HUDCOV-3-01.QXD 3/26/01 7:38 PM Page 1 · Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 26 Whenever possible, repair the surface, prep, prime, and paint exterior trim and siding, and then

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control

A Field Guide forPainting, HomeMaintenance, andRenovation Work

A Field Guide forPainting, HomeMaintenance, andRenovation Work

HUDCOV-3-01.QXD 3/26/01 7:38 PM Page 1

AcknowledgementsThe U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) developed this guidewith the assistance and input of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Occupational Safetyand Health Administration (OSHA). HUD would like to thank the staff of these agen-cies for their participation in developing this Field Guide. HUD would also like tothank all of the renovation, painting, maintenance, and lead professionals who pro-vided useful feedback. Vicki Ainslie, Dana Bres, Robert Brown, Kevin Cleary, AlanIsaac, David Levitt, Linda Lewis, Dennis Livingston, Eric Oetjen, Roy Reveilles, RonRupp, Joe Shirmer, Aaron Sussell, Peter Tiernan, David Thompson, Richard Tobin,Ellen Tohn, Veda Watts, and Mike Wilson served on the Technical Panel for this pro-ject. A special thanks goes to these individuals for their contributions.

This Guide was developed by the U.S. Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment’s Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control through a contractwith ICF Incorporated. Dennis Livingston created the illustrations and provided technical content for this Field Guide.

ForewordEvery child should have a lead-safe home. That’s why HUD

is working to create lead-safe affordable housing through out-reach and public education, a lead hazard control grant pro-gram, worker training, and the enforcement of regulations.

This guide is one part of HUD’s comprehensive approach tolead safety in the home. If you perform routine maintenance onhomes or apartments built before 1978, this guide will help youplan and carry out your work safely. Step-by-step instructionsand illustrations explain and show what you need to do to pro-tect yourself and your clients if you are working in older hous-ing that could contain lead paint. This Field Guide is a valuabletool that thousands of workers and contractors across thecountry are using as part of a national effort to eliminate child-hood lead poisoning.

Thank you for working lead-safe. It’s helping protectAmerica’s children.

Mel Martinez, Secretary U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development


WHY FOLLOW THIS GUIDE?1

WHY SHOULD I FOLLOW THIS GUIDE?

A painterwas hired torepaint theexteriorofanoldVermont home occupied by acouple expecting the birth oftheir first child. The painterused a power grinder toremove the old paint fromthe exterior siding. While thepainter worked, the windowto the baby’s nursery was leftopen, and the entire room,including the crib, becamecovered with dust.Fortunately, the couplenoticed the dust, and under-stood the potential risk.They called in anotherpainter who was qualified tocontrol lead hazards. Hecleaned up the paint dustand the newborn babymoved into a clean, safehome.

Renovation of a two-story, 19th century

house includedremoving paintfrom floors

and woodworkusing power

sanders, handsanders, scrapers,

torches, heat guns,and chemical paint strip-

pers. Ceilings were also repaired, andwallpaper and paint were removed fromseveral walls. The family that owned thehome temporarily moved out of the house.They returned when the work was onlypartly completed. There was dust through-out the house.The family discovered that something waswrong when one of the family’s dogs beganto have seizures. A veterinarian found thatthe dog had been lead poisoned. Themother and children had their blood tested,and found that all of them had very highlevels of lead in their blood. All three wereadmitted to the hospital for severe leadpoisoning.

Most Old Homes Contain Lead-Based Paint• Most homes built before 1978 contain some lead-based paint. Lead-

based paint is more common and was used more extensively in homesbuilt before 1950.

Probability of a House Containing Lead

built before: 1940 1960 1978

98% 70% 20% unlikely

• Homes built before 1950 also used paint that had a higher concentrationof lead.

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2Poor Maintenance Endangers Children

• In poorly maintained houses, lead-based paint, which may be severallayers down, flakes and peels off. Paint failure is usually caused bymoisture problems. Sometimes rubbing or impact causes paint failure.Doing work improperly can also cause a lot of dust.

• Lead-based paint chips and dust then mix with house dust and build upin window troughs and on floors.

• Children are endangered when lead in paint chips, dust, and soil gets ontheir hands and toys which they may put in their mouths.

• Lead can make children very sick and cause permanent brain and nervedamage. It can also result in learning difficulties and behavior problems.This damage is irreversible. It is a tragedy we can prevent.

• If paint is kept intact and surfaces are kept clean, children can live safelyin a home painted with lead-based paint.

• Uncontrolled or uncontained dust and debris from repainting and/orrenovation that disturbs lead-based paint in a well-maintained home canalso expose children to unsafe levels of lead.

Changing Common Work Practices Can Protect Workers and Children• Lead-based paint can also pose a threat to workers by causing damage

to their brains, and nervous and reproductive systems.• With small changes in work practices, workers can protect themselves

and their customers from lead exposure.• These changes include:

■ Keeping dust to a minimum.■ Confining dust and paint chips to the work area.■ Cleaning up during and after work. Special cleanup procedures must

always be used.■ Taking dust wipe samples to make sure cleaning removed lead-

contaminated dust. (Dust wipe sampling is described in Section 5D, p. 71.)

Who Should Use This Guide?• Building maintenance workers and their supervisors• Painters• Repair, renovation, and remodeling contractors• Property managers and owners• Homeowners• Local housing agency staff and public health staff

When Should I Follow This Guide?• To fix a specific problem.• During routine maintenance or apartment turnover.• In homes where there may be a young child or a pregnant woman.• During work supported by Federal funds that must be performed using

safe work practices under Federal regulations.

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3

H O W T O U S E T H I S G U I D E

The

Basi

cs

Befo

re Y

ou S

tart

Wor

k

Doin

g th

e W

ork

At th

e En

d of

the

Job

Reso

urce

s(In

clud

es G

loss

ary)

This guide is divided into 5 sections.

To locate a section, bend the bottomof these pages. Look for the sectionyou want by lining up the boxes atthe bottom of each page.

1 2 3 4 5

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4

1. The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Remember these Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Routine Work Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Correcting the Cause of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Restricted Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Key Stages of a Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

2. Before You Start Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Set Up the Work Area - Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Set Up the Work Area - Exterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Worker Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

3. Doing the Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Painting Jobs

❏ Interior Surface Prep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19❏ Exterior Surface Prep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22❏ Paint Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Home Maintenance and Renovation Jobs❏ Walls/Ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25❏ Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29❏ Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37❏ Stairs/Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41❏ Trim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43❏ High Dust Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

4. At The End of the Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Cleaning Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47Disposal of Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Checking Your Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51Ongoing Monitoring & Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

5. Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55A. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55B. For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57C. Getting the Word Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

❏ How Owners and Occupants Can Work Together to Improve Lead-Safety in Homes

❏ Notice Prior to Renovation❏ Why Lead Safety Makes Sense for Property Owners and

ContractorsD. More About Technical Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

❏ Respiratory Protection❏ Testing Dust for Lead❏ Setting Up a Dust Room❏ Building a Door Hold

E. Tool and Supply List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75F. Notes and Special Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77G. Work Checklist and Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Back Cover

C O N T E N T S O F T H I S G U I D E

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REMEMBER THESE PRINCIPLES

1. ASSUME: Paint in Homes Built Before 1978 Contains Lead(Unless a lead-based paint inspection shows it doesn’t.)Exposing Anyone to Dust, Especially Children, is Bad

2. CHECK: Federal, State, and Local Regulations• OSHA has rules for worker safety• EPA and your local community have rules for

waste disposal

3. AVOID: Creating Dust • Use low dust work practices (for example, mist

surfaces with water before sanding or scraping)Spreading Dust

• Cover area under work with durable protective sheeting (plastic or poly)

• Keep dust contained to immediate work area

4. PROTECT: Occupants, Particularly Children• Keep them away from work area• Clean up work site before they return

Workers• Wear proper respiratory protection for lead dust• Keep clean• Don’t take dust home

5. CLEAN UP: After All Work• Clean up is particularly important if painted

surfaces were broken or wall cavities were opened• Take dust wipe samples to make sure that it is

safe for children to return

6. MAINTAIN: A Dry Building• Moisture problems can cause paint failure,

building deterioration, and encourage pestsAll Painted Surfaces

• Well-maintained paint generally does not pose a health risk

Clean and Cleanable Surfaces• Keep floors and painted surfaces smooth• Damp mop them often• Clean rugs and carpet well

THE BASICS51

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6

Correct the Cause of the Problem. Before workstarts, correct the conditions causing damage tothe home. See Correcting the Cause of theProblem, p. 7.

Set Up Work Area. Set up the work areaproperly. See Section 2: Set Up the WorkArea - Interior & Exterior, p. 13 and p. 15,respectively.

Clean Up and Clear. Thoroughly clean up thework area using the procedures described in thisguide. Then, take dust wipe samples to see if it issafe for children to return. See Section 4:Cleaning Up, p. 47 and Check Your Work, p. 51.

High Dust Jobs. Some activities are likely tocreate high amounts of dust during the job. SeeSection 3: High Dust Jobs, p. 45 and follow theguidelines in this section to ensure that this workis performed safely.

Important!! This symbol points out importantdetails where special attention is needed.

R O U T I N E W O R K P R A C T I C E S

The following pictures appear throughout the Guide and refer to specificsections covering these practices.

Interior

Exterior

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THE BASICS71

If a job involves repairs to a damaged paint surface, it isimportant to correct the cause of the damage, or thedamage will occur again. Damaged surfaces that containlead-based paint represent a health threat to theoccupants. The following conditions are examples of potential causes of damageto painted surfaces. Be sure that the planned work will correct theseconditions if they are present.

C O R R E C T I N G T H E C AU S E O FT H E P R O B L E M

Roof leaks; incorrectlyinstalled flashing; defectivedownspouts and gutters;water collecting in windowtroughs; puddles of waterat foundations; leakingbasement walls; wet crawlspaces.

MoistureFrom

Outside

MoistureFrom Inside

Poorflashing

Ice dam

Windowtrough

Puddles

Wet crawl space

Condensation

Unvented steam

Defective seals

Leaking pipes

Unvented dryer

Wet basement

Insulationholding moisture

Attic condensation due topoor ventilation; unventedsteam from showers and cooking; leakingplumbing and failed sealsaround tubs and toilets;condensation in walls;unvented dryers; wet andpoorly maintainedbasements.

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8Rubbing

and Impactof PaintedSurfaces

Where feasible, repair orremove places where dustand paint chips mayaccumulate and can’t beeasily cleaned (such as oldwall-to-wall carpet andunused items stored in thebasement). Ifthese placesare damp,they mayalso behome tomold.Keep flatsurfaces(such aswindow stoolsor interior sillsand troughs)clean and cleanable.

Places thatCollect Dust

and PaintChips

Some surface damage maybe caused by structuraldamage such as wood rot,termites, foundationsettlement, and foundationshift. These problemsmust be addressed beforesurface repairs are made.

StructuralDamage

Binding doors; unprotectedpainted walls and trim; andrubbing from opening andclosing painted windows.

Loosepaneling overfailing paint

Wall-to-wallcarpet (usearea rugs)

Windowtroughstrappingdust

Low spots atfoundation Stored

cardboard,newspapers,oldmattresses,and unusedclothfurniture

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Don’t use unsafe work methods. Some work methodscreate such high levels of dust that they must not be usedwhen working on surfaces that may contain lead-basedpaint.

THE BASICS91

R E S T R I C T E D P R A C T I C E S

Goal:

Don’t Use Power Sanders or Grinders Without HEPAVacuum Attachment.These machines create a lot of dust that can contaminate abuilding and the ground around a building endangering work-ers, neighbors, and occupants.

Controlled Sanding or Grinding With HEPA VacuumAttachment Is Acceptable. If the sanding or grinding machinesare “shrouded,” which means sur-rounded with a barrier that preventsdust from flying out around theperimeter, AND attached to a HEPAvacuum, they can be used. Becausesome dust may still blow out aroundthe perimeter, workers near themachine should wear half-mask respi-rators rated by NIOSH as N100 (orHEPA) at a minimum. Also, thework area must be completelyisolated if the machine is usedinside (see Section 3: High DustJobs, p.45). Because these toolscan create high levels of dust and require additional precau-tions, their use is beyond the scope of this guide.

Don’t Use Open Flame/High Heat Removal of Paint. There is no acceptable use of an open flame torch or hightemperature heat gun (above 1100 degrees F) to removepaint.• It produces toxic gases that a HEPA dust canister on a res-

pirator cannot filter out on its own (a second, organic filteris necessary).

• It creates high levels of very toxic dust that is extremelydifficult to clean up.

• It can burn down a house.

Do Use a Heat Gun on Low Setting. A heatgun set below 1100 degrees F may be used with cau-tion. It is recommended for small areas only, such as theedge of a door, the top of a window stool, or the friction sur-face of a window jamb.

Hose toHEPAvacuum

Shroud

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10

Avoid Extensive Dry Scraping or Sanding.Extensive dry scraping or sanding create large amounts ofpaint chips, dust, and debris that are hard to contain.

Use Wet Methods or Limited Dry Scraping and Sanding. Mist surfaces before scraping and sanding. Continue to mistwhile working. Dry scraping or sanding of very small areas(for example, around light switches or outlets) may be done ifflat surfaces below these areas are covered with protectivesheeting. These methods should be avoided on areas largerthan 2 square feet per room, and workers must haveadequate respiratory protection.

Don’t Use Paint Strippers Containing Methylene Chloride. Many paint strippers are potentially dangerous. Strippers con-taining methylene chloride should not be used because thischemical is extremely toxic and is known to cause cancer.

MethyleneChloride

Other Chemical Strippers with Appropriate Precautions AreAcceptable. Chemical strippers without methylene chloride are safer touse, as long as the precautions printed on the container arefollowed. Take extra precautions to mask areas near stripping.

Don’t Use Uncontained Hydroblasting.Removal of paint using this method can spread paint chips,dust, and debris beyond the work area. This result makes itdifficult to clean up these hazards at the end of the job.

UncontainedHydroblasting

Contained Pressure Washing Is Acceptable.Removal of paint using contained pressure washing within aprotective enclosure to prevent the spread of paint chips,dust, and debris may be done. Because this method requiresadditional precautions that are beyond the scope of thisguide, it should only be used by certified lead abatementworkers.

Don’t Use Uncontrolled Abrasive Blasting.This work method can also spread paint chips, dust, anddebris beyond the work area. This result makes it difficult toclean up these hazards at the end of the job.

UncontrolledAbrasiveBlasting

Contained Blasting Is Acceptable. Contained abrasive blasting within a protective, locallyexhausted enclosure to prevent the spread of paint chips,dust, and debris may be used. Because this method requiresadditional precautions that are beyond the scope of thisguide, it should only be used by certified lead abatementworkers.

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Quality work requires thinking through the job from start to finish.Here are the basic stages of the jobs described in this guide.

THE BASICS111

K E Y S T A G E S O F A J O B

BeforeStarting

• Find the causes of damage• Prioritize work• Hand out lead hazard information pamphlet (see

note below)

Work • Set up work area— Separate work space from occupied space— Isolate high dust areas

• Correct cause(s) of problem(s)• Complete the job using safe work practices, such as

those shown in this guide

Finish theJob

• Clean up thoroughly• Dispose of waste safely• Check quality of work and correct problems

Maintain theWork

• Educate occupants about risks from lead-basedpaint

• Maintain a safe and healthy home

Renovation Notice About Lead SafetyNote: Federal law requires that owners and occupants of a house orapartment built before 1978 receive the pamphlet Protect YourFamily From Lead In Your Home prior to the start of renovationwork. The requirement applies to any work that will disturb a paint-ed surface larger than 2 square feet when the work is done by:• Contractors who have been hired to do any kind of work.

Among others, this can apply to painting, drywall, and electri-cal trades.

• Owners of rental properties who have work performed bymaintenance staff.

See p. 67 for more information about this requirement.

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12

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SET UP THE WORK AREA — INTERIOR

BEFORE YOU START WORK132

• Ask occupants to leavethe room where work willbe done.

• Have them stay out untilfinal cleanup.

• Place “DO NOT ENTER”tape across doorway orpost sign.

Caution: If the work willcreate a large amount ofdust, follow the guidelinesin Section 3: High DustJobs, p. 45.

RestrictAccess

ProtectFloor

ProtectFurnishings

• Place protective sheetingon floor extending about5 feet from the work area.

• Tape protective sheetingto the baseboard underwork area using maskingtape (or durable tapewhere masking tapedoesn’t work).

• Remove drapes, curtains,furniture, and rugs within5 feet of work area.

• Cover any furniture within5 feet of work area thatcannot be moved.

Stock theWork Area

• Put all necessary toolsand supplies on protec-tive sheeting beforebeginning work to avoidstepping off the protec-tive sheeting.

Reinforcecornerswith ducttape anda staple

Cover furniture withprotective sheeting

Useprotectivesheeting,such aspoly

}Work area

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14

Shoecover

Tracking • To avoid tracking dust offthe protective sheeting,wear non-skid shoe cov-ers on protective sheetingand remove them eachtime you step off the pro-tective sheeting.

OR• Wipe both top and bot-

tom of shoes with adamp paper towel eachtime you step off the pro-tective sheeting.

OR• Clean off shoes using a

tack pad (a large stickypad that helps removedust).

OR• Remove shoes every time

you step off the protec-tive sheeting.

Set UpDust Room(Optional)

• When working on compo-nents that can be moved,such as doors and win-dow sashes, consider set-ting up a dust room. Adust room is an areaisolated from occupiedareas where workerscan do dust generatingwork. The door of theroom is coveredwith a flap and thefloor is covered withprotective sheeting. SeeSection 5D: Setting Up aDust Room, p. 73.

• Using a dust room con-tains dust and paintchips, and makes cleanupeasier. It also helps pro-tect occupants, as well asother workers.

Tack pad

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SET UP THE WORK AREA — EXTERIOR

• When working on theground floor, lay protec-tive sheeting 10 feetfrom work surface or asspace permits. Whenworking on the 2ndstory or above, extendthe sheeting farther out.

• Vertical shrouding onscaffolding should beused if work is close to asidewalk, street, oranother property, or thebuilding is more thanthree stories high.

Important: Covering theground protects the soilfrom contamination bylead-based paint chipsand dust.

ProtectGround

• Protective sheeting canbe taped and/or stapledto wood siding or ribbonboard. A wood stripmay need to be attachedto a masonry wall.

AttachProtective

Sheeting toWall

Duct tapeandstapleprotectivesheeting

Attach woodstrip to brickto secureprotective sheeting

• Build a curb aroundwork perimeter when asidewalk or anotherproperty is near, or whenwind may blow debrisoff protective sheeting.

Caution: This may pose atripping hazard.

Build CurbCurb edge of protectivesheeting

2

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16

• All windows and doorswithin 20 feet of the workarea must be closed. Ifthey cannot be closed,seal with protectivesheeting during work.

• If an entrance must beused that is closer than20 feet, place a shroudabove and on the sidesof the entrance.

CoverWindowsand Doors

Use LadderSafely

• Don’t use a metal laddernear power lines.

• Check feet and rungs ofladder to make sure theyare sound.

• Place the base of theladder at a distance fromthe wall using a heightto base ratio of 4:1.

• Ladder should extend 3feet past the top of thesurface area where workwill be done.

• If using protectivesheeting to cover theground, cut slots in thesheeting and place theladder feet directly onthe ground—not on topof the protective sheeting.

• Tie off the top of theladder, where possible.

• If the work is takingplace at heights above10 feet, tie off the ladderand secure yourself witha lanyard and harness.

Lanyard

Safetyharness}

Tie off

Standoff

20’ 20’

3’

4

1

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 16


W O R K E R P R O T E C T I O N

2

Protect YourEyes

• Always wear safetygoggles or safety glasseswhen scraping,hammering, etc.

• At end of work period,remove dusty clothesand/or vacuum off dust.Wash them separately. Donot use compressed air toblow dust off clothing.

• Wear disposable protec-tive clothing covers.Disposable protectiveclothing covers can bestored in a plastic bagand reused if fairly cleanand there are no rips.Small tears can berepaired with duct tape.

• Wear painter’s hat to pro-tect head from dust anddebris.

Sign atworksiteentrance

Disposablesuit &shoe covers

OR

KeepClothesClean

UseDisposable

Covers

• When work creates dustor paint chips, workersshould wear at least aNIOSH-approved respira-tor for lead work. SeeSection 5D: RespiratoryProtection, p. 69.

WearRespiratoryProtection

Wash Up • Wash hands and face eachtime you stop working.

PostWarning

• Post sign and avoid eat-ing, drinking, or smokingon site.

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18

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Prepare wall or ceiling to create a sound, intact surfacefor painting. Use methods that create a minimumamount of dust.

DOING THE WORK19

I N T E R I O R S U R F A C E P R E P

A wall or ceiling is sound, but has holes, uneven surfaces,or flaking and peeling paint.PROBLEM

SOLUTION

3

Set Up • See Section 2, p. 13.

RemoveDeteriorated

Paint

• Wet scrape anyloose, peeling, or flak-ing paint.

Fill andPatchHoles

• If removal of damagededges is necessary, mistsurface before removal.

• Skim and fill holes andcracks less than 1/16 inchwide with a non-shrinkingspackle compound.

• If sanding is necessaryto feather edge, use wetabrasive sponge or wet-dry sandpaper with water.

PrepSurface

• Clean wall, particularly inkitchen area.

• De-gloss surfaces asnecessary (use liquidsandpaper or wet-drysandpaper with water).

Important: Allow surface tothoroughly dry before priming.• Prime surface using

high-grade primer.• Apply top coat. Use one

or two coats asnecessary.

Clean Upand Clear

• See Section 4, p. 47.

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20

Use a coating designed for longer durability than paint.Some of these coating systems include mesh.

A wall or ceiling has cracking, peeling, or alligatoring paint,but most of the surface is sound.PROBLEM

SOLUTION

ApplySystem

Base Coat


• Apply system base coat with a high nap(approximately 3/4 inch) roller. Follow theproduct instructions.

Apply Mesh

TestSurface

• Where a long-lasting system (sometimes calledencapsulant) is to be brushed, sprayed, or rolled,surface preparation is very important.

• If an encapsulant is used, use one that is approvedby a state government. If your state does not havea list of approved encapsulants, it is recommendedthat you check with a state that does. Contact theNational Lead Information Center at 1-800-424-LEAD for the telephone numbers of states with lists.

• A sample area should be tested before application.Follow manufacturer’s instructions exactly.

INTERIOR SURFACE PREP CONT’D

Liquid Coating

Mesh System

• Where there is extensivecracking or alligatoring,consider using a systemthat includes meshbecause it can addstrength and durability.

• Cut the mesh leaving a 2inch overlap at ceilingand baseboard.

• Install so that mesh isplumb.

Important: For mesh sys-tems, follow manufacturer’sinstructions exactly.

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DOING THE WORK213

Clean Upand Clear


Cove

Cap

• Press mesh into thebase coat with a wall-paper brush, spackleknife, or roller.

• Overlap seams by 1inch. Cut down the cen-ter of the seam andremove the 2 wastestrips. Let seams buttagainst each other.

• Using a spackle knife,press the mesh at the bot-tom and top. Then cut offthe excess.

• Roll on the top coat.Make sure that there iscomplete and evencoverage.

• If there is a risk offurther peeling, the topedge of mesh can bereinforced with cove orcrown molding, and thebottom reinforced withbase cap.

Cut off excesstop and bottom

Overlap

Cut

Close

Apply MeshCont’d

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22

Prepare a sound, intact surface for painting. Use methodsthat create minimal dust.

E X T E R I O R S U R F A C E P R E P

Exterior wood surface is chipping and peeling and may bepainted with lead-based paint.PROBLEM

SOLUTIONSet Up • See Section 2, p. 15.

Wet Scrape

Mist andSand

CleanSurface

• Clean wood with deter-gent (or lead-specificcleaner) and scrub brush.

• Wet scrape woodworkand siding. Mist smallareas frequently to keepdown dust. Using apump sprayer in aknapsack is convenient.

• Wet sand using wet-drysandpaper or wetsanding sponges. Apower sander may beused if attached to aHEPA vacuum, and theworker is wearingrespiratory protection.

• Prime and paint.


• If you dislodge paintusing pressure washing,water must be collectedand may need to be test-ed (see local regulationsfor water disposal proce-dures in your area).

Clean Upand Clear

Dispose ofWater

Paint

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 22

DOING THE WORK233

P A I N T R E M O V A L

Remove all paint using methods that do minimum harm tothe surface, create minimal dust, and are safe for workers.

Areas of paint are peeling or flaking or there is evidencethat a child has been chewing on a painted surface. Anexample of a surface accessible to children is the insidenose of a window stool (inside sill).

PROBLEM

SOLUTIONSet Up • See Section 2, p. 13

or p. 15.• When using chemical

strippers, the edge ofthe protective coveringbelow the painted surfacemust be tightly fastenedto the wall so that thestripper doesn’t damageother surfaces.

ChemicalRemoval

• If a large area of paint is to be stripped, considerhiring a professional.

• Follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully whenusing chemical paint strippers.

Caution: If using a caustic stripper, neutralize thesurface according to the manufacturer’s directionsbefore applying new paint.

• Recommendations: — Use a second layer of

protective sheeting tocollect strippingwaste. Thefirst layerremains in place toprotect surfaces below.

— For removable components, consider havingpaint stripped off-site or installing an entirely new component.

Second layerof protectivesheeting

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 23

24

ChemicalRemovalCont’d

• After stripping paint fromwood, a paint residuewill remain in the wood.Use caution whensanding the bare woodbecause it may containlead residue.

HandStripping

• Paint can also beremoved with a paintscraper. Be sure to mistareas where paint is tobe removed. Using ahand plane removes allpaint and all residue. Italso creates very littledust.

MechanicalStripping

• When using power tools,such as sanders orgrinders to remove orfeather paint, make surethe tool is shrouded andattached to a HEPAvacuum. Respiratoryprotection is stillnecessary.

Caution: High dustpotential.

HeatStripping

• When using a heat gunto remove paint, be surethe temperature settingis kept below 1100degrees F.

Clean Upand Clear


Shroud

Hose toHEPAvacuum

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 24

Install a new durable surfaceover the damaged area usingmethods that create little dustand do not require demolition.

DOING THE WORK25

DAMAGED INTERIOR WALL OR CEILING

Wall or ceiling area is toobadly damaged to repair, anddemolition would create alarge amount of dust.

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

3


• Mechanically fastendrywall or veneer boardthrough damaged plasterto studs.

• Seal the perimeter, par-ticularly the bottom edge.

• Avoid removing existingbase.

Caution: High dustpotential.• Where drywall lami-

nate will end above exist-ing base, install shoe orcove molding into bead ofcaulk to seal.

• If laminate comes closeto flush with base face, astrip of lattice bedded incaulk can be used toseal joint.

• Where base will bereplaced, bed the newbase in bead of caulk onthe back and bottom.Then, bed shoe moldingin a bead of caulk to seal.

Cover WithDrywall

—On Base

—BehindBase

Shoeset inbeadofcaulk

New baseset incaulk

Newbase,capandshoe

Old plaster New drywall laminate

Drywall laminate sitson old base

Oldplaster

New drywall

Originalbase

Damaged plaster

Lath

Stud

Plate Shoe

Base

Cap

Capbeddedin caulk

Latticestrip ifnecessary

Lath

New base over drywalllaminate

}Oldplaster

Newdrywall

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 25

26

• Where bottom 3 or 4 feetof wall is damagedbeyond repair, the wallcan be enclosed withwainscoting. The wain-scoting can be installedabove the existing base-board.

• Bed the lower edge in abead of caulk with a trimpiece also bedded in caulk.

• Finish top with capmolding.

InstallWainscoting 2-piece

cap

1-piece cap

• When laminatingdrywall to ceil-ings, it is criticalto screw intojoists, not lath.

• Old joists maybe irregularlyspaced, so each joistcenter must be located.

• A drywall dagger can beused to find the joistedge, as can a heavygauge wire pushedthrough the plaster.

• The drywall edgesshould be tapedand spackled.

• If walls will notbe spackled,perimeter edgescan be finishedwith “J” channel bed-ded in a bead ofcaulk.

RepairHoles inCeilings

Fill center of holeif larger than 16”

Chalk linemark

Start firstrow in center

Push wire throughplaster to findedge of joist

or cut untildaggerhits joist

Mist

“J” channel

Beadofcaulk

Once against ceiling, push“J” channel into bead ofcaulk

Clean Upand Clear


Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 26

Whenever possible, repair the surface, prep, prime, and paintexterior trim and siding, and then maintain the surface. Thismethod is the preferred approach.

When a surface is too badly damaged to repair, install vinyl oraluminum siding, or aluminum wrap to create a safe, durablecovering that protects the surface and does not cause furtherdeterioration.

Note: Siding must be installed correctly or it may lead towood rot and/or interior paint failure. Siding may alsobecome home to insects and mold. Correct installation iscritical in both hot and cold climates.

DOING THE WORK27

DETERIORATED EXTERIOR SURFACES

An exterior painted surface is badly damaged.PROBLEMSOLUTION

3


• Carefully follow themanufacturer’sinstructions for installingsiding over an existingsurface.

• Use a styrene backboardwith an R-value of atleast R2.

• Take care to properlyinstall flashing,especially at horizontaltrim and window anddoor heads.

• The siding system mustbe well vented but sealedat the bottom to preventflaking and peeling paintfrom falling from behindthe siding to the ground.

• Be sure that water candrain out.

NEW: EXISTING:

Flashing Trim

Sheathing

SidingJ channel

Venthole

Vinylsiding

Backer-board

J channel(enddrain)

Windowhead

Flashing

Cover Deteriorated Surface With Siding

InstallSiding

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28

Clean Upand Clear


Important: The entire homeshould be well ventilated toprevent moisture build-upthat can cause structuraldamage and/or paintfailure.

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 28

Remove window,scrape or plane,repaint, andreinstall, ORinstall a newwindow.

DOING THE WORK29

S T I C K I N G W I N D O W

Window sticks,and paint onwindow is flaking.

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

3

Top sash}}Bottom sash

Outside stop

Sill

Trough

ApronStool (or interior sill)

Parting bead

Insidestop

Jambextendstooutside

Casing


• If window is paintedshut, mist and cut win-dow joint with utilityknife. Then open jointbetween sash and stopwith a “window opener.”Mist while working.

• Mist and remove stopmolding from sides andhead. Dispose ofproperly unless it hashistoric value.

• If counterweight cord orchain is attached to thesash, knot it or tie it to astick when removingfrom sash so it does notget pulled into theweight compartment.

RemoveInside Stop

Molding

RemoveBottomSash

LoosenPaintedSashes

“Windowopener”

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 29

30RemoveTop Sash

• Mist and remove partingbead. Then remove thetop sash.

• Set sash on a work bench,clamp, and wet scrape allsurfaces. Or use a powerplaner attached to a HEPAvacuum.

Caution: High dust poten-tial. This work can be donein a dust room. SeeSection 5D: Setting Upa Dust Room, p. 73.

• Reglaze and repair asnecessary. Wet sand,prime, and paint sashand jamb. Seal, but donot paint sash edges.

Important: Seal bottomedge of sash, particularlyend grain.

• Repair jamb if necessary. • To prevent dust and chips

from falling outside thewindow, install a scoopof protective sheeting.

• Then wet scrape, prime,and paint.

Wet Scrapeor Plane

ReinstallSash

Wet scrape theseridges of paint

Seal this bottom edge very well,particularly the end grain. Uselinseed oil or other sealant.

Repair,Reglaze,Seal, and

Paint

Repair andPaint Jamb

Protective sheeting

• Reinstall sash with newor wet scraped andrepainted stop and part-ing bead.

Clean Upand Clear


Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 30

Install sashes in window compression jamb liner to sealwindow and allow sashes to move easily without rubbingagainst jamb. If sashes or window components are badlydeteriorated, replace window.

DOING THE WORK31

L O O S E W I N D O W

Loose sashes (lower and upper) do not operate smoothly,and they allow heat loss. Also, sashes rubbing against apainted jamb create paint dust.

PROBLEMSOLUTION

3

Install JambLiners

Pressjamblinersontoedge ofeachsash

Slide sashesand liners intojamb andput twobrassscrews intoeach side

• Follow directions onpages 29 and 30.

• Cut liners to fit in jamb(1/4 inch short of dimen-sion). If pulley system isbeing saved, cut offdirectly below pulley.

• Press jamb liners ontosash.

• Attach jamb liners withbrass screws on top andbottom of each side.

Window jambliner installedbelow pulleysto keepcounterweightsystemworking


Install Window Jamb Liners

RemoveSashes and

Paint

Cut JambLiners

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 31

• Install new inside stopmolding tight againstjamb liner.

• If top sash is paintedshut and is to remainfixed, adjust the abovesteps as follows:— Cut away flange

between channels of jamb liner.

— Leave parting bead intact and install bottom sash as above.

32

Cut flange of jamb linerwith plexiglass cutter.

Counter-weight

Newstop

Install StopMolding

}

Windowjamb liner

Replace Sash/Window

Clean Upand Clear


• If the sashes or othercomponents are toobadly deteriorated tosave, consider one of thefollowing options:— Install new sashes in

tilt-in jamb liners.— Replace sashes,

stops, and partingbead with a vinyl oraluminum windowunit.

— Replace entirewindow includ-ing jamb casing,stool, and apron.

Choose anOption

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 32

Repair counterweight system orinstall hardware so the window willstay open securely, or replace window.

Window sash is loose and won’t stay up withoutsupport. Propping the window open pre-sents a danger to occupants, particularlychildren. When a window jamb liner isused, it may not be sufficient to keepthe window open. (See page 31.)

DOING THE WORK33

W I N D O W W O N ’ T S TAY O P E N

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

3


OpenCounter-weightPanel

Option #1: Reinstall Counterweight System

Vacuum

RemoveCounter-weightSystem

ReinstallCounter-weightSystem

Weightcompartmentpanels

Space {

• Find top of panel. Mistand scrape paint fromtop edge to find screw ornail holding in panel.Remove screw and pryoff panel.

• Vacuum weight compart-ment with HEPA vacuum.

• Remove old rope orchain from counter-weight and edge ofsash.

• Cut chain so weight isabove bottom of weightcompartment when openand weight is below pul-ley when closed.

Space {

Q91007-030501.QXD 4/5/01 2:02 PM Page 33

34ReinstallCounterWeightSystemCont’d

WeighthardwareSash

chain

Option #2: Install Spring Clips

InstallSpring Clips

• Screw spring clips on towindow as directionsindicate. (2 stylesshown.)

• Drop chain over pulleyinto weight compart-ment, pull out throughpanel opening, andattach to weight.

• Attach other end to edgeof window sash usingspring fixture. You maywant to secure chainwith fence staple.

Sashhardware

• Screw slide bolt to bot-tom of window sash. Tapbolt to mark where youwant to drill holes forbolt. Drill holes in insidestop at 3 or 4 points.

• Attach hardware thatuses spring to pressagainst stop. To movesash, press lever. Releaselever when window is atdesired height.

Install SlideBolt

Option #3: Install “Hold Open” Hardware

Bolt slidesinto holes ininside stop

AttachHardware Spring forces

rubber shoeagainst stop

Clean Upand Clear


OR

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 34

Drill a drain hole through bottomof the storm window frame.

DOING THE WORK35

DETERIORATED WINDOW TROUGH

Storm window traps waterbehind the frame causing paintdeterioration and damage tothe sill.

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

Install smooth and cleanablesurface in window trough.

Window trough surface is dam-aged and difficult to clean.PROBLEM

SOLUTION


Drill Drain Hole

• To allow drainage, drill 2holes through frame ofstorm window flush withsill. Drill holes approxi-mately one quarter ofthe way from both sides.First, drill a 1/8 inch pilothole, then the 3/8 inchhole.

Drill

Water trappedbehind stormwindow frame

BEFORE

AFTER

Hole flush withexterior sill letswater out

• If flashing is installed inwindow trough and cov-ers any part of the drainhole, run awl throughdrain hole. Tap withhammer to form dent inflashing to drain outwater.

Dent

3

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 35

36Cover Trough with Flashing

Chisel orNotch

Wet Scrape

Cut

• To make surface flat, wetscrape high points andremove any fastenersfrom trough.

• Cut flashing 1/4 inchshorter than the widthand length of trough.

• To allow flashing to fittight to jamb, drive chis-el under parting beadand outside stop — ornotch each side of theflashing at these twopoints.

• Then slide flashing in tocheck fit. Remove andtrim if needed.

• To fasten flashing, runbead of adhesive caulkaround perimeter of trough.

• Bed flashing in adhesivecaulk bead and pressdown.

• Run a bead of caulkaround perimeter of flash-ing. If necessary wipe offexcess caulk with dampcloth. Try not to smearcaulk on face of flashing.

Important: Do not coverdrain hole with caulk.

Check Fit

InstallFlashing

Seal

Fasten

Clean Upand Clear


Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 36

Adjust the door so thatit opens and closeswithout damagingpainted surfaces.

DOING THE WORK37

D O O R N E E D S A D J U S T M E N T

Edge of door is crush-ing against jamb onhinge side; or door isrubbing on latch sidebecause hinges areloose. When paint ona door rubs or iscrushed, dust andpaint chips can result.

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

3

Casing

Doorstop

Doorjamb

Strikeplate

Threshold

Latch

Stile

Panel

Hinge

Headcasing

Rail Head jamb


• Grasp knob and try tomove door up and down.If hinges are loose, doorwill move.

• Remove screws that aremost loose, but not allscrews, so door remainshung.— Clear paint from

screw notch withhammer and smallscrewdriver.

— Unscrew. If screw headis stripped, use screw-driver bit in a brace.

• Drive 3/16 inch or 1/4 inchdowel into screw holes asnecessary to fill each hole.Cut dowels flush.

Check Door

RemoveScrews

Fill Hole

Insert dowelin old screwholes

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 37

38Install New

Screws• Replace screws. Use

longer screws if necessary.Using a screwdriver bit ona brace makes this easier.Then remove and replaceremaining screws asnecessary.

• Face of door should onlycontact the stop on thelatch side of door frame.It should not crush or rubhead or hinge side stop.

• Where stop is nailed,remove and replace withnew matching stop.Leave 1/8 inch space be-tween hinge, head stop,and the face of the door.

• If putty knife can’t fit ingap between door andjamb at all points, crush-ing of painted surfacesmay be occurring.

• If door is crushing hingeside and there is moreclearance than necessaryon the latch side, installmetal shims behind hingeleaves. Keep at least 1/8inch clearance on leaf sideand 1/8 inch clearance onlatch side. If not enoughclearance, see p. 39.

• If only a small increaseis needed between leavesof hinge to create a gapbetween door edge andjamb, place a steel rodbetween hinge leavesnear pin and close doorto slightly bend apartleaves.

Clean Upand Clear


Adjust Stop

CheckClearance

AdjustDepth of

Hinge Leaf

Contact1/8” to3/16” gap

Check perimeterof door for clearance of 1/8” to 3/16”

Crushing

Add shimstock

Space

(Drawing is exaggerated)

Use steel rod(like screwdriver) tobend open hinge

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 38

• Remove pins fromhinges and hinge leavesfrom door.

• Set door on edge in a doorhold. (See Section 5: Build-ing a Door Hold, p. 74.)

• Mist surface and handplane a chamfer edge.

• Use a smooth bench orjointer plane (not a blockplane) to remove the restof the paint from theedge. Continue to mistwhile working. If a powerplaner is used to removepaint, it must be attachedto a HEPA vacuum.Some power planers needan adaptor to acceptHEPA attachments.

• Once paint is removed, useeither a hand or powerplaner.

• Then, recut gains asnecessary so hinge leaf isset about halfway into gain.

• Seal edges of door, par-ticularly the bottom,and rehang.

Plane edges of door so that it operates smoothly and doesnot rub.

39

D O O R R U B S O R S T I C K S

Door is scraping on latch side; or door is crushing jamb onlatch side and there is not enough clearance on latch side toadd shims to hinges. When paint on a door rubs or iscrushed, paint chips can result.

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

3


Door hold(See Section 5D, p. 74)

Floorcoveredwith

protectivesheeting

4 1 2

35

Chamferedge

&

Clean Upand Clear


DOING THE WORK

Only contactpoint All other spaces

1/8” to 3/16” wide

RemoveHingeLeaves

Hand PlaneEdge

RecutGains

Seal Edges

Hinge gain

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40

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 40

Cover portions of stairs or floor that are worn with durablematerial.

DOING THE WORK41

CHIPPING PAINT ON STAIRS OR FLOOR

Painted staircase treads, risers or floors are worn, or thepaint is chipping. Paint and other coatings used on staircas-es and floors in older homes often contain lead. Everydayfriction and wear can produce paint chips and dust.

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

3


• Mist and wet scrape anyloose paint on treadsand risers, particularlyon edges.

• Prime treads and risers.Paint edges that will notbe covered by enclosures.

• Cut 1/4 inch lauan ply-wood to fit each riser.Sand exposed edges oflauan.

• Back caulk perimeter ofriser with adhesivecaulk. Press tight or nailwith finish nails.

• Cut cover to fit over thetread and nose.

• Install cover with adhe-sive caulk or screws.

Wet Scrape

Stairs – Option #1: Install Tread Covers and Riser Enclosures

Prime andPaint

Install RiserEnclosure

Fasten

Nose of tread

Stringer

Baluster

Riser

Tread

If nose tread is not worn

Cut andInstall

Tread Cover

Lauanplywood

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 41

• Cut tread cover to fit fromthe riser to rear edge ofnose. Install with adhe-sive caulk or screws.

• Screw metal cover overedge of tread nose. Itwill span the worn areaof the nose.

Cut andInstall

Tread Cover

If nose tread is worn

InstallMetal Nose

Cover

42

Installing a rubber tread over a worntread nose creates a hollow spaceunder the rubber tread cover. This cancause the rubber tread cover to tear,posing a tripping hazard.

• Mist and wet scrape anyloose paint on tread andriser, particularly on edges.

• Prime and paint treadsand risers.

• Staple runner to top oftop riser. Then fastenwith staircase bars sorunner may be easilyremoved for cleaning.

Important: Do not install runneror tread cover on landing ofupper floor where its rear edgemay become a tripping hazard.

Wet Scrape

Prime andPaint

InstallRunner

Stairs – Option #2: Install Staircase Runner

Clean Upand Clear

PrepSurface

• If a floor needs to be refinished, use afloor sander attached to a HEPA vacuum.

Caution: High dust potential.

• Apply a coating to the floor to keep itsmooth and cleanable.

• To maintain a smooth and cleanablesurface, it is recommended that the useof wall-to-wall carpeting be avoided.Area rugs can be used instead.

PROBLEM

Floors

Cover


Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 42

Protecting these surfaces with a durable material can pre-vent the creation of paint chips and dust.

DOING THE WORK43

CHIPPED OR DAMAGED IMPACT SURFACES

Outside corners of walls, edges at passages, as well astrim, base cap, and shoe molding are being chipped due toimpact from doors, furniture, and other objects. If thesesurfaces are covered with lead-based paint, the paint chipsand the dust created may pose a health threat.

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

3

• Cover outside corners ofwalls with corner mold-ing. Attach with nailsand/or with a bead ofadhesive.

• In places where a base-board shows signs ofimpact, replace shoe andprotect cap with latticestrip.

• When replacing shoe,bed new shoe in bead ofcaulk to seal out mois-ture and prevent infiltra-tion of dust.

EncloseOutsideCorner

ProtectBase

Straightcornermolding

Decorativecornermolding

Impactpoints

Newlatticestrip

Bead ofcaulk

Newshoemolding


Cap

Base

Shoe

Clean Upand Clear


Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 43

44

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 44

DOING THE WORK45

H I G H D U S T J O B S

3

Some jobs create large amounts of dust. To be safe, workersdoing this type of work should:

1. Wear half-mask respirators rated by NIOSH as N100 (orHEPA) at a minimum and be trained to wear and maintainthem, or conduct air monitoring to show that they are not needed.(See Section 5D: Respiratory Protection, p. 69.)

2. Completely isolate the work space from occupied spaces and use con-tainment to protect other workers. (See next page.)

3. Receive lead worker or supervisor training from an accredited trainer.In most states, accredited courses are available. To locate a course inyour state, contact the Leadlisting at 1-888-Leadlist (1-888-532-3547)or www.leadlisting.org.

Examples ofHigh Dust Jobs

Remember: All house dust is unhealthy to breathe. It maycontain lead, mold, asbestos, gypsum, roach waste, dustmites, coal dust, fiberglass, etc.

The following types of work are likely to createhigh levels of dust:

Demolition. Demolitionincludes tearing off sidingand/or demolishing oldplaster walls or ceilings.

Opening Up WallCavities. These jobsinclude:• Removing old paneling and

baseboards• Removing door casings and frames or window

casings or jambs

“It’s not just what’s on the wall, it’s the dust behind it.”

Removing Old Drop Ceilings. Lots of dust canaccumulate above ceiling panels.

Improperly Removing Wall-To-Wall Carpet. Acarpet that’s been on the floor for many years hasgathered large amounts of household dust, whichmay include lead dust. Improperly removing it canrelease a large amount of dust.

Removing oldpaneling canrelease largeamounts of

dust.

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 45

46Paint Scraping. Scraping large painted areas, suchas the side of a house or an entire room, even whendone correctly, can create a large amount of dust.

Containing Dust

Use this system to keep dust from spreading toanother room.

If a job creates extremely high amounts of dust (forexample, demolition) or large amounts of dust in theair for more than short periods, the protective flapsystem shown above may not be sufficient to pre-vent dust from spreading beyond the work area.

For these types of jobs, a more protective systemcalled “isolation” is needed so that dust does notspread beyond the work area. Isolation means thatthe work area is sealed with no direct access tooccupied areas of the home. Workers need to usean entrance that is separate from occupants untilcleanup is completed.

Duct tape protective sheeting to perimeter ofopening. Leave slack at the top and bottom.Staple corners for reinforcement.

}Slack

Cut slit in protective sheeting to with-in 6” of top and bottom. Duct tapemay be used for reinforcement.

Then tape another sheet ofprotective sheeting to top ofdoor. Cut just short of floor.Staple top corners.

Fold protective sheeting at topand bottom before taping toleave slack.

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 46

Make dust pan fromflashing and cleanwith a whisk broom.

AT THE END OF THE JOB47

C L E A N I N G U P

4

• HEPA vacuum all hori-zontal surfaces—slowly.

• Vacuum all ledges, sills,stools, molding tops,dusty surfaces, etc.

• Vacuum floor underwork area. Use cornertool in corners, cracks oftrim, and between floorboards.

• Vacuum floor with floorbrush and carpet with acarpet tool.

Important: Vacuum carpetvery slowly.

Vacuum

Mist andpushdust

• Clean off protectivesheeting. Fold dirty sideinward (dirty side todirty side). Dispose ofprotective sheeting atthe end of each job.Protective sheeting maybe used again within thesame work area if it hasnot already been folded.

Pick UpProtectiveSheeting

Mist andScrub

• Wet rag with detergentthen wring out.

• Mist surface or rag asyou clean.

• Lead needs scrubbing, notjust wiping.

Mistcloth

Rinseside

Vacuumingthe cracks

is veryimportant.

It is very important to use proper cleanup procedures at the end of the job.Dust and paint chips left behind at the end of the job may contain lead andmay endanger children. Have dust wipe samples collected at the end of thejob to be sure that it is safe for children to return.

• Pick up large chips withdamp paper towel.

AND/OR • Mist then push dust into

dust pan.

Pick UpWork Area

Dirtywaterside

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 47

48

Cleaning Floors

Rinse Rag • Squeeze rag into emptyside of split bucket.Rinse out rag. Squeezeinto empty side. Repeatas needed.

• Change rinse water often.— Use paper towels

first if surfaces are very dirty.

— Replace rag when it looks dirty.

• Clean until dust anddebris are removed.

Mist andScrub

• At start of cleaning, soakmop in detergent waterthen mist small areawith detergent beforemopping.

• Scrub with mop.

SqueezeOut andWash

• Squeeze mop into emptybucket then rinse inrinse water. Rinse often.Squeeze out and rinseagain. Mop small areas ata time.

Rinse • Repeat above processusing clean water ratherthan detergent. Whencleaning up a work site,use a new mop head forrinse stage.

Recommendation: Make afinal pass with a HEPAvacuum.

Double bucket

Mist bottle

Mist bottle

String mop

Pump sprayer

Rinse bucket& string mop

Twistmop

OR

For large jobs

Twistbucket

Squeezebucket

Rinsebucket

Dispose ofWaste

• See following section.

Take DustWipe Sample

• See Section 5D: TestingDust for Lead, p. 71.

OR

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 48


D I S P O S A L O F W A S T E

4

After cleanup of the work area, take care to safely handle and remove dustand debris from the job. Supervisors should check with the EPA and theirstate’s agency responsible for waste to find out about specific Federal,state, and local regulations regarding disposal of waste that may containlead-based paint.

Key Principle: Confine dust and waste to the work area that will be cleaned.

DisposalPractices

Water

Specific guidelines are:• Avoid carrying construction waste through an

occupied space. If you must carry it through anoccupied space, first place it in a heavy duty plas-tic bag or wrap it in protective sheeting and sealwith tape.

• When a dumpster is used, keep the dumpstercovered. If a chute is used, cover the chute (oruse a barrel chute) and cover the dumpster.

• Store all waste in a secure container or dumpsteruntil disposal. Do not transport waste in an opentruck, unless it is bagged and sealed.

Water used for clean up should be dumped into atoilet. Never dump this water in a sink, tub, on theground, or down a storm drain.

Water used to remove paint through pressure wash-ing must be collected in drums and may need to betested to determine if it is hazardous. Check withyour state agency responsible for waste.

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50

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C H E C K Y O U R W O R K !

4

CheckQuality ofWork &Cleanup

Check work quality during the job and at the end ofthe job. • Was the cause of the problem corrected? • Were proper work practices used?• Was cleanup done thoroughly?

Checking your work involves two important steps.

Use the checklist inside the back cover of this guidewhen performing visual checks.• During the Job. Be sure that:

— the cause of the problem is being corrected;— the work area is safely set up;— the practices in this guide are being used; and — dust and debris are not spreading beyond the

work area.• End of the Job. Be sure that the repairs were

done properly and that no dust or paint chipsremain.

When interior work disturbs painted surfaces or pro-duces dust, have dust wipe samples taken at the endof the job to check for harmful levels of lead-contami-nated dust.

To be accurate, these tests must be done according tospecific procedures. See Section 5D, p. 71, for moreinformation about these tests, and who should per-form them.

How toCheck:

1. VisualChecks

2. Take aDust Wipe

Sample

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52How toCheck Cont’d

Dust wipe testing is recommended at the end of anyjob that disturbs paint or produces dust. It is stronglyrecommended when:• Work that disturbs paint is done in homes

built before 1978.• A young child or pregnant woman lives in the

home.• Performing unit turnover or regular maintenance

in rental properties.

Checking that work was done properly is importantbecause: • Failing to correct conditions causing damage or

deterioration results in repairs that do not last.• Work that fails to follow the recommendations in

this guide may spread dust and paint chips beyondthe work area and may endanger children in thehome.

• Dust and paint chips left behind due to poor cleaningmay contain lead and may also endanger children inthe home.

• For contractors, checking your work improves thequality of a job and is likely to reduce the risk of alawsuit in the event a child in the home is laterfound to have high levels of lead in his/her blood.

• Leaving a clean job site is greatly appreciated bycustomers.

Why Is ItImportantto CheckWork?

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 52


ONGOING MONITORING & MAINTENANCE

4

RegularlyCheck

Repairs forDeterioration,Paint Chips,

and Dust

Property owners should regularly monitor paintedsurfaces where maintenance or improvements wereperformed. Check to see if:• New evidence of deterioration or paint failure is

present.• The cause of the problem was corrected. • Lead dust hazards are present. Important: This

can only be done by dust wipe sampling.

Then:• Perform repairs, as needed, to maintain surfaces in

a smooth and cleanable condition using the meth-ods recommended in this guide; and

• Clean the area thoroughly using the practicesdescribed earlier in this section.

Follow the same methods used to check your work:• Visual Check. Look for deterioration, paint failure,

dust and paint chips. Use the checklist inside theback cover of this guide.

• Test for Lead Dust. Have dust wipe samples takento check for dust that may be contaminated withlead. A test is needed to determine when dustcontains harmful amounts of lead.

To be accurate, these tests must be done accordingto specific procedures. See Section 5D, p. 71, formore information about these tests, and who shouldperform them.

• Annually. Perform a visual check of past repairsand improvements involving painted surfaces.

• During Unit Turnover or Routine Maintenance.Perform a visual check of past repairs andimprovements involving painted surfaces.

• Every Two Years. Get a dust wipe test done atleast every two years. This type of test is stronglyrecommended when a young child or pregnantwoman lives in the home.

MaintainSurfaces andThoroughly

Clean

Methods ofMonitoring

When toMonitor?

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54Why Is It

Important toMonitor &Maintain

Work?

Monitoring and maintenance helps:• Plan and implement maintenance tasks• Protect occupants and neighbors, particularly chil-

dren, from lead exposure• Give owners, contractors, and residents a record of

the condition of the unit

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RESOURCES55

A . G L O S S A R Y

5

Aluminum flashing - thin aluminum sheeting, also known as coilstock.

Aviation snips - metal cutters.

Chamfer - a small bevel on an edge.

Enclosure - a rigid, durable construction material that ismechanically fastened to the structure to cover painted surfaces.

Fit testing - a method to check if a respirator fits properly over theface.

Gain - notch chiseled in a door for a hinge leaf.

HEPA filter - High-Efficiency Particulate Air filter. A filter that canremove particles of 0.3 micrometers or larger from the air at99.97 percent or greater efficiency.

HEPA vacuum - a vacuum with a HEPA filter.

HUD Guidelines - HUD’s Guidelines for the Evaluation and Controlof Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing.

Interim controls - a set of measures to reduce exposure to leadhazards. Interim control measures include special cleaning,repairs, paint stabilization, enclosure, and containment. For a fulldiscussion, see HUD’s Guidelines for the Evaluation and Controlof Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing.

Lauan plywood - 1/4 inch plywood made of lauan with a smooth face.

N100 - a NIOSH filter class that describes a respirator’s ability to filterairborne particles. A respirator filter rated as N100 removesparticles of 0.3 microns or larger from the air at 99.97 percent orgreater efficiency.

NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, anagency within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention thattests and certifies safety equipment including respirators.

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56

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration, an agency ofthe U.S. Department of Labor that oversees worker safety.

Paint stabilization - a process of wet scraping, priming, and finishcoating of a deteriorated painted surface to prevent furtherdeterioration.

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) - a dust exposure threshold setby OSHA. Work that creates lead dust levels in the air greater thanthe PEL must meet OSHA lead safety requirements for workers.OSHA has set the PEL for airborne lead dust at 50 microgramsper cubic meter (µg/m3) as a time weighted average. See Section5D, p. 69, for technical information about OSHA requirements andSection 5B, p. 61, for information about OSHA regulations.

Pilot hole - a small hole drilled to guide the drilling of a larger hole.

Protective sheeting - made of plastic, poly or other material.Protective sheeting must be puncture and tear resistant, imperme-able to liquids, durable, flexible, and lightweight.

R-value - a measure of heat containment; used for rating insulationeffectiveness.

Shim - small piece of wood or metal used to fill space between twofastened components.

Shroud - a protective covering that contains dust and chips.

Substrate - a solid surface such as plaster, drywall, wood, etc.

Tack pad - a sticky pad that helps remove dust from shoes.

Window trough - the area of the sill between a window stool or inte-rior sill and the frame of the storm window where the bottom sashrests when closed (also called a window well or exterior sill).

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RESOURCES57

B. F O R M O R E I N F O R M AT I O N

5

• Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control ofLead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing (July1995).* Technical guidance on methods for iden-tifying and controlling lead-based paint and lead-based paint hazards. The Guidelines can also bedownloaded for free from the HUD Office of LeadHazard Control web site. (About 750 pages)

• Residential Lead Desktop Reference (2nd Edition,June 1998).* A CD-ROM containing a large vari-ety of lead-based paint information resources.

• Maintaining a Lead Safe Home (1997).* A do-it-yourself manual for homeowners and propertymanagers. (89 pages)

• Lead-Based Paint: Operations and MaintenanceWork Practices Manual for Homes and Buildings(May 1995).* Technical guidance on safe workpractices. (200 pages)

• Guide Specifications for Reducing Lead-BasedPaint Hazards (May 1995).* Technical guidanceon purchasing lead-hazard control reduction ser-vices and developing lead-hazard reduction workspecifications. (About 500 pages)

• Lead Safety for Nonprofit Property Owners,Developers, and Managers (July 1998). Practicalguide to developing policies and activities thatincorporate lead safety in property management.(About 30 pages)

This section lists useful documents, web sites, and other lead-based paintinformation resources. Additional sources also exist. Use the reference let-ter on the right to locate the contact for each information resource.Contacts are listed by letter on pages 62-64. Publications marked with an *are for sale; others are available for free.

Where can I get more information on...

Work practices and lead-safety?

PublicationsReference

Letter

B, C

C

B

G

G

F

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 57

58

• Guide to Working Safely with Residential LeadPaint (1999). Pamphlet with key lead safety pre-cautions to follow during repainting and homeimprovement.

• Reducing Lead Hazards When Remodeling YourHome (September 1997). Pamphlet providingbasic information about lead-based paint risks andprecautions when remodeling pre-1978 homes.

Web Sites

• HUD, Office of Lead Hazard Control. Providesinformation on HUD regulations, technical andeducational documents, and links to other leadresources.

• EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics.Provides information on EPA regulations, technicaland educational documents, and links to otherlead resources.

Worker protection methods?

Publications

• Protecting Workers and Their Communities fromLead Hazards: A Guide for Protective WorkPractices and Effective Worker Training (1993).*Guidance on worker protection methods, trainingworkers, and complying with OSHA regulations.(About 500 pages)

• Lead Exposure in the Construction Industry(1993). Fact sheets that describe worker protec-tion measures needed to meet OSHA requirementsfor lead including respiratory protection and pro-tective clothing. (Series of 6 fact sheets)

Web Site

• OSHA. Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration. Provides information on OSHAregulations, technical and educational documents,and links to other lead resources.

F

PublicationsReference

Letter

B

K

B, I, K

L

J

J

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 58

RESOURCES595

Preventing children’s exposure to leadhazards?

Publications

• Protect Your Family From Lead In Your Home(May 1995). Pamphlet that provides basic infor-mation about addressing and preventing lead-based paint hazards in the home.

• Lead Poisoning Prevention: Directory of StateContacts (1997-98).* Booklet that contains pro-files of state programs to reduce lead hazards.(150 pages)

• Directory of State and Local Lead PoisoningPrevention Advocacy Organizations (1998).* Listof state and local non-profit organizations that areworking to prevent lead poisoning. (About 300pages)

Web Site

• Alliance to End Childhood Lead Poisoning.Information on lead poisoning prevention, leadissues, and program design. Site has publicationsthat can be copied from the web.

Public education and outreach materials?

Web Site and Hotline

• National Lead Information Center. Information aboutlead hazards and poisoning prevention.

Locating certified abatement contractors andclearance inspectors?

Web Site and Hotline

• Leadlisting. List of qualified lead professionalsincluding inspectors, risk assessors, abatementcontractors, and analysis laboratories.

ReferenceLetter

B, I, K

E

A

A

I

D

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 59

60

Disclosure requirements?Publications

• Protect Your Family From Lead in Your Home(May 1995). Pamphlet that provides basic infor-mation about addressing and preventing lead-based paint hazards in the home.

• Disclosure of Lead-Based Paint Hazards inHousing (March 1996). Fact sheet that providesinformation on how to meet Federal disclosurerequirements.

• Questions and Answers on the HUD/EPADisclosure Rule. Answers to commonly askedquestions about Federal disclosure requirements.(5 pages)

• Interpretive Guidance for the Real EstateCommunity on the Requirements for Disclosure ofInformation Concerning Lead-Based Paint inHousing, Parts I and II (1996). In-depth guidanceon the disclosure requirements for real-estate pro-fessionals. (27 pages)

• Resource Handbook on Lead Hazard Disclosurefor Homes and Apartments (1996).* Comprehen-sive reference book on disclosure proceduresincluding advice for renters and owners, a glos-sary of key terms, and copies of disclosure docu-ments. (Approximately 300 pages)

Respirators?

Web Sites

• National Institute of Occupational Safety andHealth. Provides information on the proper use ofrespiratory protection and various types of NIOSH-approved respirators that are available.

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration.Provides information on OSHA regulations regard-ing the use of respiratory protection.

ReferenceLetter

B, I, K

K

K

K

A

H

J

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 60

RESOURCES615

Where can I find...

HUD’s lead regulations?

• 24 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 35 (LeadRule). Contains lead hazard evaluation and reduc-tion requirements for properties that receive HUDfunding.

OSHA’s lead regulations?

• 29 CFR 1926.62 (Lead in Construction) and29 CFR 1910.1025 (Lead in General Industry).These regulations cover Federal worker protectionrequirements for workers in industry, construc-tion, remodeling, and renovation.

EPA’s lead regulations?

• 40 CFR 745 (Lead-Based Paint PoisoningPrevention in Certain Residential Structures).Contains the Federal regulations for the disposalof lead waste and contractor notification require-ments.

• 40 CFR 745.80 (Residential Property Renovation).Federal rule requiring contractors to provide notifi-cation before the start of any work that disturbs apainted surface in pre-1978 homes.

Disclosure regulations?

• 24 CFR 35 (HUD) and 40 CFR 745 (EPA).Regulations for disclosure of known lead-basedpaint and lead-based paint hazards by home sell-ers and landlords. This rule was published jointlyby HUD and EPA.

ReferenceLetter

B

J

K

K

B, K

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62

State lead laws?Publication

• Summary of Lead Poisoning Prevention Statutes(February 1999). A state-by-state listing of locallead-related regulations, such as waste disposalrequirements. Available by fax. (24 pages)

E

ReferenceLetter

C

Alliance to End Childhood LeadPoisoning

227 Massachusetts Avenue, NE,Suite 200

Washington, DC 20002202-543-1147http://www.aeclp.orgOffice of Healthy Homes and Lead

Hazard Control; U.S. Dept. of Hous-ing and Urban Development (HUD)

451 Seventh Street, SW, Room P-3206Washington, DC 20410202-755-1785http://www.hud.gov/offices/lead

HUD USER P.O. Box 6091 Rockville, MD 20849 1-800-245-2691 http://www.huduser.org

Leadlisting1-888-Leadlist (1-888-532-3547)http://www.leadlisting.org

National Conference of StateLegislatures

1560 Broadway, Suite 700Denver, CO 80202303-830-2200http://www.ncsl.org

B

Contacts

A

ReferenceLetter

Organization Types ofResources

Publications

PublicationsProgramdevelopment

Publications

D

E

Technicalconsultation

Publications

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 62

RESOURCES635

F PublicationsTechnicalconsultation

National Center for Lead SafeHousing

10227 Wincopin Circle, Suite 205Columbia, MD 21044410-992-0712http://www.leadsafehousing.org

National Institute of BuildingSciences (NIBS)

Publications Department1201 L Street, NW, Suite 400Washington, DC 20005-4014202-289-7800http://www.nibs.org

National Institute of OccupationalSafety and Health (NIOSH)

Hubert H. Humphrey Building, Room7154

200 Independence Avenue, SWWashington, DC 20201800-35-NIOSH (800-356-4674)http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/home-

page.html

National Lead Information Center(NLIC)

8601 Georgia Avenue, Suite 503Silver Spring, MD 20910Information Clearinghouse: 1-800-

424-Lead (1-800-424-5323)http://www.epa.gov/lead/nlic.htm

I

H

G PublicationsTraining

Publications

PublicationsTraining

ReferenceLetter


Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 63

ReferenceLetter


64

J

L

K

Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA)

U.S. Department of Labor, OSHAPublications Office

200 Constitution Avenue, NW, RoomN3101

Washington, DC 20210

OSHA Lead web page:http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/lead/index.html

OSHA Respirator web page:http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/respiratory_advisor/mainpage.html

Office of Pollution Prevention andToxics (OPPT)

U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA)

401 M Street, SW (7401)Washington, DC 20460202-260-3810http://www.epa.gov/lead

Society for Occupational &Environmental Health

6728 Old McLean Village DriveMcLean, VA 22101703-556-9222http://www.soeh.org

TechnicalconsultationEnforcement

PublicationsProgramdevelopment

Publications

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 64

RESOURCES65

C . G E T T I N G T H E W O R D O U T

5

How Owners and Occupants Can Work Together to ImproveLead Safety In Homes

Gaining tenant cooperation can help rental property owners andmanagers respond promptly to conditions that could pose a healththreat to occupants.

Owner Responsibilities1. Check the building to be sure that:

❏ The building shell is sound.❏ Water isn’t coming in from the out-

side and causing damage.❏ Sources of moisture inside are not

causing damage.❏ Painted surfaces are intact.❏ Doors and windows work properly.❏ All surfaces are clean and clean-

able.

2. Maintain the building.❏ Train maintenance staff to minimize

dust, clean up effectively, and pro-tect themselves.

❏ Conduct regular building checks forpotential problems, such as:• Flaking or peeling paint• Water damage to paint, plaster, or wood• Plumbing or roof leaks• Painted doors and windows that do not operate smoothly

3. Educate occupants and gain their cooperation.❏ Fulfill Federal notice and disclosure requirements.❏ Have occupants inform you of damaged paint and other main-

tenance problems.

When Maintenance orRenovation Work is

DoneGive occupants the LeadSafety pamphlet requiredby Federal regulations(see page 66).Tell occupants:✔ Why repairs are

necessary.✔ The work schedule.✔ How they and their

possessions will beprotected.

✔ Why they may need toleave during the work.

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66

Precautions Tenants Can Take toProtect Their Family

Occupants should pay special atten-tion to page 7 of the pamphletProtect Your Family From Lead InYour Home. It describes steps thatoccupants can take to reduce thechance that they will be exposed tolead hazards. Suggestions from thispamphlet include:

❏ Clean floors, window frames, interior window sills, and otherflat surfaces each week using warm water and an all-purposecleaner.

❏ Clean up any paint chips immediately.❏ Keep child play areas clean. ❏ Wash children’s hands often.❏ Keep children from chewing interior window sills and other

painted surfaces.

Federal Notice andDisclosure Requirements

(24 CFR Part 35 or40 CFR Part 745)

✔ Landlords and home sell-ers must notify futureoccupants about lead-based paint hazards bygiving them the pamphletProtect Your Family FromLead in Your Home.

✔ Landlords and home sell-ers must disclose infor-mation about known lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazardsbefore dwelling leases orhome sales contracts takeeffect. Leases and salescontracts must alsoinclude a form aboutlead-based paint thatmeets Federal require-ments. Contact HUD orEPA for more informationabout these requirements(see Section 5B, p. 57).

❏ Explain to occupants whysteps, such as regular clean-ing, prevent lead-based painthazards. (See below.)

❏ Consider providing cleaningsupplies and tools (see page75) to occupants to encour-age cleaning.

❏ Remind tenants that it is agood practice to providenotice of problems in writing.

❏ Make sure occupants under-stand the property’s mainte-nance reporting proceduresand indicate that these prob-lems require priority attention.

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RESOURCES675

Notice Prior to Renovation

Federal law requires contractors and owners of rental properties toinform occupants about the risks of lead-based paint before non-emergency repair, maintenance, and home renovation work begins.This law applies for all work on surfaces greater than 2 square feetper component. Contractors and property owners must distributecopies of the pamphlet Protect Your Family From Lead In Your Homebefore any work starts. See EPA’s regulation at 40 CFR 745.80.Also see Section 5B, p. 57, for sources that can provide copies ofthis pamphlet.Contractors and owners must make sure that occupants havereceived the pamphlet.• For owner-occupied homes, the contractor must have the home-

owner sign an acknowledgement form after receiving the pam-phlet. Or, the contractor can send the pamphlet by certified mail.

• For tenants, the contractor or property owner must have an adultoccupant sign an acknowledgement form after receiving the pam-phlet. Or, the contractor or owner can send the pamphlet by certi-fied mail. If the contractor cannot get a signed acknowledgement,the contractor must sign a statement documenting this.

• For work in common areas, such as the lobby, of an apartmentbuilding, the contractor must give the pamphlet to the owner andto the occupants of all affected areas and inform them of thenature, location, timing, and length of the job.

Why Lead Safety Makes Sense for Property Owners andContractors

Property owners and contractors that use safe work practices benefitin several ways.

Advantages for Owners of Residential Rental PropertiesOwners who maintain their rental properties using work practices thatincrease lead safety can use this information to attract tenants who areconcerned for their child’s health. Some local agencies may evenmaintain a listing of housing units that meet certain lead-safety stan-dards. When giving prospective tenants the lead-based paint pam-phlet and the required disclosure information, they can tell the tenantthat the property has a program to minimize the risk of hazards fromlead-based paint. A safety program would include:

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 67

68• Educating and training maintenance workers.• Examining property at turnover and then every year for deteriorat-

ing paint.• Correcting conditions that may cause paint to flake and peel

(excessive moisture, binding doors, etc.).• Doing work safely and cleaning up well.• Making sure surfaces are cleanable and doing a professional

cleaning at turnover.• Performing dust wipe tests before occupancy, and after every

maintenance job that disturbs old paint. It is also recommendedto perform a dust wipe sample test at least every two years. Keepthe results on file.

• Encouraging tenants to inform property owners if there is a problem.

Advantages for ContractorsDoing work safely can enhance a contractor’s reputation, maintainthe safety of workers, and protect the health of customers and theirchildren.A program for lead safety can also help contractors when biddingnew jobs. For example, contractors performing repairs and improve-ments in homes built before 1978 must give potential customers apamphlet about the risk of lead-based paint during renovation.Contractors that follow practices for lead safety can demonstrate tocustomers that they understand the risks and show that their work-ers take specific precautions to protect against lead-based paint haz-ards. Lead-safety can help “give you a leg up” on the competition.Safe work practices also offer benefits that are important to cus-tomers:• Dust and debris are confined to the work area.• A “clean” work area at the end of the job.• Some work offers additional benefits. (For example, repairs to

windows can improve their operation, prevent damage from mois-ture, and lower energy and maintenance costs.)

• Lead safety also helps protect you as a contractor. For example,having an independent, certified professional take dust wipe sam-ples of the work area promptly after cleanup provides strong doc-umentation that no lead hazards were present in the work area atthe end of the job.

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 68

Respiratory ProtectionRespiratory protection helps prevent workers from breathing harmfulamounts of lead and other substances, touching their mouths withdusty hands, or swallowing paint chips. When work creates high levels of dust in the air, properly trained andcertified lead-based paint professionals should do these high dustjobs. If you work for someone, and plan on doing this type of work,your employer must meet the requirements of the OSHA Lead inConstruction Standard (29 CFR 1926.62). These requirements includerespiratory protection when work creates lead dust in air that exceedsthe “permissible exposure limit” (PEL) — see Air Monitoring andResults sections below. See Section 5B, p. 57, for sources of informa-tion about OSHA requirements.Respirators may be required for activities that generate high levels ofdust such as:• Demolishing painted surfaces• Opening up wall and ceiling cavities• Using power tools on painted surfaces• Dry scraping large painted areas

For this type of work, OSHA requirements include the following:• Training workers on how to properly use and maintain respirators. • Making sure proper respirators are

always available and that workers havebeen fit tested. Where respirator use isrequired, workers must be part of a writ-ten respiratory protection program thatmeets OSHA standards (29 CFR1910.134). Many types of respirators can be used:— Disposable respirators can be

used if they are rated by NIOSHas N100 (or HEPA) — thisinformation can be found onthe respirator’s package or therespirator itself.

RESOURCES69

D. MORE ABOUT TECHNICAL TOPICS

5

WorkerwearingNIOSH-approveddisposablerespirator

HEPAfiltermaterial

Dustmask notNIOSHapproved

Metal nosebridge

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70

— Non-disposable respirators,also rated by NIOSH as N100,often have replaceable car-tridges and require regularmaintenance.

• Having a trained person do airmonitoring that measures theamount of dust in the air to determine if respirators are requiredby OSHA, and the appropriate level of protection. Workers mustwear proper respirators while air monitoring is being done.

Air MonitoringAir monitoring is done to ensure that workers are not being exposedto dangerous levels of lead dust in the air, and to comply with OSHArequirements. It must be done by a person with special training. Aworker being monitored wears a small plastic canister clipped tohis/her clothing near the face. A pump in a device clipped to the beltdraws air and dust into the canister. The canister is then sent to alab to measure how much lead dust was in the air.

What Do the Results Mean?The results are measured in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3). Ifthe amount of lead dust in the air exceeds the permissible exposurelimit (PEL) of 50 µg/m3, workers must wear at least a half-face respi-rator with an N100 (or HEPA) rating and certain OSHA requirementsmust be followed. Results may show that respirators are not necessary or that agreater level of protection is needed. If the results show lead dustlevels in the air above 500 µg/m3, a more protective respirator isrequired.

Other ProtectionIn addition to respiratory protection for activities that generate highlevels of dust, compliance with OSHA’s Lead in ConstructionStandard may involve blood tests for workers, medical monitoring,hand washing facilities, other personal protective equipment, showerand changing areas, and additional training.

Workerwearing anon-disposablerespirator

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RESOURCES715

Testing Dust for Lead

By having dust wipe samples taken, job supervisors and propertyowners can locate dust lead hazards and test the effectiveness ofcleaning at the end of a job.

Where Are Dust Samples Taken? Samples are taken in the area of thedwelling where work has been com-pleted. The following surfaces withinthe work area should be sampled:• Floor• Interior window sills (also referred

to as window stools)• Window troughs

When Should Dust Samples Be Taken?• At the end of a job• If there is a child or pregnant woman living in the home• Before a family moves into a home

What Do the Results Mean?The results of the laboratory analysis will show the amount of leadfound in the dust from the area sampled. The results are measuredin micrograms per square foot (µg/ft2).To determine if a lead-based paint hazard exists, based on EPA’srequirements, compare the results to the following standards:

If the results for a sample are higher than these standards, a dustlead hazard is present. For clearance puposes only, a value of 400 µg/ft2 should be used for window troughs.

Windowtrough

Interiorwindowsill

Floor

• 40 µg/ft2 on the floor• 250 µg/ft2 on the interior window sill (stool)

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72Who Can Take Dust Wipe Samples?

Following painting, home maintenance, and renovation work:

• In homes receiving Federal assistance, dust wipe samples, ifrequired by regulations, must be taken by appropriately trainedpersonnel who were not involved in the work. This “clearance”testing may be done by a lead-based paint inspector, risk asses-sor, or sampling technician certified by a State or the EPA.Clearance testing may also be done by a person trained as a sam-pling technician, as long as a certified lead-based paint inspectoror risk assessor approves the technician’s work and signs theclearance examination report.

• For all other homes, it is recommended that dust wipe samples betaken by a trained sampling technician, or, preferably, a certifiedlead-based paint inspector, risk assessor, or sampling technician.Some states require that dust wipe samples be taken by a certifiedperson.

What Actions Do I Take Based On the Results?If the results show dust lead levels higher than the standards listedabove, the area where the work was performed should be cleaned toremove the dust lead hazard.

If the dust wipe samples were taken as part of ongoing monitoringby maintenance staff or the property owner, the surfaces where workwas performed should be examined to see if the work has failed ornew conditions that generate dust have developed. In either case,these conditions should be corrected using lead-safety principlesand work practices.

If the work required to correct the likely source of the dust lead haz-ard is beyond the scope of this guide, the property owner shouldseek the help of a lead-based paint professional trained to safely cor-rect lead-based paint hazards.

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RESOURCES73

Setting Up a Dust Room

5

A dust room can be useful for dusty work on building componentsthat can be moved. For example, scraping or planing doors or win-dow sashes can be done in a dust room. A dust room is particularlyuseful when working in occupied spaces. The dust room can be any room that can be closed off. The doorcan be covered with a flap system (see page 46) and the floor can becovered with protective sheeting taped to the baseboard.Workers in this room should wear disposable clothing and wear res-piratory protection. Wall and ceilingvents inside the room shouldbe sealed off.

Worker in room wearsrespiratory protection

Protective sheetingon floor

Containment sheetingover door (See page 46)

Hand components(doors, sashes, etc.)through flap inprotective sheeting

HEPA vacuum forpower tools

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74Building a Door Hold

A door hold makes working on doors easier and safer.

The weight of the doorwill close the vertical1x6s and hold thedoor.

Door hold atwork

10” to 12”1x6

1/4”plywood

Nail andglue

Screwand glue

2” or more

Screwand glue

Cover with rug orthick material toprotect door finish

5” hinge(or 5” spring hinge)

2x2

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Additional Tools Needed for Lead-Safety Work(Not every tool is needed for every job.)

Paint scrapers - A variety of scrapers are useful; carbon blades lastlongest. A mill file works well to keep scraper blades sharp.

Sanding sponges and wet/dry sandpaper - Where areas need to besmoothed or feathered, these abrasive tools, when used wet, keepdust to a minimum.

Mist bottles - Misting a surface being scraped or cut keeps downdust. Squeeze bottles work best in small areas. For larger jobs, apump pressure sprayer in a knapsack works best.

Plane - A jack, smooth, or jointer (not block) plane. Hand planes aregood for removing paint from edges such as the edge of a win-dow, stool, or door. They create very little dust.

Cleanup station - A kitchen counter with a working sink is a goodplace for a cleanup station. If not available, set up a board with 3buckets and a pump sprayer.

The station should have:• Paper towels and soap• Pads for cleaning

respirators• A 2-bottle eye-wash station• A first aid kit• Clipboard with emergency

numbers• Drinking water and cups

Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment• A disposable respirator rated by NIOSH as N100 (or HEPA)• A half-face, air cartridge respirator rated by NIOSH as N100 (or

HEPA)• Protective, lightweight, disposable suits with elastic sleeves and

ankles• Shoe covers (slip resistant is recommended)• Safety glasses (vented goggles if working in high dust conditions

or when using liquids or strippers)• Ear protection if using power tools

RESOURCES75

E . T O O L A N D S U P P LY L I S T

5

Handwashbuckets

Emergencynumbers

Pumpsprayer

Eye-washstation

TowelsFirstaid kit

Drinkingwater

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76

Cleaning Equipment • Bottle mister and pump sprayer for detergent • Mops and buckets• Tack cloths for wiping furnishings that may be damaged by water• Heavy-duty paper towels and/or rags

Vacuums - At the end of a job, use a HEPA vacuum because it willcapture even the finest dust. For regular household cleaning, usea HEPA vacuum if available. If one is not available, use a fine filterin your vacuum known as micron or allergen bags.

Painting Supplies• Use commercial grade cleaners; there are also lead-specific clean-

ers. (Note: Trisodium phosphate [TSP] is banned in some states.)• Degreasers may be necessary on some walls.• Use deglosser or wet sanding supplies.• Where wood is exposed, use a sealer and then apply a best grade

primer or primer-sealer.

Other Tools• Coil stock for covering window troughs. Coil stock is available

with white and brown sides to match window trim color(see page 36).

• Window opening tool for windows that are painted shut(see page 29).

• Brace with screwdriver tips for removing and replacing hingescrews.

• Power planer with exhaust port that can be attached to HEPA vac-uum. A power planer can be used for stripping window sashesand doors in a contained work area with respiratory protection.

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RESOURCES77

F. NOTES AND SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

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G . W O R K C H E C K L I S T

Before Work Begins

❏ Are the possible risks to occupants identified?❏ Are the occupants informed of the possible risks and their

responsibilities?❏ Are the causes of the problems located?❏ Is the work area set up?❏ Is the work area closed off from occupants?

During Work

❏ Are dust and debris being contained in the work area?❏ Are workers wearing necessary protective clothing and

equipment?❏ Are workers cleaning up each time they leave the work site?

At the End of the Job❏ Did workers fix the cause of the problem?❏ Did workers remove visible dust and debris?❏ Did workers properly dispose of dust and debris?❏ Did workers wet wash the surfaces?❏ Were dust samples taken to make sure that cleanup worked?

For Long-Term Maintenance

Is there a plan to:❏ Maintain painted surfaces?❏ Keep surfaces clean and cleanable?❏ Prevent water and moisture damage?

This Guide may be reproduced and distributed without prior permission from theU.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development or any other Federal Agency.

Disclaimer: The guidance offered in this document is based upon the latest lead hazard con-trol knowledge and technology available at the time it was written. Users bear all risks asso-ciated with reliance on these work practices and have sole responsibility for evaluating theinformation it contains. Users bear sole responsibility to form their own independent judg-ments on the document's use, modification, and adaptation as appropriate. Neither theUnited States Government nor any of its employees makes any warranty, expressed orimplied, or assumes any legal liability for any use of, or the results of, any information, prod-uct, or process discussed in this document.

Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:35 PM Page 81

Why Follow this Guide?The Simple Work Practice Changes in this Guide Can Protect Children and Workers

• This Guide contains practical steps for lead safety.• With small changes in work practices, workers can protect them-

selves, their families, and their customers, especially children,from lead exposure.

Painting, Home Improvement, and Maintenance Work in OlderHomes Can Endanger Children

• Most homes built before 1978 contain lead-based paint.• Doing work improperly can create a lot of paint chips and dust

that may contain lead.• Lead in paint chips, dust, and soil gets on children’s hands and

toys which they may put in their mouths.• Lead can make children very sick and cause permanent brain and

nerve damage, learning difficulties, and behavior problems.

Poor Maintenance Also Endangers Children

• Paint flaking and peeling is often caused by moisture.• Rubbing or impact on doors, windows, and trim can cause paint

failure.

Who Should Use This Guide?

• Building maintenance workers and supervisors• Painters• Repair, renovation, and remodeling contractors• Property managers and owners• Homeowners

Ordering Additional Copies

Single copies of Lead Paint Safety: A Field Guide for Painting, HomeMaintenance, and Renovation Work on paper or on CD-ROM can beordered from the National Lead Information Center at 1-800-424-5323or downloaded from the HUD Office of Healthy Homes and Lead HazardControl web site at www.hud.gov/offices/lead.

For information about obtaining multiple copies, contact the NationalLead Information Center.

March 2001HUD-1779-LHC


Documents

HUDCOV-3-01.QXD 3/26/01 7:38 PM Page 1 · Q91007-030501.QXD 3/26/01 7:33 PM Page 26 Whenever possible, repair the surface, prep, prime, and paint exterior trim and siding, and then