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2013-05-17
1
Host – parasite interaction 01
Paulina Kramarz
Lectures and so on
• Five lectures, last will be given by dr Hajnalka Szentgyoryi (bees parasites) and Aleksandra Walczyńska (symbionts of insects feeding on wood)
• Five conversional lectures – one presentation/three persons, judged by the rest (not only me
• Lab (three) – depends on you – need to stay longer, proposed topics:
• Isolation of bacteria from infected caterpillar (three consecutive days, one hour each)
• Infectivity depending on life-stage and temperature (two labs): Tribolium castaneum and Steinernema feltiae
Symbioses
• Intimate interaction between different organisms, where at least one of the parties is obligatorily dependent on the association as a part of its life history
• Host organism - the provider of resources or the resource base,
• Symbionts - the consumers of the resources, may or may not provide services in return
• Mutualism - both the host and symbiont reciprocally benefit from the relationship,
• Commensal - the symbiont utilises the host without benefiting or harming it
• Parasite -the symbiont is using the host as a resource and causing it harm as a result
Classification scheme rarely reflects the true dynamics of symbiotic relationships in nature.
Continuum
adarwinstudygroup.org/biology-culture-psychology/symbiosis-continuum/#img-01-1201
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Continuum
Symbiotic associations can be described according to: their impact on host biology spanning from parasitic to mutualistic (X); the nature of the association varying from facultative to obligate (Y); and the age of the symbiosis between partners (Z). Host and environmental factors influence the dynamics of the relations through time. Rio et all 2004
Hidden costs of parasites - examples
Cymothoid isopods Anilocra apogonae vs. the cardinal fishCheilodipterus quinquelineatus
www.lexagrutter.com/rachel_profile.htm
Pipefish Syngnathus typhle vs metacercariae of the trematode Cryptocotyle sp.
www.anst.uu.se/andberg/pipefish.htm
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Two-spotted goby, Gobiusculus flavescens and microsporidian infection
www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/species.asp?item=ZG7280
Acanthocephalus dirus -infected (left) and uninfected Lirceus lineatus
kwcweb.kwc.edu/depts/biology/dfo09.htm
Deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus and trematode Schistosomatium douthitti
Hidden benefits for mutualists – examples
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Anemones and damselfish (clownfish)
hackingfamily.com/underwater/damselfish.htm
Santia spp. (isopod) and its ectosymbiotic cyanobacteria
(a) Epifluorescence photograph of the Santia spp. and ectosymbiotic cyanobacteria. (b) Cyanobacterial cells on an isopod antenna. (c) TEM micrograph of a cyanobacterial cell of an unpalatable red isopod and surrounding microorganisms. (d) TEM micrograph of a cyanobacterial cell of a palatable brown isopod and surrounding micro-organisms Lindquist et all 2005
Niche expansion for the host: Megacopta punctatissima and Megacopta cribraria
Adult insects of M. punctatissima (left) and M. cribraria (right). Normal, insects with original symbiont; Replaced, insects with heterospecific symbiont; Hosokawa et all. 2007
Niche expansion for the host: Osedax, (polychaetes, boneworms, zombie worms, or bone-eating worms
www.mbari.org/twenty/osedax.htm
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Niche expansion for the host: mycorrhizal fungi
gardenofeaden.blogspot.com/2009/05/what-are-mycorrhizal-fungi.html
Balance between the costs and benefits
Butterlfly fish, Chaetodon multicinctus, trematode Podocotyloides stenometra and corals
therightblue.blogspot.com/2010/01/multiband-butterflyfish-chaetodon.html
Protozoan parasite Ascogregarina taiwanensis and mosquito Aedes albopictus
(A) Ascogregarina taiwanensis in Aedes albopictus—trophozoites in the mid-gut of the larva;
(B)—Ascogregarina culicis in Aedes aegypti—extra-cellular trophozoites (arrows) in larvae
Passos and Tadei 2008
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Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum and symbionts
Bacteriocytes of the symbionts that form the functional consortium .B - Buchnera aphidicola; S - Serratia symbiotica
Hamiltonella defensa
Gosalbes 2010
Pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum and symbionts
(a) In A. pisum, facultative symbionts are often found in specialized sheath cells that surround the bacteriocytes housing the obligate symbiont Buchnera aphidicola.
(b) A. pisum bacteriome with bacteriocytes harboring the obligate symbiont B. aphidicola and sheath cells harboring the facultative symbiont Candidatus Serratia symbiotica.
Pontes and Dale 2006
B - bacteriocyte; F- facultative symbiont (Ca. Serratia symbiotica); O - obligate symbiont (B. aphidicola); S.C. - sheath cell; M - mitochondrion.
Carnivorous plant Roridula dentata and hemipteran Pameridea marlothii
www.bestcarnivorousplants.com/CP_Photos/cp_photos_2.htm
Cleaner fish
www.newscientist.com/gallery/dn14854-best-wildlife-photography-2008/3
news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/09/100924-whale-sharks-gulf-oil-spill-science-environment/
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Symbioses over time
Amphipod Hyperia medusarum, crab, Cancer gracilis and jellyfish, Phacellophora camtschatica
Joseph Dougherty, M.D./ecology.org
Fig and wasp (Ceratosolen)
Symbioses and transmission Wolbachia
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Upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana and algae Symbiodinium microadriaticum
imgfave.com/view/2661973
Perch (Perca fluviatilis) – almost 100 individual macroparasites from 8 different taxa. Schmid-Hempel 2011
Diversity of parasites
www.latvijasdaba.lv
Some more examples
Roach (Rutilus rutilus) – 38 fishes.rasmuswikman.com
Three-spined stickleback - 51
(Gasterrosteus aculeatus L.) fish.dnr.cornell.edu
Nine-spined stickleback -16
(Pungitius pungitius) www.grrb.nt.ca
Some more examples
Honeybee – 70
Apis mellifera
Fall armyworm
Spodoptera frugiperda
148 parastitoids using larva,
20 species attacking pupa,
8 species feed on eggs
feww.wordpress.com
www.sel.barc.usda.gov
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Types of parasites
Microparasites: up to a few hundreds of µm in size), viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa
Macroparasites: the worm-like parasites: nematodes, cestodes, trematodes), parasitic insects, and some other groups (Acanthocephala, Hirudinea, etc.)
Parasitoids: the adult is a free-living stage, the juvenile lives in or on the host animal. Parasitic insects (e.g. ichneumonid wasps), the mussel Glochidium (larva lives on the gills).
Endoparasites: live inside the host. Microparasites, parasitoids larvae.
Ectoparasites: live on the host or are attached to it. Mites, ticks, lice, or parasitic groups, such as suckerfish.
Social parasites: exploit the social structure of a host group. These are typically macroparasites, such as insects, or other higher eukaryotes
Social parasites
Commensalisms: species that mostly live on the debris or food remains without any noticeable harm; e.g. some beetles that live in the nest of ants,
Cleptoparasitism: species that rob food from their hosts, e.g. some spiders that live in the web of their host spider,
Brood parasites:
Maculinea and ants
www.eyefetch.com academic.reed.edu
Cuckoo species that seduce the host to raise the parasite’s eggs; closely related
Bumblebees lay their eggs into the nest of other bumblebees (all within the genus Bombus),
Gees dump their eggs into the nest of con-specifics (intra-specific parasitism).
Body size of parasites
Schmid-Hempel 2011
Viruses
pangmee97.blogspot.com
economicdisconnect.blogspot.com
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textbookofbacteriology.net
Archea
Thermoproteus
luirig.altervista.org
Methanocaldococcus
www.corzakinteractive.com
Bacteria
Gram-negative vs Gram-positive
www.nmpdr.org
www.123rf.com
Bacteria
www.merckmanuals.com
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Bacillus anthracis
www.txtwriter.com
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
Firmicutes
Bacilli, Clostridia, Mollicutes
Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptocooccus, Enterococcus, Listeria, Clostridium
Clostridium difficile
nutrivize.com
Mollicutes
Mycoplasma
www.invivogen.com
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Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Lyme disease, Lyme borreliosis Chlamydia trachomatis Ch. pneumonia
www.ppdictionary.com
Spirochaetae
commentary-gonzalo86.blogspot.com
Gram-negative Proteobacteria
Alpha-group: Rickettsias Beta-group: Neisseria, Burkholderia, Gamma-proteobacteria: Enterobacteria, Vibrio (cholera), Salmonella, Yersinia (bubonic plague), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonaceae. Epsilon-group: Helicobacter pylori
www.webmastersitesi.com
Protozoa
Types of feeding: Phagotrophy: engulfing solid food (amoebae) Directly absorbtion of nutrients through the body wall (saprozoic feeding; amoebae, flagellates Cysts: can survive unfavourable conditions, also the transmission stage that infect a new host (Enamoeba, Giardia); can furthermore specialize with regard to the atthachment to the host’s surface www.superakwarium.pl
Ciliate Ichthyophthitius (freshwater white spot disease), excystation:process of opening and exiting from the cyst
Mastigophora
Kinetoplastida: Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Phytomonas
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Sarcodina
Actiopoda and Rhizopoda
Entamoeba histolytica
Sporozoa
Apicomplexa: Gregarines, Coccidia (Eimera tenella, that infect poultry; Toxoplasma gondii), Haemosporidia, and Piroplasmida (e.g. Babesia, a parasite of cattle)
www.sciencedirect.com
Toxoplasma gondii
Plasmodium
en.wikipedia.org
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Ciliophora
Balantidum coli,
Ciliophora
Ichthyophtthirius multifiliis
www.jcvi.org
Fungi
Four phyla: Chytridomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
Chytridomycota: chytridiomycosis, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Xenopus
www.habitatadvocate.com.au
Zygomycota, order Entomophthorales
www.flickr.com www.pbase.com
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Ascomycota: Phyllachorales, Erysiphales
powdery mildew; www.wiki.lasypolskie.pl biologyarticle.blogspot.com
Microsporidia
Nosema apis, Honeybee Colony Colapse Disorder
www.extension.org
Nematodes (roundworms)
Medina worm, Dracunculus medinensis
Flatworms
Platyhelminthes- Tubellaria (planarians), Trematoda (the flukes, including the Digenea), Monogenea, and Cestoda (tapeworms)
Cestodes, Diphyllobothrium latum , 25 m, 2 cm diameter, 30 years
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Acanthocephala
Annelida, Hirudinea
Leeche, Hirudo medicinalis
Crustacea, Pentastomida
Linguatula serrate halzoun and marrara syndrome
Porocephalus crotali
Crustacea, Copepods
sea lice agsci.oregonstate.edu
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Isopods
Branchiura (fish lice)
eol.org
Crustacea - other groups
Barnacle Sacculina carcini: Female larva (the cyprid), specialized stage (the vermigon) is then injected into the host haemocoel
Mites (Acari), ticks, lice (Mallophaga, Anoplura)
Acariformes: mites (Trombidiformes, Astigmata), Parastitiformes including the Mesostigmata, the ticks (Ixoda) and Opilioacariformes (mites resembling harvestmen)
Borrelia burgdorferi