GermaniumGe

Germanium was discovered by Clemens Winkler at 1886 in Germany origin of name- From the Latin word “German” meaning “Germany”

Germanium

The element is a gray and white Metalloid, and in it’s pure state is crystalline and brittle retaining its luster in air at room temperature it is a very important semiconductor material . Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline Germanium for semi- conductor use with an impurity of only one part in 10

While germanium was discovered in the late 19th century, the first wide usage of the element took place in the middle of the

20th century. Solid state electronics came into being as a result of the growing communications industry that was

marketing a new electronic device to the public. Germanium was used in electronic equipment such as rectifiers,

transistors, and diodes that helped to improve both the audio and video resolution of televisions in the 1950s. Over time, refined versions of silicon began to supplant germanium as

part of radio and television manufacturing.

However, the role of germanium in the communications industry was far from over. The development of fiber optic

technology for audio communications, specifically telephony, opened a whole new market for the element.

In time, germanium was also identified as an excellent option for the production of infrared night vision

equipment for security systems. Medical equipment such as infrared spectroscopes also benefits from the use of

scandium. Germanium is sometimes used in conjunction with other elements to create various alloys, as well as in

the production of fluorescent lamps. Fiber optics and infrared cameras still account for a huge amount of

modern day uses for germanium.

Germanium

Certain Germanium compounds have a low

mammalian toxicity but a clear activity against certain bacteria, which makes them

scatter…

IsolationThere is normally no need to germanium

in the laboratory as it is readily available commercially. Germanium is available through the treatment of

Germanium dioxideGeO22

With carbon or hydrogen. The extraction of germanium from fine dust is complex of the difficulty is separating in from zinc, which is also present>>>

GeO2 +2c Ge + 2coGeO2 + 2H2 Ge + 2H2OIso

lation

Pure Germanium

GeCl4 + 2H2 Ge+4HCl

Ionization energy number Enthalpy /kJ mol-1

1st 762

2nd 1537.5

3rd 3302.1

4th 4411

5th 9020

This section includes ionization energies of germanium.

Germanium CompoundThis section lists some binary compounds with halogens

(known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and some other compounds of germanium. For each compound, a formal oxidation number for germanium is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p-block elements in particular. Based upon that oxidation number, an electronic configuration is also given but note that for more exotic compounds you should view this as a guide only. The term hydride is used in a generic sense to indicate compounds of the type MxHy and not necessarily to indicate that any compounds listed behave chemically as hydrides. In compounds of germanium (where known), the most common oxidation numbers of germanium are: 4, 2, and -4.

Element : GermaniumSymbol: Ge

Atomic Number: 32

Found by : Clemens Winkler

Kali Johnson 2nd hour

Chemistry Element :

Germanium