * . See also Siuuhu

Seeven, =(( . See also Si-aO

Selfishness, evil of, =*=

Se6ual relations

a&normal, I , I , !( !(, ()= n!, (!! (!=nn!, =

as ause of the flood, I #

Shakin' earth son', *!

Sha-, Anna 3oore, ()# n!

Shinin' roks, =#) , =#!

<Short Con@uest< >Dolores?, == =="

Sial /u8utak SivaO, !#I !#. See also 3ornin' 9reen Chief

Si&a, (= , (I , ( (, #! , =)* . See also Bitter 3an Si-aO

Si&s, (!) n(, (=) nn!(, !#, (=* n!*Sikness.

See also 3ediine men

urin' of, !

as means of death, "

Sierra de la 1s$uma, ("

Siivan i 4ahki, =# =#"

Sin.

See also Wikednessdiso&ediene as the 'reatest, !) , (!I (!n(

male hild&earin' as, )

teahin' of, !!" !=)

Since C#morah >i&ley?, ="I n!I

Sin'in', method of, #"

Sin'in' and danin' 'round, I=

Siuuhu >T1! Be&edor, /he Drinker, Drink8it8all8u$, 1e8ee8toy, 1lder Brother, 7;itoi, S8e;ehe, Seeurhuk,

and Soho?, !! , I &uildin' a house &y, ) , !

hildrearin' rule of,

ommand over atus 'ro-in', !()

onferrin' $o-ers &y, !=* !=

orn son's &y, = #



otton son's &y, ! =

reation of, #I #

reation of $eo$le &y, "

reation of $lants &y, I

reation son' of, )

death and resurretion of, !*I , !" =)!

de$arture from human affairs, ==

in 2ont te6t, (!

as flood survivor, I

home of, =)*

initiation into -arriorhood, !**

killin' and $urifiation &y, !*#

killin' &y Bu++ard, #! #=killin' evil -ith &y, !## !#I

killin' -hale &y, (=( n

morality and, !=( !=#, ="* n!(

$artin' -aters &y, =*

$ro$heies, "( "#, !II

reasons for the murder of, (=! (==n=!

relationshi$ to urin', !

resem&lanes to Jesus, versus to Jehovah, !"

(#!

resurretion of, !I !

role in irri'ation, !()

role in death of Corn 3an;s hild, "=

as senior 'od, I , #

solar $ro$erties of, #! #=, =" =""nnI, (! n

s$readin' of sikness &y, "

strikin' of -ater &y, =!=

transformation into hild, !"

various names for, =" =""nI

-itherin' farm ro$s &y, !")

<Siuuhu;s Death and esurretion,< !! !I



<Siuuhu;s Journey Bak,< =) =!!

<Siuuhu;s Journey Fut,< !I !"

<Siuuhu;s even'e: A$ahes,< =!I =!

<Siuuhu;s even'e: Bu++ard,< ==) ==

<Siuuhu;s even'e: Casa 9rande uin,< =## =#*

<Siuuhu;s even'e: Do-nstream,< =#"

<Siuuhu;s even'e: 9uadalu$e and Pue&lo 9rande,< =*! =*(

<Siuuhu;s even'e: Hat 3ountain Pause,< =(" =#(

<Siuuhu;s even'e: Jakra&&it 1aters,< =! ==)

<Siuuhu;s even'e: 3esal Painted Chief,< =(I =(

<Siuuhu;s even'e: Fotillo 2oundation House,< =*) =*!

<Siuuhu;s even'e: Fmens at 3es@uite 4ahki,< =!= =!*

<Siuuhu;s even'e: Siivan i 4ahki,< =# =#"<Siuuhu;s even'e: Sivern, His Bo6, and the Handsome oun' Boy,< =*# =*

<Siuuhu;s even'e: Sofh 5ah and the Water Crossin',< =!! =!=

<Siuuhu;s even'e: ello- Soft 2eather Plume,< =#I =#

Sivain, =!# , ==( , (=) n!=. See also Si-aO

Sivain i vah ki, =#= . See also Si-aO Wa;aki

Sivern, =*# =*. See also Si-aO

Sivern;s son', =*I

Si-a, (=Si-aO >TSeeven, Sivain, Sivern, Si-ani?, =)# , =" n(

on@uest of, =(* =I=

etymolo'y and usa'e, (= ((, =" n(

Si-ani, !! , !"I =)).

See also Si-aO

Coyote;s hel$in' of, ==

defeat of, =="

Si-aO Wa;aki, &attle for, (=* n!

Skeleton, turnin' of /urkey man into, =I

Skin sales, reation from, *# **, I

Sky, fallin' of, *I *

Smith, Jose$h, !"

revelations to, =) =!



Smith, Juan, ! , !( , !# , !* !I, #I

Smith, William Allison, !#

Smith8Allison te6t, !! !I, =! =#, ="! n!, ="( ="#n!)

&i&lial @ualities of, !I

adene of, !=

hiefs and $lae names in, =)(

on@uest in, I , =)# =)

Corn and /o&ao stories in,

format of, ="

'ods in, =)

killin' in, !*(

reah into the $resent of, =( =#

as sin'le te6t, =! ==Siuuhu;s death in, !" !!

Smokin', as a&normality of a'in', *I , I

Snake, fashionin' from hair, =#( , =I!

Snaketo-n, ! , =)# , =#" , =*) , ="= n, (== nn!, ==

arhaeolo'ial inter$reters of, !) !!

e6avation of, " !!

Hayden on, !( !*

Sofh kah $eo$le, =!!Soft feather runnin', =#*

Soho, ="= n. See also Siuuhu

Son' of reation >Juh-erta 3ahkai?, *# , =#" =*)n=, =*) =*!n#

Son's, =* . See also Corn son's 2armin' myths and son's 3a'i son's /ranslation

1a'le killin', (!# (!*nn,

of 2irst Born, I) , I!

a&out heroes, *

<turnin' of,< ()) n(

ty$es of, ="" ())n=, ()* ()nI, ()" n#, (!# n(, (!* nn!, !", =)

-ith killin', (!= (!(n

South 3ountain, !#( , =)*

S$arro-, &lak8throated, !!( n

S$ekled &eans, #





Sy-"##k#m , !) , !! , !

(#=

/a atukam, !# . See also /a:tkam 3ountain

/ahtkum 3ountain, !)) . See also /a:tkam 3ountain

/ales

defined, ="* n!=

of ori'in, (

/alkin' tim&er, !

</all fello- mediine man,< !** , !I)

/a$e8reorder8&ased myths, ="# n!)

/ate, Henry, ="# n!)

/a:tkam 3ountain, () nn", !), (!= nI/a-8@uah8dahm8a-ks, role in irri'ation, !(* !(I

</a-@uahdahma-ks and Her Canal< >/hin 0eather?, !(# !(I

/ea'ue, 0ynne, (! n(

/ermites, reation of, *"

/hin Bukskin, /hin 0eather, I , =I , = , #* , *( *#

hiefs and $lae names in the narrative of, =)(

on on@uest, =)# =)

orn myth s$eehes of, ()" n!

reation aount &y, *( *

mytholo'ies reorded from, ="! n(

namin' of 'reat8houses &y, (=

on ori'in of anals, !=#

on Siuuhu;s death, !) , !!

-orld destrution aordin' to, I

/homas, Joe, #I , I=

/hom$son, Stith, !

/hunder

mediine man;s use of, =!*

son' of, =!

/hunder man, =*( , =# =*

/is8-in, !)



/o&ao

heatin' of Corn &y, I

reation of, *

female ori'in of, !#)

marria'e to Corn, !)= !)I

mytholo'y of, I

old -oman as ori'in of, !** !*I, =)

ori'in of, "# "*

$ro$er use of, () ()"n!(

@uarrel -ith Corn, "*

relationshi$ to rain, "I , " "

smokeless su&stitute for, ()" n(

smokin' of, " ""/hin 0eather on,

travels of, "* "I

use in killin' the -ith, !## !#I

from -oman;s 'rave, !#) , !*)

/o&ao man, * , I , " ", () n

/o&ao seed, $lantin' of, , " "

/o&ao son', I

/ohono F;odham territorial 'rou$, # , (!( nn", !)/ooker, 1li+a&eth, ="I n!

/ranslation.

See also ative8lan'ua'e mytholo'ial te6ts

auray in, of son's, = =, =" n!", ()) ()!n#

relia&ility in, ="= n#

style in, != , (!! (!=n!!

/ree &ark, as a 'ift from Siuuhu, !

/ree uttin', as a sym&ol of -ikedness, =I

/ri&al narratives, tiers of, = (

/ri&al narrators, =

/ri&es, as hurhes, =(

/simshian aven yle, ="# n!)

/urkey man, =I





and end of the 'reat8houses, (I , (

in the time of the 'reat8houses, "

War eremonies, ori'in of, !*(

War $urifiations, !*I , !) !!, !# , (!I n!

Warriors, $urifiation of, ! , !# n

War saraments, !

Water

for &urnin' of the -orld, "(

ra+y, !="

Water holes, am$in' at, =)

Watermelons, Siuuhu;s reation of, "#

Water Plume, =( =("

!ay to *ainy 1o#ntain, The >3omaday?, ="! n!Wetness and dryness as mytholo'ial themes, ( , #! #(, !(" !#), =)# =)I, =#I n, (!= nn#, *, I,(!* nn!(, !#, !*, (! n, (=) n!I

Whale

reation of, =##

myth of the killin' of, (=( n

Whi$$oor-ill, (=! n!

White &eans, Siuuhu;s reation of, #

White 1ater Fld8-oman, =!! , =( , (!) (!!nI, (!* n!), (!" nn, , (=* n#White 2eather, !((

White $eo$le

history of, =)

ori'in of, !" , !** , !I !I"

Siuuhu on, =)

White Shell Woman, (!) (!!nI

White /hin 3ountain, " , !))

Whore, , " n, !!!<Whore, /he,< !!= !==

Wikedness

'od;s $unishment of, I" #

sin of teahin', !!" !=)



(#(

after Siuuhu;s death, !I

s$read of, *(

Wi:'ita eremonies, !I( n, (!# nI, (== (=(nn,

Wilo6, David, =" n*

Wilson, 1dmund, ="I n!

Wind

destrution &y, *(

in Pima8Pa$a'o myth, I

as the servant of Bitter 3an, (( , (#

/hin 0eather;s version of,

Wind8man, !) !)"

<Wind trou&le,< =!"Wine, ori'in of, !=( !()

Wine eremonies ><Wine Drinks<?, !=( , =" n(, ()* ()nI, ()" n!, (!) n=

Win'8feather unnin', =)I

Wise men, "=

With, !( , !#) , !## , !## n

With story, !#! !#I

Women

reation of, #reation of >e- 1n'lish Bi&le?, I# I*

evil s$irit in, *(

e6ternal reation &y, (!= n=

first sin ommitted &y, !==

footlooseness of, , !!! , !==

'ame $layed &y, !#I

stealin' of, !#!

-eakness of, *=

Wood$eker, = , "

Wooshkam, Wooshkum, =)" , =!)

divisions of, =!*

makin' &lue oriole &y, ==!

s$littin' into four ontin'ents, ===



-iked -ays of, =I

World &urnin', si'ns of, "( "#

World destrution, as aused &y se6ual relations, I #

Worshi$, defined, ="* ="In!#

Wri'ht, Harold Bell, ()# n!

!#aga eremony, (=! n=!

"

a@ui deer son's, () nI

i 7 di ) =*!

Documents

Hohokam Swifft Time of Gods