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Mr. Taylor

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Converting Light Energy Into Food

2013

Cellular Respiration

Solar energy made your way

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Mr. Taylor’s Science Emporium of Knowledge



FOCUS QUESTIONS• Explain what food is and how it

maintains the life of an organism?

• What are the nutrients needed for

your own body?

• What are the basic structures of a

plant and how are their functions

related to photosynthesis?

• Who was created for the discovery of

the total mass of a plant’s growth

PHOTOSYNTHESIS MR. TAYLOR, 2013

A.What is food?You cannot live without this substance. This allows you to stay healthy, stimulate grown, and even synthesize energy. What am I? If you said _______you are correct. For us, food is usually some type of _____________ or _____________. It is any substance that you ____________ that provides ___________ and ___________ for your body. The following are nutrients that your body needs:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

FOOD PLANTANIMAL CONSUME

ENERGY NUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATES

FATS

PROTEINS

VITAMINS

MINERALS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOTEPACKET: PAGE 1 MR. TAYLOR, 2013

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

http://flowerclipart.net/sunflower-clipart-royalty-free-flower-images.html


B. Let’s Eat?What happens when you eat food? Well, food contains complex ____________________ that are rich in ________________. If you think about food on an atomic level, it is simply ____________________ that is held together by ___________________. When you eat food, those chemical bonds break and ______________ into matter and energy that you need to build your body and maintain life. Since we must get complex organic compounds from other animals and plants, we belong to a special group called _________________. Heterotrophs: __________________________________________________________

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS STORED ENERGY

MATTER

CHEMICAL BONDS

REARRANGE

HETERTROPHS

“OTHER FEEDING” UNABLE TO MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD (USE ANIMALS AS FOOD SOURCE)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

C. WHAT ABOUT PLANTS?Since we are heterotrophs and must get our food from other plants and animals, how do plants get their food? Do plants eat like we do? If you answered no, then you are right! Plants do not eat at all. In fact, plants use the ________ from the _____ to obtain their food. Because of this, plants are called ____________. Another name for autotroph is called ___________. Autotrophs:

D. “LET’S KEEP IT SIMPLE!”Since plants make their own food, there are [4] things that plants need to grow:

ENERGY

SUN AUTOTROPHSSELF-FEEDERS

ANY ORGANISM OF SELF-NOURISHMENT BY USING INORGANIC MATERIALS AS A SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS

WATER SOIL SUNLIGHT CARBON DIOXIDE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS“Plants also need

space to grow!”REPRODUCTION STRUCTURE FOUND IN PLANTS (KNOWN AS A BLOOM OR BLOSSOM)

MAJOR SITE FOR FOOD PRODUCTION. STRUCTURES IN THE LEAVES CONVERT SUNLIGHT INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY

SUPPORT FOR AND THE ELEVATION OF LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUITS. TRANSPORT OF FLUIDS BETWEEN ROOTS AND SHOOTS IN THE XYLEM AND PHLOEM, STORAGE OF NUTRIENTS

ANCHORS THE PLANT IN PLACE AND PREVENTS IT FROM MOVING. ABSORPTION OF WATER AND DISSOLVED NUTRIENTS.

FLOWERS

LEAVES

STEMS

ROOTS


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

D. Food for thought! “A historic Perspective!”Before the 1600’s, the common “_____________” answer to the questions of, “Where does plant get the food it needs to grow?” would be the _______.

The reason why people thought this was because they compared the way humans eat food to that of a plant.

Since humans take in food through their ___________, plants must take in their food form the soil through their _________.

ASSUMED

SOIL

MOUTHS

ROOTS

E. Jean Baptiste van HelmontHistorically, when it comes to the nutrition of plants, in one of the first ever recorded experiments, a man by the name of ________________________ decided to test this soil-only assumption.

His interest in soil led to an amazing discovery that would redefine the way people would look at plants forever. Of the above (4) factors found on page 2, which do you think contributes most to the actual mass of the plant?


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Jean Baptiste van Helmont [1577-1644]

JEAN BAPTISTE VAN HELMONT

WATER


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

F. Revisiting the “Scientific Method”The question to be studied by Helmont is:

Based on the question and answer above, write a hypothesis or prediction that will help guide an experiment to be performed.

Remember your hypothesis should be in an “If, then…” statement.

:

Hypothesis

TO DETERMINE WHERE THE MASS OF A PLANT COMES FROM OR HOW

PLANTS INCREASE IN SIZE

IF… YOU ADD WATER TO A PLOT OF SOIL, THEN…. THE PLANT

WILL INCREASE IN SIZE


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

G. Helmont’s Willow ExperimentDry ___________ of soil in a potPlant a willow shoot (piece of a willow tree) that weighted a total of __________ in the soil.

Water the willow every day for ____________.After 5 years, he weighed the tree and soil (separately) I. Data and ResultsHis data and results can be seen to the right

J. Analysis and ConclusionsHow much weight did the tree gain? ________

What can you conclude about the relationship between soil mass and plant mass?

200 IBS

5 IBS

5 YEARS

200 IBS

A LITTLE OF THE SOIL WAS CONSUMED, BUT THE WEIGHT

OF THE TREE GREATLY INCREASED.

How much weight did the tree gain? ________What can you conclude about the relationship between soil mass and plant mass?

Did the plant mass come from the soil? ______How do you know?

Following Helmont’s experiment, there have been many others by a variety of curious people from different professions. Such professions included:_______________________ ______________________________________________

Today, what is known as photosynthesis is very different from what people once thought was true.


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

200 IBS

A LITTLE OF THE SOIL WAS CONSUMED, BUT THE WEIGHT OF THE TREE GREATLY INCREASED.

NO

IT WAS THE WATER THAT THE PLANT USED TO GROW, ALONG WITH THE MINERALS IN THE SOIL. THE WEIGHT LOSS WAS DUE TO THE USE OF WATER AND MINERALS.

CLERGYMANENGINEER

BIOCHEMIST


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

C. Photosynthesis “Solar Energy!” In simple terms, photosynthesis is a process used by plants to convert ____________ energy into ____________ energy that is used as ________ to fuel the organisms’ activities. This light energy is produced by the ________. Since plants are _____________, they are able to make their own _____________________. These compounds are rich in __________. Specifically, plants make simple sugars called _____________. The chemical formula for glucose is:

CHEMICAL FOOD

SUN

LIGHT

AUTOTROPHS

CARBON COMPOUNDS

GLUCOSE

CO2

C H 0 6 12 6

BIOPOINTS$ Name 5 nutrients that your body needs to surive?

$ What is the difference between a heterotroph and autotroph?

$ Name for things a plants needs to grow?

$ Explain Helmont’s willow experiment?

$ Define “PHOTOSYNTHESIS?”

FOCUS QUESTIONS• What is the chemical formula for

glucose?

• What is the chemical formula for

photosynthesis?

• Where does oxygen come from?

• What is the green pigment

responsible for converting light

energy into chemical energy?

• What are the different players for

photosynthesis to occur?



PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Using the ______ in the air, plants get the ____________ necessary for these glucose molecules. As supported by experiments in the 1700’s, plants release ___________, 02 as a waste product. This waste product allows animals, including humans, to stay alive. So where does the oxygen come from?

Putting it together “The basics!”Plants must have _______ to convert ________ to ____________ and produce ____________. Scientists discovered that photosynthesis requires a green pigment where this chemical reaction takes place. This pigment is called ____________

CARBONCO2

OXYGEN

LIGHTGLUCOSE

CO2

OXYGEN

CHLOROPHYLL

THE OXYGEN PLANTS PRODUCE COMES FROM WATER MOLECULES THAT GET SPLIT APART, NOT FROM

CARBON DIOXIDE

D. Chloroplasts & ChlorophyllIn plant cells, food is made from green organelles in the cytoplasm called ________________. Chloroplasts contain the green pigment called _________________. Once again, chlorophyll captures light energy that is used to make glucose.

The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur within the chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts found in plant leaves and stems.

Photosynthesis is considered to be the “Single most important chemical reaction that occurs on Earth”

To understand photosynthesis, you need to understand and organize the 6 different players associated with the reaction.

CHLOROPLASTSCHLOROPHYLL


PHOTOSYNTHESIS


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

As a review, the players associated with photosynthesis are as follows:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

CARBON DIOXIDE

WATERCHLOROPHYLLLIGHT ENERGY

OXYGEN

GLUCOSE

6 CO2 6 H20 C6H12O6 6 02


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

F. Light energy + water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen The energy for life comes primarily from the _____. Photosynthesis provides a vital connection between the Sun and the ___________ needs of living systems. Plants are not the only ones that make food from the sun.

The following carryout photosynthesis:__________________________________________________________________

What happens to the sugar produced?Plant cells use the organic compounds, such as ___________, from photosynthesis in 2 ways:

SUN

ENERGY

PLANTSALGAE

SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS

GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE IS USED AS A RAW MATERIAL FOR BUILDING MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES

GENERATE ATP MOLECULES DURING CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

Cellular Respiration:

Using Glucose to Produce ATP MoleculesPlants use glucose to generate high energy molecules known as _____. This process occurs during ________________________. ATP and not the glucose actually run cell processes in both ____________ and _____________.

ATPCELLULAR RESPIRATION

PLANTS ANIMALS

PROCESS OF RELEASING THE ENERGY IN CHEMICAL BONDS


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

All organisms use organic food compounds to supply the ATP

energy they need to live.


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

I. Using Glucose to Build Complex MoleculesCells can use glucose as a starting point for ___________ (chemical combining) that forms complex organic compounds. Plants store much of the glucose from photosynthesis as _________.When animals, including us, eat plants or other animals, they digest the _______________ molecules into _____________ molecules for their own cells to use. Some of these molecules, such as starches from plants and fats from animals, can both be digested and used right away for ___________.

If they are not used right away, the molecules can be stored as ______ to provide a _______________ for the animals that consumed the complex molecules.

SYNTHESIS

STARCH

COMPLEXSIMPLER

FAT

ENERGY

FOOD RESERVE


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The Rate of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis follows the same rules as any other chemical reaction. In this case, photosynthesis can occur at different rates.

The following are factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs:

TEMPERATURE

WHEN TEMPERATURE INCREASES, MOLECULES MOVE MORE QUICKLY. THE RATE AT WHICH A REACTION OCCURS ALSO INCREASES. AT TEMPERATURES HIGHER THAN 35C, THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS REACTIONS DECREASES. HIGHER TEMPERATURES BEGIN TO DESTROY THE ENZYMES NEEDED FOR THE REACTIONS.


PHOTOSYNTHESIS



C02 CONCENTRATION

BECAUSE CO2 IS USED BY PLANTS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

REACTIONS, INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF CO2 IN

THE AIR AROUND A PLANT USUALLY INCREASE THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS


PHOTOSYNTHESIS



LIGHT INTENSITY

AN INCREASE IN LIGHT INTENSITY INCREASES THE RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN A LEAF UNTIL A MAXIMUM RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS REACHED. BEYOND THAT LEVEL, ADDITIONAL LIGHT HAS NO FURTHER EFFECT.


PHOTOSYNTHESIS



WATER

EVEN THOUGH ONLY A SMALL AMOUNT OF WATER IS NEEDED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS, A SHORTAGE OF WATER SLOWS THE PROCESS. ALSO, WHEN WATER IS SCARCE, THE STOMATAS CLOSE. THE RATE AT WHICH THE GASES CO2 AND O2 CAN BE EXCHANGED IS THEREFORE REDUCED, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS SLOWED.


PHOTOSYNTHESIS



MINERALS

CERTAIN MINERALS ARE IMPORTANT FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS REACTIONS. MAGNESIUM AND NITROGEN ARE NEEDED TO MAKE CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULES. ZINC, MANGANESE, IRON, AND COPPER ARE NEEDED FOR SOME OF THE REACTIONS. THE TOTAL ABSENCE OF ANY ONE OF THESE MINERALS WOULD

HAVE A NEGATIVE EFFECT ON THE ENTIRE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS.


PHOTOSYNTHESIS

K. Photosynthetic Factories: “Plant Leaves!”Plants have structures that maximize exposure to light through the __________________________. These structures are called _____________. Leaves serve to function as a control system, controlling the amount of _____________ to the _____. This also allows for the movement of ______ and ______ into and out of each leaf. If you look at chloroplasts, a typical leaf contains approximately _____ in each cell. To the left, you will see a cross section of a single chloroplast that shows many ______________________________. These stacks are called ________________ membranes. One of the two main steps of photosynthesis occurs in these membranes. The second step occurs in the ___________________ in the spaces between the membranes. _________________ molecules are embedded in these membranes.

AMOUNT OF CHLOROPHYLL

LEAVES

WATER LOSS AIRO2 CO2

60

STACKS OF MEMBRANESTHYLAKOID

LIQUID MATERIAL

CHLOROPHYLL

BIOPOINTS$ Type your assessment question here…

$ Type your assessment question here…




FOCUS QUESTIONS• What is the difference between the electromagnetic

spectrum and the visible light spectrum?

• Define refraction and explain how it relates to the

visible light spectrum?

• What is the relationship between the wavelength

and energy level of different colors of light?

• What is the “order” of the visible light spectrum?

• Explain what happens during the death of leaves?

• How does temperature affect the rate of

photosynthesis?



PHOTOSYNTHESIS

L. “Light and all its wonder!”Based on ______________ reactions in the sun, it takes only ____ minutes for sunlight to travel a distance of _____________ kilometers to strike the leaf of a plant on earth. Light is simply _____________________ called _________.

A photon is a fundamental particle, like atoms, that ______________________ and allow for long distance interactions. We see visible white light and know that it is composed of a _____________ of colors that make it up.

To separate visible white light, you can use a tool called a _________.

THERMONUCLEAR

8150 MILLION

PACKETS OF ENERGYPHOTONS

CANNOT BE DIVIDED

SPECTRUM

PRISM

http://conservapuppies.blogspot.com/2012/01/earth-is-closest-to-sun-today-jan5th.html

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

A prism is a glass object which allows light to pass through it. When light passes from the air into glass, it __________________. As it leaves, it ____________. If the light hits the glass at an angle, it undergoes _______________. Refraction:

As the light travels through the prism, the light gets ______ at the surface. As the light leaves the prism, the same thing happens and the light bends again.

The different ____________________ each get bent at slightly different angles. This causes the different colors to ______________ and become a distinct ______________.

SLOWS DOWNSPEEDS UP

REFRACTION

ANGLE AT WHICH LIGHT HITS THE GLASS IS NOT THE SAME AS THE ANGLE IT TRAVELS INSIDE THE GLASS

BENT

COLORS OF LIGHT

SPREAD OUTSPECTRUM

PRISM


PHOTOSYNTHESIS


Each color in the spectrum has a different _________________. The amount of __________ in light depends on its wavelength. Key Point to remember: Example: Using the illustration above, circle which of the following photons of light has the most energy. In the box to the right, explain why you picked your answer in the example above.

The _______________ the wavelength, the ______________ its energy level!

Red B. Violet C. Green

WAVELENGTHENERGY

HIGHERSHORTER

VIOLET HAS THE SHORTEST WAVELENGTH. THEREFORE, IT HAS THE HEIST ENERGY OR FREQUENCY.

ANSWER:

PHOTOSYNTHESIS


M. The Visible Spectrum of LightWhat is visible light?

The range of colors in the spectrum of visible light includes:

RED

ORANGE

YELLOW

GREEN

BLUE

VIOLET

The Electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies

of electromagnetic radiation.

Remember we can NOT see radio waves because

it does not exist within the visible light spectrum.

IT IS THE LIGHT FROM THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM THAT YOU CAN SEE ONLY

PHOTOSYNTHESIS


A good way to remember the order of increasing energy for the visible light spectrum is the following:

______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______

The ______________ in plants are sensitive to the _________ visible colors of light.

Plant Pigments

R O GY

VBPIGMENTS SAME

A SUBSTANCE IN A PLANT THAT IMPARTS COLORATION. THEY ARE INVOLVED IN LIGHT HARVESTING AND ENERGY TRANSFER IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS


N. Light Spectrum in PlantsThe leaf of a plant either ______________ or _____________ a particular color of light. A red apple _________ all colors of light except ______. It reflects red light, sending it away from its surface. That is why the apple appears red. The photosynthetic pigment ______________ absorbs all colors of the light except __________. Plant leaves appear green because they reflect green light. Through evolution, plants have developed other pigments that use some of the ____________________________________ that chlorophyll does not.

ABSORBS

CHLOROPHYLL

RED

WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT

GREEN

ABSORBSREFLECTS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS


O. The death of leavesPlants need __________ weather to make chlorophyll. When summer passes into autumn and ________________ temperatures arrive, _____________________________________. The chlorophyll begins to break down and green light is no longer ______________. The other pigments last a little longer, and the beautiful fall colors of the leaves (yellow, orange, and red) become visible. The colors of the autumn leaves are a result of ___________ leaves and the _____________ of pigments that are now shown when chlorophyll is no longer masking them.

WARM

COOL

PLANTS STOP MAKING CHLOROPHYLL

REFLECTED

DYING CHEMISTRY

PHOTOSYNTHESIS


X. Light ReactionsPhotons of light energy are captured by __________________________ embedded the membranes. In the molecules, the sun’s energy is converted from ________________ to ______________________, in the form of _______ and another related molecule, ____________. The process that occurs on these membranes also involves the___________________________ and the _______________________. Photolysis:

Because light is needed for these steps, these are called the _____________________ reactions.

CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULES

LIGHT ENERGYCHEMICAL ENERGY ATP

NADPH

SPLITTING OF WATER MOLECULES RELEASE OF OXYGEN

SPLITTING OF WATER THAT OCCURS IN THE PRESENCE OF LIGHT

LIGHT DEPENDENT ENERGY

PHOTOSYNTHESIS


Y. Calvin Cycle [Dark Reactions]

The Calvin Cycle occurs in the of the chloroplast. A complex set of enzymes catalyze reactions that use the energy stored in and molecules to produce glucose. These reactions make glucose from CO2 and water. This is where carbon fixation occurs. Carbon Fixation: Carbon fixation is the single most important way in which inorganic matter from the world around us, mainly CO2 in the air, gets turned into organic carbon compounds that make up the bodies of all living things. They do not use light and so are called reactions.

STOMA

ATP

IS THE CONVERSION OF INORGANIC CARBON (CARBON DIOXIDE) TO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY LIVING ORGANISMS.

NADPH

DARK

PHOTOSYNTHESIS


http://www.phschool.com/iText/elife/site/text/chapter8/concept8.1.html

BIOPOINTS$ Type your assessment question here…





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