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CALCS-PLUS HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field

HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

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Page 1: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to

Know in the Field

Page 2: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

This presentation used CASE* studies from the following

*CASE – Copy And Steal Everything

Page 3: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field

This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of HVAC systems that will help the rater better understand what to look for in assessing buildings. A checklist of items to look for related to the design and installation of systems will be provided so the rater can provide homeowners with an independent assessment of the HVAC system and guidance for improvement.

Page 4: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

When a Heat Pump or Air Conditioning system is used in a Rating the HERS Index makes an assumption that the system is working to Manufacturer's specifications and therefore the intended energy benefits will be realized.

As the Rater Certifying the home, how can we be sure the system has been properly commissioned?

What does it take to commission a Heat Pump or Air Conditioner anyway?

Page 5: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

A Look at the Refrigeration Cycle

Some Refrigeration

Basics

Air Handler Condenser

Page 6: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

1. Compressor (vapor pump)2. Coil Guard3. Control Panel4. Condenser Coil5. Refrigerant Connections6. Reversing Valve

Inside the Condenser

Page 7: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

1. Blower & Motor2. Control Panel3. Evaporator Coil4. Metering Device5. Refrigerant Connections6. Filter Access7. Drain Connection

Inside the Air Handler

CALCS-PLUS

Page 8: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

Compressor/ Condenser

Refrigerant Control

Liquid Line

Evaporator

CALCS-PLUS

THE SYSTEMAHU

Suction Line

Page 9: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

When the cooling system works properly-

Liquid refrigerant flows from the Condenser to the Evaporator Coil (located in the AHU).

CondenserAHU

Evaporator

High Pressure Liquid Refrigerant

Page 10: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

In the Condensing Unit, the compressor Compresses and Pumps the Refrigerant.

Refrigerant has a Temperature Pressure Relationship

Compressor

AHU

Evaporator

Low Pressure Vapor Refrigerant

Suction Line

Condenser

Page 11: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Refrigerant Temperature Pressure Chart

Page 12: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

When refrigerant is in it’s vapor state there will be a direct pressure temperature relationship.Pressure is measured using a set of Gauges.

Page 13: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Compound Gauge: A gauge that reads pressures above atmospheric pressure inPSIG, and below atmospheric pressure in inches of Mercury column (“Hg) (Usually Blue)

Pressure Gauge: A gauge that reads pressures only above atmospheric pressurein PSIG. (Usually Red)

Page 14: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

In the compressor, the refrigerant temperature and pressure increase as the vapor is compressed. The hot vapor exits the compressor enters the nearby condenser coil.

Compressor

AHU

Evaporator

Low Pressure Vapor Refrigerant

Suction Line

Condenser

Condenser Coil

Page 15: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

30° warmer for standard efficiency units and as low as 20° for ultra high efficiency equipment.If the outdoor temperature was 94° the vapor pressure would be (94 + 30= 124°) 274.3 PSIG for R-22 and 443 PSIG for R-410-A

The temperature of the refrigerant leaving the compressor is typically between 30 and 20° warmer than the outdoor temperature.

Page 16: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Cooler outdoor air is moved across the condenser coil removing heat, condensing the high-temperature, high-pressure refrigerant vapor into a liquid as heat is rejected; the liquid refrigerant is then sub-cooled 6 to 8°below the pressure temperature relationship.

Condenser Coil

AHU

Evaporator

Low Pressure Vapor Refrigerant

Suction Line

Condenser

Outdoor Air in

Page 17: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

The refrigerant leaves the condenser as a sub-cooled liquid and passes through the liquid line into the refrigerant control (Metering Device) near the evaporator.

Cool

Air

War

m A

ir

Condenser Coil

AHU

Evaporator

Low Pressure Vapor Refrigerant

Suction Line

Condenser

Outdoor Air in

Page 18: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Before entering the Evaporator the refrigerant passes through a Metering Device which creates a pressure drop.

Cool

Air

War

m A

irCondenser

High Pressure Liquid Refrigerant

AHU

Metering Device

Evaporator

Page 19: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

Remember the Pressure of the refrigerant in the condensing unit?

CALCS-PLUS

Page 20: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Consequently the drop in pressure has a corresponding drop in temperature. The low pressure liquid refrigerant changes state (liquid to vapor) as it moves through the evaporator coil as it absorbs heat from the air passing over the Evaporator Coil.

Cool

Air

War

m A

irCondenserAHU

Evaporator

High Pressure Liquid Refrigerant

Page 21: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

The refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a superheated vapor and passes through the suction line into the compressor where the process repeats itself.

Cool

Air

War

m A

ir

Compressor

AHU

Evaporator

Low Pressure Vapor Refrigerant

Suction Line

Condenser

Page 22: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

•Suction pressure•Discharge pressure•Saturation temperature•Condensing temperature•Superheat•Sub cooling•Compressor Running Load Amps

•Airflow in CFM at Evaporator•Outdoor dry bulb•Return air dry bulb•Return air wet bulb•Supply air dry bulb•Supply air wet bulb

For System Commissioning the Measurements that should be Taken Are:

CALCS-PLUS

Page 23: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Page 24: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

In any Heat Pump or Air Conditioning system there are only two components that can be changed or adjusted to decrease or increase the capacity and efficiency of the System!1. Airflow2. Refrigerant charge

The efficiency of any system can never be higher than manufacturers performance tables;

However, the efficiency can be far less!!!!!!

Some Important Points

You must have an EPA card to open any refrigeration system.This Includes putting gauges on the system!

Page 25: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

SoHow does a rater tell if the system is operating to manufacturers performance specifications?

Temperature difference across the evaporator coil?

What should the temperature difference across the evaporator coil be?

Page 26: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

Temperature Difference Across a DX Coil

The Temperature difference across the evaporator coil is determined by the condition of the entry air.

CALCS-PLUS

However,Temperature Difference across the coil doesn’t give BTUH output.

Page 27: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

Gauges are Not Needed to Check System Performance

CALCS-PLUS

There is no reason to put gauges on a sealed system after the initial installation and commissioning unless a problem with the mechanical refrigeration circuit is suspected.

If you do not know how the system was designed to operate, there is no need to hook up gauges. The information that you will get will have no more value than the line temperature alone.

Page 28: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

The refrigerant charge can be checked very accurately without gauges using equipment we already have in our toolbox and with manufacturers performance data and charging charts.

The capacity in BTUH can be calculated determining ifthe unit is working at or near capacity with a Psychrometric chart, a digital thermometer, a digital humidity stick, and an airflow measuring devise that will accurately measure airflow across the coil.

Page 29: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

At design conditions almost all standard efficiency air conditioners operate with a 40° F evaporator coil temperature and at 125° F condensing coil temperature.

High efficiency and ultra high efficiency air conditioners operate with a 45° F evaporator coil temperature and at ?° F condensing coil temperature.

Temperature drop across a coil will vary with the latent load (humidity). The higher the humidity, the more cooling energy goes to converting water vapor (humidity) to water. The drop can fall within a range of 16° to 24°degrees with ease.

Page 30: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

To further understand checking the charge without gauges let’s work from design conditions. If indoor design conditions are 75°F the coil temperature should be 40°F. The design temperature difference is 35° F (75 – 40 = 35).

For standard efficiency systems this temperaturedifference will stay the same under all load conditions at the rated CFM. High efficiency equipment will be 30° difference.

Page 31: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Collect the DataDo the Math

Compare the Results

Three Part Process

Collect the DataMeasured Air Handler CFM _________Return DB DBr _________Return WB or RH _________Supply DB DBs _________Supply WB or RH _________Suction Line Temperature SLT _________

Do the MathΔDB across the Evaporator Coil _________Grains/Lb Difference ΔGR _________CFM x 1.1 x ΔDB = BTU/H Sensible _________CFM x .68 x ΔGR = BTU/H Latent _________Evaporator Coil Temp ECT=(DBr – 35) _________Super Heat = SLT-ECT _________Entering Air WB Temperature _________

Page 32: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Airflow Measurement MethodsPressure drop across the dry evaporator coil methodTotal external static pressure methodThe temperature rise method (Sensible heat formula)

Prior to testing any system, make sure the filters, condenser coil, evaporator coil, and blower are clean.

Verify the system airflow is within the desired range required by the manufacture.

Measured Air Handler CFM

Consult Manufacturer’s Airflow Performance Chart

If the airflow is not set correctly, the system cannot operate as designed!

Page 33: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Manufacturer's Airflow Performance Chart

Page 34: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Manufacturer's Airflow Performance Chart

Page 35: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

AirflowThe Down and Dirty

Airflow should be about 400 CFM per ton. The numbers on the manufacturer’s tag (usually) indicates the BTUH rating and can be converted to CFM. However nothing replaces Manufacturers Performance Data.

012 (12,000 Btuh) = 400 CFM018 (18,000 Btuh) = 600 CFM024 (24,000 Btuh) = 800 CFM030 (30,000 Btuh) = 1000 CFM036 (36,000 Btuh) = 1200 CFM042 (42,000 Btuh) = 1400 CFM048 (48,000 Btuh) = 1600 CFM060 (60,000 Btuh) = 2000 CFM ????????

Page 36: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Rotating Vane Anemometer

Hot Wire Anemometer

Traverse the Duct

Flow Plate

Page 37: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Measure the:Return DB (DBr) Return WB or RHSupply DB (DBs)Supply WB or RH

Cool

Air

War

m A

ir

Collect the DataMeasured Air Handler CFM __980____Return DB DBr __77°____Return WB or RH __51%___Supply DB DBs __58°____Supply WB or RH __85.7% _Suction Line TemperatureSLT _________

Page 38: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Suction Line Temperature SLT

Suction Line

Collect the DataMeasured Air Handler CFM __980____Return DB DBr __77°____Return WB or RH __51%___Supply DB DBs __58°____Supply WB or RH __85.7% _Suction Line TemperatureSLT __ 51°____

Page 39: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Do the Math

ΔDB across the Evaporator Coil __19°___

DBr – DBs = ΔDB or ΔT

Pretty Simple, Right!

Lets say the entering air is 77°FThe leaving air is 58°F

ΔDB across the Evaporator Coil ___19°___Grains/Lb Difference ΔGR _________CFM x 1.1 x ΔDB = BTU/H Sensible _________CFM x .68 x ΔGR = BTU/H Latent _________Evaporator Coil Temp ECT=(DBr – 35) _________Super Heat = SLT-ECT _________Entering Air WB Temperature _________

Collect the DataMeasured Air Handler CFM __980____Return DB DBr __77°____Return WB or RH __51%___Supply DB DBs __58°____Supply WB or RH __85.7% _Suction Line TemperatureSLT __ 51°____

Page 40: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Do the MathGrains/Lb Difference ΔGR _________

Holy Sh _ _! I have to do Psychrometrics ?????

Page 41: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

64.65 GRSpecific

Humidity

55ºF Dew Point

75ºF Dry Bulb

Designed indoor conditions of 75ºF @ 50% RH looks something like this.

13.673 Cu Ft/LB

Willis Carrier

Page 42: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Get a Computer Program!

Indoor Design Conditions

Page 43: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Mixed Air Properties

Page 44: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

ΔDB across the Evaporator Coil ___19°___Grains/Lb Difference ΔGR ___9.11 __CFM x 1.1 x ΔDB = BTU/H Sensible _________CFM x .68 x ΔGR = BTU/H Latent _________Evaporator Coil Temp ECT=(DBr – 35) _________Super Heat = SLT-ECT _________Entering Air WB Temperature ___64.5°___

Collect the DataMeasured Air Handler CFM __980____Return DB DBr __77°____Return WB or RH __51%___Supply DB DBs __58°____Supply WB or RH __85.7% _Suction Line TemperatureSLT __ 51°____

Page 45: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Do the Math

CALCS-PLUS

ΔDB x CFM x 1.1 = BTU/H Sensible _________ΔGR x CFM x .68 = BTU/H Latent _________

ΔDB across the Evaporator Coil ___19°___Grains/Lb Difference ΔGR ___9.11 __CFM x 1.1 x ΔDB = BTU/H Sensible _________CFM x .68 x ΔGR = BTU/H Latent _________Evaporator Coil Temp ECT=(DBr – 35) _________Super Heat = SLT-ECT _________Entering Air WB Temperature ___64.5°__

980 x 1.1 x 19 = 20,482 BTU/H980 x .68 x 9.11 = 6,070 BYU/HNet Output 26,552 BTU/H

20,4826,070

Page 46: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Do the Math

CALCS-PLUS

ΔDB across the Evaporator Coil ___19°___Grains/Lb Difference ΔGR ___9.11 __CFM x 1.1 x ΔDB = BTU/H Sensible _20,482 __CFM x .68 x ΔGR = BTU/H Latent __6,070__Evaporator Coil Temp ECT=(DBr – 35) ____42°__Super Heat = SLT-ECT ____51°__Entering Air WB Temperature ___64.5°__

Entering Dry Bulb (77) – 35° = 42

Evaporator Coil Temp ECT=(DBr – 35) _________

Page 47: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Compare the RESULTS

CALCS-PLUS

ΔDB across the Evaporator Coil ___19°___Grains/Lb Difference ΔGR ___9.11 __CFM x 1.1 x ΔDB = BTU/H Sensible _20,482 __CFM x .68 x ΔGR = BTU/H Latent __6,070__Evaporator Coil Temp ECT=(DBr – 35) ____42°__Super Heat = SLT-ECT ____51°__Entering Air WB Temperature ___64.5°__

Collect the DataMeasured Air Handler CFM __980____Return DB DBr __77°____Return WB or RH __51%___Supply DB DBs __58°____Supply WB or RH __85.7% _Suction Line Temperature SLT __ 51°____

With System Performance Ratings

Page 48: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI, www.ari.org) defines the standards for air-conditioning design.All equipment in the ARI directory is rated under the sameconditions.

System Performance RatingARI

ARI testing Standards:95° F Outdoor temperature80° F Indoor temperature50% Relative humidity

Page 49: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

System Performance RatingManual J Design

Manual J Design Conditions:95° F Outdoor temperature75° F Indoor temperature50% Relative humidity

Page 50: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

ΔDB across the Evaporator Coil ___19°___Grains/Lb Difference ΔGR ___9.11 __CFM x 1.1 x ΔDB = BTU/H Sensible _20,482 __CFM x .68 x ΔGR = BTU/H Latent __6,070__Evaporator Coil Temp ECT=(DBr – 35) ____42°__Super Heat = SLT-ECT ____51°__Entering Air WB Temperature ___64.5°__

Collected DataMeasured Air Handler CFM __980____Return DB DBr __77°____Return WB or RH __51%___Supply DB DBs __58°____Supply WB or RH __85.7% _Suction Line Temperature SLT __ 51°____

Page 51: HVAC Systems What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field · HVAC Systems - What the Rater Needs to Know in the Field This session provides lessons learned from field inspections of

CALCS-PLUS

Thank YouQuestions?


Rater Competency in Conducting Performance Appraisal … · rater competency in conducting the performance appraisal in a ... The theoretical model ... rater orientation to performance

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