Honors Biology Honors Biology ReviewReview

Honors Biology Honors Biology ReviewReview

Yea!!!!!Yea!!!!!

Steps in the Scientific Method…

• Observe~ always observing the world around us!!

• 1. ask questions • 2. form hypothesis• 3. experimentation• 4. analysis• 5. conclusion

Hypothesis?•If, then

statement (question)…

•An educated guess/ testable

What is the difference between a control group

and an experimental group?

• Control~ unmanipulated; used as a basis of comparison (sometimes called placebo group)

• Experimental~ a variable has been manipulated

Words used in a conclusion?

Compound microscope vs. simple vs. electron?

• Compound~ many lenses working together (magnification & clarity)

• Simple~ magnification only (specimens usually macroscopic)

• Electron~ e- beams, can see viruses and other extreme microscopic specimens.

KNOW PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE

Know your fields of biology:

• ecology – Study of organism interactions with

each other and the environment• genetics

– Study of heredity• cytology

– Study of cells• biology

– Study of LIFE!!!!!!! (YOU BETTER NOT GET THIS ONE WRONG )

• taxonomy– Study of naming organisms

Know your basic biochemistry:

• Organic elements- CHONPS• Carbohydrates~ COMPLEX SUGARS • lipids~ fats, oils, waxes• proteins~ keratin, actin/myosin, etc.

complex amino acids• nucleic acids~ DNA/RNA• glucose/sucrose/fructose/lactose~

blood sugar, table sugar, fruit sugar, milk sugar

Know your basic biochemistry: (Define & Give examples)

• Cellulose~ strength & rigidity to plants; cell wall component

• Complimentary base pairing~ DNA= A-T, C-G; RNA= A-U, C-G

• DNA/RNA~ deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic blueprint)/ ribonucleic acid (protein synthesis)

• enzymes/ substrate / lock & key~ enzymes (catalyst to jumpstart a reaction)

• Hydrolysis- breaking apart macromolecules into monomers by adding water

• Dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction: combining monomers together by removing water

Know your cellular organelles: What do they look like & what do they

do?• Nucleus~ cellular control center• Mitochondrion~ “powerhouse”

supplies energy• Nucleolus~ makes ribosomes• Ribosome~ makes proteins• lysosome~ garbage disposals;

destroyer • Cell membrane~ semipermeable

layer; allows homeostasis and transport (same stable internal conditions)

Know your cellular organelles: What do they look like & what do

they do?• Chloroplast~ has chlorophyll allowing

for photosynthesis to occur• endoplasmic reticulum (rough &

smooth~ intracellular highways• Golgi apparatus~ postal office

(packaging and secreting)• Cell wall~ protects and supports

plant cells• Vacuole- stroage of water, enzymes,

waste

Define the following terms related to movement of

cellular materials: • Diffusion~ movement of molecules

from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

• Osmosis~ movement of WATER from an area of high to low

• Active transport~ cell expends energy; against concentration gradient

• Hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic solution~ lower, higher, equal

• Plasmolysis~ wilting

Define the following terms related to movement of cellular materials:

• Passive transport~ no energy input from cell

• Cytolysis~ cell bursting• Endocytosis~ movement into the

cell pinocytosis~ cell drinking, Phagocytosis~ cell eating

• Exocytosis~ movement out of the cell

• Contractile vacuoles~ used by protista to pump out excess water

Difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

Which cell is in a hypertonic solution? isotonic?

hypotonic?

Define the concepts of cell division:

• Interphase- G1, S, G2

• Mitosis~ cloning; body cell reproduction• Meiosis~ forms gametes; genetic

recombination• Haploid, diploid~ n, 2n• Gamete~ sperm & egg• Zygote~ union of sperm & egg• Cell plate, cleavage furrow~ occurs during

cytokinesis • Autosomes~ body chromosomes/somatic

chromosomes (44)• Sex chromosomes: XX (girl)or XY (boy) (2)

Know blood typing!

Define the concepts of cell division:

•Bacterial reproduction~ binary fission; splitting into two

•Sperm production to egg production~

•4 to 1 (spermatogenesis; oogenesis)

Define the concepts of cell division:

•Male and female symbols

Punnett Square Practice

• Want to do these on the board????

TT X tt

Tt X Tt

Tt X tt

Genetic Terms• Dominant~ overshadows a recessive• Recessive~ is expressed when no

dominant is present• Phenotype~ physical characteristics

(brown, red, etc)• Genotype~ genetic makeup

(represented by letters)• Homozygous~ both are the same

(TT or tt)• Heterozygous~ different genes (Tt)• sex-linked~ found on a sex

chromosome

Add: Karyotype & Pedigree

• Karyotype:

• Pedigree:

Genetic Disorders• XO~ Turner Syndrome• Down Syndrome~ Trisomy 21• XXY~ Klienfelters Syndrome• Others?Others? Lots!!Lots!! Look over notesLook over notes!!• Nondisjunction~ failure of chromosomes to

separate during meiosis• Monosomy~ 45 total chromosomes (results

in 1 less)~ Turner Syndrome• Trisomy~ 47 total chromosome (results in 1

too many)~ Down Syndrome & Klienfelters)• Detection: Amniocentesis or chorionic villi

sampling

Remember Replication, Transcription, Translation ?

• Orig DNA: AAT CCA GTC• Replication: TTA GGT CAG• Transcription: UUA GGU CAG• Translation: AAU CCA GUC

3 BASES= A CODON

Famous Scientists• Darwin~ theory of evolution• Aristotle~ first to classify organisms• Fleming~ discovered penicillin• Linnaeus~ modern classification

system• Hooke~ named the cell• Lamarck~ acquired traits; evolution• Mendel~ father of genetics• Van Leeuwenhoek~ father of

microscopy

Taxonomy and Evolution

• 7 levels?• KPCOFGs• Kingdoms?• AnimalAnimal• PlantPlant• FungiFungi• ProtistaProtista• EubacteriaEubacteria• ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

Describe these “taxonomy/evolution terms”:

• vestigial structures: no longer needed (appendix, tailbone)

• acquired traits: behavior causes evolution (giraffe stretching neck to reach leaves)

• binomial nomenclature: 2 name naming system (scientific name); Genus species

• Dichotomous key: recipe for classification

• Homologous structures- similar origin but look different

Describe these “taxonomy/evolution terms”:

• analogous structures- different origin but look similar due to environment)

• Divergent evolution- two organisms becoming more dissimilar over time

• Convergent- two organisms appearing to be closely related but are not

• Artificial selection- mankind speeding up evolution (example- dog breeding)

Bacteria and Viruses and Fungi

• Draw the three basic bacterial shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillus

Bacterial Shapes:• Rod- bacillus• Sphere- coccus• Spiral- spirilli

• Staphylo- clusters• Strepto- chains/filaments

• What is the difference between archaebacteria and eubacteria?

• “ancient” extreme environments/”true” soil and water

• Good things bacteria do? • Decomposers, make food, antibiotics,

clean up environmental pollutants, others???

• Bacterial Diseases?• Anthrax,Salmonella, Botulism, TB,

Typhus, RMSF, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, Syphilis, others????

• What is a virus? • Obligate intracellular parasite (not

technically “living”

• Temperate vs. virulent?• Lysogenic (doesn’t kill host right

away); lytic (kills host immediately)

What are some viral diseases?

• AIDSAIDS• EbolaEbola• Genital WartsGenital Warts• ColdCold• FluFlu• HerpesHerpes• BSE (mad cow)BSE (mad cow)• KuruKuru• Others????????Others????????

What are some common fungi?

• MushroomsMushrooms• YeastsYeasts• SmutsSmuts• RustsRusts• MoldsMolds• MildewsMildews• PuffballsPuffballs

Fungal Diseases?• Corn smutsCorn smuts• AthleteAthlete’’s foots foot• Nail fungusNail fungus• MildewMildew• RustsRusts• RingwormRingworm• Jock itchJock itch• Others???Others???

Fungus Terminology:

• Hyphae- fungal filaments• Mycelium- mat of hyphae• Fruiting body- reproductive

structure• Miracle Drug?Miracle Drug?

– Penicillin (alexander fleming)Penicillin (alexander fleming)

Protista: “the very first”List and describe several

protozoans:• LOTS!!! Check out your LOTS!!! Check out your notesnotes on on

animallike, plantlike and animallike, plantlike and funguslike!!funguslike!!

• Hint…Hint…• Those that cause diseasesThose that cause diseases

(trypanosoma, entamoeba, (trypanosoma, entamoeba, Giardia),Giardia), have mutualistic have mutualistic relationshipsrelationships ( (Trichonympha & Trichonympha & termitetermite), ), etc.etc.

How do some protists move?

• Pseudopodia~• False feet (amoebas)• Cilia~• Hairlike structures (paramecium)

How do paramecia rid themselves of excess water?

• Contractile vacuoleContractile vacuole

What are some common What are some common diseases caused by protozoa?diseases caused by protozoa?

• Malaria, Giardia, Amebic Dysentery, Malaria, Giardia, Amebic Dysentery, African Sleeping Sickness, African Sleeping Sickness, Leishmania, others????Leishmania, others????

Photosynthesis Equation

___ CO2 + ___H2O C6H12O6 + ___O2

“Photosynthesis is a series of reactions that uses energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide (reactants) into sugars and oxygen (products)”

Meiosis~ produces pollen grains

Sticky~ where pollen lands

Eggs are produced

Protect flower while developing

Supports anther

Know your phyla and classes:• Porifera~ sponges; sessile (don’t move

as adults)• Cnidaria ~ jelly fish, man of wars, corals

and anemones; have cnidocysts & nematocysts

• Nematoda ~ roundworms; most are parasitic

• Platyhelminthes~ flatworms like planaria, tapeworm & flukes

• Annelida~ segmented worms like earthworms, sandworms and leeches

Continued…

• Amphibia~ metamorphasis; moist skin, lack claws, frogs, salamanders, toads, caecilians

• Mammalia~ have hair, bear live young, 4-chambered hearts, endothermic, mammary glands

Know some general organ function and structures like:

•pharynx: pharynx: pathway to trachea or pathway to trachea or esophagusesophagus

•crop: crop: storge area for food storge area for food (earthworms)(earthworms)

•gizzard: gizzard: grinds food for grinds food for earthwormearthworm

•heart (chambers in a frog? pig?) heart (chambers in a frog? pig?) : : 3 in frog, 4 in pig3 in frog, 4 in pig

• Nictitating membrane: 3rd eyelid; protects and moistens

• Tympanic membrane: eardrums• Kidneys: removal of nitrogenous waste• Pinnae: external ear flaps• Eyespots~ both detect light• Lungs: breathing apparatus and gas

exchange• Stomach~ mechanical & chemical food

digection• fat bodies (fat)- insulates organs for

hibernation

Biological terminology:

• Autotrophic means: Autotrophic means: self-feedingself-feeding• Heterotrophic means: Heterotrophic means: other other

feedingfeeding• Eukaryotic means: Eukaryotic means: true nucleustrue nucleus• Prokaryotic means:Prokaryotic means: before nucleus before nucleus

(lacks a true nucleus)(lacks a true nucleus)• Symbiotic relationships: Symbiotic relationships: two or two or

more organisms living in close more organisms living in close association with each otherassociation with each other

Biological terminology:

• Mutualism- Mutualism- both organisms benefitboth organisms benefit• Parasitism- Parasitism- one organisms benefits one organisms benefits

while the other is harmed while the other is harmed (ectoparasitism and (ectoparasitism and endoparasitism)endoparasitism)

• Commensalism- Commensalism- one organism one organism benefits while the other is benefits while the other is unaffected)unaffected)

• KNOW EXAMPLES OF EACH!!KNOW EXAMPLES OF EACH!!

Know levels of organization!

• Species population community ecosystem biome biosphere

• Habitat- where an organism lives

• Niche- the role an organism fulfills

Distinguish between food chains, & food

webs. • Chain~ flow of energy from producer to top

consumer.• Web~ interrelated food chains• Trophic level- each step in the food chain

(Be able to identify producers, 1st order

(primary) consumers, 2nd order consumers, etc.)

• Autotroph~ self feeding• Heterotroph~ other feeding• Decomposer (saprobe/saprophyte)~

recycle energy back into the environment (bacteria and fungus)

• Detritivore~ feed on dead/decaying matter

• Herbivore~ plant eater• Carnivore~ animal eater• Omnivore~ eats both plants and animals

Know energy transfer! Who feeds at what trophic level? What level of consumerism?