The Mogollon, the Anasazi, The Mogollon, the Anasazi, and the Hohokamand the Hohokam

Adaptations and Alterations Made for

Survival

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The MogollonThe Mogollon~1 a.d. – 1450 a.d~1 a.d. – 1450 a.d.

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Mogollon Habitat

• Mountain and desert dwellersMountain and desert dwellers

• Gila River CountryGila River Country

• Mimbres RiverMimbres River

• San Francisco RiverSan Francisco River5

Mountain dwellers Mountain dwellers Desert dwellersDesert dwellers

Mogollon Habitat

blm.gov/az

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Gila River Country

Mogollon Habitat

blm.gov/az

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Mimbres & San Francisco RiversMogollon Habitat

nmsu.edu

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How the Mogollon got food and other goods

•Hunter-Gatherers: bighorn sheep, elk, mule deer, white-tail deer, antelope, beaver, badger, jackrabbits, cottontails, turkeys

•Farmers: corn, beans, squash, cotton•Traders: traded with people from the

coast for shells and pots9

How the Mogollon got food and other goods

Hunter-GatherersHunter-Gatherers

blm.gov

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How the Mogollon got food and other goods

FarmersFarmersCorn Squash

www.pecad.fas.usda.govblog.usa.gov

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How the Mogollon got food and other goods

TradersTraders

statemuseum.arizona.edu

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Mogollon Artifacts

•spear pointsspear points•stone knives stone knives •grinding bonesgrinding bones (deer, rabbit, squirrel,

gopher, prairie dog, badger, pronghorn and mountain sheep)

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Mogollon ArtifactsSpear Points, Stone KnivesSpear Points, Stone Knives

statemuseum.arizona.edu

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Mogollon ArtifactsBonesBones

blm.gov

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More Artifacts

• PotteryPotteryBrown or red before 900 a.d.Brown or red before 900 a.d.

Mimbres (black on white) in 900 a.d.Mimbres (black on white) in 900 a.d.

• Stone axes ground on 3 sidesStone axes ground on 3 sides

• Shell pendants, bone hairpinsShell pendants, bone hairpins

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statemuseum.arizona.edu

Artifacts Mimbres PotteryMimbres Pottery

Blm.gov

Nps.gov

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Artifacts Stone AxesStone Axes

Nps.gov

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Artifacts Shell Pendants, Hair PinsShell Pendants, Hair Pins

statemuseum.arizona.edu

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Mogollon Adaptations and Alterations

1.1. Totally relied on Totally relied on environment environment 2. Followed seasons2. Followed seasons

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Mogollon Adaptations and Alterations

May have left area due to May have left area due to climate change or drought climate change or drought which would lead to food which would lead to food

shortagesshortages

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Mogollon Ruins

Gila Cliff DwellingGila Cliff DwellingKinishba PuebloKinishba PuebloGrasshopperGrasshopperQ Ranch PuebloQ Ranch PuebloPoint of Pines PuebloPoint of Pines Pueblo

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Mogollon Ruins

Gila Cliff Dwellingsnps.gov

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Mogollon Ruins

Kinishba Pueblo

Nps.gov

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The AnasaziThe Anasazi~100 a.d. - 1300 a.d.~100 a.d. - 1300 a.d.

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Anasazi Habitat

Stone architectureStone architectureCliff dwellings or pueblos Cliff dwellings or pueblos Kiva built in center of plaza Kiva built in center of plaza

-underground -underground -for ceremonies -for ceremonies -with benches-with benches

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Anasazi HabitatCliff dwellings or pueblos

nps.gov

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How the Anasazi got food and other goods

Farmers: corn or maize, Farmers: corn or maize, squashsquash

Hunter-Gatherers: rabbit, Hunter-Gatherers: rabbit, deer, prairie dogsdeer, prairie dogs

Basket makersBasket makers

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How the Anasazi got food and other goods

Farmersusda.gov blog.usa.gov

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How the Anasazi got food and other goods

Hunter-Gatherers

blm.gov

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How the Anasazi got food and other goods

Basket Makers

Nps.gov

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Anasazi Artifacts

• Pottery (learned from thePottery (learned from theMogollon)Mogollon)

• Squash gourds for waterSquash gourds for water• BasketsBaskets• Stone tools – spear, Stone tools – spear,

throwing throwing stickstick• Digging sticksDigging sticks

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Artifacts

PotteryPottery

Loc.gov

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Artifacts

Squash gourds for waterSquash gourds for water

The gourds used to store water would have looked something like this. Nps.gov

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Anasazi Artifacts

BasketsBaskets

Nps.gov

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Anasazi ArtifactsStone toolsStone tools

Throwing Sticks Throwing Sticks and Spearsand Spears

Nps.gov

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Anasazi ArtifactsDigging SticksDigging Sticks

Can you imagine using a stick to dig a hole to plant a seed in order to getfood?

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Anasazi Adaptations and Alterations

1. Carried water from source to 1. Carried water from source to villagevillage

2. Built homes in cliffs for 2. Built homes in cliffs for protection from elements and protection from elements and enemiesenemies

3. Built homes facing south for 3. Built homes facing south for heat in winterheat in winter

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Anasazi Adaptations and Alterations

nps.gov

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Anasazi Adaptations and Alterations

What may have happened to What may have happened to them?them?

DroughtDroughtEnemies invadedEnemies invadedInternal conflictInternal conflict

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Anasazi Ruins•Mesa VerdeMesa Verde•Canyon de ChellyCanyon de Chelly•KayentaKayenta

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Anasazi RuinsMesa VerdeMesa Verde

usgs.gov

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Anasazi RuinsCanyon de ChellyCanyon de Chelly

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

nasa.gov

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The HohokamThe Hohokam~1 a.d. – 1450 a.d.~1 a.d. – 1450 a.d.

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Hohokam Habitat

• Sonoran Desert by riversSonoran Desert by rivers

• Made homes of ‘jacal’ (adobe)Made homes of ‘jacal’ (adobe)

• Villages built around plazaVillages built around plaza

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Hohokam Habitat

Nps.gov

Hohokam Hohokam adobe adobe dwellingdwelling

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How the Hohokam got food and other goods

Farmers: corn, beans, cotton, Farmers: corn, beans, cotton, agave, and squashagave, and squash

Hunter-GatherersHunter-Gatherers

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How the Hohokam got food and other goods FarmersFarmers

Virginia.gov

usda.gov

CottonCorn Agaveusda.gov

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How the Hohokam got food and other goods Hunter-GatherersHunter-Gatherers

RabbitsPrairie dogs Deer

Mo.gov fws.govBlm.gov

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Hohokam artifacts found

Pottery--Red on BuffPottery--Red on Buff

Shell ornamentsShell ornaments

Stone toolsStone tools

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Hohokam ArtifactsPottery – Red on Buff

statemuseum.arizona.edu

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ArtifactsShell ornamentsShell ornaments

statemuseum.arizona.edu54

ArtifactsStone tools

statemuseum.arizona.edu

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Hohokam Adaptations and Alterations

1. Moved from desert in 1. Moved from desert in summer to foothills, then summer to foothills, then back to desert in winterback to desert in winter

2. Built over 300 miles of 2. Built over 300 miles of canals to irrigate cropscanals to irrigate crops

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Hohokam Adaptations and Alterations

Canal system--Old and NewCanal system--Old and New

waterhistory.org

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Adaptations and Alterations

May have left due to:May have left due to:droughtdroughtfloodsfloodsclimate changeclimate change

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Hohokam Ruins

Casa GrandeCasa GrandeSnaketownSnaketown

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Hohokam RuinsCasa Grande

nps.gov

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Hohokam RuinsSnaketown

statemuseum.arizona.edu61