Upload
caroline-lewis
View
217
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
How Many Kingdoms?
Mul
ticell
ular
Animals
Myx
ozoa
ns
Proto
zoan
s
Trache
ophy
tes
Bryop
hytes
True F
ungi
Slime M
olds
Red al
gae
Brown A
lgae
Green A
lgae
Chrys
ophy
tes
Euglen
oids
Archez
oans
Archae
bacte
ria
Bacter
ia
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
8
5
3
2
1
Animal Features
• Multicellular Eukaryotes• Heterotrophic Ingestion• Collagen Protein Connections• Nerve and Muscle Tissues• Diplontic (Gametic) Life History• Gametes Oogamous with Flagellated Sperm• Zygote to Blastula, perhaps Gastrulation• Larval metamorphosis into Adult• Ontogeny Recapitulating Phylogeny
Animals
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
http
://c
reat
ures
.ifas
.ufl
.edu
/nem
atod
e/ne
m_f
ig1.
jpg
http://www.ua.es/dpto/dcarn/fitopatologia/Images/Celegans1.jpg
Nematode Body Organization
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/phyla/ecdysozoa/nematodexssm.gif
http://www.esa.int/export/images/Ce_400.jpg
Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacteriovorous soil nematode, feeds on E. coli in vitro, is a genetic model organism, its genome is sequenced.N=6
XX=hermaphroditeXO=male Life cycle: 3
days at 20°C
http
://u
cdne
ma.
ucda
vis.
edu/
imag
emap
/nem
map
/Ent
156h
tml/
nem
as/c
-ele
gans
.gif
vulva
anus
mouth
http
://w
ww
.aps
net.o
rg/e
duca
tion
/fea
ture
/Cel
egan
s/Im
ages
/fig
5.JP
G
embryo in shell of zygote
protandrous
http://nema.cap.ed.ac.uk/Caenorhabditis/C_elegans_genome/celeganslifecycle.jpg
meiosis syngamy
protandrous
Animals
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
http://www.westminster.net/faculty/cobler/Lumbriculus%20variegatus.jpg
Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm
This is an aquatic oligochaete annelidMouth feeds in sedimentsTail extends toward water surface for gas exchangeBody walls nearly transparent for easy observationFor example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel
http://iris.cnice.mecd.es/biosfera/alumno/1bachillerato/animal/imagenes/nervio/lumbricus.jpg
Lumbricus terrestris: Canadian nightcrawler or Earthworm
mouth
clitellum
edge of ventral reproductive structures
anus
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/142003_Annelida.jpg
The earthworm body is fundamentally segmented. Here is a typical segment:
The segments near the head are specialized for other physiological functions.
Each segment is filled with coelomic fluid, under some pressure, which provides “stiffness.”
http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab__12_annel_arthro/images/lumbr_diagr_dissection.jpg
Dermal: Gas Exchange
Nervous: Sensory and Coordination
Muscular: Movement
Digestive: Food Intake Nutrient Absorption
Reproductive: Male
Female
Circulatory: Gases,
Nutrients, Wastes
Excretory:
Major Organ Systems in an Earthworm
http://myhome.naver.com/c65hoi5/c3/c33236.jpg
Characteristics • More than 100 segments • Segments separated by partitions that divide coelom • Segments identical except when specialized and fused • Anterior and posterior ends • Cephalization specialized for burrowing • Head contains sense organs • Circular and longitudinal muscles
http
://w
ww
.stu
dent
.lore
tto.
org/
zool
ogy/
phyl
um_a
nnel
ida.
htm
http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20external%20form.htm
1 Mouth 2 Prostomium 3 Segment 4 Spermathecal openings 5 Female (oviduct) opening 6 Male (vas deferens) opening 7 Sperm groove 8 Papilla 9 Clitellum (saddle) 10 Paired setae (ventro-lateral) 11 Anus 12 Dorsal surface 13 Ventral surface
Movement • Setae anchored during movement • Circular muscles contract • Hydrostatic pressure increases in anterior coelomic cavities • Body elongates pushing head forward • Anterior setae grip ground • Longitudinal muscles contract--posterior pulled along • Coelomic divisions allow simultaneous contraction and expansion of segments
http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20muscle%20system.htm
http
://w
ww
.stu
dent
.lore
tto.
org/
zool
ogy/
phyl
um_a
nnel
ida.
htm
A External view B Section through segment 1 Coelom 2 Circular muscle 3 Cuticle 4 Intestine 5 Dorsal blood vessel 6 Typhlosole 7 Epidermis 8 Nephridium 9 Longitudinal muscle 10 Seta 11 Protractor muscle 12 Retractor muscle 13 Ventral nerve cord 14 Subneural vessel 15 Ventral vessel 16 Septum
http
://w
ww
.stu
dent
.lore
tto.
org/
zool
ogy/
phyl
um_a
nnel
ida.
htm
http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20digestive%20and%20nervous%20systems.htm
1 Anus 2 Intestine 3 Cerebral ganglion 4 Prostomium 5 Mouth 6 Nerve collar 7 Segmental ganglion 8 Pharynx 9 Esophagus 10 Segmental nerve 11 Crop 12 Gizzard 13 Ventral nerve cord
Nervous • Sensitive to tough, light, moisture, chemicals, temperature, and vibrations • Light receptors on head and tail--sense direction • Most sense organs and nerves control muscle contractions in individual segments • Pair of ganglia in each segment coordinate movement with adjacent segments • Cerebral ganglion in head controls total body • Ventral nerve cord connects brain with ganglia
Feeding • Feed on organic matter in soil • Digest organic matter • Wastes and undigested soil eliminated as casting • Loosens and aerates soil Digestion • Soil sucked in by pharynx -> esophagus -> crop (storage) -> • gizzard (grinds soil releasing organic matter) -> • intestine (nutrients absorbed)
http
://w
ww
.stu
dent
.lore
tto.
org/
zool
ogy/
phyl
um_a
nnel
ida.
htm
http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20digestive%20and%20nervous%20systems.htm
1 Anus 2 Intestine 3 Cerebral ganglion 4 Prostomium 5 Mouth 6 Nerve collar 7 Segmental ganglion 8 Pharynx 9 Esophagus 10 Segmental nerve 11 Crop 12 Gizzard 13 Ventral nerve cord
Circulation • Transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes • Flow of blood toward posterior via ventral blood vessel • Flow of blood toward anterior via dorsal blood vessel • 5 pair of aortic arches link vessels near anterior • Smaller vessels branch into segments • Contraction of ventral vessel and aortic arches forces blood through body
http
://w
ww
.stu
dent
.lore
tto.
org/
zool
ogy/
phyl
um_a
nnel
ida.
htm
http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20circulatory%20system.htm
1 Anus 2 Dorso-subneural vessel 3 Intestine 4 Dorsal vessel 5 Hearts (aortic arches) 6 Mouth 7 Ventral vessel 8 Subneural vessel
Gas Exchange • Lack gills or lungs--oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across skin • Requires moist skin, thin cuticle, mucus secretion…limits habitat! Excretion • Elimination of nitrogen wastes • Long tubules (nephridia) excrete wastes • Coelomic fluid enters nephridium through ciliated funnel opening • Some water reabsorbed by blood • Remaining fluid excreted through ventral pores
http
://w
ww
.stu
dent
.lore
tto.
org/
zool
ogy/
phyl
um_a
nnel
ida.
htm
http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20excretory%20and%20reproductive%20systems.htm
A External view B Excretory system (nephridium) C-D Reproductive system C Lateral view D Dorsal view 1 Nephrostome 2 Septum 3 Ciliated tube 4 Bladder 5 Nephridiopore 6 Body wall
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Reproduction • Hermaphrodites--cannot self fertilize • Worms join head to tail • Form mucus coat around bodies--each inject sperm into mucus • Sperm move to seminal receptacle • Eggs move through oviducts to female genital pore • Clitellum secretes mucus and chitinous sheath • Worm wiggles to slip off sheath • Eggs and sperm join
http
://w
ww
.stu
dent
.lore
tto.
org/
zool
ogy/
phyl
um_a
nnel
ida.
htm
http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Earthworm-%20excretory%20and%20reproductive%20systems.htm
A External view B Excretory system (nephridium) C-D Reproductive system C Lateral view D Dorsal view 1 Nephrostome 2 Septum 3 Ciliated tube 4 Bladder 5 Nephridiopore 6 Body wall 7 Seminal vesicle 8 Testis 9 Egg sac 10 Male opening 11 Female opening 12 Oviduct 13 Ovary 14 Sperm duct (vas deferens) 15 Opening to sperm-receiving sac 16 Sperm-receiving sac (spermatheca)
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm
http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/worm_stuff/worm_ventral.html
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/worms_mating.jpg
http://192.171.163.165/pil/Choanoflagellate_spp..jpg
Animals probably evolved from a flagellated protist similar to the choanoflagellates
flagellum
collar
cell body
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://ebiomedia.com/downloads/sponges.pdf
One step in this evolution is to become colonial. Here are the choanocytes of one of the simplest of sponges. Basically the most primitive animals.
Of course the other required step is to eliminate the chloroplasts of the choanoflagellate (Chrysophyta!).
Sponge, Cnidarian
EctodermEndoderm
spongocoel
Acoelomate
Mesoderm
2-layered
Planarian
3-layered
gastrovascularcavity
Nematodepseudocoelomdigestive tract
Pseudocoelomate
Annelid
Coelomate
coelom
Evolution of Body Organization
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.zygote
cleavage
blastula
Development or Evolution?
2-layered acoelomate body plan
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Cnidarians
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Protostome Phyla
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Deuterostome Phyla(except vertebrates)
Origin of MesodermPlatyhelminthesNematodaAnnelidaMolluscaArthropoda Echinodermata
HemichordataChordata
mouth
anus
blastocoel
blastoporemouth
archenteron
The Animal Clade
Chord
ata
Ancestral Choanoflagellate
Cnida
ria
Hemich
orda
ta
Echin
oderm
ataExtant
deuterostomia
Arthro
poda
Anneli
da
Mol
lusc
a
protostomia
coelomates
Nemato
da
Rotife
ra
pseudo-coelomates
Platyh
elmin
thes
acoelomates
radiatabilateria
eumetazoa (true tissues)
Porife
ra
parazoa
loss of chloroplast, colonial organization
This cladogram omits several smaller animal phyla!