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Hydrogen Energy for Belarus
Dr. Serguei FilatovHead of Hydrogen Power Division of Heat & Mass Transfer Institute National Academy of sciences of Belarus
EPS/IPS Meeting, Varenna 7-8 April 2008
Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler…
Energy for Belarus: today Total electricity consumption 36 TWh per year Total Heat consumption 75 MGcal Increase by 1TWh every year 95% energy – from Natural Gas (99% of NG – from
Russia)
Features: Government regulation and planning (100%) Centralization (100%) State Regulation of tariffs No energy markets No private companies on Energy Markets
Energy Balance
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2005 2010 2015 2020
mT
Gas Oil Coal
LNG Peat Wood
Hydro Nuclear Import of Electricity
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2005 2010 2015 2020
Gas Oil Coal
LNG Peat Wood
Hydro Nuclear Import of Electricity
Energy for Belarus: trends
Government program main targets:Energy security, Diversification of Sources Cover 100% of
Electricity needs by own production
Domestic resources using
Modernization of founds Investments
Nuclear Energy Renewable energy Hydrogen technology
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Inst
allat
ion
Powe
r, MW
Total BelEnergo Peak
Electrical and Heat Consumption
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Ele
ctric
al c
onsu
mtio
n, T
Wh
Total BelEnergo
0
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20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010H
eat C
onsu
mpt
ion,
Tca
l
Total BelEnergo Heat Power Station
Domestic resources: potential and use
Oil, Mt
0
10
20
30
40
50
Oil,
Mt
Oil, Mt 1.67 1.65 1.63 1.6 1.58
2006 2007 2008 2009 20100
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Gas
, Mm
3
Gas, Mm3 241 236 230 225 220
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Domestic resources: potential and use
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Win
d, M
Wh
Wind, Mwh 3.04 3.94 6.62 6.62 6.62
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Private WindPower 0.6 MW (Zanaroch)
Potential - 7GW?5MW for 2010
Domestic resources: potential and use
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Bio
Die
sel,
kt
BioDiesel,ktFe
0 0.5 4.9 9.9 14.8
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Potential - 1Mt
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Wood a
nd p
elet
te, M
t
Wood, Mt 2.08 2.32 2.57 2.82 3.06
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Domestic resources: potential and use
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Hyd
ro, M
W
Hydro,Mwh 36 120 227 327 390
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Power for Belarus: Nuclear trends Belarus surrounds by NPP (Smolensk NPP, Ignalina NPP,
Chernobyl NPP, etc.)Belarus was prepared infrastructure for domestic NPP in 1980 (so called Minsk NPP –TEC5) but then change project to NGPP (Natural Gas Power Plant)
Academician Krasin A.K. was headed Nuclear Energy Program for Belarus and organized: Academician Institute of Nuclear Problem (“Sosny”) Chair of nuclear physics at Belarus State university Laboratory of Hydrogen Power at Heat Mass
Transfer Institute (ITMO) Belarus support NPP (70% population)
Power for Belarus: Nuclear HistoryMain targets of Belarus Nuclear Research during 1970-80:
Investigation on Experimental Nuclear Reactor Design of mobile NPP (Nuclear Train) Design of Novell High Temperature Thermal Fluid for
Nuclear Reactor Preparation of Domestic Specialists for NPP
After Nuclear Disaster at Chernobyl NPP and SU crash research was reduced:
we lost priority and specialists we save research base
Power for Belarus: critical dates
2007-2008 preparation and Law regulation
2009-2010 Start of building
2015 1-st NPP reactor 1000 MW
2020 2-nd NPP reactor 1000 MW
Power for Belarus: Selection of reactor
SAFETY and ECONOMY:2-nd (PWR, BWR, Candy) or 3-d generation (BWR Siemens, EPR Framatome) reactor type?
Comparison of price between EU and Russia’s reactors don’t give answers – what is better
Nuclear waste – real problem for small economy
Long time dependence from Nuclear fuel source
Energy Saving Belarus: 2007-2012 Belarus signature Kioto’s protocols in 2005 New Law of Renewable energy sources Reduce Green Houses Gases – 12 mln ton CO2 to 2010 Reduce Green Houses Gases production up to 8% from
1990 year level Energy audits of Large Plants Standardization and laws regulation
Energy saving Belarus: 2007-2010 Renewable energy using Domestic energy using Industry waste using (flammable waste) Decentralization of house heating systems Gas Infrared heaters for houses Wide Heat pumps using Water saving systems
Water pumps changes
Energy for Belarus: Programs
State Program for energy savings Regional Programs for energy savings State program for domestic energy sources (25%
from total energy needs to 2012 year) State Program for modernization of energy
equipment and domestic energy use Special programs for mini Heat Power Station
development Special program for Country Hoses Heating
optimization Special program for production of energy effective
equipment Special Program for reducing of local heat stations
Energy for Belarus: Targets 2010
Reduce energy consumption up to 31% Renewable and Domestic Fuel using ( up to 22.5%
or 460 000 ton in 2007) New Electrical Generations for 350 MW (64.4 Mw
in 2007) Total investments – 4 658,7 mln USD
(933 in 2008, 1025 in 2009, 1212 in 2010)
Energy for Belarus: future
Today Natural Gas (>90%), Oil, Coal, Wood (pelette) Strong centralization
Tomorrow Nuclear Power Plant, Gasification of coal, wood Renewable energy, Liberalization, hydrogen
transport (cars and railways) After tomorrow
Nuclear-Hydrogen Economy, SOFC and SOEC, SynGas production and network distribution
Resources: 2005 vs 2020
Oil; 5.7Coal; 0.5
Wood+peat; 6.9
Natural Gas; 84.1 Other; 0.5
Biomass; 1.8
Hydro+Wind; 2.2
Oil; 4.3
Coal; 0.6
Wood+peat; 14.9
Nuclear; 15.2Hydro+Wind; 2.5
Natural Gas; 60.5
Other; 0.3
Biomass; 1.8
Hydrogen Energy for Belarus: why? Ecology Clean High Effective Scalable Locale
Decrease gas consumption
Renewable friendly by gasification any kind of fuel and low potential source support
In future – supported by NPP (night time overproduction)
Hydrogen EnergyHydrogen Energy
High effective: Hydrogen technology based of Fuel Cell for direct transformation from chemical energy of molecules to electricity and heat energy (90-95%)
Clean and Efficient: Fuel cells reduce urban air pollution, decrease oil imports, reduce the trade deficit produce new jobs.
Renewable Sources: Fuel cells can run on hydrogen derived from a renewable source
Energy Security: Energy dependence is higher today than it was during the "oil shock" ofthe 1970s, and oil and gas imports
are projected to increase. New World Markets: The current market for fuel cells is
about $2 billion and will reaching $7 billion by 2009, according to studies by the Business Communications
Company.
Hydrogen Energy Research in BelarusHydrogen Energy Research in Belarus
1971 Hydrogen Energy research start in Minsk by academician A.K. Krasin in laboratory
of Institute of Nuclear Energy of Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Research was concerned with hydrogen and oxygen production by nuclear reactors power.
1977 Hydrogen Energy Laboratory continue research in Heat and Mass Transfer Institute (HMTI) in collaboration with academician B.M.Smolsky
2002 Re-establishment of Hydrogen Energy Laboratory in HMTI
2003 Hydrogen Energy Program start under the guidance of Acad. Sergey Jdanok
2005 Second Hydrogen Energy Program start 2010 National Hydrogen Program …
Hydrogen Energy Program 2003-2005Hydrogen Energy Program 2003-2005
Head organization: Heat and Mass Transfer Institute of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Projects: 42Participants: 13 Academician Institutes 6 UniversitiesCommon staff: 325 researchers
Hydrogen Energy Program 2003-2005Hydrogen Energy Program 2003-2005
Fundamental research
Hydrogen production research
Hydrogen storage and transportation
Development of Fuel Cells Hydrogen Economy
basement development
Syngas production
H2 production
Mirobiological H2
Electrolyses
H2 storage
H2 engine
PEM FC
SOFC
Fuel Processor
Metrology
Hydrogen Energy Program 2003-2005Hydrogen Energy Program 2003-2005
Syngas (H2+CO): Syngas from biomass, methane and coal, partial oxidation reactors,syngas membrane purification
Fuel processors: plasma processor, partial oxidation
H2 production: microbiology reactors, welding generators, pulse electrolyses, plasma
Fuel cells: PEM FC, DMFC, SOFC, novel nano electrocatalyst for FC
H2 storage: Metal hydride storageH2 utilization: H2 engine, residence, FC car
prototype
Hydrogen Energy Program 2006-2010Hydrogen Energy Program 2006-2010
Head organization: Heat and Mass Transfer Institute of National Academy of Sciences of
Belarus
Projects: 28Participants: 8 Academician Institutes 5 Universities
2 Research InstitutesCommon staff: 269 researchers
Hydrogen Energy Program 2006-2010Hydrogen Energy Program 2006-2010
Applied and fundamental research
Hydrogen production Hydrogen Storage and
transportation Fuel Cell development Syngas production
H2 production
Electrolyses
H2 storage
H2 engine
PEM FC
SOFC
Fuel Processor
Metrology
Hydrogen Energy Program 2006-2010Hydrogen Energy Program 2006-2010
Syngas (H2+CO): Syngas from biomass, partial oxidation reactors,syngas membrane purification
Fuel processors: plasma processor, partial oxidation
H2 production: high temperature steam unit,solar electrolyses, welding generatorpulse electrolyses, plasma
Fuel cells: PEM FC, DMFC, SOFC, novel nano electrocatalyst for FC
H2 storage: Metal hydride, carbon MWNT, nano materials
H2 utilization: engine, residence, FC car prototype
Hydrogen Energy Program 2006-2010Hydrogen Energy Program 2006-2010
Targets:Targets: Hydrogen and SynGas Hydrogen and SynGas production production Hydrogen Hydrogen accumulation and Storage accumulation and Storage PEM PEM and SOFC FC productionand SOFC FC production
Key features:Key features: New technology technology
Novel materialsNovel materials
Nano catalystNano catalyst
EU and World wide EU and World wide cooperationcooperation
Hydrogen FC roadmap
2005 R&D programs 2008 Start of commercialization 2009 SynGas Demo (Belarus) 2010 Start of PEM FC Pilot Plants (Belarus,
Shandon China) 2012 Start of SOFC Pilot Plant (Monolit,
Vitebsk)Start of Functional Carbon Nanotube Plant
2015 Start of DMFC Pilot Plant (Belarus, PlugPower ?)
2020 SOEC HT Demo (Belarus in cooperation with Russia)
Hydrogen FC roadmap
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2005 2010 2015 2020
PEM FC (1-10 kW) PEM FC (<200W) SOFC(1-100 W)к Price, kW
Hydrogen R&D
Details:
Hydrogen Energy: hydrogen reach fuelHydrogen Energy: hydrogen reach fuel design and testdesign and test
Direct using of Hydrogen in Direct using of Hydrogen in EnginesEngines
Hydrogen reach fuel and fuel processors for gasoline engine:
addition of syngas or hydrogen increase power
Hydrogen Energy: hydrogen reach Hydrogen Energy: hydrogen reach fuel burn studyfuel burn study
Sterling Engine for Hydrogen reach fuel and Sterling Engine for Hydrogen reach fuel and field applicationfield application
Sterling Engine for Sterling Engine for Hydrogen reach Hydrogen reach fuel can be fuel can be extremely useful extremely useful for syngas for syngas produced from produced from biomass and for biomass and for microenginemicroengine
Hydrogen Energy: Research of Hydrogen Hydrogen Energy: Research of Hydrogen detonation phenomena (Shock waves in detonation phenomena (Shock waves in Hydrogen and hydrogen reach fuels)Hydrogen and hydrogen reach fuels)
0 10 20 30 40
0
1
2
3
4
5
- давление - плотность
,
давление
атм
, время мс
Hydrogen Energy: Research of Hydrogen Hydrogen Energy: Research of Hydrogen reach fuels detonation phenomena (Shock reach fuels detonation phenomena (Shock waves in Hydrogen and hydrogen reach waves in Hydrogen and hydrogen reach fuels)fuels)
Hydrogen Energy: Research of Hydrogen Hydrogen Energy: Research of Hydrogen rich fuels detonation phenomena and safety rich fuels detonation phenomena and safety problemsproblems
High temperature Syngas reactor for High temperature Syngas reactor for industry applicationindustry application
3
Н2
О
+3СОН2
Н2
ОСН4
3
2
1
Не950оС
350о
С5
6
6
~6
4
~6
3
1-high temperature reactor , 2 –owen, 3 –heat exchange unit, 4 – methane reactor , 5 –exchange unit, 6 – steam turbine
SynGas reactors for production Hydrogen by Particular Oxidation Collaboration research with
AirLiquide Scalable production from
of Syngas from 1 to 100O m3/h
1243
5
4 +½ 2 СН О4 +½ 2 СН О →→ + 2 2СО Н + 2 2СО Н
New catalyst materials (Ni, Ru based) on Al2O3 or Zr
Hydrogen Energy: hydrogen Hydrogen Energy: hydrogen production by methane burning in production by methane burning in porous mediaporous media
Industrial Infrared Heaters for syngas and flammable waste gas
Industrial Infrared Heaters for syngas and flammable waste gas
Hydrogen Energy: hydrogen (syngas) Hydrogen Energy: hydrogen (syngas) production from biomass and wasteproduction from biomass and waste
4 + 2 СН Н О4 + 2 СН Н О →→ + 3 2 СО Н + 3 2 СО Н
Syngas production by gasification of biomass (wood pellets)
Hydrogen Energy: hydrogen production by Hydrogen Energy: hydrogen production by bacteria’s and microorganism bacteria’s and microorganism
19,528,595,0Methanogenium sp. 12ПН
Methanogenium, 13
35,045,5115,0Rhodobacter sp. 11ПН
Rhodobacter, 13
13,520,195,0Enterobacter sp. 10ПН
17,128,390,0Enterobacter sp. 4ПНEnterobacter
, 12
2,04,290,0Pseudomonas sp. 7ПН
3,36,775,0Pseudomonas sp. 3ПН
2,45,083,0Pseudomonas sp. 2ПНPseudomona
s, 14
2,110,040,0Bacillus sp. 9ПН
3,012,155,0Bacillus sp. 5ПН
5,514,470,0Bacillus sp. 1ПН
Bacillus, 65
10,021,130,0Azotobacter sp. 8ПН
6,918,015,0Azotobacter sp. 6ПНAzotobacter,
73
72 h24 h
h2, %H2 production mmol/100
mmol glucose
selectedmicroorganism
Hydrogen Energy: NGAE technology Hydrogen Energy: NGAE technology realization (natural gas assist electrolyses) realization (natural gas assist electrolyses) like HotElly project (Germany)like HotElly project (Germany)
Design of electrode materials (in cooperation with New Materials Institute, China)
Hydrogen Energy: SOFC electrolyte Plasma coating Hydrogen Energy: SOFC electrolyte Plasma coating designdesign ( (La0.5Sr0.5MnO3-δ) ((La00,8Sr0,2)0,98MnO3 (LSM), ZrO2-12 % Y2O3 (YSZ)
Hydrogen Energy: PEM FC: simulation, Hydrogen Energy: PEM FC: simulation, design and test of Hydrogen-Air and Direct design and test of Hydrogen-Air and Direct Methanol Fuel CellsMethanol Fuel Cells
T = 70 - 90 °C
Anode Cathode
Bipolar plates(current collector + distributor forreactants)
PEM(200 µm)
Diffusion Layers(100 µm)
Catalytically Active Layers (10 µm)
H+
CH3OH/H2O
CH3OH/H2O/CO2 Air / H2O
Air (O2/N2)
e- e-
CO2 H2O
T = 70 - 90 °C
Anode Cathode
Bipolar plates(current collector + distributor forreactants)
PEM(200 µm)
Diffusion Layers(100 µm)
Catalytically Active Layers (10 µm)
H+
CH3OH/H2O
CH3OH/H2O/CO2 Air / H2O
Air (O2/N2)
e- e-
CO2 H2O
FC FC 22D simulation (QuickField) and D simulation (QuickField) and study of Hydrogen to metal study of Hydrogen to metal interractioninterraction
Деформация
xx
0.02301
0.02014
0.01727
0.01439
0.01152
0.00865
0.00578
0.00291
0.00003
-0.00284
-0.00571
ТемператураT ( )К
55.30
51.74
48.18
44.62
41.06
37.50
33.94
30.38
26.82
23.26
19.70
FC 3D simulationFC 3D simulation(0.8 (0.8 , 0.6 and , 0.6 and 00.2 .2 / 2)А см/ 2)А см
PEM FC IR tests and Thermal PEM FC IR tests and Thermal optimizationoptimization
Hydrogen Energy: PEM FC bipolar electrode coating Hydrogen Energy: PEM FC bipolar electrode coating by Ni and carbon nanotubesby Ni and carbon nanotubes
0,00
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,10
0,12
0,14
Ram
an in
tensity
1000 2000 3000 Raman shift (cm-1)
Hydrogen Energy: CVD reactor for carbon Hydrogen Energy: CVD reactor for carbon nanotubes growth:nanotubes growth:installation, carbon reach gas distribution, installation, carbon reach gas distribution, temperature distributiontemperature distribution
Hydrogen Energy: FC and Storage Materials Hydrogen Energy: FC and Storage Materials nanosciencenanoscience
Hydrogen Energy: carbon nanotubes based Hydrogen Energy: carbon nanotubes based nanocatalysts on soluble supportnanocatalysts on soluble support
Hydrogen Energy: CVD reactor for DLC growthHydrogen Energy: CVD reactor for DLC growth
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
Ram
an in
tensi
ty
1000 2000 3000 Raman shift (cm-1)
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
I n t
1000
2000
3000
Raman shift (cm-1)
Hydrogen Energy: carbon nanotubes with Hydrogen Energy: carbon nanotubes with Pd/Ru catalyst for FC Raman StudyPd/Ru catalyst for FC Raman Study
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
Ram
an in
tensi
ty
1000 2000 Raman shift (cm-1)
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,10
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
Ram
an in
tensi
ty
1000 2000 Raman shift (cm-1)
Nanocatalyst study by thermal, spectral, microscopy Nanocatalyst study by thermal, spectral, microscopy methodsmethods
Hydrogen Energy: PEM FC catalyst study by Hydrogen Energy: PEM FC catalyst study by Atomic Force MicroscopyAtomic Force Microscopy
Hydrogen Energy: FC vehicle design Hydrogen Energy: FC vehicle design
Hydrogen Energy: H2 storage in metal Hydrogen Energy: H2 storage in metal hydride accumulator hydride accumulator
Modular FC Power Station Design
Ste
am
p
rod
ucti
on R
efo
rmer
CO-conversion and minimization
HT LT SelOx
Multi fuelpore burner
water
air
Desu
lfu
ruzati
on
Nat. gas
compressor humidifier
Residual gas recycling
Storage tank/Heat sink
AC
/DC
-In
vert
er
con
dit
ion
ing
Fu
el
Cell
Sta
ck
∼
Hydrogen Energy: H2 on demand Hydrogen Energy: H2 on demand
Storage in Chemical Hydrides: Hydrogen storage in light metal hydrides Distributed energy and transport,
microscale FC
NaBH4 NaBO2 H2H2O
Catalyst
New Materials
A novel chemical-
electrochemical process to
reform sodium borohydride from sodium
borate
Hydrogen Energy: Scientific activityHydrogen Energy: Scientific activity
Energy Application: Distributed generation of heat and electrical power, renewable recourses, security
Petrochemical Activity:New technology for H2 productionand syngas mass scale production
Physical problems: Simulation of fuel cells (PEM FC, DMFC, SOFC)
Development and optimization of FC New material for hydrogen storageSafe methods for hydrogen usage design Purification system for hydrogen reach
gasesCVD technology for carbon nanomaterials Study of heat and mass transfer in FCNon FC Utilization technology
New functional material for FC application: Novel catalyst for FC design and test
Nanocatalyst material and functional coating technology electrode design
Hydrogen Energy: Hydrogen Energy: Governmental Governmental SupportSupport
Recognise benefits of hydrogen and its role in
economy Fund a wider range of R&D activities supporting
syngas and hydrogen production Support collaborative research activities Propose long term integrated vision Develop technology roadmaps Support regulatory studies on issues associated
with hydrogen generation, storage and fuel cells
Hydrogen Energy: World wide Hydrogen Energy: World wide collaborationcollaborationWe collaborate with: Russian Academy of Sciences,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Institute of electrochemystry
and energy systems)Taras Shevchenko Kyiv
University, UkrainPoland Academy Institute of
power machine (Gdansk)AirLiquide (France)China Academy of sciences
(Institute of new materials, )South Korea KAIST, Sweden Institute of Standards General Electric (USA)more than 12 Universities in Europe
and Russia
We are establish National Contact point for 7-th FW NCP (National Contact Point) for FP7 in Energy and
nanotechnology Projects
Hydrogen Energy: FP 7 collaborationHydrogen Energy: FP 7 collaboration
2007 Heat Mass Transfer Institute of National Academy of sciences of
Belarus selected as NCP (National Contact Point) for FP7 in
Energy and nanotechnology Projects 2008 Energy Center created on base of
HMTI
Hydrogen Energy: proposals for Hydrogen Energy: proposals for collaborationcollaboration
Joint Research Program Establishment of Joint Research Center for hydrogen technology
commercialization Exchange program for researchers, students, and PhDs with EU
Hydrogen Energy: collaboration for Hydrogen Energy: collaboration for successsuccess
Thank you for attention
H2 Production via Nuclear Power Electrolysis
For reactor systems with high outlet temp (700-900oC) this could replace some of demands on electrical energy requirements with thermal energy.
This would improve the efficiency and reduce production cost Steam Reforming Process
Requirements on natural gas can be significantly reduced by using nuclear heat
Thermochemical Cycles
Production of hydrogen without generation of CO2
Potential for long term low stable cost
