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Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology

Eleventh Edition

Mrs. Hummer

Chapter 5

Tissues

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Chapter 5 Tissues

Four major tissue types

1.  Epithelial 2.  Connective 3.  Muscle 4.  Nervous

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Epithelial Tissues General characteristics -

•  cover organs and the body •  line body cavities •  line hollow organs •  have a free surface •  have a basement membrane-thin nonliving layer •  avascular •  cells readily divide •  cells tightly packed •  cells often have desmosomes (junction between cells) •  function in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion •  classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

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Epithelial Tissues

Simple squamous – •  single layer of flat cells •  substances pass easily through •  line air sacs •  line blood vessels •  line lymphatic vessels

Simple cuboidal – •  single layer of cube-shaped cells •  line kidney tubules •  cover ovaries •  line ducts of some glands

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Epithelial Tissues

Simple columnar – •  single layer of elongated cells •  nuclei usually near the basement membrane at same level •  sometimes possess cilia •  sometimes possess microvilli •  often have goblet cells •  line uterus, stomach, intestines

Pseudostratified columnar – •  single layer of elongated cells •  nuclei at two or more levels •  appear striated •  often have cilia •  often have goblet cells- specialized to secrete mucus •  line respiratory passageways

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Epithelial Tissues

Stratified squamous – •  many cell layers •  top cells are flat •  can accumulate keratin •  outer layer of skin •  line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal

Stratified cuboidal – •  2-3 layers •  cube-shaped cells •  line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas

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Epithelial Tissues Stratified columnar –

•  top layer of elongated cells •  cube-shaped cells in deeper layers •  line part of male urethra and part of pharynx

Transitional – •  many cell layers •  cube-shaped and elongated cells •  line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

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Notebook #1

Understanding Words- pg. 142

1. What are the 4 kinds of tissues in the human body?

2. Where in the body is epithelial tissue present?

3. Epithelial tissue is anchored to connective tissue by the ______ ______. How does this membrane affect the spread of cancer cells?

4. List 4 functions of epithelial tissue.

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Glandular Epithelium Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances

Endocrine glands are ductless Exocrine glands have ducts

Unicellular exocrine gland •  composed of one cell •  goblet cell

Multicellular exocrine gland •  composed of many cells •  sweat glands, salivary glands, etc. •  simple and compound

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Structural Types of Exocrine Glands

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Types of Glandular Secretions

Merocrine glands •  fluid product •  salivary glands •  pancreas •  sweat glands

Apocrine glands •  cellular product •  portions of cells •  mammary glands

Holocrine glands •  secretory products •  whole cells •  sebaceous glands

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Notebook #2

1.  Describe the characteristics of the secretions of merocrine, apocrine and holocrine glands.

2.  Differentiate between serous cells and mucous cells.

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Notebook #3 pg. 168

Critical Thinking

# 3

Review Exercises

# 1-11

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdZ1U0LA1ko Part 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQDqb9yoHTE Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KIZD56w_UAY Part 3

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2N_b0qwvxY Bozeman Science

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Connective Tissues General characteristics -

•  most abundant tissue type by weight •  many functions

•  bind structures •  provide support and protection •  serve as frameworks •  fill spaces •  store fat •  produce blood cells •  protect against infections •  help repair tissue damage

•  have a matrix •  have varying degrees of vascularity •  have cells that usually divide

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Connective Tissue Major Cell Types

Fibroblasts •  fixed cell •  most common cell •  large, star-shaped •  produce fibers

Macrophages •  wandering cell •  phagocytic •  important in injury or infection

Mast cells •  fixed cell •  release heparin •  release histamine

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Fibroblasts

Collagenous fibers •  thick •  composed of collagen •  great tensile strength •  hold structures together •  tendons, ligaments

Elastic fibers •  composed of a protein called elastin •  weaker than collagenous •  elastic •  vocal cords, air passages

Reticular fibers •  very thin collagenous fibers •  highly branched •  form supportive networks • spleen

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Connective Tissues

Connective tissue proper •  loose connective tissue •  adipose tissue •  reticular connective tissue •  dense connective tissue •  elastic connective tissue

Specialized connective tissue •  cartilage •  bone •  blood

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Connective Tissues

Loose connective tissue •  mainly fibroblasts •  fluid to gel-like matrix •  collagenous fibers •  elastic fibers •  bind skin to structures •  beneath most epithelia •  blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells •  between muscles

Adipose tissue •  adipocytes-store fat in their cytoplasm •  cushions •  insulates •  store fats •  beneath skin, behind eyeballs, around kidneys and heart, abdomenal membrane

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Connective Tissues

Reticular connective tissue •  composed of thin, collagenous fibers •  supports internal organ walls •  walls of liver, spleen, lymphatic organs

Dense connective tissue •  packed thick collagenous fibers •  elastic fibers •  few fibroblasts •  bind body parts together •  tendons, ligaments, dermis •  poor blood supply

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Connective Tissues

Elastic connective tissue •  abundant in elastic fibers •  some collagenous fibers •  fibroblasts •  attachments between bones •  walls of large arteries, airways, heart

Bone (Osseous Tissue) •  solid matrix • deposited by bone cells called osteoblasts •  supports, protects •  forms blood cells •  attachment for muscles •  skeleton •  osteocytes in lacunae

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Connective Tissues

Cartilage •  rigid matrix •  chondrocytes in lacunae (small chambers) •  poor blood supply •  three types

•  hyaline •  elastic •  fibrocartilage

Hyaline cartilage •  most abundant •  ends of bones •  nose, respiratory passages •  embryonic skeleton

Elastic cartilage •  flexible •  external ear, larynx

Fibrocartilage •  very tough •  shock absorber •  intervertebral discs •  pads of knee and pelvic girdle

http://mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/joints-and-articulations-guest

http://mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/joints-and-articulations-guest

http://mrfordsclass.net/index.php/human-anatomy-and-physiology-guest/joints-and-articulations-guest

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Connective Tissues

Three types of cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

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Connective Tissues

Blood •  fluid matrix called plasma •  red blood cells •  white blood cells •  platelets •  plasma •  transports •  defends •  involved in clotting •  throughout body in blood vessels •  heart

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Notebook #4

1.  What kind of protein makes up dense connective tissue?

2.  What is the difference between a ligament and a tendon?

3.  How do cartilage cells receive nutrients?

4.  List the three types of cells found in plasma.

5.  Describe the role of connective tissue in protecting the body against infection.

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/connective-tissue.html#lesson

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Muscle Tissues

General characteristics •  muscle cells called muscle fibers •  contractile •  three types

•  skeletal •  smooth •  cardiac

Skeletal muscle •  attached to bones •  striated •  voluntary

Smooth muscle •  walls of organs •  skin •  walls of blood vessels •  involuntary •  not striated

Cardiac muscle •  heart wall •  involuntary •  striated •  intercalated discs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBuReVewhws&list=PLnLwAnYLqFhHMczkuro0gZuBtqI73fCAS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isOWu7Ts-vs&list=PLnLwAnYLqFhHMczkuro0gZuBtqI73fCAS

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Muscle Tissues

Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

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Nervous Tissues •  found in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

•  basic cells are neurons

•  neuroglial cells support and bind nervous tissue components

•  sensory reception

•  conduction of nerve impulses

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Types of Epithelial Membranes

Serous •  line body cavities that do not open to the outside •  reduce friction •  inner lining of thorax and abdomen •  cover organs of thorax and abdomen •  secrete serous fluid

Mucous •  line tubes and organs that open to outside world •  lining of mouth, nose, throat, etc. •  secrete mucus

Cutaneous • covers body •  skin

Synovial •  composed entirely of connective tissue •  lines joints

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Notebook #5

1.  What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

2.  What is the basic cell of the nervous tissue?

3.  What is the function of nervous tissue?

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Notebook #6

Critical Thinking:

# 5, 6, 7

Review Exercises:

# 15, 16, 17, 18, 20

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Clinical Application The Extracellular Matrix: The Body’s Glue

Cancer •  fibroblasts become more contractile, take on cancer cell characteristics and secrete abundant collagen

Heart Failure and Atherosclerosis •  imbalances of collagen production and degradation •  ECM buildup may block blood flow in the arteries and the heart

Liver Fibrosis •  collagen deposit increases •  ECM exceeds normal 3% value and may block blood flow

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Clinical Application

Collagen Disorders

Chondrodysplasia •  collagen chains too wide •  stunted growth •  deformed joints

Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa •  breakdown of collagen that attaches skin layers •  stretchy skin •  lax joints

Hereditary osteoarthritis •  change in amino acid in collagen •  painful joints