Human Anatomy & Physiology: Ch 1-2 Needed for Class: –3-Ring Binder (D-Rings are best): You might start with a 2.5” or a 3.0” binder. At midterm, you will

Human Anatomy & Physiology: Ch 1-2

• Needed for Class:– 3-Ring Binder (D-Rings are best): You might start with a 2.5” or a

3.0” binder. At midterm, you will probably need a second binder of similar size.

– Dividers for Binder, labeled• Daily Journal• Class Notes• Labs• Homework/Classwork, Study Guides• Tests/Quizzes

– Pens/Pencils

– Colored Pencils Kept in Binder

– Highlighter

– White Board Markers (optional)1

Other Items

• Logistics:– Come to class ON TIME– Remove all items from desk except binder– No cell phones, food, snacks etc. in laps– Upon arrival, turn to Daily Journal and answer the day’s question

appropriately. Do not skip any questions.– Keep binder neat and sectioned– Focus: i.e., “Let the dude in the front do your studying”

• Think of YOUR FUTURE. You want to What?__________________

• Think College• How will you succeed there if 90+% of your grade comes from 3-4

Tests?• If college classes don’t collect homework, then what is the purpose of

homework/classwork, etc?• If there are only 3 tests/Semester, and 12 Chapters are covered per

semester, then each test will cover how many chapters?______• How will you learn that volume of material for the “long-term?”• Study groups?

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• Grading– Tests = 75%

• Are Cumulative• Later tests in a Term count more than initial tests in the same term, with each term

ending with a “Term Exam”• When will you do your studying for each test?• How will you remember the material a year from now (Think College)?

– Labs, Study Guides, Homework, Classwork, Binder = 25%• Are not all equal. Some labs are more complex than others, and count more. Same

for all other work.• Due dates will be clear, and often, work is due on the day of the exam.

• Honors vs. Level 1– Honors receives extra readings, extra study guide questions, extra

essay and MC questions on tests, etc.• Extra Lab Time/Extra Help Times

– Will be Posted a week in advance. – Get a pass the day before you plan to come in

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Other Items

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Chapter 1

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

The following slides have been adopted and modified from the following sources and are used

by permission:

Shier, Butler & Lewis, 2006. Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology (McGraw-Hill).

Campbell & Reece 2006. Biology (Pearson Education).

Marieb, Elaine, 2004. Human Anatomy & Physiology (Pearson Education).

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Anatomy and Physiology

• deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts, in other words, what are things called?

• studies the functions of these parts or asks

the question, “how do they work?”

• The two disciplines are closely interrelated because the functional role of a part depends on how it is constructed.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Anatomy

Physiology

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Specialized Branches of Anatomy

• – study of structural changes caused by disease

• – study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans

• – study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level

Pathological Anatomy

Radiographic Anatomy

Molecular Biology

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Physiology

• Considers the operation of specific organ systems– – kidney function– – workings of the nervous

system– – operation of the heart and

blood vessels

Renal

Neurophysiology

Cardiovascular

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Physiology

• Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains – electrical currents – blood pressure– the way muscle uses bone for movement

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Principle of Complementarity

• Function always reflects structure

• What a structure can do depends on its specific form

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• Characteristics of life are shared by all organisms and include:

1. (internal, such as movement of food in GI Tract, or gross; movement of body)

2. (reaction to internal or external change)• Inner Body Temperature increases, person sweats• See a Lion, run

3. (increase in size without change in overall shape)• The heart gets larger but its overall shape remains the same

4. (new organisms or new cells)

5. (use of oxygen; removal of CO2)


Movement

Responsiveness

internalexternal

Growth

Reproduction

Respiration

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6. (breakdown of food into simpler forms)

7. (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids: interstitial fluid that bathes cells or blood)

8. (movement within body fluids)

9. (changing nutrients into chemically different forms)

10. (removal of metabolic wastes)

• The total of all the chemical reactions that are continuously at work to maintain these characteristics constitutes .


Digestion

Absorption

Circulation

Assimilation

Excretion

Metabolism

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• Homeostasis:

• Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called

• Homeostasis is regulated through control systems that have receptors, a set point, and effectors in common.


Homeostasis

• Many of the body's homeostatic controls are mechanisms.

• As sugar levels in the blood rise, homeostasis makes it go back down to the normal range.

• As sugar levels in the blood fall due to lack of food or exercise, homeostasis makes it rise by removing sugar from the liver and putting it back into the blood.

• Each individual uses homeostatic mechanisms to keep body levels – The normal range is called the .

Negative Feedback

Normal Range

Set Point

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• Examples of homeostasis include:

a. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate body temperature in a manner similar to the functioning of a home heating thermostat.

b. As blood sugar levels rise after eating, homeostatic mechanisms “kick-in” to lower the sugar in the blood by causing it to be stored in the liver and muscles.

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The

Internal and external temperature receptors

The

hypothalamus

Set point

Homeostatic Control of Blood OXYGEN Levels

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• Levels of Organization: CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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• : The basic unit of structure and function of all living things.

• : A group of similar cells performing the same function. There are only 4 types, connective (bone, blood, ligaments, etc.), epithelial (cells that line, cover, protect), Muscle, and Nerve.

• : Group of different tissues working together to do a job, such as heart, stomach.

• : group of organs working together to do a job, such as digestive, circulatory

• : The full functioning human.


Cells

Tissues

Organ

Organ System

Organism

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Definitions:

Organic Compounds: Based on Carbon : for energy, such things as sugars, starches : For storage of energy, such things as fats,

oils and waxes : Building blocks of cells. Such critical things as

enzymes and hormones are proteins. So are fingernails and hair.

: DNA and RNA; the genetic materials: DNA and RNA; the genetic materials

CarbohydratesLipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

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• Organization of the Human Body

• Major features of the human body include its cavities, membranes, and organ systems.


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• Body Cavities:• The body can be divided into an appendicular portion

(upper and lower limbs) and an axial portion (head, neck, and trunk), which includes a dorsal and a ventral cavity. Organs within these cavities are called viscera.


Know All

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a. The cavity can be divided into the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.b. The cavity is made up of a thoracic cavity and an cavity, separated by the

diaphragm.i. The divides the thorax into

right and left halves.ii. The abdominopelvic cavity can be

divided into the cavity and the cavity.


Dorsal

ventral

abdominopelvic

mediastinum

abdominalpelvic

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c. Smaller cavities within the head include the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities.

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Integumentary System

• Forms the external body covering

• Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails

• Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

Figure 1.3a

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Skeletal System

• Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides the framework for muscles

• Site of blood cell formation• Stores minerals

Figure 1.3b

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Muscular System

• Composed of muscles and tendons

• Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Figure 1.3c

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Nervous System

• Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves

• Is the fast-acting control system of the body

• Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

Figure 1.3d

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Cardiovascular System

• Composed of the heart and blood vessels

• The heart pumps blood

• The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

Figure 1.3f

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Lymphatic System• Composed of red bone

marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

• Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

• Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream

• Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

Figure 1.3g

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Respiratory System

• Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.3h

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Digestive System

• Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver

• Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood

• Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

Figure 1.3i

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Urinary System

• Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

• Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood

Figure 1.3j

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Male Reproductive System• Composed of prostate

gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens

• Main function is the production of offspring

• Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones

• Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

Figure 1.3k

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Female Reproductive System

• Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

• Main function is the production of offspring

• Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

• Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus

• Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

Figure 1.3l

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• Anatomical Terminology • Relative Positions:

1. Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another part.

2. Terms of relative position include: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial

(peripheral), and deep.


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• Means “above.” As the nose is superior to the mouth.• Means “below.” As the mouth is inferior to the nose.• The “front” side or surface.• The “back” side or surface.

Toward the middle. The nose is medial to the ears.• Toward the side. The ears are lateral to the nose.• The end of something closest to the trunk. The top part

of the humerus is the proximal end of the humerus.• The end of something away from the trunk. The bottom

part of the humerus is the distal end of the humerus.• On or toward the surface. • Within or toward the inner body.

Superior

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

Lateral

Proximal

Distal

Superficial

Deep

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• Body Sections:1. A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions.2. A transverse section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. It is often called a “cross section”.3. A coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.


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Some Medical and Applied Sciences

• Cardiology: heart and heart disease• Cytology: study of cells and their abnormalities.• Dermatology: skin and its diseases• Endocrinology: hormones and their glands; diseases

and abnormalities• Epidemiology: study of the distribution and frequency of

disease• Gastroenterology: GI tract (digestive)• Geriatrics: older people and their medical conditions• Gerontology: study of the aging process

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• Gynecology: female reproductive system and its diseases

• Hematology: blood• Histology: structure and function of tissues• Immunology: immune system and body resistance• Neonatology: newborns• Nephrology: kidneys• Neurology: nervous system• Obstetrics: pregnancy and childbirth• Oncology: cancers• Ophthalmology: eyes and eye diseases• Orthopedics: muscular and skeletal systems• Otolaryngology: ear, throat, larynx• Pathology: study of the changes that disease causes

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• Pediatrics: children• Pharmacology: drugs, their uses and interactions• Podiatry: feet• Psychiatry: mind, thoughts, emotions, etc.• Radiology: X-rays, MRI, etc. and their interpretation• Toxicology: poisons• Urology: urinary system, apart from the kidneys; and the

male reproductive system

Itinerary For The Week

• Tues, 9/10 – Thurs, 9/12: Notes, Ch. 1-2• Fri, 9/13: Continue Labs, SG, etc.

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Extra Help, Lab Time, Advisory

Date Day of Week Day of Rotation

Times Notes

9/11 Wed 4 7:00 – 12:30

9/12 Thurs 5 8:00 – 11:00

9/13 Fri 6 9:00 – 9:45

Note: Whenever possible, get a pass the day BEFORE coming, and in ANY case, get a pass. Can’t make one of those times, please see me and we’ll work something out.

• Assignments, Tests, Due DatesAssignment Due Date Notes

Test: Ch 1-2 Wed. 9/5/12

Documents

Human Anatomy & Physiology: Ch 1-2 Needed for Class: –3-Ring Binder (D-Rings are best): You might start with a 2.5” or a 3.0” binder. At midterm, you will