HOTEL COST ESTIMATING GUIDE - HVS Design · HOTEL COST ESTIMATING GUIDE 2010 A year ago, seeing the need for quality and up-to-date hotel renovation costs, JN+A and HVScompass prepared

HOTEL COST ESTIMATING GUIDE2010

WASHINGTON, D.C.7361 Calhoun Place, Suite 310Rockville, Maryland 20855

BOSTON563 Main StreetWest Newbury, Massachusetts 01985

SAN DIEGO701 Palomar Airport Road, Suite 300Carlsbad, California 92011

www.nehmer.comwww.hvscompass.com

© 2010 Jonathan Nehmer + Associates, Inc. & HVScompass

Published by: Jonathan Nehmer+ Associates, Inc.

HOTEL COST ESTIMATING GUIDE 2010

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Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 4

Capex in Crisis: Hotel Capital Expenditures Since 2007 ....................................................... 6

Cost Estimating Summary Sheet ........................................................................................... 8

Cost Estimating Tables by Hotel Tier ................................................................................... 11

Economy ........................................................................................................................................... 11

Extended Stay .................................................................................................................................. 15

Midscale ........................................................................................................................................... 23

Upscale ............................................................................................................................................. 31

Upper-Upscale .................................................................................................................................. 41

Luxury ............................................................................................................................................... 51

Perspectives on Capital Expenditures .................................................................................. 61

Tips for Planning Capital Expenditure Renovations ........................................................................ 62

If I Had Two Nickels .......................................................................................................................... 63

Successful Capex on a Tight Budget ............................................................................................... 64

Logistics Tips .................................................................................................................................... 67

Discovering Product by Product What’s Sustainably Beneficial to Hotels ....................................... 68

Glossary of Freight/FF&E Terms .......................................................................................... 70

TABLE OF CONTENTS

HOTEL COST ESTIMATING GUIDE2010

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A year ago, seeing the need for quality and up-to-date hotel renovation costs, JN+A and HVScompass prepared the first HotelCost Estimating Guide. This guide provided a quick, clear reference with ranges of costs to broadly estimate the cost of hotelrenovations. Within each range, applicable costs were separated into categories as outlined below.

Now, for 2010, due to the significant changes and volatility in the current market, we have updated the Hotel Cost EstimatingGuide to reflect current costs.

When using this guide, please note that since project-specific conditions will affect the final cost of every renovation project,this Estimating Guide will not include all costs for each hotel renovation. However, this guide does identify broad areas ofcosts that will likely apply to most types of hotel renovations and can provide preliminary insight when planning for such work.

Economy 90 guestrooms, 3 stories (all with guestrooms), 30 rooms / floorExtended Stay 150 guestrooms, 4 stories (all with guestrooms), 40 rooms / floor

Midscale w/ F&B 135 guestrooms, 5 stories (all with guestrooms), 27 rooms / floorUpscale 304 guestrooms, 9 stories (8 with guestrooms), 38 rooms / floor

Upper Upscale 192 guestrooms, 25 suites, 7 stories (6 with guestrooms), 41 bays / floorLuxury 200 guestrooms, 20 suites, 6 stories (5 with guestrooms), 46 bays / floor

Guestrooms, Guest Bathrooms, Guestroom CorridorsFood & Beverage OutletsFunction SpaceRecreational FacilitiesInfrastructure

INTRODUCTION

HOTEL MARKET TIERS - MODEL HOTEL CRITERIA FOR 2010 GUIDE

Renovation costs in this guide have been separated into the following cost categories. Throughout the guide, the colorsshown in the chart below are used to indicate each category.

COST CATEGORIES


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NEW IN THE 2010 GUIDE

Now in its second year, the 2010 Hotel Cost Estimating Guide hasbeen updated to include more useful information for hotel renova-tion decision-makers.

FF&E and Freight Management: As with the 2009 study, forthe second year we want to recognize the efforts of Benjamin Westand Audit Logistics for providing cost data for FF&E and FreightManagement. In the new guide, Benjamin West has provided low,medium, and high prices for various FF&E items that are commonlyrequired in hotel renovations. The pricing information was compiledfrom actual purchase orders that were implemented in 2010. Ben-jamin West’s pricing evaluation included custom FF&E items so thatthe costs indicated in the guide are the most representativeamounts possible.

The FF&E amounts included in the guide do not include tax, freight,or warehousing because these amounts vary greatly based on loca-tion, weight of the materials to be shipped, and on the manufac-turer’s distance from the site.

Added Luxury Tier: For 2010, we have added a new market tierfor Luxury Hotels. Hotels in this market segment vary greatly insize, configuration, and the services that they provide. They rangefrom small, boutique properties, to larger urban properties, to evenlarger suburban properties in locations such as Orange County, CA;Buckhead, GA; Northern Virginia, and several other prosperoussuburban locations. Consequently, the model hotel described in theguide is only one possible configuration for this tier. In addition, theguide accommodates the fact that Luxury Hotels receive frequentupgrades in certain types of FF&E that wear quickly due to highuse, such as bedding, while less frequent upgrades are required inother types of FF&E, such as meeting room carpet, that wear moreslowly due to lower capacities and the higher material quality asso-ciated with Luxury Hotels.

Contractor Data: JN+A wishes to thank the following GeneralContractors for the large amount of time they volunteered to provideus with unit cost data for each of the categories and sub-categoriesincluded in the guide. JN+A has successfully worked with each ofthese contractors on past projects. All of them are well-known, re-gionally- or nationally-based contractors that specialize, or have de-partments that specialize, in the hospitality industry. Theseorganizations are acutely aware of the crucial need for efficient op-eration in hotels with regard to noise and guest satisfaction, as wellas the primary need to produce completed, guest-ready, hotelrooms.

Brasfield & Gorrie General ContractorsContinental Contractors, Inc.Digney York Associates, LLCGrand Pacific Building Services, Inc.Heidenberger Construction, Inc.Land-Ron, Inc.Lombardi Contracting CorporationReliance Construction CompanyStructure Tone, Inc.Triad Construction Services, Inc.Turner Construction CompanyWhiting-Turner Contracting Company

Another upgrade in the 2010 Guide is the inclusion of technical arti-cles that have been prepared by HVS, JN+A, HVScompass, Ben-jamin West, and Audit Logistics throughout 2009 and 2010. Thesearticles, listed in the Table of Contents, provide further insight intocapital expenditures, hotel renovation, and the FF&E purchasingand freight process. �

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Making the decision to renovate in the current economy is a diffi-cult one. Due to limited capital expenditure dollars, hoteliers arefaced with re-evaluating the previously-recommended renovationcycles based on necessity. In the past, a hotel would be reno-vated based either on brand-mandated ‘refresh’ programs or on arenovation cycle based on the useful life of its systems and FF&E.Given the current state of the economy, today’s decisions aredriven by ROI, occupancy, and competition. It is important to un-derstand the trends of capital expenditures, especially over thepast few years when the market has taken a drastic turn, to knowhow to plan for and prioritize upcoming renovations.

The last official capital expenditure study for the hotel industrywas conducted in 2007. The study analyzed capital expendituresdata from 2000 through 2005. During this period, the industrysaw a sharp downturn due to the events of 9/11, followed by agradual recovery beginning in 2003, then a boom in 2006 and2007.

From 2004 through 2007, the hotel industry saw a swell of activityin both renovation and new construction, and with that increasedactivity came an increase in costs. Construction labor was expen-sive and hard to come by due to the number of projects under-way. Energy costs were also on the rise, due to increasedconsumption, declining supply, and natural disasters like Hurri-cane Katrina in 2005. Competition from overseas forced theprices of raw materials to soar. Prices for both steel and drywallrose 20% per year from 2004 to 2006, according to the AGC (As-sociated General Contractors of America). Due to material costincreases, inflation, and labor costs, the average cost of hotelconstruction rose approximately 9% in 2004, 10% in 2005, and7% in 2006.

Although green design was receiving a lot of press, for most hotelowners, sustainable design initiatives were not economically fea-sible. Building green was viewed as an unwelcome addition oftime and cost and a compromise of design because of limited ma-terial selections. Since many owners were renovating propertieswith the intention of selling again within a few years’ time, thelong-run savings incurred from green building practices weren’t in-centive enough to sell sustainable design. In the active market of2005-2007, in which properties turned over frequently, buildinggreen just wasn’t attractive.

Today’s hotel industry is in a state of recovery similar to the onethat occurred after 9/11. Construction projects were down nearly35% between December 2007 and September 2009, and projectsin the pipeline were reduced 26% during the same timeframe.Capital expenditures are down due to a decline in RevPAR andthe capital markets. The upscale and luxury hotel sectors havebeen the hardest hit by revenue the decline due to the negative

publicity surrounding luxury spending in the reces-sion. Consequently, luxury properties have beenless apt to spend money on renovations when rev-enue is down. Limited service properties, however,were the beneficiary of the cost cutting trend andhave continued to renovate, as they did during theyears from 2002 through 2007. The limited serviceand economy sectors have kept closer to the normalrenovation cycle during the economic downturn.

The decline in construction projects has also affectedthe cost and scheduling of construction. Projectsthat have been bid and constructed during this timehave shown that construction costs were down 15-20% in the last quarter of 2009. Many projects are

currently being bid by contractors and subcontractors at cost oreven below, but this trend can’t continue for too long. Laborprices are decreasing in non-union markets due to surplus supply.The South and Midwest are currently the hardest hit and are see-ing the greatest reductions in labor costs. While the currenttrends have benefits on the cost side, scheduling of renovationscan be tricky due to material lead times. Manufacturers of con-struction materials are drawing down inventories, so lead timeshave been increasing significantly. For FF&E, lead times areslightly increased due to slow recovery of the factory workforce.

According to many industry experts, the expectation is that proj-ects will return in the second half of 2010, with an overload in2012 similar to what happened during the post-9/11 recovery. This

apex in Crisis: Hotel Capital Expenditures Since 2007by Stephen Rushmore of HVS | as published in LODGING HOSPITALITY

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could also mean that sustainable design projects have a promis-ing future. While sustainable design was a burden that manyowners could not afford to bear during the last decade, hotel own-ers now seem to understand the value and importance of incorpo-rating it into their projects. Over the past ten years, more andmore manufacturers have created eco-friendly products. This hasmade selection less of an issue and allows designers to fully ex-press their creativity while creating a sustainable product. As ju-risdictions begin to require sustainable design as part of theirpermitting processes, incorporating sustainable practices, andeven seeking LEED certification, will evolve from a decision ofconscience to a practical necessity.

As the market continues to stabilize and construction costs seemto fluctuate, a useful tool for any owner planning a hotel renova-tion is an area-by-area guide to replacement costs for hotel sys-tems and FF&E. In 2009, a comprehensive Hotel Cost EstimatingGuide© was established to provide rule-of-thumb ranges of costsfor various levels of renovation in five hotel tiers: economy, ex-tended stay, midscale, upscale, and upper upscale. Theseranges assist hoteliers with making informed decisions on capitalexpenditures for hotel properties with which they are working. Due to the changing circumstances, these numbers are updatedyearly to provide the most up-to-date information on the currenttrends.

Understanding the historical trends in hotel capital expenditures,using the post-9/11 recovery as a guideline, and utilizing all avail-able resources in planning can make a hotel renovation possible,even when capital is tight. Experts from all sectors of the hospi-tality industry are urging owners to renovate while constructioncosts are low, and with good reason: A renovation while the cycleis down can position your property ahead of the competition andhelp your property become a leader in the recovery. �

My column this month was made possible with the help of JonathanNehmer and Scott Rosenberg of Nehmer + Associates and JulieBourque and Laura Kelley of HVScompass. If you have any questionson your hotel’s capital improvements and want to talk with an expert inhotel design and construction, drop me an e-mail [email protected].

Stephen Rushmore is president and founder of HVS, a global hospitalityconsulting organization with offices around the world. Steve has pro-vided consultation services for more than 12,000 hotels throughout theworld during his 35-year career and specializes in complex issues in-volving hotel feasibility, valuations, and financing. He can be reached [email protected] or 516-248-8828 ext. 204.

A renovation while the cycle is down can position your property ahead of the competition.

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Guestrooms & Corridors

Guestroom Only Softgoods Reno. $1,608 to $2,932 Per Guestroom $2,455 to $4,528 Per Guestroom ok $2,732 to $4,581 Per Guestroom okAdd for Full Reno. $2,979 to $3,388 Per Guestroom $6,558 to $8,962 Per Guestroom ok $5,613 to $7,526 Per Guestroom not

Bathroom (1) Basic Reno. $605 to $935 Per Guestroom $1,381 to $2,260 Per Guestroom ok $2,012 to $3,483 Per Guestroom ok(2) Add for Full Reno. $2,023 to $3,453 Per Guestroom $3,194 to $5,649 Per Guestroom ok $4,032 to $7,773 Per Guestroom ok

Guestroom Corridors (3,4) $541 to $740 Per Guestroom $931 to $1,250 Per Guestroom ok $930 to $1,325 Per Guestroom not

Economy Extended Stay Midscale with F&B

Public Spaces

Lobby (5) 1,000 SF @ $55 Per SF 1,400 SF @ $72 Per SF 2,500 SF @ $72 Per SF

Food & Beverage Facilities

Restaurant Softgoods Reno. $6 to $13 Per SF (400) $10 to $17 Per SF (1,400) ok $16 to $29 Per SF (1,296) ok (Economy: Breakfast Bar Only) $201 to $423 Per Seat (12) $274 to $465 Per Seat (50) ok $413 to $747 Per Seat (50) ok

Add for Full Reno. $25 to $46 Per SF (400) $72 to $141 Per SF (1,400) ok $82 to $153 Per SF (1,296) ok$848 to $1,547 Per Seat (12) $2,026 to $3,959 Per Seat (50) ok $2,131 to $3,974 Per Seat (50) ok

Bar and Lounge Softgoods Reno. N/A N/A $15 to $21 Per SFN/A N/A $299 to $421 Per Seat

Add for Full Reno. N/A N/A $93 to $174 Per SFN/A N/A $1,868 to $3,484 Per Seat

Kitchen Excl. Equipment N/A $49 to $62 Per SF (80) $19 to $37 Per SF (1,600) not Add for Full Reno. N/A $125 to $188 Per SF (80) $63 to $94 Per SF (1,600) not

Function Spaces

Ballroom & Prefunction Softgoods Reno. N/A N/A N/AAdd for Full Reno. N/A N/A N/AAV Equipment N/A N/A N/A

Meeting Rooms Softgoods Reno. N/A $16 to $28 Per SF (552) $13 to $22 Per SF (3,714) not & Prefunction Add for Full Reno. N/A $21 to $44 Per SF (552) $24 to $64 Per SF (3,714) ok

AV Equipment N/A $2,500 to $2,500 Lump Sum $12,500 to $15,000 Lump Sum ok

Recreational Facilities

Fitness Rooms (6) Softgoods Reno. N/A $23 to $38 Per SF (420) ok $27 to $39 Per SF (420) ok(6) Add for Full Reno. N/A $30 to $56 Per SF (420) ok $31 to $57 Per SF (420) ok

Outdoor Swimming Pool (7) $17 to $21 Per SF (2,200) N/A N/AIndoor Swimming Pool (7) N/A $70 to $89 Per SF (1,750) ok $72 to $93 Per SF (1,750) ok

InfrastructureInfrastructure

Outdoor Parking (Seal Lot & Stripe Spaces) $203 to $371 Per Prkg. Space $203 to $371 Per Prkg. Space $203 to $371 Per Prkg. SpaceIndoor Parking Structure Renovation N/A N/A N/ALandscaping (8) $10,000 Allowance $20,000 Allowance $30,000 Allowance

GENERAL NOTES:Allowances indicated in this Estimating Guide do NOT include Professional Fees, Contingency, Operating Supplies & Equipment, Attic Stock, Freight, Sales Tax, etc.

Sources: JN+A historical data, misc. purchasing organization unit price information, input from U.S. General Contractors (geographically diverse)

This estimating information is a guideline only. Before utilizing this information for any renovation, a full budget estimate should be prepared by JN+A and HVScompass.

© 2010 Jonathan Nehmer + Associates, Inc. & HVScompass. Unauthorized reproduction prohibited.

2010 HOTEL COST ESTIMATING GUIDE SUMMARY Cost Per Key / Per Restaurant Seat / Per Square Foot


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$3,821 to $6,129 Per Guestroom ok $4,527 to $9,023 Per Guestroom ok $7,531 to $11,238 Per Guestroomt o $6,188 to $7,739 Per Guestroom ok $9,093 to $13,003 Per Guestroom ok $11,838 to $19,597 Per Guestroom

$2,080 to $3,589 Per Guestroom ok $3,637 to $4,555 Per Guestroom ok $4,477 to $8,180 Per Guestroom$3,824 to $9,818 Per Guestroom ok $5,090 to $21,178 Per Guestroom ok $8,423 to $27,896 Per Guestroom

t o $925 to $1,238 Per Guestroom not o $1,348 to $1,914 Per Guestroom ok $1,359 to $1,871 Per Guestroom

Upscale Upper Upscale Luxury

3,492 SF @ $95 Per SF 4,800 SF @ $125 Per SF 4,800 SF @ $200 Per SF

$17 to $30 Per SF (3,000) ok $18 to $32 Per SF (4,560) ok $38 to $64 Per SF (4,560)$436 to $739 Per Seat (120) not o $652 to $1,179 Per Seat (125) ok $737 to $1,228 Per Seat (166)

$78 to $147 Per SF (3,000) not o $86 to $185 Per SF (4,560) ok $129 to $266 Per SF (4,560)$1,956 to $3,674 Per Seat (120) not o $3,130 to $6,765 Per Seat (125) ok $2,481 to $5,127 Per Seat (166)

$21 to $40 Per SF ok $30 to $68 Per SF ok $34 to $80 Per SF$418 to $793 Per Seat ok $605 to $1,360 Per Seat ok $685 to $1,591 Per Seat$149 to $296 Per SF ok $190 to $431 Per SF ok $245 to $448 Per SF

$2,974 to $5,911 Per Seat ok $3,798 to $8,629 Per Seat ok $4,906 to $8,952 Per Seat

t o $19 to $43 Per SF (4,200) ok $20 to $40 Per SF (7,200) not o $20 to $51 Per SF (7,200)t o $83 to $119 Per SF (4,200) ok $97 to $139 Per SF (7,200) ok $104 to $208 Per SF (7,200)

$12 to $17 Per SF $17 to $26 Per SF ok $22 to $36 Per SF$57 to $103 Per SF $68 to $116 Per SF ok $89 to $153 Per SF

$70,000 to $125,000 Lump Sum $75,000 to $150,000 Lump Sum ok $80,000 to $175,000 Lump Sum

t o $14 to $20 Per SF (3,960) not o $12 to $20 Per SF (8,700) ok $13 to $20 Per SF (7,325)$25 to $75 Per SF (3,960) ok $61 to $120 Per SF (8,700) ok $63 to $123 Per SF (7,325)

$90,000 to $300,000 Lump Sum ok $25,000 to $225,000 Lump Sum not o $50,000 to $250,000 Lump Sum

$27 to $40 Per SF (720) ok $27 to $44 Per SF (1,620) ok $31 to $51 Per SF (3,500)$67 to $147 Per SF (720) ok $68 to $149 Per SF (1,620) ok $75 to $190 Per SF (3,500)

$18 to $37 Per SF (3,800) N/A ok N/A$71 to $107 Per SF (2,000) ok $76 to $117 Per SF (2,450) ok $105 to $187 Per SF (2,450)

$203 to $371 Per Prkg. Space not ok N/A N/AN/A $3,003 to $4,497 Per Prkg. Space $3,005 to $4,856 Per Prkg. Space

$40,000 Allowance $75,000 Allowance $75,000 Allowance

SPECIFIC NOTES1. Includes vanity (base), vanity top, faucet, vanity light, vinyl wall covering, framed mirror, paint ceiling2. Adds stone / tile tub surround, shower valve, tub diverter, tub drain, tub refinish, porcelain tile floor with tile base3. Includes carpet and double-stick pad, vinyl wall covering, sconce lighting, artwork, window treatments, painted ceiling, painted millwork running trim, furniture, signage,and ice machines4. The guestroom component of a guest corridor occupies an area equal to the width of the guestroom, full height, and one-half of the corridor width 5. Includes finishes and lighting upgrades; no electrical, HVAC, or life safety upgrades, nor any reconfiguration6. Assumes treadmills, elliptical, small free weights, small universal, towel display, dirty towel hamper, artwork, vinyl wall covering, lighting, floor7. Resurface pool bottom, resurface pool deck, new pool furniture; includes ADA lift8. Allowance only; varies geographically

2010 HOTEL COST ESTIMATING GUIDE SUMMARYCost Per Key / Per Restaurant Seat / Per Square Foot

ECONOMY


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Guestrooms & CorridorsAssume typical guestroom area of approximately 12' wide and 19' long, plus 5' x 8' bathroom and 6' x 4' entry area = 292 SF

Guestroom Softgoods RenovationAVERAGE

Demolition $175.00 to $450.00 $299.00Artwork (installed) $225.00 to $275.00 $250.00Bedspread $31.50 to $38.50 $35.00Carpet & Pad $338.80 to $529.20 $398.37Carpet Base $128.44 to $128.44 $128.44Paint Entry Door, Closet Door, & Frames $110.00 to $500.00 $285.00Paint Existing Knockdown Finish Walls $183.52 to $248.00 $224.85Paint Textured Ceiling $100.80 to $378.00 $172.20Window Treatments $315.00 to $385.00 $350.00

Per Key $1,608.06 to $2,932.14 $2,142.86

Guestroom - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Bedsets $350.00 to $350.00 $350.00Casegoods Installation $350.00 to $350.00 $350.00Chest $285.47 to $348.91 $317.19Closet Rack $25.00 to $125.00 $66.67Credenza $193.76 to $236.82 $215.29Desk $115.48 to $141.14 $128.31Desk Chair $76.50 to $93.50 $85.00Desk Lamp $28.13 to $34.38 $31.25End Table $78.88 to $96.40 $87.64

RANGE

RANGE

End Table $78.88 to $96.40 $87.64Floor Lamp $28.13 to $34.38 $31.25Headboards $135.00 to $165.00 $150.00Lounge Chair $203.40 to $248.60 $226.00Nightstand or Bracket Lamp (2) $151.50 to $168.44 $159.98Nightstands (2) $140.40 to $171.60 $156.00TV (32") & Mount $712.00 to $712.00 $712.00Welcome Light (in existing location) $104.88 to $111.53 $108.20

Per Key $2,978.52 to $3,387.69 $3,174.78

Guest Bathroom Basic RenovationAVERAGE

Paint Trim & Door $54.00 to $150.00 $98.00Paint Walls & Ceiling $65.52 to $252.00 $120.62Plate Glass Mirror $225.00 to $225.00 $225.00Shower Curtain & Rod $85.10 to $92.90 $89.14Toilet Accessories $50.00 to $75.00 $61.67Vanity Lights $125.00 to $139.90 $131.00

Per Key $604.62 to $934.80 $725.43

RANGE

ECONOMYPrototype Hotel: 90 guestrooms, 3 stories, 30 rooms/floorOther assumptions and allowances are listed in each section below


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Guestrooms & Corridors (continued)

Guest Bathroom - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Electrical Upgrades (GFI) $35.00 to $150.00 $63.13Faucet $50.00 to $50.00 $50.00Tile Floor $195.80 to $467.50 $306.90Plastic Laminate Vanity Top $280.00 to $360.00 $320.00Repair / Reglaze Tub $175.00 to $175.00 $175.00Shower Valve & Head, Tub Diverter, Tub Drain $500.00 to $750.00 $600.00Tile Tub Surround $437.50 to $850.00 $543.75Replace Toilet $350.00 to $650.00 $550.00

Per Key $2,023.30 to $3,452.50 $2,608.78

Guestrooms & Guest Bathrooms - Total per Key $2,627.92 to $4,387.30 $3,334.21

Corridors Per room with each unit 12 feet long by half of a 5-foot-wide corridor; 30 rooms per floor

AVERAGE

Artwork (installed) $13.33 to $21.67 $17.56Carpet & Pad $90.03 to $107.37 $96.51Furniture $40.50 to $49.50 $45.00Ice Machine $116.67 to $116.67 $116.67Paint Ceiling $12.00 to $45.00 $20.50Sconce (1 for every 2 rooms) $128.10 to $139.90 $134.00Signage $35.00 to $50.00 $41.67Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $98 88 to $202 99 $130 01

RANGE

RANGE

Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54 ) $98.88 to $202.99 $130.01Window Treatments (1 per floor) $6.00 to $7.33 $6.67

Corridors - Total per Key $540.51 to $740.42 $608.57

Food & Beverage FacilitiesBreakfast Bar Area: approximately 20' x 20' = 400 SF; Seats: 12

Breakfast Bar Softgoods RenovationAVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $200.00 to $400.00 $333.33Breakfast Buffet (refresh) $150.00 to $350.00 $266.67Carpet & Pad (80% of floor area) $902.89 to $1,193.78 $1,021.35New Acoustical Tile Ceiling $2.00 to $1,500.00 $1,100.40Paint Trim & Doors (allowance) $80.00 to $250.00 $204.29Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $526.22 to $709.40 $576.69Window Treatments (2) $550.82 to $673.24 $612.03

Subtotal $2,411.93 to $5,076.42 $4,114.76Total per SF $6.03 to $12.69 $10.29

Total per Seat $200.99 to $423.04 $342.90

RANGE

ECONOMYPrototype Hotel: 90 guestrooms, 3 stories, 30 rooms/floor

Other assumptions and allowances are listed in each section below

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ECONOMYPrototype Hotel: 90 guestrooms, 3 stories, 30 rooms/floorOther assumptions and allowances are listed in each section below

Food & Beverage Facilities (continued)

Breakfast Bar - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Additional Demolition $500.00 to $500.00 $500.00Buffet Equipment $250.00 to $500.00 $366.67Chairs (12) $1,440.00 to $2,100.00 $1,780.00Electrical $1,200.00 to $3,200.00 $2,320.00Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $720.00 to $1,360.00 $990.00HVAC (2 PTAC) $1,800.00 to $1,800.00 $1,800.00Life Safety $800.00 to $2,000.00 $1,480.00Lighting (2' x 4' fluorescent, 4 fixtures) $1,200.00 to $1,200.00 $1,200.00Millwork Buffet (new, in existing location) $1,200.00 to $4,760.00 $3,226.67Tables (36" square + base, 3) $350.34 to $428.19 $389.26TV (32") & Mount $712.00 to $712.00 $712.00


Total per Seat $847.70 to $1,546.68 $1,230.38

Function Spaces

There are typically no Function Spaces in Economy-tier hotels.

Recreational FacilitiesPool Area: approximately 15' x 30' = 450 SF; Deck Area: approximately 1,750 SF

Outdoor Pool AVERAGERANGE

RANGE

AVERAGE

ADA Lift $7,500.00 to $7,500.00 $7,500.00Pool Equipment $8,000.00 to $8,000.00 $8,000.00Pool Furniture $6,978.61 to $8,529.41 $7,754.26Resurface Pool Bottom $2,700.00 to $2,700.00 $2,700.00Resurface Pool Deck (Kool Deck or tile) $10,500.00 to $17,500.00 $14,000.00Signage $1,000.00 to $1,000.00 $1,000.00


InfrastructureAssume 100 parking spaces, 9' x 19', and 25' wide aisles

Outdoor ParkingAVERAGE

Clean & Seal Asphalt $19,237.50 to $32,062.50 $25,650.00Stripe Spaces $1,050.00 to $5,000.00 $1,900.00

Subtotal $20,287.50 to $37,062.50 $27,550.00Total per Space $202.88 to $370.63 $275.50

RANGE

RANGE

EXTENDED STAY


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EXTENDED STAYPrototype Hotel: 150 guestrooms, 4 stories, 40 rooms/floorOther assumptions and allowances are listed in each section below

Guestrooms & CorridorsAssume an average guestroom area of approximately 25' wide x 16' long, plus 12' x 8' bathroom and 8' x 6.5' kitchen area = 550 SF


Demolition $175.00 to $450.00 $299.00Artwork & Mirrors (installed) $315.00 to $385.00 $350.00Bedspread & Skirt $68.45 to $83.66 $76.05Carpet & Pad $568.44 to $888.44 $665.22Carpet Base $180.81 to $185.73 $183.27Paint Entry Doors, Internal Doors, Frames, & Grilles $110.00 to $500.00 $285.00Paint Textured Ceiling $136.20 to $681.00 $278.08Vinyl Kitchen Floor $208.00 to $312.00 $253.50Paint Existing Knockdown Finish Walls $242.72 to $492.00 $324.06Window Treatments $450.00 to $550.00 $500.00

Per Key $2,454.62 to $4,527.83 $3,214.18


Appliances $1,750.00 to $3,000.00 $2,416.67Bedsets $480.15 to $480.15 $480.15Casegoods Installation $150.00 to $450.00 $293.75Closet Rack $143.75 to $201.25 $172.50Coffee Table $126.00 to $154.00 $140.00Connection Device (jack pack, allowance) $149.00 to $149.00 $149.00Desk $125.52 to $153.42 $139.47Desk Chair $90.00 to $113.00 $101.67

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Desk Chair $90.00 to $113.00 $101.67Desk Task Light $37.13 to $45.38 $41.25Dining Chair $158.95 to $194.27 $176.61Dining Table $199.55 to $243.89 $221.72Dresser $238.76 to $291.82 $265.29TV Dresser $330.47 to $403.91 $367.19End Table (2) $123.88 to $151.40 $137.64End Table Lamp $41.85 to $51.15 $46.50Fireplace Surround & Hearth $320.00 to $480.00 $400.00Floor Lamp $37.13 to $45.38 $41.25Headboards $225.00 to $275.00 $250.00Lounge Chair $251.10 to $306.90 $279.00Nightstand or Bracket Lamp (2) $81.56 to $98.46 $89.84Nightstands (2) $225.00 to $275.00 $250.00Ottoman $97.20 to $118.80 $108.00Sleeper Sofa (incl. fabric) $426.60 to $521.40 $474.00TV (32" LCD) & Mount (incl. programming) $712.00 to $712.00 $712.00Welcome Light (in existing location) $37.80 to $46.20 $42.00

Per Key $6,558.40 to $8,961.78 $7,795.50

Guestrooms & Corridors (continued)Guest Bathroom Basic Renovation

AVERAGEArtwork (installed) $55.00 to $80.00 $75.00Framed Mirror $92.50 to $107.50 $100.00Paint Ceiling $17.28 to $240.00 $62.76Paint Trim & Door $54.00 to $175.00 $98.00Regrout Floor Tile $175.00 to $175.00 $175.00Regrout Wall Tile $450.00 to $450.00 $450.00Shower Curtain & Curved Rod $75.10 to $280.90 $153.97Toilet Accessories $75.00 to $75.00 $75.00Towel Caddy $125.00 to $250.00 $160.00Vanity Lights (1) $112.00 to $227.00 $149.34Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 27") $150.00 to $200.00 $170.00

Per Key $1,380.88 to $2,260.40 $1,669.07


Bathroom Door & Hardware $815.00 to $815.00 $815.00Electrical Upgrades (Decora switches, GFI) $35.00 to $150.00 $63.13Faucet (with supplies, stops, drain) $50.00 to $50.00 $50.00Millwork Vanity Base $378.81 to $575.00 $509.60Porcelain Tile Floor $468.00 to $884.00 $632.67Porcelain Tile Tub Surround $437.50 to $850.00 $543.75Repair / Reglaze Tub $175.00 to $175.00 $175.00Shower Valve & Head, Tub Diverter, Tub Drain $175.00 to $350.00 $207.86Stone Vanity Top $200.00 to $750.00 $600.00

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y pLow-Flow Toilet $460.00 to $1,050.00 $648.81

Per Key $3,194.31 to $5,649.00 $4,245.81


Corridors Per room with each unit 25 feet long by half of a 6-foot-wide corridor; 40 rooms per floor

AVERAGEArtwork (installed) $12.50 to $18.75 $15.67Carpet & Pad $293.08 to $375.67 $347.90Ceiling Pendant Light $5.67 to $8.70 $6.81Furniture $34.88 to $42.63 $38.75Ice Machine $87.50 to $87.50 $87.50Millwork (allowance for elevator lobby) $12.50 to $25.00 $18.75Paint Ceiling $30.00 to $37.50 $33.75Sconce (1 per room) $114.00 to $229.00 $150.72Signage $95.00 to $95.00 $95.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $235.50 to $317.25 $279.75Window Treatments (2 per floor) $10.64 to $13.00 $11.82

Corridors - Total per Key $931.27 to $1,249.99 $1,086.42

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17

EXTENDED STAYPrototype Hotel: 150 guestrooms, 4 stories, 40 rooms/floor


18



Food & Beverage FacilitiesBreakfast Area: approximately 40' x 35' = 1,400 SF; Seats: 50

Breakfast Area Softgoods RenovationAVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $1,400.00 to $2,800.00 $1,800.00Carpet & Pad (80% of floor area) $4,868.27 to $6,145.07 $5,400.00Millwork Buffet Refinish $300.00 to $500.00 $396.43New Acoustical Tile Ceiling (50% of ceiling area) $3,150.00 to $8,400.00 $5,600.00Paint Trim $135.00 to $537.00 $271.25Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $2,752.74 to $3,530.96 $3,112.76Window Treatments (3) $1,101.66 to $1,346.46 $1,224.16


Total per Seat $274.15 to $465.19 $356.09

Breakfast Area - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Additional Demolition $4,200.00 to $7,000.00 $4,900.00Artwork (installed) $103.50 to $126.50 $115.00Booths (18 seats, 54 LF) $9,450.00 to $12,150.00 $10,305.00Buffet Equipment $15,000.00 to $30,000.00 $22,500.00Chairs (32) $8,640.00 to $10,560.00 $9,600.00Decorative Lighting (6 sconces, 6 pendants) $3,318.00 to $4,978.80 $3,856.20Millwork Buffet Reface $3,600.00 to $13,200.00 $8,700.00Electrical $4,200.00 to $16,800.00 $10,150.00Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $10,080.00 to $19,040.00 $13,860.00

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Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $10,080.00 to $19,040.00 $13,860.00HVAC $7,000.00 to $14,000.00 $10,648.75Life Safety $3,500.00 to $10,878.00 $6,784.75Architectural Lighting $4,200.00 to $14,000.00 $9,275.00Millwork Running Trim (painted crown & base) $2,700.00 to $16,200.00 $6,890.63New Articulated Drywall Ceiling (50% of ceiling area) $5,260.00 to $8,675.00 $6,375.00Tables (36" square + base, 8) $1,245.60 to $1,522.40 $1,384.00Walls (drywall with vinyl wallcovering, 40% openings) $18,000.00 to $18,000.00 $18,000.00TV (32") & Mount $812.00 to $812.00 $812.00

$18,000.00Subtotal $101,309.10 to $197,942.70 $144,156.33

Total per SF $72.36 to $141.39 $102.97Total per Seat $2,026.18 to $3,958.85 $2,883.13

Bar / LoungeThere are typically no Bar / Lounge Areas in Extended Stay-tier hotels.


19




Kitchen / Pantry Kitchen Area: approximately 8' x 10' = 80 SF

AVERAGE

Ceiling (2' x 4' vinyl coated tiles & new grid) $240.00 to $480.00 $373.33Demolition $500.00 to $750.00 $600.00Fluorescent Lighting (2' x 4", 2 fixtures) $600.00 to $600.00 $600.00Paint Door Frames & Trim $175.00 to $175.00 $175.00Paint Walls $129.60 to $216.00 $163.20Quarry Tile Floor $800.00 to $1,200.00 $986.67Replace Doors $1,500.00 to $1,500.00 $1,500.00


Kitchen Equipment


Function SpaceMeeting Room Area: 24' x 23' = 552 SF

Meeting Rooms & Prefunction Softgoods RenovationAVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $552.00 to $1,242.00 $707.25Carpet & Pad $2,399.36 to $3,028.64 $2,669.92New Acoustical Tile Ceiling $1,242.00 to $3,312.00 $2,173.50

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Paint Trim & Doors (allowance) $220.00 to $600.00 $333.33Protect / Remove / Reinstall All Light Fixtures $375.00 to $375.00 $375.00Stack Chairs (50) $2,000.00 to $4,000.00 $3,000.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $1,482.41 to $1,950.33 $1,633.99Window Treatments (1) $558.40 to $682.48 $620.44


Meeting Rooms & Prefunction - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Additional Demolition $1,000.00 to $1,500.00 $1,200.00Artwork (installed) $66.15 to $80.85 $73.50Electrical $1,656.00 to $4,416.00 $3,220.00HVAC $2,760.00 to $4,968.00 $3,850.20Life Safety $1,104.00 to $4,289.04 $2,623.58Architectural Lighting $1,656.00 to $5,520.00 $3,666.86Millwork Serving Station $3,600.00 to $3,600.00 $3,600.00


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20



Function Space (continued)

Meeting Room Audio VisualSubtotal $2,500.00 to $2,500.00 $2,500.00

Board Rooms There are typically no Board Rooms in Extended Stay-tier hotels.


Fitness Room Softgoods RenovationFitness Room Area: approximately 20' x 21' = 420 SF

AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $420.00 to $945.00 $555.00New Acoustical Tile Ceiling $945.00 to $2,520.00 $1,680.00Artwork (installed) $66.15 to $80.85 $73.50Clock $75.00 to $75.00 $75.00Sport Floor $3,780.00 to $5,460.00 $4,690.00Mirrors $2,400.00 to $4,000.00 $3,771.43Paint Drywall Walls $242.72 to $360.80 $306.45Paint Trim & Doors (allowance) $750.00 to $750.00 $750.00Remove & Reinstall Exercise Equipment $500.00 to $1,500.00 $1,000.00Window Treatments $360.00 to $440.00 $400.00


RANGE

Total per SF $22.71 to $38.41 $31.67

Fitness Room - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Electrical $2,100.00 to $5,040.00 $3,430.00Exercise Equipment $4,189.50 to $5,120.50 $4,655.00HVAC $2,100.00 to $3,780.00 $3,051.00Life Safety $840.00 to $3,263.40 $1,996.20Architectural Lighting $1,260.00 to $4,200.00 $2,790.00TVs (32") & Mounts (2) $1,624.00 to $1,624.00 $1,624.00Water Fountain $342.19 to $375.00 $355.73


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21



Recreational Facilities (continued)

Indoor PoolPool Area: approximately 15' x 30' = 450 SF; Deck Area: approximately 1,300 SF

AVERAGENew Acoustical Tile Ceiling with Aluminum Grid $5,687.50 to $12,250.00 $8,859.38ADA Lift $7,500.00 to $7,500.00 $7,500.00Architectural Lighting $8,750.00 to $17,500.00 $14,250.00Paint Door Frames & Trim $500.00 to $900.00 $662.50Pool Deck Tile $11,700.00 to $19,500.00 $15,228.57Pool Equipment $8,000.00 to $8,000.00 $8,000.00Pool Furniture $4,983.00 to $6,537.00 $5,866.67Pool Pak HVAC $60,000.00 to $60,000.00 $60,000.00Replace Doors $2,500.00 to $3,500.00 $3,000.00Resurface Pool Bottom $2,700.00 to $2,700.00 $2,700.00Signage $1,000.00 to $1,000.00 $1,000.00Paint Drywall Walls (40% of wall area) $408.00 to $1,785.00 $1,220.60Wall Tile (60% of wall area) $9,180.00 to $15,300.00 $12,240.00



Outdoor Parking

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gAVERAGE



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MIDSCALE


24


MIDSCALEPrototype Hotel: 135 guestrooms, 5 stories, 27 rooms/floorOther assumptions and allowances are listed in each section below

Guestrooms & CorridorsAssume typical guestroom area of approximately 13' wide and 21' - 6" long, plus 6' x 8' bathroom and 5' x 6' entry area = 351 SF.


Demolition $175.00 to $450.00 $299.00Artwork & Mirrors (installed) $450.00 to $540.00 $495.00Bedspread & Skirt $80.00 to $225.00 $131.00Carpet & Pad $485.92 to $731.45 $573.18Carpet Base $80.20 to $84.60 $81.80Paint Entry Doors, Closet Doors, Frames, & Grilles $110.00 to $500.00 $285.00Paint Textured Ceiling $84.60 to $423.00 $156.72Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $716.23 to $996.93 $818.31Window Treatments $550.00 to $630.00 $595.00

Per Key $2,731.95 to $4,580.98 $3,435.01


TV Chest of Drawers $400.00 to $449.50 $429.83Bedsets $560.00 to $578.40 $566.13Casegoods Installation $400.00 to $900.00 $680.00Closet Rack $125.00 to $175.00 $153.33Connection Device (jack pack, allowance) $149.00 to $149.00 $149.00Desk $178.00 to $487.01 $286.94Desk Chair $170.10 to $198.00 $182.70Desk Task Light $46.00 to $71.10 $55.90Dresser $278.95 to $573.63 $386.48

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Dresser $278.95 to $573.63 $386.48End Table $150.00 to $180.00 $165.00End Table Lamp $48.00 to $67.50 $56.10Floor Lamp $62.00 to $68.20 $65.90Headboards $400.00 to $449.10 $429.70Lounge Chair $315.00 to $361.90 $335.30Mini Bar (case piece only) $181.47 to $300.00 $253.47Nightstand or Bracket Lamp (2) $109.50 to $120.46 $115.66Nightstands (2) $350.00 to $406.68 $380.56Ottoman $109.70 to $120.67 $115.43Sleeper Sofa (incl. fabric) $561.00 to $675.00 $617.70Task Chair $200.00 to $269.10 $229.70TV (32" LCD) & Mount (incl. programming) $712.00 to $712.00 $712.00Welcome Light (in existing location) $107.55 to $213.80 $146.84

Per Key $5,613.27 to $7,526.05 $6,513.68


25

MIDSCALEPrototype Hotel: 135 guestrooms, 5 stories, 27 rooms/floor



AVERAGEArtwork (installed) $55.00 to $80.00 $75.00Framed Mirror $125.00 to $178.00 $154.33Paint Ceiling $14.40 to $28.80 $20.40Paint Trim & Door $54.00 to $175.00 $98.00Regrout Floor Tile $175.00 to $175.00 $175.00Regrout Wall Tile $450.00 to $450.00 $450.00Shower Curtain & Curved Rod $75.10 to $280.90 $153.97Toilet Accessories $500.00 to $1,200.00 $733.33Towel Caddy $90.00 to $125.00 $106.95Vanity Lights (2) $224.00 to $454.00 $298.69Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 27") $249.49 to $335.97 $301.50

Per Key $2,011.99 to $3,482.67 $2,567.17


Bathroom Door & Hardware $815.00 to $815.00 $815.00Electrical Upgrades (Decora switches, GFI) $35.00 to $150.00 $63.13Faucet (with supplies, stops, drain) $245.00 to $525.00 $392.50Millwork Vanity Base $450.00 to $585.00 $532.40Porcelain Tile Floor $352.00 to $880.00 $508.75Porcelain Tile Tub Surround $400.00 to $1,000.00 $539.06Repair / Reglaze Tub $175.00 to $175.00 $175.00Shower Valve & Head, Tub Diverter, Tub Drain $750.00 to $1,093.00 $921.50Stone Vanity Top $350.00 to $1,500.00 $712.50Low-Flow Toilet $460.00 to $1,050.00 $648.81

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Per Key $4,032.00 to $7,773.00 $5,308.65


Corridors Per room with each unit 13 feet long and half of a 6-foot-wide corridor; 27 rooms per floor

AVERAGEArtwork (installed) $18.31 to $27.78 $23.14Carpet & Pad $161.72 to $200.11 $178.13Ceiling Pendant Light $130.00 to $187.50 $146.80Furniture $58.33 to $71.30 $64.81Ice Machine $87.50 to $87.50 $87.50Millwork (allowance for elevator lobby) $18.52 to $37.04 $26.54Paint Ceiling $11.70 to $29.25 $17.06Sconce (1 per room) $134.00 to $258.90 $171.22Signage $95.00 to $130.00 $113.33Vending Area $52.63 to $78.95 $65.79Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $141.02 to $189.90 $167.63Window Treatments (1) $21.67 to $26.48 $24.07


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26




Restaurant Softgoods RenovationRestaurant Area: approximately 36' x 36' = 1,296 SF; Seats: 50

AVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $1,296.00 to $2,916.00 $1,822.50Carpet & Pad (80% of floor area) $4,953.60 to $6,392.45 $5,516.93Millwork Buffet, Host Station Refinish $7,700.00 to $16,050.00 $11,518.75New Acoustical Tile Ceiling (70% of ceiling area) $2,041.20 to $5,443.20 $3,742.20Paint Coffered Drywall Ceiling (30% of ceiling area) $116.64 to $777.60 $285.12Paint Trim $64.80 to $187.20 $111.24Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54", 40% openings) $871.89 to $1,204.48 $1,065.14Window Treatments (8) $3,592.80 to $4,391.20 $3,992.00


Total per Seat $412.74 to $747.24 $561.08

Restaurant - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Additional Demolition $3,888.00 to $6,480.00 $5,346.00Artwork (10 pieces, installed) $1,350.00 to $1,650.00 $1,500.00Booths (18 seats / 54LF) $9,450.00 to $12,150.00 $10,305.00Buffet Equipment $15,000.00 to $30,000.00 $22,500.00Chairs (32) $10,080.00 to $12,320.00 $11,200.00Decorative Lighting (10 sconces, 10 pendants) $5,387.80 to $5,851.60 $5,601.04Electrical $3,888.00 to $15,552.00 $9,031.50Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $2,332.80 to $5,184.00 $4,110.17

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Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $2,332.80 to $5,184.00 $4,110.17HVAC $6,480.00 to $12,960.00 $9,857.70Life Safety $2,592.00 to $10,044.00 $6,196.50Architectural Lighting $3,888.00 to $12,960.00 $8,586.00Millwork Buffet, Host Station Reface $9,000.00 to $33,000.00 $21,750.00Millwork Running Trim (painted crown & base) $864.00 to $5,184.00 $2,205.00New Articulated Drywall Ceiling (30% of ceiling area) $4,285.60 to $5,873.20 $5,213.05Tables (36" square + base, 18) $6,458.40 to $7,893.60 $7,176.00Walls (drywall with vinyl wallcovering, 40% openings) $21,600.00 to $21,600.00 $21,600.00


Total per Seat $2,130.89 to $3,974.05 $3,043.56


27




Bar / Lounge Softgoods RenovationBar Area: approximately 24' x 30' = 720 SF; Seats: 36

AVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $720.00 to $1,620.00 $922.50Carpet & Pad (80% of floor area) $2,943.36 to $3,697.28 $3,417.92New Acoustical Tile Ceiling (50% of ceiling area) $810.00 to $2,160.00 $1,417.50Paint Drywall Portion of Ceiling (50% of ceiling area) $144.00 to $432.00 $222.00Paint Trim & Doors $1,500.00 to $1,500.00 $1,500.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54", 40% openings) $1,057.92 to $1,355.52 $1,216.20Window Treatments (6) $3,592.80 to $4,391.20 $3,992.00


Total per Seat $299.11 to $421.00 $352.45

Bar / Lounge - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Additional Demolition $2,160.00 to $3,600.00 $3,060.00Bar / Back Bar Reface (10') $6,000.00 to $19,900.00 $11,612.50Bar Stools (8) $2,320.00 to $2,800.00 $2,560.00New Articulated Drywall Ceiling (50% of ceiling area) $2,520.00 to $10,800.00 $5,107.50Chairs (28) $8,820.00 to $10,780.00 $9,809.33Communal Table Chairs (12) $3,480.00 to $4,200.00 $3,840.00Communal Tables (2 @ 6 seats) $5,800.00 to $13,000.00 $8,600.00Decorative Lighting (8 pendants, 8 sconces) $4,310.24 to $4,801.28 $4,497.98Electrical $2,160.00 to $8,640.00 $5,220.00

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RANGE

Electrical $2,160.00 to $8,640.00 $5,220.00Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $1,296.00 to $2,448.00 $1,782.00HVAC $3,600.00 to $7,200.00 $5,476.50Life Safety $1,440.00 to $5,594.40 $3,534.30Architectural Lighting $2,160.00 to $7,200.00 $4,770.00Millwork Running Trim (painted crown & base) $378.00 to $2,160.00 $1,238.14Signage $845.00 to $1,500.00 $1,115.00Tables (30" rounds, 9) $2,421.90 to $2,960.10 $2,691.00Walls (drywall with vinyl wallcovering, 40% openings) $16,200.00 to $16,200.00 $16,200.00Artwork (10 pieces) $1,350.00 to $1,650.00 $1,500.00


Total per Seat $1,868.37 to $3,484.27 $2,572.62

28




KitchenKitchen Area: approximately 40' x 40' = 1,600 SF

AVERAGE

Demolition $9,600.00 to $9,600.00 $9,600.00Ceiling (2' x 4" vinyl coated tiles & new grid) $3,600.00 to $12,800.00 $7,828.57Fluorescent Lighting (2' x 4', 10 fixtures) $950.00 to $3,000.00 $1,953.13Paint Door Frames & Trim $450.00 to $525.00 $515.63Paint Walls $592.00 to $1,200.00 $804.00Quarry Tile Floor $11,200.00 to $27,200.00 $16,490.00Replace Doors $3,750.00 to $4,500.00 $4,406.25


Kitchen Equipment


Function SpaceMeeting Room Area: 3 rooms at approximately 26' x 38' each = 2,964 SFPrefunction Area: approximately 15' x 50' = 750 SF; Total Meeting Room & Prefunction Area = 3,714 SF

Meeting Rooms & Prefunction Softgoods RenovationAVERAGE

RANGE

RANGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $3,714.00 to $8,356.50 $4,758.56Carpet & Pad $16,205.42 to $20,831.41 $17,915.41New Acoustical Tile Ceiling (80% of ceiling area) $5,571.00 to $17,827.20 $11,281.28Paint Drywall Portion of Ceiling (20% of ceiling area) $371.40 to $9,285.00 $2,007.88Paint Trim & Doors $1,575.00 to $1,575.00 $1,575.00Protect / Remove / Reinstall All Light Fixtures $600.00 to $600.00 $600.00Stack Chairs (125) $10,000.00 to $12,500.00 $11,250.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $6,135.70 to $6,848.30 $6,520.65Window Treatments (6) $4,314.60 to $5,273.40 $4,794.00



29





Additional Demolition $11,142.00 to $18,570.00 $15,784.50Artwork (9 pieces, installed) $1,035.00 to $1,314.00 $1,188.00New Articulated Drywall Ceiling (20% of ceiling area) $3,714.00 to $11,142.00 $7,219.09Decorative Lighting (12 small chandeliers, 6 sconces) $5,896.80 to $7,009.20 $6,268.65Electrical $11,142.00 to $44,568.00 $25,881.94HVAC $7,428.00 to $29,712.00 $21,712.97Life Safety $11,142.00 to $28,857.78 $18,927.47Architectural Lighting $11,142.00 to $37,140.00 $24,605.25Millwork Running Trim (painted crown & base) $5,418.00 to $30,960.00 $16,771.17Millwork Serving Stations $19,500.00 to $27,000.00 $23,000.00


Meeting Room Audio VisualTotal $12,500.00 to $15,000.00 $14,687.50

Board Rooms Included in Meeting Spaces


RANGE


AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $420.00 to $945.00 $538.13New Acoustical Tile Ceiling $945.00 to $1,470.00 $1,323.00Artwork (installed) $437.40 to $534.60 $486.00Clock $75.00 to $75.00 $75.00Sport Floor $2,940.00 to $5,040.00 $4,270.00Mirrors $4,000.00 to $4,000.00 $4,000.00Paint Trim & Doors (allowance) $750.00 to $750.00 $750.00Paint Drywall Walls $242.72 to $360.80 $306.45Remove & Reinstall Exercise Equipment $500.00 to $1,500.00 $1,000.00Towel Caddy $250.00 to $750.00 $500.00Window Treatments $810.00 to $990.00 $900.00


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30





Electrical $1,260.00 to $5,040.00 $2,926.88Exercise Equipment $4,499.50 to $5,498.90 $4,999.13HVAC $2,100.00 to $4,200.00 $3,194.63Life Safety $1,260.00 to $2,520.00 $1,837.50Architectural Lighting $1,260.00 to $4,200.00 $2,782.50TV (42") & Mount $999.00 to $999.00 $999.00Water Fountain $1,500.00 to $1,500.00 $1,500.00


Indoor Pool Pool Area: approximately 15' x 30' = 450 SF; Deck Area: approximately 1,300 SF

AVERAGENew Acoustical Tile Ceiling with Aluminum Grid $5,687.50 to $12,250.00 $8,859.38ADA Lift $7,500.00 to $7,500.00 $7,500.00Architectural Lighting $8,750.00 to $21,000.00 $15,093.75Paint Door Frames & Trim $500.00 to $900.00 $662.50Pool Deck Tile $11,700.00 to $22,100.00 $16,087.50Pool Equipment $8,000.00 to $8,000.00 $8,000.00Pool Furniture (12 chairs, 5 loungers, 3 tables) $5,472.00 to $6,904.00 $6,152.00Pool Pak HVAC $65,000.00 to $65,000.00 $65,000.00Replace Doors $2,500.00 to $3,500.00 $3,000.00Resurface Pool Bottom $2,700.00 to $2,700.00 $2,700.00

RANGE

RANGE

, , ,Signage $1,000.00 to $1,000.00 $1,000.00Paint Drywall Walls (60% of wall area) $377.40 to $765.00 $518.93Wall Tile (40% of wall area) $5,950.00 to $11,560.00 $8,317.25






RANGE

UPSCALE


32


UPSCALEPrototype Hotel: 304 guestrooms, 9 stories (8 with guestrooms), 38 rooms/floorOther assumptions and allowances are listed in each section below



Demolition $175.00 to $450.00 $315.00Artwork & Mirrors (lots of 4 pieces, installed) $600.00 to $1,204.00 $757.33Bedspread, Scarf, & Skirt $225.00 to $275.00 $250.00Carpet & Pad $511.34 to $780.09 $604.21Carpet Base $96.60 to $106.40 $100.33Desk Lamp $71.10 to $86.90 $79.00Floor Lamp $67.50 to $82.50 $75.00Nightstand or Bracket Lamp (2) $175.00 to $286.22 $220.41Paint Entry Doors, Closet Doors, Frames, & Grilles $300.00 to $500.00 $412.50Paint Textured Ceiling $105.00 to $375.00 $237.50Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $820.44 to $1,104.44 $943.20Welcome Light (in existing location) $43.75 to $108.90 $76.79Window Treatments $630.00 to $770.00 $700.00

Per Key $3,820.74 to $6,129.46 $4,771.27


TV Chest of Drawers $449.10 to $548.90 $499.00Bedsets $578.40 to $578.40 $578.40Casegoods Installation $150.00 to $600.00 $331.25Closet Shelf Unit $160.00 to $275.00 $206.67Coffee Table $167.49 to $204.71 $186.10

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RANGE

Coffee Table $167.49 to $204.71 $186.10Connection Device (jack pack) $149.00 to $149.00 $149.00Console / Dresser $573.63 to $701.11 $637.37Desk $487.01 to $595.23 $541.12Desk Chair $170.10 to $207.90 $189.00End Table (2) $360.00 to $440.00 $400.00Headboards $449.10 to $548.90 $499.00Lounge Chair $315.00 to $385.00 $350.00Nightstands (2) $406.68 to $497.04 $451.86Ottoman $115.92 to $141.68 $128.80Sleeper Sofa (incl. fabric) $675.00 to $825.00 $750.00Task Chair $269.10 to $328.90 $299.00TV (32" LCD) & Mount (incl. programming) $712.00 to $712.00 $712.00

Per Key $6,187.53 to $7,738.77 $6,908.57


33

UPSCALEPrototype Hotel: 304 guestrooms, 9 stories (8 with guestrooms), 38 rooms/floor



AVERAGEArtwork (installed) $44.25 to $171.75 $74.33Framed Mirror $160.00 to $233.00 $183.00Makeup Mirror $62.10 to $125.00 $83.00Night Light $60.00 to $260.00 $137.92Paint Ceiling $14.40 to $28.80 $18.87Paint Trim & Door $54.00 to $175.00 $98.00Regrout Floor Tile $175.00 to $275.00 $191.67Regrout Wall Tile $450.00 to $600.00 $475.00Shower Curtain, Curved Rod, Rings, Cover $75.10 to $280.90 $132.36Toilet Accessories $600.00 to $850.00 $740.00Vanity Lights (or lighted mirror) $114.30 to $234.70 $151.79Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 27") $271.30 to $354.92 $306.16

Per Key $2,080.45 to $3,589.07 $2,592.10Guest Bathroom - Add for a Full Renovation

AVERAGEBathroom Door & Hardware $635.00 to $850.00 $766.67Electrical Upgrades (Decora switches, GFI) $35.00 to $150.00 $67.50Faucet (with supplies, stops, drain) $275.00 to $625.00 $437.50Lavatory $45.00 to $450.00 $158.50Millwork Vanity Base $450.00 to $1,800.00 $831.75Porcelain Tile Floor $224.00 to $560.00 $315.00Porcelain Tile Tub Surround $400.00 to $1,000.00 $562.50Replace Tub $550.00 to $1,500.00 $925.50Shower Valve & Head, Tub Diverter, Tub Drain $480.00 to $913.00 $647.67Stone Vanity Top $270.00 to $920.00 $541.67Low-Flow Toilet $460 00 to $1 050 00 $669 25

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Low-Flow Toilet $460.00 to $1,050.00 $669.25

Per Key $3,824.00 to $9,818.00 $5,923.50Guestrooms & Guest Bathrooms - Total per Key $5,904.45 to $13,407.07 $8,515.60

Corridors Per room with each unit 13 feet long and half of a 6-foot-wide corridor; 38 rooms per floor

AVERAGEArtwork (installed) $13.16 to $18.42 $15.79Carpet & Pad $182.98 to $252.31 $214.56Ceiling Pendant Light $7.24 to $7.24 $7.24Furniture $125.94 to $139.49 $133.26Ice Machine $73.68 to $73.68 $73.68Millwork (allowance for elevator lobby) $39.47 to $65.79 $50.99Paint Ceiling $11.70 to $28.35 $21.25Sconce (1 per room) $141.85 to $215.00 $173.81Signage $50.00 to $70.00 $60.00Vending Area $52.63 to $78.95 $65.79Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $188.32 to $242.20 $208.56Window Treatments (2 per floor) $37.89 to $46.32 $42.11


RANGE

34





AVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $3,000.00 to $6,750.00 $4,125.00Artwork (installed) $3,000.00 to $10,000.00 $6,333.33Carpet & Pad (80% of floor area) $12,264.00 to $15,405.33 $14,313.33Millwork Buffet, Host Station Refinish $12,700.00 to $27,700.00 $23,383.33New Acoustical Tile Ceiling (70% of ceiling area) $4,725.00 to $7,875.00 $6,825.00Paint Drywall Portion of Ceiling (30% of ceiling area) $270.00 to $450.00 $378.00Paint Trim & Doors (6) $300.00 to $900.00 $630.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54", 40% openings) $2,014.55 to $2,467.59 $2,217.44Window Treatments (12) $14,040.00 to $17,160.00 $15,600.00


Total per Seat $435.95 to $739.23 $615.05

Restaurant - Add for a Full Renovation AVERAGE

Additional Demolition $9,000.00 to $15,000.00 $11,500.00Booths (20 seats / 60LF) $10,500.00 to $13,500.00 $11,450.00Buffet Equipment $20,000.00 to $35,000.00 $28,333.33Chairs (105) $37,800.00 to $46,200.00 $42,000.00Decorative Lighting / Dimming $7,500.00 to $40,000.00 $20,625.00Electrical $9,000.00 to $36,000.00 $17,850.00Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $5,400.00 to $12,000.00 $10,320.00

RANGE

RANGE

Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $5,400.00 to $12,000.00 $10,320.00HVAC $24,000.00 to $45,000.00 $30,510.00Life Safety $9,000.00 to $23,310.00 $16,385.00Architectural Lighting $9,000.00 to $30,000.00 $21,500.00Millwork Buffet, Host Station (new, in existing location) $32,000.00 to $51,500.00 $41,083.33Millwork Running Trim (painted crown & base) $1,540.00 to $7,040.00 $4,418.33New Articulated Drywall Ceiling (30% of ceiling area) $9,550.00 to $11,225.00 $10,450.00Sound System $7,500.00 to $30,000.00 $18,125.00Tables (36" square + base) $9,891.00 to $12,075.00 $10,985.33Walls (drywall with vinyl wallcovering, 40% openings) $33,000.00 to $33,000.00 $33,000.00


Total per Seat $1,955.68 to $3,673.75 $2,737.79


35




Bar / Lounge Softgoods RenovationBar / Lounge Area: approximately 40' x 40' = 1,600 SF; Seats: 80

AVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl, Carpet, & Ceiling Tiles $3,200.00 to $3,200.00 $3,200.00Artwork, Accessories, Mirrors (installed) $5,000.00 to $15,000.00 $10,000.00Bar / Back Bar Refinish (incl. equipment) $10,000.00 to $21,000.00 $14,166.67Carpet & Pad (80% of floor area) $6,540.80 to $8,216.18 $7,562.67Millwork Running Trim Refinish $240.00 to $1,718.40 $899.20New Acoustical Tile Ceiling & Grid (40% of ceiling area) $1,440.00 to $2,400.00 $2,080.00Paint Drywall Portion of Ceiling (60% of ceiling area) $288.00 to $720.00 $464.00Paint Trim & Doors $500.00 to $500.00 $500.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54", 40% openings) $2,197.69 to $2,691.91 $2,419.02Window Treatments (8) $4,000.00 to $8,000.00 $6,000.00


Total per Seat $417.58 to $793.08 $591.14

Bar / Lounge - Add for a Full Renovation AVERAGE

Additional Demolition $4,800.00 to $9,600.00 $6,933.33Bar / Back Bar (new, incl. equipment, in existing location) $95,000.00 to $140,000.00 $116,208.33Bar Stools (16) $402.50 to $487.50 $445.00Booths (4 seats) $5,250.00 to $12,000.00 $7,550.00Chairs (52) $18,720.00 to $22,880.00 $20,800.00Communal Table Chairs (12) $4,830.00 to $5,850.00 $5,340.00

RANGE

RANGE

Communal Table Chairs (12) $4,830.00 to $5,850.00 $5,340.00Communal Tables (2 @ 6 seats) $5,800.00 to $13,000.00 $8,600.00Decorative Lighting $5,000.00 to $15,000.00 $10,000.00Electrical $4,800.00 to $25,600.00 $13,533.33Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $5,760.00 to $16,000.00 $9,200.00HVAC $9,600.00 to $16,000.00 $13,293.33Life Safety $4,800.00 to $12,400.00 $8,733.33Architectural Lighting $4,800.00 to $19,200.00 $12,133.33Millwork Running Trim (stained crown & base) $9,600.00 to $57,600.00 $27,280.00New Coffered Drywall Ceiling (2-level, 60% of ceiling area) $12,800.00 to $40,000.00 $24,800.00Signage $845.00 to $1,500.00 $1,115.00Sound System $10,000.00 to $30,000.00 $20,000.00Tables (36" square + base, 11) $3,108.60 to $3,799.40 $3,454.00Walls (drywall with vinyl wallcovering, 40% openings) $32,000.00 to $32,000.00 $32,000.00


Total per Seat $2,973.95 to $5,911.46 $4,267.74

36




KitchenKitchen Area: approximately 60' x 70' = 4,200 SF, including banquet prep

AVERAGE

Demolition $16,800.00 to $33,600.00 $23,800.00Ceiling (2' x 4' vinyl coated tiles & new grid) $14,700.00 to $33,600.00 $25,550.00Fluorescent Lighting (2' x 4', 28 fixtures) $6,300.00 to $11,200.00 $7,560.00Paint Door Frames & Trim (10) $400.00 to $5,000.00 $1,625.00Paint Walls $2,080.00 to $3,900.00 $2,643.33Quarry Tile Floor $29,400.00 to $54,600.00 $40,068.00Replace Doors (10) $9,500.00 to $37,500.00 $23,666.67


Kitchen Equipment


Function Space

Ballroom & Prefunction Softgoods RenovationBallroom Area: approximately 75' x 114' = 8,550 SF; Divisions: 3 Prefunction Area: approximately 25' x 114' = 2,850 SF; Total Ballroom & Prefunction Area: 11,400 SF

AVERAGE

RANGE

RANGE AVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $11,400.00 to $25,650.00 $15,675.00Carpet & Pad $58,254.00 to $73,175.33 $67,355.00New Acoustical Tile Ceiling (70% of ceiling area) $17,955.00 to $29,925.00 $25,935.00Paint Coffered Drywall Ceiling (30% of ceiling area) $1,026.00 to $2,565.00 $1,653.00Paint Ballroom Entry Doors & Trim $800.00 to $2,160.00 $1,413.33Protect / Remove / Reinstall All Light Fixtures $5,000.00 to $5,000.00 $5,000.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $39,952.15 to $48,936.70 $43,997.18Window Treatments (4) $4,000.00 to $6,000.00 $5,000.00


RANGE


37




Ballroom & Prefunction - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Additional Demolition $34,200.00 to $88,578.00 $62,263.00Artwork, Accessories, Mirrors (allowance, installed) $23,650.00 to $35,000.00 $29,550.00Banquet Chairs (incl. Meeting Rooms, 1,225 chairs) $134,750.00 to $153,125.00 $142,916.67New Coffered Drywall Ceiling (30% of ceiling area) $27,360.00 to $51,300.00 $38,190.00Electrical $34,200.00 to $114,000.00 $76,950.00HVAC $68,400.00 to $114,000.00 $94,715.00Life Safety $34,200.00 to $88,578.00 $64,163.00Architectural Lighting $34,200.00 to $114,000.00 $76,950.00Millwork Serving Stations with Stone Tops $8,910.00 to $59,700.00 $39,935.00Millwork Running Trim (stained poplar - 3 runs) $16,464.00 to $37,730.00 $25,382.00Operable Walls (new, manual) $175,500.00 to $195,000.00 $179,156.25Portable Bars (6) $10,200.00 to $41,274.00 $23,158.00Signage $16,000.00 to $25,000.00 $20,333.33Tables (14" x 72", 153 total) $22,950.00 to $34,425.00 $29,325.00Tables (72" rounds, 60 total) $13,200.00 to $21,000.00 $17,400.00

Subtotal $654,184.00 to $1,172,710.00 $920,387.25Total per SF $57.38 to $102.87 $80.74

Ballroom Audio VisualSubtotal $70,000.00 to $125,000.00 $98,333.33

Meeting Room & Prefunction Softgoods RenovationMeeting Room Area: 6 rooms at approximately 20' x 25' each = 500 SF; 3 000 SF total

RANGE

Meeting Room Area: 6 rooms at approximately 20 x 25 each = 500 SF; 3,000 SF totalPrefunction Area: approximately 960 SF

AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $3,960.00 to $8,910.00 $5,445.00Carpet & Pad $20,235.60 to $25,418.80 $23,617.00New Acoustical Tile Ceiling (70% of ceiling area) $8,316.00 to $10,395.00 $9,355.50Paint Drywall Portion of Ceiling (30% of ceiling area) $356.40 to $5,940.00 $1,465.20Paint Trim & Doors (12) $1,500.00 to $3,240.00 $2,210.00Protect / Remove / Reinstall Decorative Light Fixtures $6,900.00 to $6,900.00 $6,900.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $15,841.67 to $19,404.19 $17,437.12


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38




Meeting Room & Prefunction - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Additional Demolition $11,880.00 to $23,760.00 $18,216.00Artwork, Accessories, Mirrors (installed) $4,500.00 to $10,000.00 $7,333.33New Articulated Drywall Ceiling (30% of ceiling area) $9,504.00 to $17,820.00 $13,266.00Electrical $11,880.00 to $47,520.00 $26,895.00HVAC $23,760.00 to $39,600.00 $32,901.00Life Safety $11,880.00 to $30,769.20 $21,628.20Architectural Lighting (incl. decorative lighting) $11,880.00 to $39,600.00 $26,730.00Millwork Running Trim (painted crown & base) $3,780.00 to $27,000.00 $17,100.00Millwork Serving Stations $8,910.00 to $59,700.00 $39,935.00


Meeting Room Audio Visual (6 salons)Subtotal $90,000.00 to $300,000.00 $190,000.00

Board Rooms Included in Meeting Spaces



RANGE

Fitness Room Area: approximately 20 x 36 720 SFAVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $720.00 to $1,620.00 $990.00New Acoustical Tile Ceiling $1,620.00 to $2,700.00 $2,340.00Artwork (installed) $1,500.00 to $2,500.00 $2,000.00Clock $75.00 to $75.00 $75.00Sport Floor $8,280.00 to $9,360.00 $8,760.00Hamper $75.00 to $125.00 $100.00Mirrors $4,000.00 to $4,800.00 $4,160.00Paint Trim & Doors (2) $100.00 to $500.00 $287.50Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $1,315.51 to $1,607.53 $1,238.41Remove & Reinstall Exercise Equipment $500.00 to $2,000.00 $1,250.00Towel Caddy $250.00 to $1,500.00 $750.00Window Treatments $700.00 to $2,000.00 $1,117.50


RANGE


39





Electrical $2,160.00 to $8,640.00 $4,530.00Exercise Equipment $35,000.00 to $75,000.00 $55,000.00HVAC $4,320.00 to $7,200.00 $5,982.00Life Safety $2,160.00 to $5,594.40 $3,932.40Architectural Lighting $2,160.00 to $7,200.00 $4,860.00TVs (32" LCDs) & Mounts (2) $1,998.00 to $1,998.00 $1,998.00Water Fountain $342.19 to $375.00 $355.73


Outdoor Pool Pool Area: approximately 20' x 40' = 800 SF; Deck Area: approximately 3,000 SF

AVERAGEADA Lift $7,500.00 to $10,000.00 $8,500.00Pool Equipment $10,000.00 to $20,000.00 $15,000.00Pool Furniture (12 chairs, 8 loungers, 2 tables) $15,000.00 to $40,000.00 $25,000.00Resurface Pool Bottom $6,400.00 to $8,000.00 $7,200.00Resurface Pool Deck (Kool Deck or tile) $27,000.00 to $60,000.00 $42,000.00Signage $1,000.00 to $3,500.00 $2,166.67


RANGE

RANGE


AVERAGEADA Lift $7,500.00 to $7,500.00 $7,500.00Architectural Lighting $6,000.00 to $20,000.00 $13,500.00Drywall Ceiling $16,000.00 to $30,000.00 $22,333.33Paint Door Frames & Trim $1,500.00 to $1,500.00 $1,500.00Pool Deck Tile $13,950.00 to $27,900.00 $18,858.33Pool Equipment $10,000.00 to $20,000.00 $15,000.00Pool Furniture (12 chairs, 5 loungers, 3 tables) $13,860.00 to $16,933.00 $15,371.00Pool Pak HVAC $60,000.00 to $60,000.00 $60,000.00Replace Doors $5,000.00 to $7,500.00 $6,250.00Resurface Pool Bottom $2,700.00 to $3,600.00 $3,330.00Paint Drywall Walls (60% of wall area) $388.80 to $972.00 $637.20Wall Tile (40% of wall area) $5,832.00 to $17,280.00 $12,204.00


RANGE

40



InfrastructureAssume 486 spaces, 9' x 19', and 25' wide aisles (1.6 spaces per room to accommodate meeting attendance)




RANGE

UPPER UPSCALE


42


UPPER UPSCALEPrototype Hotel: 192 guestrooms, 25 suites, 7 stories (6 with guestrooms), 41 bays/floorOther assumptions and allowances are listed in each section below



Demolition $175.00 to $950.00 $473.75Artwork & Mirrors (lots of 6 pieces, installed) $630.00 to $800.00 $725.00Bedspread, Scarf, Skirt, Duvet, etc. $186.38 to $247.97 $206.48Carpet & Pad $916.76 to $1,104.27 $1,010.70Desk Lamp $99.00 to $150.00 $120.00Floor Lamp $90.00 to $350.00 $162.50Nightstand Lamp $189.00 to $250.00 $220.00Paint Drywall Ceiling $147.60 to $295.20 $202.95Paint Entry Doors, Closet Doors, Frames, & Grilles $150.00 to $300.00 $231.00Paint Trim (base & crown) $205.20 to $581.40 $424.99Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $860.72 to $2,184.67 $1,570.83Welcome Light (in existing location) $157.50 to $222.50 $182.29Window Treatments $720.00 to $1,587.00 $996.75

Per Key $4,527.16 to $9,023.00 $6,527.24


Bedsets $550.00 to $650.00 $609.50Casegoods Installation $400.00 to $650.00 $500.00Closet Shelf Unit $175.00 to $250.00 $191.67Connection Device (jack pack) $149.00 to $149.00 $149.00TV Chest of Drawers $675.00 to $900.00 $787.50

RANGE

RANGE

TV Chest of Drawers $675.00 to $900.00 $787.50Crown Moulding $279.00 to $864.00 $504.88Desk $630.00 to $800.00 $725.00Desk Chair $256.28 to $500.00 $338.57Dresser $472.50 to $950.00 $631.25End Table $675.00 to $900.00 $787.50Headboards $675.00 to $900.00 $787.50Lounge Chair $450.00 to $650.00 $537.50Nightstands (2) $450.00 to $600.00 $525.00Ottoman $211.50 to $300.00 $251.33Silk Plant / Planter $125.00 to $200.00 $163.75Sleeper Sofa (incl. fabric) $1,084.50 to $1,500.00 $1,278.75Task Chair $346.50 to $450.00 $401.25TV (32" LCD) & Mount (incl. programming) $712.00 to $712.00 $712.00Wall Base $151.64 to $203.00 $168.51Welcome Center / Coffee Niche $625.00 to $875.00 $712.50

Per Key $9,092.92 to $13,003.00 $10,762.95


43

UPPER UPSCALEPrototype Hotel: 192 guestrooms, 25 suites 7 stories (6 with guestrooms), 41 bays/floor




Artwork (installed) $68.88 to $103.63 $80.10Framed Mirror $227.50 to $319.63 $280.71Lighted Mirror $925.00 to $1,025.00 $975.00Night Light $45.00 to $58.75 $51.25Paint Ceiling $25.60 to $80.00 $53.33Paint Trim & Door $95.00 to $150.00 $135.00Regrout Floor Tile $165.00 to $175.00 $173.33Regrout Wall Tile $450.00 to $450.00 $450.00Shower Curtain, Curved Rod, Rings, Cover $154.43 to $250.00 $198.52Toilet Accessories $800.00 to $1,000.00 $900.00Vanity Sconces $313.96 to $475.00 $407.89Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 27") $366.48 to $468.00 $421.80

Per Key $3,636.85 to $4,555.01 $4,126.94


Additional Architectural Lighting $250.00 to $1,000.00 $650.00Bathroom Door & Hardware $619.00 to $2,000.00 $1,168.83Electrical Upgrades (Decora switches, GFI) $30.00 to $350.00 $143.33Faucet (with supplies, stops, drain) $75.00 to $694.00 $398.17Glass Shower Enclosure $800.00 to $7,500.00 $2,359.17Lavatory $120.00 to $550.00 $271.50Millwork Vanity Base $525.00 to $2,000.00 $967.00

RANGE

RANGE

Millwork Vanity Base $525.00 to $2,000.00 $967.00Porcelain / Stone Tile Floor $396.00 to $1,100.00 $828.67Porcelain / Stone Tile Tub Surround $450.00 to $1,500.00 $1,000.00Replace Tub $550.00 to $1,500.00 $1,080.17Shower Valve & Head, Tub Diverter, Tub Drain $465.00 to $1,014.00 $652.25Stone Vanity Top $350.00 to $920.00 $555.00Low-Flow Toilet $460.00 to $1,050.00 $669.25

Per Key $5,090.00 to $21,178.00 $10,743.33


44




CorridorsPer room with each unit 18 feet long and half of a 7-foot-wide corridor; 41 rooms per floor

AVERAGE

Artwork (installed) $85.37 to $219.51 $149.39Carpet & Pad $377.86 to $438.06 $406.79Ceiling Pendant Light $7.24 to $7.24 $7.24Furniture $147.56 to $160.98 $152.70Ice Machine $38.05 to $97.56 $70.49Millwork (allowance for elevator lobby) $48.78 to $67.07 $57.52Paint Ceiling $28.35 to $78.75 $51.98Sconce (1 per room) $170.10 to $240.00 $213.46Signage $84.38 to $150.00 $114.84Vending Area $78.95 to $95.50 $87.23Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $254.99 to $322.67 $292.08Window Treatments (2 per floor) $26.34 to $36.58 $31.10

Corridors - Total per Key $1,347.96 to $1,913.92 $1,634.81



AVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $4,560.00 to $9,120.00 $5,700.00RANGE

RANGE

y p , , ,Artwork (installed) $20,000.00 to $50,000.00 $31,500.00Carpet & Pad (80% of floor area) $19,447.89 to $24,433.49 $22,913.49Millwork Buffet, Host Station Refinish $15,400.00 to $27,900.00 $23,941.67Millwork Screen Walls Refinish $4,000.00 to $7,500.00 $4,833.33Paint Drywall Ceiling $1,824.00 to $6,840.00 $2,850.00Paint Trim & Doors (6 doors) $3,300.00 to $3,900.00 $3,640.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54", 40% openings) $2,175.69 to $4,433.46 $2,786.06Window Treatments (8) $10,792.80 to $13,191.20 $11,992.00


Total per Seat $652.00 to $1,178.55 $881.25


45





Additional Demolition $6,840.00 to $22,800.00 $16,340.00Booths (20 seats / 80LF) $40,000.00 to $64,000.00 $52,000.00Buffet Equipment $25,000.00 to $40,000.00 $30,625.00Chairs (105) $40,162.50 to $56,175.00 $47,512.50Decorative Lighting / Dimming $15,000.00 to $50,000.00 $31,250.00Electrical $13,680.00 to $68,400.00 $38,760.00Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $12,768.00 to $45,600.00 $23,256.00HVAC $36,480.00 to $91,200.00 $53,846.00Life Safety $13,680.00 to $35,431.20 $24,905.20Architectural Lighting $31,920.00 to $114,000.00 $63,840.00Millwork Buffet, Host Station (new, in existing location) $32,000.00 to $51,000.00 $41,000.00Millwork Running Trim (painted crown & base) $1,904.00 to $9,792.00 $5,238.72Millwork Buffet Screen Walls (new, 30' x 12') $21,600.00 to $45,000.00 $31,800.00New Articulated Drywall Ceiling $36,480.00 to $68,400.00 $50,160.00Sound System $10,000.00 to $25,000.00 $17,500.00Tables (36" square + base, 40) $12,927.60 to $18,000.00 $15,273.00Walls (drywall with vinyl wallcovering, 40% openings) $40,800.00 to $40,800.00 $40,800.00


Total per Seat $3,129.94 to $6,764.79 $4,672.85


RANGE

Bar / Lounge Area: approximately 30 x 40 1,200 SF; Seats: 60AVERAGE

Demolition of Vinyl & Carpet $1,200.00 to $2,400.00 $1,500.00Artwork, Accessories, Mirrors (installed) $3,500.00 to $25,000.00 $15,875.00Bar / Back Bar Refinish (incl. equipment) $7,500.00 to $20,000.00 $14,791.67Carpet & Pad (70% of floor area) $4,478.13 to $5,626.13 $5,276.13Millwork Running Trim Refinish $378.00 to $1,120.00 $800.57Paint Drywall Ceiling (incl. lift) $480.00 to $2,400.00 $1,110.00Paint Trim & Doors (6) $360.00 to $840.00 $650.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54", 40% openings) $2,234.09 to $2,628.89 $2,387.93Window Treatments (12) $16,189.20 to $21,601.20 $18,891.30


Total per Seat $605.32 to $1,360.27 $1,021.38

RANGE

46





Additional Demolition $1,800.00 to $6,000.00 $4,300.00Bar / Back Bar (new, incl. equipment, in existing location) $70,000.00 to $175,000.00 $124,166.67Bar Stools (15) $5,362.50 to $6,900.00 $6,168.75Booths (3, 4 seats each) $4,950.00 to $12,000.00 $7,450.00Ceiling (2-level painted drywall coffered) $9,600.00 to $30,000.00 $18,600.00Chairs (25) $9,562.50 to $15,000.00 $11,718.75Chef's Table Chairs (16) $6,440.00 to $10,400.00 $7,940.00Chef's Tables (2) $6,000.00 to $12,500.00 $9,000.00Decorative Lighting (12 pendants, 24 sconces) $18,121.20 to $45,600.00 $33,501.00Electrical $4,800.00 to $24,000.00 $11,600.00Hard Surface Floors (30% of floor area) $5,040.00 to $19,800.00 $11,040.00HVAC $10,620.00 to $27,000.00 $18,470.00Life Safety $3,600.00 to $9,324.00 $6,554.00Architectural Lighting $7,200.00 to $30,000.00 $13,700.00Millwork Running Trim (painted crown & base) $980.00 to $7,000.00 $4,433.33Other Seating & Tables (allowance) $16,800.00 to $25,200.00 $20,650.00Signage $5,000.00 to $10,000.00 $7,500.00Sound System $10,000.00 to $20,000.00 $15,833.33Walls (drywall with vinyl wallcovering, 40% openings) $32,000.00 to $32,000.00 $32,000.00


Total per Seat $3,797.94 to $8,628.73 $6,077.10

RANGE

KitchenKitchen Area: approximately 7,200 SF

AVERAGE

Demolition $21,600.00 to $57,600.00 $40,800.00Ceiling (2' x 4' vinyl coated tiles & new grid) $25,200.00 to $57,600.00 $43,800.00Fluorescent Lighting (2' x 4', 48 fixtures) $10,800.00 to $19,200.00 $12,960.00Paint Door Frames & Trim (15) $1,200.00 to $2,100.00 $1,635.00Paint Walls $2,752.00 to $5,160.00 $3,497.33Quarry Tile Floor $50,400.00 to $93,600.00 $68,688.00Replace Doors (15) $30,000.00 to $56,250.00 $38,250.00


Kitchen Equipment


RANGE


47



Function Space

Ballroom & Prefunction Softgoods RenovationBallroom Area: approximately 50' x 90' = 4,500 SF; Divisions: 3Prefunction Area: approximately 30' x 140' = 4,200 SF; Total Ballroom & Prefunction Area: 8,700 SF

AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $8,700.00 to $21,750.00 $12,325.00New Acoustical Tile Ceilings (60% of ceiling area) $13,311.00 to $31,320.00 $23,098.50Carpet & Pad $46,380.67 to $58,270.67 $54,645.67Paint Coffered Drywall Ceiling (40% of ceiling area) $26,100.00 to $46,980.00 $36,250.00Paint Trim & Doors $3,971.25 to $16,852.50 $9,231.57Protect / Remove / Reinstall All Light Fixtures $6,500.00 to $6,500.00 $6,500.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $37,810.07 to $40,787.85 $39,208.67Window Treatments (5) $5,000.00 to $7,500.00 $6,250.00



Additional Demolition $26,100.00 to $52,200.00 $40,600.00Artwork, Accessories, Mirrors (allowance, installed) $15,000.00 to $30,000.00 $21,875.00Banquet Chairs (incl. Meeting Rooms, 1,000 chairs) $125,000.00 to $150,000.00 $138,750.00New Articulated Drywall Ceiling (40% of ceiling area) $65,250.00 to $104,400.00 $79,750.00Electrical $52,200.00 to $130,500.00 $89,900.00HVAC $52,200.00 to $87,000.00 $72,282.50Life Safety $26,100.00 to $67,599.00 $47,516.50Architectural Lighting $26,100.00 to $87,000.00 $58,725.00

RANGE

RANGE

g g , , ,Millwork Running Trim (stained wood crown, chair, & base) $12,400.00 to $23,560.00 $19,116.67Millwork Serving Stations $45,000.00 to $75,000.00 $61,000.00Operable Walls (new, manual) $117,000.00 to $117,000.00 $117,000.00Portable Bars (6) $6,600.00 to $42,000.00 $17,925.00Signage $10,000.00 to $25,000.00 $17,500.00Tables (14" x 72", 30 total) $9,000.00 to $14,250.00 $11,812.50Tables (72" rounds, 10 total) $2,500.00 to $4,500.00 $3,625.00


Ballroom Audio Visual (3 Salons)Subtotal $75,000.00 to $150,000.00 $112,500.00

48




Meeting Room & Prefunction Softgoods RenovationMeeting Room Area: 7 rooms at approximately 40' x 175' each = 875 SF; 7,000 SF totalPrefunction Area: approximately 1,200 SF

AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $7,325.00 to $18,312.50 $10,377.08Acoustical Tile Ceilings (60% of ceiling area) $11,207.25 to $24,172.50 $18,715.38Carpet & Pad $39,050.39 to $53,716.67 $48,548.47Paint Coffered Drywall Ceiling (40% of ceiling area) $1,318.50 to $5,860.00 $3,516.00Paint Trim & Doors $1,099.50 to $4,011.00 $2,361.59Protect / Remove / Reinstall All Light Fixtures $5,000.00 to $5,000.00 $5,000.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $24,886.84 to $37,645.94 $31,597.81


Meeting Room & Prefunction - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Additional Demolition $29,300.00 to $43,950.00 $36,625.00Artwork, Accessories, Mirrors (installed) $35,000.00 to $50,000.00 $41,666.67New Articulated Drywall Ceiling (40% of ceiling area) $22,962.50 to $37,740.00 $30,351.25Decorative Lighting $12,000.00 to $42,000.00 $29,625.00Electrical $43,950.00 to $87,900.00 $69,587.50HVAC $64,826.25 to $109,875.00 $88,937.71Life Safety $21,975.00 to $56,915.25 $40,006.71Architectural Lighting $21,975.00 to $146,500.00 $73,250.00Millwork Running Trim (stained wood crown, chair, & base) $15,330.00 to $38,836.00 $26,827.50

RANGE

RANGE

Millwork Running Trim (stained wood crown, chair, & base) $15,330.00 to $38,836.00 $26,827.50Millwork Serving Stations $60,000.00 to $150,000.00 $117,000.00Operable Walls (new, manual) $117,000.00 to $117,000.00 $117,000.00



BoardroomsIncluded in Meeting Spaces


49




Fitness Room Softgoods RenovationFitness Room Area: approximately 30' x 54' = 1,620 SF

AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $1,620.00 to $3,240.00 $1,944.00Artwork (installed) $2,500.00 to $5,000.00 $3,666.67Clock $75.00 to $500.00 $145.83Hamper $250.00 to $1,500.00 $650.00Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $6,156.00 to $16,200.00 $10,303.20Sport Floor (80% of floor area) $14,904.00 to $16,848.00 $15,714.00Mirrors $10,800.00 to $15,120.00 $12,240.00Paint Drywall Ceiling $486.00 to $1,215.00 $810.00Paint Trim & Doors (2) $300.00 to $500.00 $416.67Remove & Reinstall Exercise Equipment $750.00 to $1,500.00 $1,250.00Towel Caddy $1,000.00 to $1,700.00 $1,300.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $3,461.36 to $4,254.88 $3,762.32Window Treatments $1,200.00 to $3,500.00 $2,566.67



Electrical $12,960.00 to $24,300.00 $17,415.00Exercise Equipment $50,000.00 to $100,000.00 $75,000.00HVAC $14,337.00 to $32,400.00 $19,379.25Life Safety $4,860.00 to $12,587.40 $9,221.85

RANGE

RANGE

Life Safety $4,860.00 to $12,587.40 $9,221.85Architectural Lighting $11,340.00 to $40,500.00 $22,275.00Millwork Reception Desk, Lockers, etc. $15,000.00 to $30,000.00 $22,500.00TVs (42") & Mounts (2) $1,998.00 to $1,998.00 $1,998.00


50





AVERAGEADA Lift $7,500.00 to $7,500.00 $7,500.00Architectural Lighting $7,350.00 to $29,400.00 $18,987.50Drywall Ceiling $19,600.00 to $36,750.00 $27,358.33Paint Door Frames & Trim $1,500.00 to $1,500.00 $1,500.00Pool Deck Tile $18,000.00 to $40,000.00 $27,333.33Pool Equipment $20,000.00 to $25,000.00 $22,500.00Pool Furniture (12 chairs, 5 loungers, 3 tables) $22,528.00 to $27,521.00 $25,027.33Pool Pak HVAC $75,000.00 to $75,000.00 $75,000.00Replace Doors $5,000.00 to $7,500.00 $6,875.00Resurface Pool Bottom $2,250.00 to $3,600.00 $2,925.00Paint Drywall Walls (60% of wall area) $432.00 to $1,080.00 $621.00Wall Tile (40% of wall area) $6,480.00 to $32,000.00 $18,144.00


InfrastructureAssume 347 spaces, 9' x 19', and 25' wide aisles (1.6 spaces per room to accommodate meeting attendance)

Indoor, Underground ParkingAVERAGERANGE

RANGE

Concrete Sealer & Traffic-bearing Membrane $370,856.25 to $519,198.75 $426,484.69Lighting Upgrades $623,038.50 to $979,060.50 $801,049.50Painting $44,502.75 to $53,403.30 $50,436.45Stripe Spaces $3,643.50 to $8,675.00 $4,927.40

Subtotal $1,042,041.00 to $1,560,337.55 $1,282,898.04Total per Space $3,003.00 to $4,496.65 $3,697.11

LUXURY


52


LUXURYPrototype Hotel: 200 guestrooms, 20 suites, 6 stories (5 with guestrooms), 46 bays / floorOther assumptions and allowances are listed in each section below

Guestrooms & CorridorsAssume typical guestroom area of approximately 18' wide and 20' long, plus 10' x 10' (5 fixture) bathroom and 8' x 10' entry area = 550 SF


Demolition $450.00 to $1,200.00 $883.33Artwork & Mirrors (installed) $874.50 to $1,425.00 $1,133.00Bedspread, Scarf, Skirt, Duvet, etc. $370.50 to $439.50 $408.75Carpet & Pad $1,106.59 to $1,211.03 $1,159.65Desk Lamp $113.50 to $150.00 $128.38Floor Lamp $115.00 to $175.00 $142.50Foyer Ceiling Lamp $129.38 to $158.13 $141.57Nightstand Lamp $108.68 to $132.83 $119.32Paint Drywall Ceiling $252.00 to $315.00 $283.50Paint Entry Doors, Closet Doors, Frames, & Grilles $140.00 to $270.00 $200.00Paint Trim (base & crown) $324.64 to $604.00 $394.05Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $1,268.50 to $2,654.61 $1,731.45Welcome Light (in existing location) $43.75 to $85.00 $59.75Window Treatments $2,234.00 to $2,418.00 $2,346.00

Per Key $7,531.04 to $11,238.10 $9,131.24


Bedsets $638.00 to $638.00 $638.00Casegoods Installation $400.00 to $1,250.00 $826.50Closet Shelf Unit $175.00 to $275.00 $216.00Connection Device (jack pack) $150.00 to $150.00 $150.00

$ $ $

RANGE

RANGE

Credenza $543.38 to $664.13 $609.07Crown Moulding $399.00 to $516.00 $449.40Entry Area Stone Tile $1,440.00 to $2,000.00 $1,704.00Desk $724.50 to $885.00 $813.63Desk Chair $294.37 to $850.00 $457.94Dresser $776.25 to $1,200.00 $946.73End Table $258.75 to $450.00 $328.13Headboards $776.25 to $1,150.00 $934.38Lounge Chair $517.50 to $1,500.00 $806.25Nightstands (2) $517.50 to $1,000.00 $681.25Ottoman $275.00 to $450.00 $343.75Live Plant / Planter $225.00 to $500.00 $331.25Sleeper Sofa (incl. fabric) $1,247.18 to $2,000.00 $1,539.42Task Chair $398.48 to $487.03 $437.94TV (36") & Mount (incl. programming) $812.00 to $812.00 $812.00Wall Base (painted wood, 2-piece) $770.00 to $1,320.00 $973.50Welcome Center / Coffee Niche $500.00 to $1,500.00 $910.00

Per Key $11,838.16 to $19,597.16 $14,909.12


53

LUXURYPrototype Hotel: 200 guestrooms, 20 suites, 6 stories (5 with guestrooms), 46 bays / floor




Artwork (installed) $75.46 to $225.00 $127.90Framed Mirror $282.88 to $650.00 $379.18Lighted Mirror $500.00 to $1,000.00 $765.00Makeup Mirror $175.00 to $205.82 $189.24Night Light $45.00 to $75.00 $59.75Paint Ceiling $40.00 to $50.00 $44.00Paint Trim & Door $95.00 to $150.00 $135.00Regrout Floor Tile $175.00 to $560.00 $399.00Regrout Wall Tile $1,250.00 to $2,000.00 $1,700.00Shower Curtain, Curved Rod, Rings, Cover $232.12 to $300.00 $258.02Toilet Accessories $930.00 to $1,815.00 $1,231.67Vanity Sconces $55.00 to $375.00 $216.87Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 27") $621.72 to $774.00 $694.97

Per Key $4,477.18 to $8,179.82 $6,200.60


Additional Architectural Lighting (2 downlights) $200.00 to $729.00 $435.80Bathroom Door & Hardware $644.00 to $1,750.00 $1,308.80Electrical Upgrades (Decora switches, GFI) $35.00 to $250.00 $128.00Faucet (with supplies, stops, drain) $75.00 to $758.00 $422.10Glass Shower Enclosure (2 panels, 1 door) $1,500.00 to $9,500.00 $3,781.00Lavatory $450.00 to $1,039.00 $649.80

$ $ $

RANGE

RANGE

Millwork Vanity Base $465.00 to $2,500.00 $973.40Porcelain / Stone Tile Floor $1,330.00 to $3,150.00 $2,044.00Porcelain / Stone Tile Tub Surround $900.00 to $1,500.00 $1,160.00Replace Tub $550.00 to $2,500.00 $1,390.60Shower Valve & Head, Tub Diverter, Tub Drain $480.00 to $1,200.00 $880.75Stone Vanity Top $682.50 to $1,320.00 $1,012.50TV (27") & Mount $650.00 to $650.00 $650.00Low-Flow Toilet $461.50 to $1,050.00 $711.10

Per Key $8,423.00 to $27,896.00 $15,547.85


54




CorridorsPer room with each unit 18 feet long and half of a 7-foot-wide corridor; 38 rooms per floor

AVERAGEArtwork (installed) $184.21 to $263.16 $223.68Carpet & Pad $351.41 to $450.98 $401.20Ceiling Pendant Light $7.24 to $7.24 $7.24Furniture $58.55 to $78.95 $68.53Ice Machine $65.79 to $92.11 $76.64Millwork (allowance for elevator lobby) $65.79 to $92.11 $77.30Paint Ceiling $26.07 to $32.59 $29.33Sconce (1 per room) $194.00 to $300.00 $233.20Signage $112.00 to $140.00 $125.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $228.47 to $321.57 $275.02Window Treatments (2 per floor) $65.37 to $92.11 $77.50

Corridors - Total per Key $1,358.90 to $1,870.81 $1,594.65



AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $3,200.00 to $9,600.00 $5,280.00Artwork (installed) $20,000.00 to $45,000.00 $31,250.00Carpet & Pad (80% of floor area) $14 728 53 to $18 340 98 $16 674 13

RANGE

RANGE

Carpet & Pad (80% of floor area) $14,728.53 to $18,340.98 $16,674.13Millwork Buffet, Host Station Refinish $1,900.00 to $4,500.00 $2,933.20Millwork Screen Walls Refinish $60,000.00 to $90,000.00 $75,000.00Paint Drywall Ceiling $1,280.00 to $2,720.00 $1,800.00Paint Trim & Doors $300.00 to $900.00 $600.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54", 40% openings) $2,251.55 to $2,752.15 $2,516.86Window Treatments (6) $18,617.64 to $30,000.00 $23,014.68


Total per Seat $736.61 to $1,227.79 $958.25


55





Additional Demolition $12,800.00 to $25,600.00 $18,000.00Booths (20 seats / 80LF, high back) $14,000.00 to $50,000.00 $25,600.00Buffet Equipment $25,000.00 to $75,000.00 $43,125.00Chairs (105) $46,187.40 to $57,750.00 $52,926.83Decorative Lighting / Dimming $35,000.00 to $150,000.00 $90,000.00Electrical $9,600.00 to $38,400.00 $22,560.00Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $10,240.00 to $32,000.00 $20,960.00HVAC $48,000.00 to $96,000.00 $69,664.00Life Safety $16,000.00 to $24,864.00 $20,616.00Architectural Lighting $22,400.00 to $48,000.00 $33,600.00Millwork Buffet, Host Station (new, in existing location) $41,000.00 to $59,000.00 $50,600.00Millwork Running Trim (stained hardwood crown, chair, & base) $4,896.00 to $10,336.00 $6,854.40Millwork Screen Walls (new) $24,000.00 to $45,000.00 $31,800.00New Articulated Drywall Ceiling $32,000.00 to $54,400.00 $40,960.00Sound System $15,000.00 to $25,000.00 $19,375.00Tables (36" square + base, 48) $14,866.92 to $18,900.00 $17,114.04Walls (drywall with vinyl wallcovering, 40% openings) $40,800.00 to $40,800.00 $40,800.00


Total per Seat $2,480.66 to $5,126.81 $3,641.90


RANGE

AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $1,200.00 to $2,700.00 $1,537.50Artwork, Accessories, Mirrors (installed) $10,000.00 to $50,000.00 $21,875.00Bar / Back Bar Refinish (incl. equipment) $12,500.00 to $17,500.00 $14,687.50Carpet & Pad (70% of floor area) $4,814.13 to $6,560.40 $5,988.55Millwork Running Trim Refinish $840.00 to $2,800.00 $1,540.00Paint Drywall Ceiling $960.00 to $1,800.00 $1,320.00Paint Trim & Doors $2,500.00 to $4,000.00 $3,250.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54", 40% openings) $2,099.69 to $2,504.44 $2,304.01Window Treatments (3) $6,205.88 to $7,584.96 $6,895.41


Total per Seat $685.33 to $1,590.83 $989.97

RANGE

56





Additional Demolition $1,800.00 to $6,000.00 $3,450.00Bar / Back Bar (new, incl. equipment, in existing location) $125,000.00 to $157,500.00 $138,125.00Bar Stools (15) $6,750.00 to $11,250.00 $8,437.50Booths (4 seats) $6,000.00 to $14,400.00 $9,600.00New Articulated Drywall Ceiling $18,000.00 to $36,000.00 $27,000.00Chairs (25) $10,997.00 to $13,440.75 $12,218.83Chef's Table Chairs (16) $6,210.08 to $8,000.00 $7,175.04Chef's Tables (2) $5,000.00 to $13,000.00 $9,000.00Decorative Lighting $10,000.00 to $35,000.00 $19,375.00Electrical $5,100.00 to $12,000.00 $7,575.00Hard Surface Floors (30% of floor area) $9,000.00 to $18,000.00 $12,150.00HVAC $18,000.00 to $36,000.00 $27,000.00Life Safety $3,600.00 to $9,600.00 $6,000.00Architectural Lighting $9,600.00 to $30,000.00 $20,400.00Millwork Running Trim (painted crown & base) $2,800.00 to $7,000.00 $4,375.00Other Seating & Tables (allowance) $16,800.00 to $25,200.00 $20,475.00Signage $5,000.00 to $25,000.00 $13,125.00Sound System $10,000.00 to $50,000.00 $26,250.00Tables (36" square + base, 16) $3,716.73 to $4,542.66 $4,129.68Walls (drywall with vinyl wallcovering, 40% openings) $21,000.00 to $25,200.00 $23,100.00


Total per Seat $4,906.23 to $8,952.22 $6,649.35

RANGE

KitchenKitchen Area: approximately 60' x 120' = 7,200 SF

AVERAGEDemolition $36,000.00 to $57,600.00 $48,000.00Ceiling (2' x 4' vinyl coated tiles & new grid) $30,600.00 to $57,600.00 $44,700.00Fluorescent Lighting (2' x 4') $10,800.00 to $19,200.00 $13,360.00Paint Door Frames & Trim $1,200.00 to $7,500.00 $2,700.00Quarry Tile Floor $50,400.00 to $158,400.00 $83,640.00Replace Doors $11,040.00 to $56,250.00 $33,715.00Kydex Paneled Walls $5,294.82 to $11,709.69 $9,367.75


Kitchen EquipmentSubtotal $750,000.00 to $1,500,000.00 $1,070,000.00

Total per SF $104.17 to $208.33 $148.61

RANGE


57



Function Space

Ballroom & Prefunction Softgoods RenovationBallroom Area: approximately 60' x 80' = 4,800 SF; Divisions: 3Prefunction Area: approximately 30' x 70' = 2,100 SF; Total Ballroom & Prefunction Area: 6,900 SF

AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $6,900.00 to $15,525.00 $10,005.00Paint Articulated Drywall Ceiling (2 levels) $41,400.00 to $103,500.00 $65,550.00Carpet & Pad $45,984.67 to $49,434.67 $47,824.67Paint Trim & Doors $5,946.75 to $20,430.00 $13,636.35Protect / Remove / Reinstall All Light Fixtures $6,500.00 to $6,500.00 $6,500.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $30,647.04 to $36,977.04 $34,703.33Window Treatments (6) $12,000.00 to $18,000.00 $15,000.00



Additional Demolition $10,350.00 to $34,500.00 $22,425.00Artwork, Accessories, Mirrors (allowance, installed) $15,000.00 to $40,000.00 $25,500.00Banquet Chairs (incl. Meeting Rooms, 1,000 chairs) $135,000.00 to $150,000.00 $142,500.00New Articulated Drywall Ceiling $58,650.00 to $82,800.00 $66,930.00Electrical $41,400.00 to $103,500.00 $73,140.00HVAC $61,065.00 to $124,200.00 $88,113.00Life Safety $20,700.00 to $53,613.00 $35,562.60Architectural Lighting $41,400.00 to $138,000.00 $82,800.00Millwork Running Trim (stained hardwood) $12,400.00 to $24,800.00 $18,972.00Mill k S i St ti $45 000 00 t $75 000 00 $57 540 00

RANGE

RANGE

Millwork Serving Stations $45,000.00 to $75,000.00 $57,540.00Operable Walls (new, manual) $99,000.00 to $135,000.00 $119,250.00Portable Bars (6) $7,200.00 to $9,000.00 $8,100.00Signage $15,000.00 to $30,000.00 $22,500.00Tables (14" x 72", 120 total) $42,000.00 to $42,000.00 $42,000.00Tables (72" rounds, 50 total) $12,500.00 to $12,500.00 $12,500.00


Ballroom Audio VisualSubtotal $80,000.00 to $175,000.00 $136,000.00

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Meeting Rooms & Prefunction Softgoods RenovationMeeting Room Area: 7 rooms at approximately 34' x 50' = 1,700 each; 11,900 SF totalPrefunction Area: approximately 2,000 SF

AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $13,900.00 to $69,500.00 $28,495.00New Acoustical Tile Ceilings (60% of ceiling area) $27,105.00 to $45,870.00 $38,614.20Carpet & Pad $92,635.78 to $99,585.78 $96,342.44Paint Coffered Drywall Ceiling (40% of ceiling area) $2,502.00 to $6,672.00 $3,558.40Paint Trim & Doors $1,500.00 to $5,000.00 $2,600.00Protect / Remove / Reinstall All Light Fixtures $10,000.00 to $25,000.00 $13,000.00Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $28,371.84 to $33,155.11 $30,831.50



Additional Demolition $52,125.00 to $83,400.00 $61,681.25Artwork, Accessories, Mirrors (installed) $40,000.00 to $125,000.00 $70,000.00New Articulated Drywall Ceiling (40% of ceiling area) $62,550.00 to $125,100.00 $90,697.50Decorative Lighting $25,500.00 to $150,000.00 $73,125.00Electrical $139,000.00 to $208,500.00 $170,275.00HVAC $123,015.00 to $250,200.00 $177,503.00Life Safety $41,700.00 to $139,000.00 $77,840.00Architectural Lighting $139,000.00 to $278,000.00 $208,500.00Millwork Running Trim (stained crown & base) $25,550.00 to $51,100.00 $36,536.50Mill k S i St ti $119 400 00 t $150 000 00 $129 800 00

RANGE

RANGE

Millwork Serving Stations $119,400.00 to $150,000.00 $129,800.00Operable Walls (new, manual) $108,000.00 to $150,000.00 $132,000.00

Subtotal $875,840.00 to $1,710,300.00 $1,227,958.25Total per SF $63.01 to $123.04 $88.34


Board RoomsIncluded in Meeting Spaces


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Spa / Exercise Facility Softgoods RenovationSpa / Exercise Area: approximately 30' x 54' = 1,620 SF; Treatment Rooms: 6

AVERAGEDemolition of Vinyl & Carpet $7,000.00 to $8,750.00 $7,875.00Artwork (installed) $4,000.00 to $10,000.00 $6,250.00Clock $550.00 to $1,000.00 $766.67Hamper $500.00 to $2,500.00 $1,400.00Hard Surface Floors (20% of floor area) $17,500.00 to $35,000.00 $24,500.00Carpet & Pad (20% of floor area) $23,325.56 to $25,075.56 $24,346.39Sport Floor (60% of floor area) $27,300.00 to $52,500.00 $39,200.00Mirrors $13,500.00 to $16,200.00 $14,400.00Paint Ceiling $3,500.00 to $7,000.00 $5,250.00Paint Trim & Doors $700.00 to $1,000.00 $800.00Remove & Reinstall Exercise Equipment $3,000.00 to $7,500.00 $5,166.67Towel Caddy $1,000.00 to $2,500.00 $1,583.33Vinyl Wallcovering (LY 54") $3,164.00 to $4,732.00 $4,029.87Window Treatments $2,406.00 to $5,500.00 $3,441.33


Spa / Exercise Facility - Add for a Full RenovationAVERAGE

Electrical $10,500.00 to $42,000.00 $20,825.00Exercise Equipment $75,000.00 to $175,000.00 $123,000.00Massage Tables $28,000.00 to $28,000.00 $28,000.00

$ $ $

RANGE

RANGE

Millwork (treatment room area) $70,000.00 to $210,000.00 $150,500.00Plumbing $20,000.00 to $35,000.00 $25,000.00HVAC $21,000.00 to $35,000.00 $28,595.00Life Safety $10,500.00 to $27,195.00 $18,039.00Architectural Lighting $10,500.00 to $35,000.00 $22,750.00Millwork Reception Desk, Lockers, etc. $15,000.00 to $75,000.00 $37,000.00TVs (42" LCDs) & Mounts (3) $2,997.00 to $2,997.00 $2,997.00


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AVERAGEADA Lift $7,500.00 to $7,500.00 $7,500.00Architectural Lighting $14,700.00 to $49,000.00 $32,462.50Drywall Ceiling (from scaffolding) $24,500.00 to $61,250.00 $43,120.00Paint Trim & Wood Doors $500.00 to $1,250.00 $950.00Paint Drywall Ceiling (from scaffolding) $2,450.00 to $17,150.00 $11,270.00Pool Deck Tile $20,000.00 to $50,000.00 $33,200.00Pool Equipment $20,000.00 to $20,000.00 $20,000.00Decorative Water Feature (allowance) $20,000.00 to $50,000.00 $33,333.33Pool Furniture (12 chairs, 5 loungers, 3 tables) $25,899.00 to $31,662.00 $28,779.67Pool Pak HVAC $100,000.00 to $100,000.00 $100,000.00Replace Doors (storefront) $5,000.00 to $10,000.00 $7,500.00Resurface Pool Bottom $2,250.00 to $5,400.00 $3,960.00Paint Drywall Walls (60% of wall area) $648.00 to $2,160.00 $1,137.60Wall Tile (40% of wall area) $14,400.00 to $53,760.00 $24,192.00


InfrastructureAssume 350 spaces, 9' x 19', and 25' wide aisles (1.6 spaces per room to accommodate meeting attendance)Valet Parking Only

RANGE

Indoor, Underground ParkingAVERAGE

Concrete Sealer & Traffic-bearing Membrane $376,200.00 to $526,680.00 $443,916.00Lighting Upgrades $632,016.00 to $993,168.00 $812,592.00Painting $45,144.00 to $180,576.00 $77,647.68Stripe Spaces $4,224.00 to $8,800.00 $5,632.00

Subtotal $1,057,584.00 to $1,709,224.00 $1,339,787.68Total per Space $3,004.50 to $4,855.75 $3,806.22

RANGE

PERSPECTIVES ON CAPITAL EXPENDITURES


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In tough economic times, it is difficult to justify spending on prop-erty improvements, but it is the ideal time to upgrade your prop-erty. Renovating while the market is down puts you ahead of yourcompetition when the markets turn, and lower material and laborcosts provide greater value for your investment. To get started,you’ll first need to understand the new reality of renovating intough economic times. Many aspects of capital expenditureshave changed – some for better and some for worse.

Whether you’ve just begun planning or you’re ready to bid, hereare ten tips to consider when planning your renovation:

Hire an experienced Project Manager first. The PM will orches-trate the design and construction process and be your ad-

vocate in making decisions.

Pre-qualify and interview several design firms. Most designfirms have had to face the reality of downsizing. Make sure

the firm that you select is capable of performing the work.

Planning. This is where the dynamic has really changed.Today there is no reason to rush into decisions that may

not be in the best interest of the project. Take the time to exploredesign schemes, material selections, and options.

Find out if the design firm has retained key personnel frompast successful projects. Meet the individuals who will be

doing the work. Will you be comfortable working with them?

Who is supporting the main players? Determine whether thedesign firm works with a regular group of sub-consultants

or sub-contractors with proven track records. A weak link in thechain can hurt any good design project.

Use the right tool for the job. Ask about the firm’s experiencewith local jurisdictions. Do they understand local interpreta-

tions of permit review and inspection issues? Do they have theright experience for the type of project you are planning?

Checks & Balances. Carefully check drawings and specifica-tions. Hire a third party design firm to PEER review the

drawings. One error found before construction begins may payfor itself. This is a crucial step often overlooked by owners whomove too quickly.

Keep the bid list reasonably-sized. Keep your bid list to be-tween three and five firms, no matter what services you

seek. More than five can create an overwhelming and unproduc-tive set of alternatives. A large bid pool can be counterproductive,as some firms may feel they don’t have a chance and won’t de-vote the time to provide an accurate number.

Beware of low-balling. With less work to go around, be waryof firms that submit low bids and then hike the price

through change orders or additional services requests. Watch forbid qualifications that leave openings for added costs. Removeunknowns from the equation to reduce bidders’ ability to low-ball.

Schedule the work carefully. Work with the PM to define thescope of work carefully and in detail. Low occupancy isn’t

good news for the bottom line; however, this cloud has a silver lin-ing. Lower occupancies may allow for faster construction, savingon general conditions costs and the costs of displaced business.

Think differently about renovating in this economic downturn. Youcan make the best of a bad situation by doing some additionalplanning and rethinking your approach. �

Jonathan C. Nehmer, AIA, ISHC has over 30 years of experience in thedevelopment, design, and construction of hospitality projects. Hefounded Jonathan Nehmer + Associates, Inc. in 1989 to provide Archi-tecture, Project Management, and Design and Construction Consultingto the hospitality industry. JN+A is recognized as the industry leader indesign and construction project management throughout the world. Mr.Nehmer is also managing principal of HVScompass Interior Design. A li-censed architect in more than 35 states, he is certified by the NationalCouncil of Architectural Registration Boards and is a member of the In-ternational Society of Hospitality Consultants. A frequent speaker at in-dustry events, he has authored numerous articles relating to hoteldesign and construction. Mr. Nehmer was co-chairman of the ISHC’sCapEx 2007 committee, which conducted and published the CapEx2007 study, the third edition of the ISHC’s survey and analysis of capitalexpenditures in the hospitality industry.

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ips for Planning Capital Expenditure Renovationsby Jonathan C. Nehmer, AIA, ISHC | as published in HOTEL & MOTEL MANAGEMENTT

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Generally, our FF&E industry, and capex spending overall, isviewed as a “trailing economic indicator,” meaning we lag behinddownturns and trail recoveries. I may have a slightly optimisticview, and, of course, there are still many risk factors that canchange the direction or derail the recovery train, but be prepared,no matter what area of the industry you are in, for FF&E andcapex to be at the forefront of the recovery in this cycle.

Let’s review some facts. The fundamentals of the hotel businessstarted to decline in early 2008, took a nose dive September2008, and now, after six quarters of business, occupancy isslowly coming back and rate will soon follow. Currently, there is asmall number of new construction projects, as few developershave been able to secure construction financing for the last 18months. This lack of construction funding will not change for awhile; however, we have a huge inventory of existing rooms thathave not had a penny of capex spent on them for almost twoyears now, even the hotels where the “capex cycle time” was al-ready long overdue. In order to get a larger piece of a smaller pie,the hotels will all, to some degree, need to renovate soon to differ-entiate their products.

Whether it is a brand-driven or owner/market-driven renovation,there is simply a limit to how long a hotel can operate, regardlessof lower REVPAR, before the FF&E needs attention. Be prepared:by the second quarter of 2011, watch the FF&E renovation spend-ing come back to a very healthy level. While I am an optimist, Iam also a realist, and please note that I am not predicting a newrecord high of capex for some time. But get engaged in the con-versation with all the stakeholders, as the trend is there for ourFF&E industry to recover very well, and sooner than many think.

Based on heading in the direction of a significant recovery, thenext question I have been frequently asked is, “Coming out of thisdownturn, what is the first place you would focus your capital tooptimize limited resources in a capex upgrade?” Here is my twocents...

F YOU HAVE A FEW PENNIES

CLEAN the place top to bottom, replace caulk/grout, de-silveredmirrors, replace rusty brightwork, update old shower curtains, andmake the place shine.

F YOU HAVE TWO NICKELS TO RUB TOGETHER

Hire the professional services of a Procurement Agent, a ProjectManager, an Interior Designer, and a Logistics company. I wouldthen spend 20% on the sense of arrival: fix the torn awning, sealand stripe the parking lot, paint the front of the building. Spend20% on lobby FF&E: continue the positive first impression thatstarted with the exterior cleanup by replacing/refinishing your out-dated FF&E. Spend the balance on the guestrooms: replaceeverything with stains, odors, and saggy cushions, including seat-ing, carpet, bed and window treatments, and refinishing of case-goods as needed. Of course, ANY roof or window seal leaks areto be done at this stage so the new FF&E will not be ruined.

F YOU HAVE FOUR NICKELS TO RUB TOGETHER

Do all of the above, but also add a new bed and a fresh coat ofpaint to the guestrooms. In addition to the guestrooms, update thefunction spaces to increase your group business revenue. Thenspend a little bit on the employee break room: fresh paint, newchairs and tables, better lighting. If you allocate money to that oneback-of-house space, increased employee moral will shinethrough to each guest, which will make every old light and wallcovering that you could not afford to replace look a little better…

F YOU HAVE SIX NICKELS

Do all of the above, and fix any mechanical, electrical, and struc-tural issues that you have been “meaning to get to.”

F YOU HAVE A FEW DOLLARS

Gut the place and leapfrog your competition! �

Alan Benjamin, ISHP, ISHC, president and founder of Benjamin West, isone of the country’s leading hospitality FF&E experts. He has been pub-lished and quoted in numerous national publications, and he is a mem-ber of the advisory boards of Hospitality Design and Hotel Design. Mr.Benjamin has been a moderator and speaker for many years at industryconferences and conventions, including The Lodging Conference, ALIS,and many others. In 2007 Mr. Benjamin co-chaired the ISHC’s CapExStudy, the third edition of the ISHC’s survey and analysis of capital ex-penditures in the hospitality industry. Mr. Benjamin also coordinates thecharitable efforts between the ISHP and Gifts In Kind International towork with the leading FF&E vendors in matching charities’ needs withthe resources of the hospitality vendors.

f I Had Two Nickelsby Alan Benjamin, ISHP, ISHC

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Do you believe the glass is half full? Do you see the current downmarket as an opportunity? Do you know your clientele? Do youwant to stay ahead of your competition? Well, then you know thatit is time to renovate. So, let’s be smart about it. Here are someideas on how and where to spend those limited capex dollars.

XTERIOR

First, you do not get a second chance to make a good first im-pression. You might debate whether the exterior of the building isimportant or not. After all, once you are inside, what is there to re-member about the exterior? However, you should care aboutsome things.

Small changes on the exterior can make a big impact. It is impor-tant for an out-of-town visitor to be able to find the hotel, or atleast see it from the highway. Thus, a well-lit, clearly-lettered signis important. The outdoor lighting should be working, and guestsshould feel safe when walking to and from their cars. Good, work-ing lighting at the porte-cochere and at all entry points is also im-portant.

At the entrance and other prominent building features, add somecolor with seasonal landscaping. This adds warmth and a feelingof welcome without spending major dollars. A little highlight paintcolor goes a long way to dress up the exterior of the building, de-pending on the material of the facade.

If you are on a very tight budget, consider limiting exterior work tosafety and “sense of arrival” items. New signage, lighting, a freshcoat of exterior paint, and landscaping improvements can reallydress up a hotel exterior.

OBBY

The lobby is your guest’s first impression of your hotel’s style andservice. It starts at the front door. Does the door need replace-ment, or will changing the door hardware and adding a push/pullbar help the door look and wear better? When guests enter thehotel, they first get an overall view of the main lobby, and thentheir eyes gravitate toward the front desk. It is possible to make abig impact here for less money. Instead of putting in new woodfloors, strip the floors and refinish them. Instead of replacing floortile, clean the floors and re-grout them. Adding plants and othertouches of color help, as long as you’re not creating clutter.

The front desk should feel warm, friendly, and rich in materials,depending on your market segment. Some brands now requirethat long, formal reception desks be replaced with open, kiosk-type front desk pods. If this is appropriate to your market, howyou service your guests, and brand standards, then it is important.Sometimes just changing out a feature wall or artwork behind thefront desk can have a dramatic impact on the guest’s sense of ar-rival.

uccessful Capex on a Tight Budgetby Scott P. Rosenberg, AIA, MRICS, LEED® AP | as published in LODGING HOSPITALITY

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Simple updates to paint, lighting, signage, and landscaping can give ahotel a major facelift without breaking the bank.

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Don’t forget that the lobby is composed of larger purchases; keyelements that can last seven years or more. Guests will usethese items time and time again. Don’t compromise on qualityand then kick yourself later because you didn’t go the extra mileto purchase a long-wearing item. Also, spend money where youcan touch it and see it, not 14 feet in the air where your effortswon’t be noticed. A new sofa and chair probably mean more toguests than a new chandelier. For areas that are out of guestreach, freshening up paint on items such as ceilings, coffers, andbulkheads can make the hotel appear cleaner and brighter.

If you’ve done all the simple items, perhaps you are ready to takeyour renovation to the next level. It might be time to re-conceptu-alize the public spaces. Is the front desk in the correct location?Maybe it should be moved to provide more seating in the waitingarea. Perhaps moving it makes the staff more accessible andprovides your team with a better view of the lobby.

Another important aspect of your lobby is the relationship be-tween spaces. Are your restaurant and bar well-placed in relationto the lobby? Perhaps the dining area layout is not conducive tosmooth operation. Maybe the sundries are too far away from thefront desk.

Several hotel brands are looking at lobby concepts that open upand interconnect the public areas. One trend that really revital-izes the lobby is bringing the business center into the public areainstead of having it hidden in a small room somewhere.

Bringing your guests to the lobby for longer periods of time will re-energize the public spaces. Drawing more people into the publicareas can generate more income, as guests are more likely to uti-lize the food and beverage opportunities at the hotel instead ofgoing elsewhere.

The decision of whether to make such a change is really depend-ent on your market. If you are looking to extend your market; re-view whether your hotel caters to both families and businesses?Would you like to serve both? An open, multi-functional lobby canhelp. During the week, business travelers can come down to thelobby, have a coffee, meet a business associate, and check email.On the weekend, dad can have a light breakfast, sit back andread the paper, and keep an eye on the kids while they use the in-ternet and mom talks to the concierge about local attractions.

The decision to design such a custom lobby and FF&E packagemust be made in an informed manner. There’s a time and placefor custom, and knowing whether your market merits the extra de-sign and FF&E expense is important. However, if the market sup-ports something unique, a custom lobby may have more impactthan custom guestrooms. I have seen many clients use the stan-dard guestroom FF&E package and put their money into cus-tomizing their lobbies, with a great payoff.

UESTROOMS

The decision to renovate your lobby, your guestrooms, or a com-bination thereof is up to you. You are the expert on what is impor-tant to your guests.

Sometimes the best decision is to implement only small ideas inboth the lobby and the guestrooms. Remember that all areas ofyour hotel are used by many people and need long-lasting, low-maintenance materials. While lobby renovations consist of manysingle budget line items, remember that guestroom renovationscan quickly become expensive, as the cost of each item gets mul-tiplied by the number of guestrooms in your inventory.

What should you change? You can answer that question by be-coming a guest yourself. Go through the ritual of staying in your


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Front desk pods with lowered transaction counters remove the barrier between guestsand hotel staff.

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A business center doesn’t have to be in a separate room. Let your business travelersfeel like they’re part of the action by opening the business center up to the lobby.

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hotel guestroom. When you arrive in your room, do you placeyour laptop on the desk? When you sit down at the desk, are youare pleased that the work surface is large and clean? Do yourlegs hit the desk apron, does the ergonomic chair go up anddown, does the lamp work, and can you easily reach to plug inyour laptop and charge your cell phone?

After dinner, when you come back to the room, you probably puton the TV and fire up your laptop again. Let’s hope the wirelessinternet is easy to connect to and has a good signal. Perhaps thehotel has a neat little lap desk and a comfortable headboard soyou can work in bed, if you like. Can you find where to plug inyour laptop when you sit in bed? In this day and age, wireless in-ternet in every guestroom is a simple, inexpensive improvement,at the cost of just a few access points per floor. You need this.Your guests expect it.

“Troubleshooting” your gue-stroom in person can helpyou determine the most im-portant items for your gue-stroom renovation. If yourguestroom has some is-sues, then you should targetyour efforts to eliminateitems that adversely affectguest satisfaction. A com-fortable, functional gue-stroom invites guests toreturn.

However, leave what worksas-is. There is no need tobuy that fancy and expen-sive but uncomfortable sidechair. If you really do needa new side chair, weigh thecost, style, and comfort to reach your decision.

There are many common problem areas in guestrooms that havesimple fixes. I’ve noticed that the wallcovering at the window wallseems to wear and peel while the rest of the room still looks good.The exterior wall of the guestroom will wear better over time ifwallcovering is changed out and replaced with paint. Making thiswall an accent wall is also a great way to freshen your look.

Another item that quickly makes your room feel modern is replac-ing older TV’s with flat screen TV’s. The prices of 32” and 37” TV’sare coming down, especially when purchased in bulk. On theother hand, some developers have put TV replacements off foranother year to save a few dollars. If you have limited dollars tospend, then you be the judge.

Consider replacing softgoods before hard goods. For a few dol-lars, an inexpensive bed throw and pillow add a touch of color.For worn FF&E, consider fixing, adjusting, cleaning, reupholstery,and touch-up before replacing. Better lighting may be achievedwith bulb and lampshade replacement rather than purchasing newlamps. An old, bulky TV armoire can be cut down to become adresser or credenza, with a new solid surface top. Consider re-placing only some of the FF&E pieces, not the entire guestroomFF&E package.

If you must purchase new chairs, beds, lamps, and desks, youmight think of using a pre-set FF&E ‘package’ that is already de-signed and pre-approved by your brand. Do you have a few ho-tels? Buy in bulk.

UEST BATHROOMS

Don’t neglect the bathroom. While this area may seem like acostly place to renovate, there are small fixes you can implementthat will make a big difference. Don’t waste money on new fix-tures if the current ones are in good shape. Instead, considerchanging the toilet seat cover from an open style to a closed style.Deep clean your tub instead of buying a new one. If your existingfloor tile is in good shape, just clean and re-grout it to make itfresh. Other options that can give a guest bathroom new life areto change out the vanity while retaining the existing sink or coun-tertop, replacing brass faucets and fittings with more modernchrome or brushed nickel, replacing wallcovering, and changingthe towel racks, bar, shelves, etc. Finally, please don’t forgetgood lighting (because my wife will complain).

ORK WITH YOUR BRAND & TEAM

Once you have a handle on your plan for the renovations ahead,get ready to work with your hotel brand, if you have one. If you’vebeen issued a Property Improvement Plan, take another look at it.Discuss the PIP with your brand, especially the timing of each re-quired renovation item. Don’t skimp, just be realistic. Hotel brandsunderstand the current economy and will work with you to findcost-saving measures. Be flexible during this time. If your hotelsucceeds, then you succeed and the brand succeeds, too.

UMMARY

In tough economic times, many of us feel the need to stop spend-ing entirely in order to conserve for the future. That may not bethe healthiest option for your hotel. The bottom line for successfulcapital expenditures is to remember a few key tips: First impres-sions are important, make sure your exterior and lobby are up to

A guest bathroom before and after vanity replacement.

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A comfortable, functional guestroom invitesguests to return.

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par. Repair and clean rather than replace, where possible; youcan get an updated look without buying everything new. Replacesoftgoods rather than hard goods to refresh your property on asmaller budget. Fix what isn’t practical or what isn’t up to code; ifyou don’t, you’ll be required to do so later, possibly when it is notadvantageous to renovate. The brands will help you; they wantyour property to succeed just as much as you do. Remember,your goal is to keep up with your competition. Following these tipswill help you get the biggest bang for your capex buck. �

Scott P. Rosenberg, AIA, MRICS, LEED® AP, is an architect with 23 yearsof experience in architecture and real estate development-related fields.Mr. Rosenberg is Vice President at Jonathan Nehmer + Associates, Inc.,a leading architecture, interior design, and project management firmserving the hospitality industry for 20 years, with offices in Washington,DC, Boston, MA and San Diego, CA. JN+A’s projects range from selectservice through luxury hotels, resorts, and conference centers. JN+A’swork includes repositioning of existing properties and new ground-upprojects. Mr. Rosenberg also serves as an adjunct professor at JohnsHopkins University, Carey School of Business, in the Real Estate Mas-ters program.

ogistics Tipsby Darlene Henke

LDuring a renovation or construction project there are thousands ofdetails that require the attention of Owners, Designers, Purchas-ing Agents, Project Managers, and many other team members in-volved. One area that can impact the entire team is thecoordination of goods for delivery to the property. Below are eightimportant areas to keep in mind when considering logistics.

Goods in Storage: Most warehouses will limit liability as itrelates to insurance to pennies on the dollar. For example,

if a chair weighing 100 lbs is lost and liability was limited to $0.60per pound, only $60 would be paid regardless of value. Additionalinsurance can be purchased through the warehouse or third partylogistics provider.

Airfreight: Carriers limit their liability in a similar manner towarehouses – usually to $0.50 per pound. More than 70%

of airfreight shipped for hotels requires additional insurance tocover the value of goods.

Proof of Delivery (POD): Contrary to popular belief, sign-ing a POD “subject to inspection” does not create the basis

for a claim. It is the legal responsibility of the claimant to provewho was at fault for loss or damage. When exceptions are notedat the time of delivery “subject to inspection,” proving the carrierwas legally at fault will be challenging.

Port of Entry: FF&E coming from Asia can be routed toports other than just Long Beach. If time exists in the

schedule, an alternate port of entry may be closer to the hotel.Utilizing the closer port will reduce the freight budget and transitacross the U.S.

Claims: If noted at the time of delivery, claims can be filedup to nine months from the delivery date. If damage is con-

cealed, a claim must be filed within fifteen days of delivery; there

is no guarantee or legal liability for the carrier to honor concealeddamage claims.

Fuel Surcharge: Fuel prices should not be as volatile as in2008, but they could change in the event of a national or

natural disaster. Once the economic recovery starts, fuel priceswill be likely to increase again.

Chinese New Year: Every year this causes delays in ship-ping, at ports, and ultimately in receiving goods. In 2010

the New Year will hit around Valentine’s Day – make sure leadtimes have a little leeway if arriving right before, during, or afterthis time.

Green Strategy: Yes, there is such a thing in logistics. TheEPA endorses specific organizations and all responsible lo-

gistics providers should be participating. It is up to you to make ita requirement for your project – ask your provider today if they area member of one of these EPA-approved organizations. �

Darlene Henke is president and founder of Audit Logistics, LLC, theleading experts in hospitality logistics. Ms. Henke moderates and partici-pates in panels at leading hospitality shows on topics such as overseassourcing and logistics, budget concerns with rising energy costs, andsustainability. Ms. Henke has worked with her organization to establish anationwide partnership with Waste Management to recycle cardboardand other items involved in the hotel renovation and new constructionprocess. She has also developed a partnership status on the transporta-tion side through SmartWay Transport – a partnership endorsed by theEPA.

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Today, sustainability is all around us. It’s in advertising, in thenews, and in corporate philosophies. It has touched almost everyindustry from manufactured products to service providers. Thismeans your competitor across the street is participating. How canyou be savvier than your competition? While the most commonreasons to undertake green initiatives include saving the environ-ment, marketing, and tax breaks, there are strong business rea-sons to pursue items with a direct savings impact on your hotel.

As a business owner, you can make calculated business deci-sions about which sustainable items you pursue. If a product ofservice can bring you a reduction in energy use, a reduction inwaste cost, or an increased life span, then the extra cost may beeasily justified. Why not focus on sustainable items that bring youa return on your investment?

TEMS TO CONSIDER

Here are some items to consider pursuing regardless of when youimplement them:

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LIGHTINGThe cost of replacing your lighting with these bulbs pays for itself.This item is so practical that you can change the bulbs to compactfluorescent even if you aren’t renovating, because you’ll see apayback in 2-3 years. It’s a quick first fix, but note that thischanges the light quality and color.

ENERGY MANAGEMENTEnergy Management systems can add to the efficiency of the newor current HVAC, lighting, and other systems that use energy, es-pecially in a hotel where there tends to be a fluctuation in occu-pancy. The system learns how the building performs and reacts toits environment. On a smaller scale, energy management canstart with programmable thermostats, which pay for themselvesfairly quickly. When the HVAC system runs more efficiently, it low-ers energy use and prolongs the life of the equipment. There areeven thermostats that limit the settings between 68oF and 78oF,so they are not just randomly pushed up or down to extreme tem-peratures.

RECYCLING PROGRAMCheck if your local jurisdiction will pick up recyclable items at nocost or at a lower cost than regular waste pickups. It’s an opera-tional issue and an issue about where to place receptacles for col-lection throughout the hotel. If you can implement a recyclingprogram, you may reduce the cost to pick up your trash.

In a major renovation or a new build hotel, here are itemsthat make sense if done at the right time:

WATER-EFFICIENT PLUMBING FIXTURESChanging the plumbing fixtures just to save water usage may notjustify the expense. If you need to change the fixtures anyway,the premium for water-saving fixtures can be recaptured in watersavings. If the premium is still too high, then there would need tobe some additional reason or aesthetic quality to make it worth-while.

HVACFor new builds, or where the HVAC system is at the end of itsuseful life, new, higher efficiency HVAC units operate more effi-ciently, use less energy, and last longer. This is one of the biggestdollar impacts to the hotel. In new build projects, designing tomanage outside air intake and ventilation leads to further energysavings that is usually cost-prohibitive on renovation projects.Why direct outside air into an empty ballroom and then conditionit? Also, remember to keep up with maintenance that can keepthe equipment operating more efficiently and longer.

ROOFINGFor new builds, or for renovations where the roof has reached itsuseful life, use a light-colored roof to reduce heat buildup. Thistranslates to requiring less HVAC tonnage for your building, andthus a savings in HVAC first costs. The premium for the roofingcan be paid for by the energy savings, as well. This is not an itemthat you just change in the middle of your current roof’s useful life.

Here are some items that may need further study to deter-mine if they make sense:

COMMISSIONINGCommissioning is a service provided by an engineer to thoroughlyreview the installation and operation of the mechanical, plumbing,and electrical systems. The cost for this service sounds expen-sive, but in a new build project or renovation, this service can leadto finding something that is mis-calibrated, installed incorrectly, orhas been damaged, leading to wasted energy that can go unno-ticed for years. Some think of this as an insurance policy worthyof its price tag to uncover energy savings.

PRODUCTS WITH RENEWABLE/ RECYCLED CONTENTWhen recycled products can be purchased for no additional costor show some design or guest experience benefit, then there is di-

iscovering Product by Product What’s Sustainably Beneficial to Hotelsby Scott P. Rosenberg, AIA, MRICS, LEED® AP | as published in HOTEL BUSINESS

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rect value. Look for things like comfort, durability, a wider varietyof colors and textures, and design elements that add to the lookand feel of a space. As these products get into the mainstream,they will become more economical.

O DO OR NOT TO DO

While every property has an opportunity to pursue sustainability,make a business decision for each item you want to pursue byperforming a simple cost analysis:

How much additional first cost premium will the sustainable prod-uct or system cost?

How much does the item save annually in dollars?

Will the item last longer and decrease the amount you need toplace in reserves each year?

Are there intangible or good will benefits?

Sometimes we are so involved in our day-to-day operations thatwe can forget the basics. The result is elementary: your hotel willbe worth more now. Some believe that having a short exit strat-

egy is a reason not to consider spending additional first costs onsustainability when the savings can’t be enjoyed. Remember, youare adding to the value of your asset because the expenses for abuyer will be lower. This means that regardless of your exit stat-egy timing, you must factor in a higher projected sale price, asvaluation is a function of a higher annual net income due to re-duced annual expenses.

When people ask you if are “practicing sustainability,” tell them,“No, I’m in the business of sustainability.” It can and will make animpact on sustaining and adding value to your business of being ahotelier. �

Scott P. Rosenberg, AIA, MRICS, LEED® AP, is an architect with 23years of experience in architecture and real estate development-relatedfields. Mr. Rosenberg is Vice President at Jonathan Nehmer + Associ-ates, Inc., a leading architecture, interior design, and project manage-ment firm serving the hospitality industry for 20 years, with offices inWashington, DC, Boston, MA and San Diego, CA. JN+A’s projects rangefrom select service through luxury hotels, resorts, and conference cen-ters. JN+A’s work includes repositioning of existing properties and newground-up projects. Mr. Rosenberg also serves as an adjunct professorat Johns Hopkins University, Carey School of Business, in the Real Es-tate Masters program.

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lossary of Freight / FF&E TermsGA8A Manifest A form issued by a licensed Customs Bro-ker which allows CCRA to monitor in bond shipments as

they move through Canada.

Arrival Notice An advice that the carrier or forwarder sends tothe consignee advising of goods coming forward for delivery. Per-tinent information such as bill of lading number, container number,and total charges due from consignee, etc. are included and sentto consignee prior to vessel arrival. This is done gratuitously bythe carrier or forwarder to ensure smooth delivery, but there is noobligation by the carrier or the forwarder to do so. The responsibil-ity to monitor the transit and present himself to take timely deliv-ery still rests with the consignee.

Automated Manifest System (AMS) An application that expe-dites the clearance of cargo for the subsequent release of con-tainers when imported to USA through electronic submission ofcargo manifests in lieu of bulk paper manifests.

Awkward Cargo Cargo of irregular size that can either be con-tainerized (packed in container) or non-containerized (withoutequipment associated with) during transportation. It requires priorapproval on a case-by-case basis before confirmation of booking.

Axle Load Maximum load permitted to be carried on each axle ofa motor vehicle.

Bill of Lading (B/L) The official legal document represent-ing ownership of cargo. It is a negotiable document con-

firming the receipt of cargoes and the contract for the carriage ofcargoes between the shipper and the carrier.

Block Train Railcars grouped in a train by destination so thatsegments (blocks) can be uncoupled and routed to different desti-nations as the train moves through various junctions. This elimi-nates the need to break up a train and sort individual railcars ateach junction.

Bonded Carrier A carrier licensed by U.S. Customs to carryCustoms-controlled merchandise between Customs points.

Bonded Warehouse A warehouse authorized by Customs forstorage of goods on which payment of duties is deferred until thegoods are removed.

Booking Number A reference number for bookings registeredwith a carrier. It should be unique without duplication for a three-year period.

Box Common term for an ocean-going freight container.

Broker An individual, partnership, or corporation that arrangestransportation service for client companies.

Break-bulk Cargo Goods shipped loose in the vessel hold andnot in a container.

Broken Stowage The spare volume of a container or the cargohold of a vessel where no cargo is stowed. It is a reflection of thebad stowage of the container or the vessel.

Bulk Carriers Vessels carrying dry, liquid, grain, not packaged,bundled, or bottled cargo and loaded without marks and numberor count.

Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF) / Bunker Surcharge (BSC)Surcharges assessed by the carrier to freight rates to reflect cur-rent cost of bunker.

Bunker Heavy oil used as fuel for ocean vessels.

Canada Customs and Revenue Agency (CCRA) Cana-dian government Customs authority

Cargo Manifest A manifest that lists only cargo, without freightand charges.

Cells The construction system employed in container vesselsthat permits containers to be stowed in a vertical line, with eachcontainer supporting the one above it inside the cargo hold.

Cellular Vessel A vessel designed with internal ribbing to permitthe support of stacked containers. See “Containership”

Certificate of Origin Document certifying the country of origin ofgoods, which is normally issued or signed by a the relevant gov-ernment department of the exporting country, or Chamber ofCommerce or embassy.

CFR A pricing term indicating that the cost of the goods andfreight charges are included in the quoted price.

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CFS/CFS A kind of cargo movement by container. Deliveredloose at origin point with vanning by carrier, devanned by carrierat destination, and picked up loose at destination.

Closing The published deadline for export cargo or containers tobe accepted for a sailing of the carrier. CY Closing is applicable toFCLs and CFS Closing is applicable to LCLs. Normally, CFSClosing is around 24 hours ahead of CY Closing, depending onthe complexities of export customs clearance formalities at thecountry. See “Late-Come.”

Connecting Carrier Agreement (CCA) An agreement of freightrates for connections between feeder ports and the ports of call ofvessels.

Consolidated Cargo Cargo containing shipments of two or moreshippers, usually shipped by a firm called a consolidator. The con-solidator takes advantage of lower FCL rates, and savings arepassed on to shippers.

Consolidation The combination of many small shipments intoone container.

Consolidator A person or firm performing a consolidation serviceof small lots of cargo for shippers.

Consortium A group of carriers pooling resources, normally con-tainer vessels, in a trade lane to maximize their resources effi-ciently.

Container A van-type body that can be relatively easily inter-changed between trucks, trains, and ships.

Container Freight Station (CFS or C.F.S.) Consolidation depotswhere parcels of cargo are grouped and loaded into containers.Alternatively, inbound cargo in a container are devanned for deliv-eries to consignees as LCLs.

Container Load Plan (CLP) A document prepared to show alldetails of cargo loaded in a container, e.g. weight (individual andtotal), measurement, markings, shippers, consignees, the originand destination of goods, and location of cargo within the con-tainer. A Container Load Plan is either prepared by the cargo con-solidator or the shipper that ships its cargo on FCL terms.

Container Type Containers are classified under different types,e.g. dry cargo, reefer, open top, flat-rack, open-side, etc.

Container Yard (CY or C.Y. ) A facility inside or outside the Con-tainer Terminal that accepts laden export containers from shippersor laden import containers for delivery to consignees.

Containership An ocean vessel specifically designed to carryocean cargo containers. It is fitted with vertical cells for maximumcapacity.

Controlled Atmosphere (CA) An atmosphere in which oxygen,carbon dioxide, and nitrogen concentrations are regulated, as aretemperature and humidity.

Cost and Freight (C&F) A term of trading in which the buyer ofthe goods pays an amount that covers the cost of the goods plusthe cost of transporting the goods from origin to the port of dis-charge or final destination.

Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF) A term of trading in whichthe buyer of the goods pays for the cost of the goods, the cost oftransporting the goods from origin to the port of discharge or finaldestination, and the insurance premium for a maritime insurancepolicy for the value of the order.

Cube the Shipment Measure the total cubic feet of the shipment

Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF ) An ancillary charge onocean freight to compensate for exchange rate fluctuations.

Customs Bonded Warehouse A public or privately owned ware-house where dutiable goods are stored pending payment of dutyor removal under bond. The storage or delivery of goods areunder the supervision of customs officers, and if the warehouse isprivately-owned, the keeper has to enter into a bond as indemnityin respect of the goods deposited, which may not be deliveredwithout a release from Customs.

Customs Broker A private business that provides documenta-tion and entry preparation services required by CCRA and U.S.Customs on behalf of an Importer/Exporter of Record. Hired by animporter to carry out Customs-related responsibilities and coveredby Power of Attorney to act on behalf of the Importer/Exporter ofrecord.

Customs House A government office where import duties, etc.on foreign shipments are handled.

Custom House Broker An individual or firm licensed to enterand clear goods through Customs.

Customs Self Assessment (CSA) A joint Canada/US border ini-tiative aimed at speeding up the customs process on low-riskshipments.

Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) Ajoint government and trade community initiative in developing, en-hancing, and maintaining effective security processes throughoutthe global supply chain.

Customs Valuation The determination of the value of importedgoods for the purpose of collecting ad valorem duties.

Cut-off Time Latest possible time the cargo or container may bedelivered to the vessel or designated point. See “Closing”

Cwt. Hundredweight (100 pounds in USA, 112 pounds in the UK)

CY/CFS Cargo loaded in a full container by a shipper at origin,delivered to a CFS facility at destination, and then devanned bythe carrier for loose pick-up.

CY/CY Cargo loaded by the shipper in a full container at originand delivered to the carrier's terminal at destination for pick-up in-tact by consignee.

Dangerous and Hazardous (D&H). See "DangerousGoods"

Dangerous Goods The term used by I.M.C.O. for hazardousmaterials that are capable of posing a significant risk to health,safety, or property while being transported.

Deadweight (D.W.) The number of tons of cargo, stores, andbunker fuel a ship can carry and transport. See "Deadweight Ton-nage"

Deadweight Tonnage (D/W) The number of total weight tons ofcargo, stores, and bunker fuel that a vessel can carry and trans-port. It is the difference between the number of tons of water avessel displaces "light" and the number of tons it displaces whensubmerged to the "load line."

Dedicated Unit Train A unit train operated by various railroadsfor exclusive usage.

Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) In DDP, shipper clears the goods forexport and is responsible for making them available to the buyerat the named place of destination, cleared for import, paid dutyand tax.

Delivered Duty Unpaid (DDU) In DDU, shipper clears the goodsfor export and is responsible for making them available to thebuyer at the named place of destination, not cleared for import.

Delivery Order A document authorizing delivery to a nominatedparty of cargo in the care of a third party. The document is issued

by a carrier or a forwarder on surrender of a bill of lading and thenused by the merchant to transfer title by endorsement.

Destination Delivery Charge (DDC) A charge assessed by thecarrier for the handling of a full container at destinations. The termis more commonly used in the USA trade.

Detention (Demurrage) Charges raised by the carrier or the for-warder for detaining a container/trailer at customer premises for aperiod longer than that provided in the tariff of the carrier or theforwarder.

Devanning The removal of cargo from a container. Also knownas unstuffing, unloading, or stripping.

Differential Rate An amount added or deducted from base rateto make a rate to or from some other point or via another route.

Dock Receipt A document used to acknowledge receipt of cargoor container at a CFS, a CY, or a Container Terminal. When deliv-ery of an expert shipment is completed, the dock receipt is surren-dered to the vessel operator or the operator's agent in exchangefor the ocean or house bill of lading.

Door-to-Door Through transportation of a container and its car-goes from consignor's premises to consignee's premises.

Double-deck Load A second tier of cargo placed on top of thefirst tier.

Double Stack Train (DST) Rail or train capable of carrying two40' containers, one on top of the other.

Drayage Charge made for local hauling by dray or truck; roadtransportation between the nearest ocean port or railway terminaland the stuffing/destuffing place.

Dry Cargo Cargo that does not require temperature control.

Dry-Bulk Container A container constructed to carry grain, pow-der, and other free-flowing solids in bulk.

Dunnage Lumber or other material used to brace materials incarrier's equipment or containers.

Dwell Time It is expressed in terms of number of days that acontainer changed from one status to another, e.g. from inboundload to empty available to outbound load. The shorter the dwelltime, the more efficient the container utilization will be.

Empty Depot A container yard used for the storage ofempty containers.

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Ex Works An INCOTERMS term of sale in which the buyer is re-sponsible for taking delivery of the goods at the premises of thefactory. Also known as “F.C.A.”

Export Declaration A government document permitting desig-nated goods to be shipped out of the country.

FCA Free Carrier. See “Ex-Works”

FCL/FCL See “CY/CY”

FCL/LCL See “CY/CFS”

Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) US Government Agencyresponsible for the regulation of all maritime activities.

Final Destination The place where the carrier or the forwarderactually turns over the container or cargo to the consignee of itsagent. It is the end of liability of carriers or forwarders.

Flash Point A temperature at which certain flammable cargo willtrigger spontaneously ignite. It is an IMCO standard informationrequirement for dangerous goods.

F.O.B. Destination Changes the location where title and riskpass. Under this arrangement, title and risk remain with the selleruntil they have delivered the freight to the delivery location speci-fied in the contract.

F.O.B Origin It means that title and risk pass to the buyer at themoment of the seller’s delivery to the carrier. The parties mayagree to have title and risk pass at a different time or to allocatefreight charges by a written agreement.

Force Majeure Force of nature. Accidents or incidents caused bythe forces of nature, which are beyond the power of people tocontrol.

Foreign Exchange Controls Government restrictions on the useof currency, bank drafts, or other payment types to regulate im-ports, exports, and trade balances.

Forty Foot (40’) Equivalent Unit (FEU) Commonly describes a40-foot container or two TEUs.

Free Along Side (FAS) A basis of pricing meaning the price of goods alongside a trans-port vessel at a specified location. The buyer is responsible forloading the goods onto the transport vessel and paying all thecost of shipping beyond that location.

Free and Secure Trade (FAST) A joint Canada/US border secu-rity agreement, of which C-TPAT and PIP are the main initiatives.

Free In and Out (FIO) A term used in ship-chartering wherebythe owner of the ship is not responsible for any charges incurredin the ports of loading or unloading.

Free On Board (FOB) An acronym for “free on board” whenused in a sales contract. The seller agrees to deliver merchan-dise, free of all transportation expense, to the place specified bythe contract. Once delivery is complete, the title to all the goodsand the risk of damage become the buyer’s.

Free Storage Period (FSP) A carrier offers a period of time, nor-mally three to five days, at destinations whereby imported con-tainers or cargo are allowed to be taken for delivery byconsignees free of any storage charge. After the FSP, there willbe an overtime storage charge or demurrage levied by the carri-ers to the consignee. When bulk shipments are involved, the car-riers are prepared to negotiate a longer FSP with the consignees.

Freight (a) The price paid to the carrier for the transportation ofgoods or merchandise by sea or air from one place to another. (b)Also used to denote goods that are in the process of being trans-ported from one place to another.

Freight All Kind (FAK) A system whereby freight is charged percontainer, irrespective of the nature of the cargoes, and not ac-cording to a tariff.

Freight Collect The freight and charges agreed by the shipperand carrier are payable at destination.

Freight Forwarder A freight forwarder combines less-than-truck-load (LTL) or less-than-carload (LCL) shipments into carload ortruckload lots. Freight forwarders are designated as common car-riers. They also issue bills of lading and accept responsibility forcargo. The term may also refer to the company that fills railroadtrains with trailers.

Freight Prepaid Freight and charges are required to be paid bya shipper before an original bill of lading is released.

Fuel Adjustment Factor (FAF) An ancillary charge on oceanfreight shipments to account for fluctuations in fuel costs.

Full Berth Terms (FBT) Indicates that the cost of loading anddischarge is included in the steamship rate quoted. Ship ownerpays these.

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Full Container Load (FCL) An arrangement whereby the ship-per packs cargo into a container provided by the carrier or the for-warder before delivering to the container terminal.

Functional Currency The currency of the primary economic en-vironment of and entity. For ODFL, this is U.S. dollars.

General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) An inter-national multilateral agreement embodying a code of prac-

tice for fair trading in international commerce.

General Average An unwritten, non-statutory, international mar-itime law that is universally recognized and applied. It is foundedon the principle that vessel and goods are parties to the sameventure and share exposure to the same perils, which may re-quire sacrifice or the incurring of extraordinary expense on thepart of one for the benefit of the whole venture. It is an arrange-ment which will be applied when the vessel is encountering seri-ous accidents caused by force majeure.

G.R.I. General Rate Increase

Gross Tonnage Applies to vessels, not to cargo. Determined bydividing by 100 the contents, in cubic feet, of the vessel's closed-in spaces. A vessel ton is 100 cubic feet.

Gross Weight Entire weight of goods, packaging, and container,ready for shipment.

Hague Rules These rules, set by the 1924 InternationalConvention on Carriage of Goods by Sea, govern liability

for loss or damage to goods carried by sea under a bill of lading.

Hague-Visby Rules 1968 Revision of Hague Rules

Hamburg Rules A new set of rules that radically alters the liabil-ity that shipowners have to bear for loss or damage of goods inthe courts of those nations where the rules apply, adopted inMarch 1978 at an international conference in Hamburg.

Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System Amulti-purpose international goods-classification for manufacturers,transporters, exporters, importers, customs officials, statisticians,and others in classifying goods moving in international tradeunder a single commodity code. Developed under the auspices ofthe Customs Cooperations Council (CCC), an international cus-toms organization in Brussels, this code is a hierarchically struc-tured product nomenclature containing approximately 5,000headings and subheadings describing the articles moving in inter-national trade. It is organized into 99 chapters arranged in 22 sec-tions. Sections encompass an industry (e.g. Section XI, Textilesand Textile Articles), and chapters encompass the various materi-

als and products of the industry (e.g. Chapter 50, Silk; Chapter55, Manmade Staple Fibres; Chapter 57, Carpets). The basiccode contains four-digit headings and six-digit subheadings. (TheU.S. will add digits for tariff and statistical purposes.) In the U.S.,duty rates will be the 8-digit level; statistical suffixes will be at the10-digit level.

Heavy Lift Articles too heavy to be lifted by a ship's tackle.

Heavy-Lift Charge A charge made for lifting articles too heavy tobe lifted by a ship's tackle.

High Cube (HC or HQ) Any container that exceeds 8’ 6” (102”) inheight, usually 9’ 6”.

House Bill of Lading (HB/L) Bill of lading issued by a forwarderor an NVOCC operator.

House-to-House (H/H) See “CY/CY”

House-to-Pier (H/P) See “CY/CFS”

Hull Underwriter The person with whom the ship hull, machineryapparel, and tackle is insured.

Import Permit Usually required for items that might affectthe public health, morals, animal life, vegetation, etc. Ex-

amples include foodstuffs, feedstuffs, pharmaceuticals (humanand veterinary), medical equipment, seeds, plants, and variouswritten material (including tapes, cassettes, movies, TV tapes, orTV movies). In some countries an import permit is the same as animport license.

In Bond A term indicating that an imported shipment was notcleared by Customs at the border and is moving under a suretybond.

In Transit Document (IT) (Form 7512) Document issued by a li-censed Customs Broker, which allows U.S. Customs to monitor inbond shipments moving in the U.S.

INCOTERMS INCOTERMS are a set of uniform rules codifyingthe interpretation of trade terms defining the rights and obligationsof both buyer and seller in an international transaction, therebyenabling an otherwise complex basis for a sale contract to be ac-complished in three letters. Incoterms are drafted by the Interna-tional Chamber of Commerce.

Inland Clearance Depot A CFS with Customs clearance facili-ties.

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Interior Points Intermodal (IPI) A term used by ocean carriers todescribe door-to-door delivery service.

Intermodal Transport Moving ocean freight containers by vari-ous transportation modes. The fact that the containers are of thesame size and have common handling characteristics permitsthem to be transferred from truck to railroad to air carrier to oceancarrier.

International Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) Aforum in which most major maritime nations participate andthrough which recommendations for the carriage of dangerousgoods, bulk commodities, and maritime regulations become inter-nationally acceptable.

International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code TheIMCO recommendations for the carriage of dangerous goods bysea.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)ISO is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies fromsome 130 countries, one from each country. It is a non-govern-mental organization established in 1947 to promote the develop-ment of standardization facilitating international trade. ISO's workresults in international agreements which are published as Inter-national Standards.

Invoice Documentation supplying Customs with the type ofgoods, quantity, price of each type and terms of sale. The type ofinvoice required is determined by the shipment’s value.

Knot A unit of speed. The term "knot" means velocity innautical miles per hour whether of a vessel or current. One

nautical mile is roughly equivalent to 1.15 statute miles or 1.85kilometers.

Late-Come A term used in the liner industry when exten-sions are being given to the shippers against the official CY

or CFS closing date and time, which carriers publish to the trade.

LCL/FCL See “CFS/CY”

LCL/LCL See “CFS/CFS”

Less than Container Load (LCL) Cargo in quantity less than re-quired for the application of a container load rate.

Letter of Indemnity Guarantee from the shipper or consignee toindemnify carriers or forwarders for costs and/or loss, if any, inorder to obtain favourable action by carriers or forwarders. It iscustomary practice for carries and forwarders to demand letters ofindemnity from consignees for taking delivery of cargo withoutsurrendering a bill of lading, which has been delayed or is lost.

Lien A legal claim upon goods for the satisfaction of some debtor duty.

Lift-On/Lift-Off (LO-LO) A container ship onto which containersare lifted by crane.

Lighter An open or covered barge towed by a tugboat and usedmainly in harbours and inland waterways.

Lighterage Refers to the carriage of cargoes by lighter and thecharge assessed therefore.

Liner Vessel plying a regular trade/defined route against a pub-lished sailing schedule.

Liner Terms Freight includes the cost of loading onto and dis-charging from the vessel.

Lloyds' Registry An organization maintained for the surveyingand classing of ships so that insurance underwriters and othersmay know the quality and condition of the vessels offered for in-surance or employment.

Load Factor Percent of loaded containers against total capacityof vessel or allocation.

Long Ton 2,240 pounds

Longshoreman Workers employed in the terminals or quays toload and unload ships. They are also known as “stevedores.”

Low-Bed A trailer or semi-trailer with no sides and with the floorof the unit close to the ground.

Manifest A document that lists in detail all the bills of lad-ing issued by a vessel or its agent or master, i.e. a detailed

summary of the total cargo or containers loaded in a vessel. Usedprincipally for customs purposes, it is also called summary of Billsof Lading.

Maquiladoras Duty-free (for U. S. import) manufacturing plantslocated in Mexico.

Marine Insurance Broadly, insurance covering loss or damageof goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates theowner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck,piracy, and various other causes but excludes losses that can belegally recovered.

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Marks and Numbers Markings placed on packages for exportfor identification purposes, generally a triangle, square, circle, dia-mond, or cross with letters and/or numbers and port discharge.They are of important use before containerization.

Master Bill of lading (MB/L) See “Ocean Bill of Lading”

Master Lease Leasing Cost Master lease leasing cost includescontainer rental, depot lift-on/lift-off charge, on/off hire drayage,drop-off charge, offhire repair cost, etc. Due to off-hire quota limi-tation, the average on-hire period is around 73 days for 20'GP,40'GP, and 102 days for 40'HQ.

Mate's Receipt A receipt signed by a mate of the vessel, ac-knowledging receipt of cargo by the vessel. The individual in pos-session of the mate's receipt is entitled to the bill of lading, whichin due course is issued in exchange for that receipt.

Measurement Ton 1 cubic meter. One of the alternative bases ofFreight Tariff.

Microbridge A landbridge movement in which cargo originating/destined to an inland point is railed or trucked to/from the waterport for a shipment to/from a foreign country. The carrier is re-sponsible for cargo and costs from origin to destination. Alsoknown as I.P.I. or Through Service.

Mini-Bridge Cargo moving from/to an inland destination on onebill of lading from/to a foreign port through two U.S. ports.

Mini Landbridge (MLB) An intermodal system for transportingcontainers from/to a foreign country by water to/from a U.S. oceanport other than the arrival port by rail at through rates and docu-ments.

Negotiable Bill of Lading Original bill of lading endorsedby shipper that is used for negotiating with banks.

Negotiating Bank A bank named in the credit; examines thedocuments and certifies to the issuing bank that the terms arecomplied with.

Net Tonnage A vessel's gross tonnage minus deductions ofspace occupied by accommodation for crew, by machinery, fornavigation, by the engine room and fuel. A vessel's net tonnageexpresses the space available for passengers and cargoes.

Net Weight Weight of the goods alone without any immediatewrappings, e.g. the weight of the contents of a tin can without theweight of the can. Also called actual net weight.

Non-negotiable Bill of Lading Copy of original bill of ladingwhich cannot be negotiated with banks.

Non-vessel Owning / Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC) (a) A cargo consolidator of small shipments in ocean trade, gener-ally soliciting business and arranging for or performing container-ization functions at the port. (b) A carrier issuing bill of lading forcarriage of goods on vessel which he neither owns nor operates.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) The jointCanada, Mexico, and United States treaty to reduce tariffs andtrade barriers to promote cross-border economic activity.

Ocean Bill of Lading (Ocean B/L) A bill of lading issuedby the ocean-going carriers.

O.C.P. Rate Overland Common Point rates which are generallylower than local tariff rates. They were established by the U.S.west coast steamship companies in conjunction with railroadsserving the western U.S. ports so that cargo originating or des-tined to the American midwest and east would be competitive withall-water rates via the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf ports. O.C.P. ratesare also applicable to eastern Canada.

On Board Bill of Lading A Bill of Lading in which a carrier ac-knowledges that cargo have been placed on board a certain ves-sel. The on-board date of bills of lading is the date on whichliabilities of the carrier start.

One-Way Lease The lease of containers that covers the out-bound voyage only, after which the container is returned to thelease holder at or near the agreed destination.

Open-Top Container A container fitted with a solid removableroof or with a tarpaulin roof that can be loaded or unloaded fromthe top.

Origin Receiving Charge (O.R.C.) A terminal handling chargelevied at ports of loading.

Overheight Cargo Cargo which exceed 9-1/2 ft. in height. Theynormally have to be stowed in an open-top container.

Packing List A document provided by the shipper detail-ing the packaging of the goods, including their weight and

measurement, assortment, etc.

Pallet A platform (usually two-deck), with or without sides, onwhich a number of packages or pieces may be loaded to facilitatehandling by a lift-truck.

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Participating Carrier (Tariff) A carrier that is a party, under con-currence, to a tariff issued by another transportation line or by atariff's publishing agent.

Partners in Protection (PIP) A CCRA initiative designed to enlistthe cooperation of private industry in efforts to enhance border se-curity and increase awareness of customs compliance issues.

Pier-to-House (P/H) See “CFS/CY”

Pier-to-Pier (P/P) See “CFS/CFS”

Place of Acceptance See “Place of Receipt”

Place of Delivery See “Final Destination”

Place of Receipt (P.O.R.) Location where cargo enters the careand custody of the carrier. Same as Place of Acceptance. It is thestarting port of carrier’s liability upon receipt of cargo from ship-pers.

Port (a) Harbour with piers or dock. (b) Left side of a ship whenfacing the bow. (c) Opening in a ship's side for handling freight.

Port of Arrival Location where imported merchandise is off-loaded from the importing aircraft or vessel.

Port of Call A port where a vessel discharges or receives traffic.

Port of Entry A port where cargo and containers destined else-where are actually discharged from a vessel.

Port of Discharge (P.O.D) The port at which cargo or containersare unloaded from a vessel. When transshipment is needed, therecan be a number of PODs during the course of shipment until itreaches the final POD.

Port of Loading (P.O.L.) The port at which cargo or containersare loaded onto vessels.

Pre-Arrival Processing System (PAPS) An electronic systemthat allows U.S. Customs to review and pre-release shipments forimport into the U.S.

Pre-Arrival Review System (PARS/INPARS) Available both atthe border and inland (INPARS). An electronic system that allowsCCRA to review and pre-release shipments for import intoCanada.

Quarantine The period during which a vessel is detainedin isolation until free from any contagious disease among

the passengers or crew. The word is now applied to the sanitary

regulations, which are the modern substitute for quarantine. Dur-ing the quarantine period, the Q flag is hoisted.

Quarantine Buoy One of the yellow buoys at the entrance of aharbour indicating the place where vessels must anchor for theexercise of quarantine regulations.

Quarantine Declaration A document signed by the captain andthe ship’s doctor before the port health officer when a ship arrivesat the quarantine station. It gives the name of the ship, tonnage,number of crew, first port of voyage and date of sailing, intermedi-ate ports called at, number of passengers for the port at which thevessel is arriving, number of transit passengers, cases of infec-tious diseases during voyage, deaths, nature of cargo, name ofagents. The port health officer then proceeds with the medical in-spection of passengers and crew. Also called “Entry Declaration.”

Quarantine Dues A charge against all vessels entering a har-bour to provide for the maintenance of medical control service.Also called “Quarantine Fees.”

Quarantine Flag A yellow flag used as a sanitary signal. It is dis-played by all vessels entering a harbour, and also when a conta-gious or infectious disease exists on board or when the vesselhas been placed in quarantine.

Quarantine Harbour A place where vessels in quarantine arestationed when arriving from contaminated ports.

Quarantine Station A medical control center located in an iso-lated spot ashore where patients with contagious diseases fromvessel in quarantine are taken. It is also used for passengers andcrews of vessel arriving from suspected ports while fumigation orany other disinfection is carried out on board ship.

Received-for-Shipment Bills of Lading A term used incontrast to shipped bill of lading or on-board bill of lading.

This kind of bill of lading is normally issued to acknowledge re-ceipt of shipment before cargo loading or before official originalbill of lading is issued. Nowadays, not many shippers ask for thiskind of bill of lading.

Reefer The generic name for a temperature-controlled container.The containers, which are insulated, are specially-designed toallow temperature-controlled air circulation within the container. Arefrigeration plant is built into the rear of the container.

Relay To transfer cargo from one ship to another of the sameownership.

Release Note A receipt signed by a customer acknowledging thedelivery of cargo.

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Release Notification System (RNS) The electronic notificationsystem that provides customers, customs agencies, and cus-tomers’ broker representatives with proactive notification of ship-ment acceptance, review, and release.

Revenue Ton (R/T) The greater weight or measurement of cargowhere 1 ton is either 1,000 kilos or 1 cubic meter (for metric sys-tem). Also known as “Bill of Lading Ton” or “Freight Ton.” It is usedto calculate freight charge.

Roll-On/Roll-Off (Ro/Ro) A feature designed in a specially-con-structed vessel in both the loading and discharging ports.

Said to Contain (STC) A standard clause used to protectcarriers, NVOCC operators, or forwarders when cargo are

stuffed into the container by shippers, their agents, or other thirdparties. See also “Shipper’s Load and Count.”

Salvage The property that has been recovered from a wreckedvessel, or the recovery of the ship herself.

Salvage Clause A marine insurance policy clause that states theproportion of salvage charges for which underwriters are liable.

Salvage Lien A maritime lien that exists when a ship or goodscome into the possession of one who preserves them from theperils at sea. All salvage services carry with them a maritime lienon the items saved.

Salvage Value The value on which salvage is awarded. It gener-ally means the value of ship and cargo when they have beenbrought to a place of safety by the salvors.

Seal Record A record of the number, condition, and marks ofidentification on seals made at various times and places, referringto the movement of the container between origin and destination.

Service Contract The Shipping Act of 1984 of USA allows a con-tract between a shipper (or a shippers' association) and an oceancommon carrier, NVOCC operator, or a Shipping Conference inwhich the shipper makes a commitment to provide a certain mini-mum quantity of cargo or freight revenue over a fixed time period,and the ocean common carrier, NVOCC operator, or conferencecommits to a certain rate or rate schedule as well as a definedservice level (such as assured space, transit time, port rotation, orsimilar service features). The contract may also specify provisionsin the event of nonperformance on the part of either party.

Ship Chandler An individual or company selling equipment andsupplies for ships.

Ship Planning A function in the operations of container vesselswhere containers have to be planned for loading onto vessels,taking into consideration the size and weight of containers, trans-shipment and discharging port rotation, types of cargo, etc. Theofficer responsible for such a function is called a “Ship Planner.”

Shipped Bill of Lading A bill of lading issued only after thecargo have actually been shipped on board the vessel, as distin-guished from the Received-for-Shipment bill of lading. Also see“On- board Bill of Lading.”

Shipped On-board Endorsement on a bill of lading confirmingloading of cargoes or containers on a vessel.

Shipper The person for whom the owners of a ship agree tocarry goods to a specified destination and at a specified price.Also called “Consignor.” The conditions under which the trans-portation is effected are stipulated in the bill of lading.

Shipper Owned Container (SOC) The container used for cargoshipment is owned by the shipper.

Shipper’s Export Declaration (SED) A form often required priorto exporting a product. See “Overview of the Shipper's ExportDeclaration (SED)“ for more information.

Shipper's Load and Count Shipments loaded and sealed byshippers and not checked or verified by the carriers or forwarders.Neither the carriers nor the forwarders will assume any liability forshortages of cargo as long as the container seal remains intact atthe time of devanning.

Shipping Order A set of documents of carriers or forwarders thatallows the shippers to book shipping space with them. There area number of copies with the same form and contents but with dif-ferent names - the 1st copy is called Shipping Order, and the re-mainder are called Shipping Order Copy or Dock Receipt - fordifferent purposes such as space control, surveyor and swornmeasurer, confirmation of receipt of cargo/containers, etc. As EDIis more popular nowadays and used by both the shipper and Cus-toms, a hardcopy Shipping Order is no longer widely used.

Shipside Delivery A special cargo handling instruction for cargoto be delivered rightaway at shipside after discharge.

Shut-out Cargo or containers that are not loaded on-board theintended vessel in line with the Shipping Order confirmed with thecarrier.

Slot Space on board a vessel occupied by a container.

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Stack Car An articulated five-platform railcar that allows contain-ers to be double-stacked. A stack car holds ten 40-foot equivalentunits.

Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) A standardnumerical code used by the United Nations to classify commodi-ties used in international trade.

Starboard The right-hand side of a ship when facing the bow.

Stevedore See “Longshoreman.”

Store-Door Delivery (STOR/DOR) Delivery of goods to con-signee's place of business or warehouse by motor vehicle. Refersto a complete package of delivery services performed by a carrierfrom origin to final consumption point, whether that be a retail,wholesale, or other final distribution facility.

Store-Door PickUp Picking up an empty container from a car-rier, delivering it to a merchant, and returning the laden container;the portion of store-door pick up performed by the carrier'strucker.

Stowage A marine term referring to loading freight into the ships'holds

Straight Bill of Lading A term for a non-negotiable bill of lading

Stripping The unloading of a container

Stuffing The loading of a container

T-floor Interior floor in a reefer, so named because of thelongitudinal T-shaped rails that support the cargo and form

a plenum for air flow beneath the cargo.

Tare Weight The weight of packing material or, in carload ship-ments, the weight of the empty freight car or the weight of a con-tainer.

Tariff A publication setting forth the charges, rates, and rules oftransportation companies.

Terminal An assigned area in which containers are prepared forloading into a vessel or are stacked immediately after dischargefrom the vessel.

Terminal Handling Charge (THC) A charge of carriers for recov-ering the costs of handling FCLs at container terminals at origin ordestination.

Terminal Receiving Charge (TRC) A charge assessed by theterminal for cargo being delivered for export.

Through Rate The total rate from the point of origin to final desti-nation

Through Service (Thru Service) A combination of transportationby sea and land services to/from the point of origin to final desti-nation.

Time Charter A charter party hiring a vessel for a specified pe-riod of time in which the shipowner provides the vessel, bunkers,and crew while the charterer supplies the cargo.

Time Volume Agreement (TVA) A contract between a carrierand shipper specifying the movement of a number of containersover time.

Tonnage Generally refers to freight handled

Towage The charge made for towing a vessel

Tramp A freighter vessel that does not run in any regular tradelane but takes cargo wherever the shippers desire.

Tranship To transfer goods from one transportation line (tradelane) to another, or from one ship to another.

Transhipment Hub A port which is employed by a carrier fortransshipping its carriers from one transportation line ( trade lane )to another.

Transit Cargo Goods onboard, which upon their arrival at a cer-tain port are not to be discharged at that port.

Transit Port A port where cargo received are merely en routeand from which they have to be transferred and dispatched totheir ultimate destination by coasters, barge, and so on. Alsocalled “Transshipment Port.”

Twenty Foot (20’) Equivalent Unit (TEU) Commonly describesa 20-foot container.

UCP500 Revised and updated version of UCP operatingfrom January 1, 1994.

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNCTAD MMO UNCTAD Multi Modal Transport Convention

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Underwriter In marine insurance, one who subscribes his nameto the policy indicating his acceptance of the liability mentionedtherein, in consideration for which he receives by way of a pre-mium.

Uniform Customs and Practice of Documentary Credit (UCP)The "bankers Bible" on Documentary Credit Interpretation issuedby the the International Chamber of Commerce (I.C.C.)

Unit Load Packages loaded on a pallet, in a crate, or any otherway that enables them to be handled at one time as a unit.

Unit Train A train of a specified number of railcars, perhaps 100,wherein they remain in a unit for a designated destination or untila change in routing is made.

Vanning A term sometimes used for stowing cargo in acontainer

VAT, Mexico Valued-Added Tax on the portion of service providedby the Mexican carrier. The invoicing party is due to collect andremit this tax.

Vessel's Manifest Statement of a vessel's cargo or containers(revenue, consignee, marks, etc.).

Voyage Charter A charter party hiring a vessel for a particularvoyage in which the shipowner provides the vessel, bunkers, andcrew while the charterer supplies the cargo.

War Risk Insurance coverage for loss of goods resultingfrom any act of war.

Waybill (WB) A document prepared by a transportation line atthe point of a shipment. Shows the point of the origin, destination,route, consignor, consignee, description of shipment, and amountcharged for the transportation service. A waybill is forwarded withthe shipment or sent by mail to the agent at the transfer point orwaybill destination. Unlike a bill of lading, a waybill is not a docu-ment of title.

Weight Cargo A cargo on which the transportation charge is as-sessed on the basis of weight.

Wharfage A charge assessed by a pier or dock owner againstfreight handled over the pier or dock or against a steamship com-pany using the pier or dock.

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Documents

HOTEL COST ESTIMATING GUIDE - HVS Design · HOTEL COST ESTIMATING GUIDE 2010 A year ago, seeing the need for quality and up-to-date hotel renovation costs, JN+A and HVScompass prepared