I. General Concepts of Cellular Respiration

A. Glucose bonds are broken apart.

O

CH2OH

OH

OHOHOH

HH

H

H

CO2

Where Does it Go?

“Metabolic water”

Bonds

(Electrons)

ADP Phosphate

ATP

Lungs

H2O

Glucose bonds are “exchanged” for ATP bonds

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

B. As bonds are broken, electrons must be released “gradually” to

maximize the amount of usable energy extracted from the glucose

C. Electron transfers are called Oxidation / Reduction (Redox) reactions

X e- + Y YX +X was oxidized (Lost electrons / lost energy)

Y was reduced (gained electrons / gained energy)

D. Enzymes control each step by step breakdown of glucose 1. Decarboxylase – removes a carbon atom

2. Kinases - Transfer phosphates with the help of ATP 3. Dehydrogenase – Removes a hydrogen 4. Isomerase - change from one isomer to another

Steps of Glycolysis

Part #1 The Investment Phase

Energy must be added to glucose

Why?Glucose is a stable molecule and the energy of activation must be reached in order to start the reaction

How?

ATP needs to be added to start the reaction

Glucose

ATP

ADPGlucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

What kind of enzyme?

ATP

ADPFructose 1,6 biphosphate

What kind of enzyme?

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Glycerolaldehyde-3-phosphate – G3P

PGAL

Fructose 1-6-biphosphate is “cleaved” forming two isomers50% 50%

What kind of enzyme?

PGAL

Inorganic Phosphate

Part #2 Energy Payoff Phase

H

NAD+

NADH

Name of enzyme?

ADP

ATP

ADP

ATPSubstrate Level Phosphorylation

Substrate Level

Phosphorylation

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

PGA

Pyruvic Acid

Name of enzyme?

Glycolysis Totals

ATP =

(1 Glucose = 2 Pyruvates)

2 X 2 = 4 made

NADH =

- 2 used

2 net

1 X 2 = 2

09-09-Glycolysis.mov

Glucose Song

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

ATP made by direct transfer of a phosphate to ADP from a substrate

by an enzyme

Hydrogen Carriers can: 1. Pick up one free hydrogen 2. Pick up 2 high energy electrons 3. Cause the release of a Hydrogen Ion 4. Release 2 high energy electrons to the ETC

Nicotinamide Adenosine Dinucleotide

Electrons carried to the ETC

(Baggage)

(Passengers)(No place to sit)

Niacin

(Vitamin B3)

Slide 9

Dropped off at ETC

Slide 5

Glucose, GlucoseWritten by Jeff Barry and Andy Kim; Scientific lyrics by Greg Crowther Greg: keyboard, tambourine, clapsLori DeGloria: backing vocals Gretchen Ludwig: backing vocals Do: acoustic guitar, bass, drum programming, clapsKirk L. Van Scoyoc: lead vocals

From the blood-borne substrate pool. Cause I need you for glycolysis.

(For you, they'll open the door.)

When my predators are chasing me. 'Cause I need you for glycolysis.

I just can't believe the way my muscles break you down.

A few more seconds and I'll be rigor mortis-bound.

Your sweet is turning sour, baby.

I'm gonna make your muscles ache.

Yes, I'm swimming in lactate, baby. I'm drowning in lactate, baby.

I'm swimming in lactate, baby.

I used you up and you left me flat; Now I'll have to get my kicks from fat.

The honeymoon is over now. The honeymoon is over now.

(To up regulate GLUT4).

-- ah, sugar sugar -- You are my favorite fuel

Glucose -- You're sweeter than a woman's kiss

I just can't believe the way my muscles take you in.

All it takes is a little bit of insulin

Ah, glucose You help me make ATP

you're an aldehyde sugar, And you're sweeter than a woman's kiss

(My glycogen is almost gone.)

(Acidosis done me wrong.)

I'm losing all my power, baby.

I'm swimming in lactate, baby.

I'm gonna make your muscles ache.

ah, sugar sugar --

Oh, glucose, glucose, sugar, sugar,

No, no, no!

No, no, no!

Glucose

-- monosaccharide sugar

-- ah, sugar sugar --

Ah, glucose --

Ah, glucose --

Mike B