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K :1956(P a r t iI ) -1976(Re@irmcd 1993jIndian Standard ~eati,rme,,,8)

GLOSSARY OF TERMSRELATING TQ IRON AND STEEL

PART II STEEL MAKING(First Revision )

Four[h Reprint MARCH 1998

UDC 669.18:001.4

@Co/)yrighf 1976lIUREA II OF INDIAN ST A!SDARDSMANPX BIIAV.AN, 9 BAi IADUR SliAH ZAFAR MARC ~

NEW DELlii 110002

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ifhi956(P~rt11)~1976(Reaflinned 1903)I ndian St andard

GLOSSARY OF TERMSRELATING TO IRON AND STEEL

PART II STEEL MAKING( Fi rst Rev i si on

Metal Standards Sectional Commhx, SMDC 1c%ainnan RqmdfIgA. K. B~~A~~CISARYYA Mill&y of RailwayrM8mb8rs

J OINTDIRECTOR(M & C)ASSISTANTIRECIUR ( MS ) 1Al&malts to Shri A. K. BhattacharyyaSiinr M. ANJANBYIJLIJ Ming and Allied Machinery Corporation Ltd,&RI N. V. RAOHAVAN A&ma& ) DiiqppurDRA.S.BHADIJRI Nation&l Tat House, Glcutta

SHRI . D.BHUP~ANI Indian Tube Co Ltd, CalcuttaSHRl0. N. AOARWAL Al&mau)&RI P. K. CXWRRAVARIYSXRIM. C. K The Tata 1~ 6 Sreel Co Ltd, J amshedpurvyAllAIwAyy (&r+)Hu&utaa S&l Ltd, RanchiHRIG. CHA~JEESHRIK. C SON ( )SHRl .K. CriA~ERjERSHRI . V.CIUNN~~PPASHRIN. S. GIAUDXARY

SHRl J . S. Satw ( durmolr )Sxsu B. N. DM

Ministry of Mence ( DGI )International Nickel (Indii) Pvt Ltd, BombayInwumentation Ltd, KotaNational Metallurgical Labotatwy (CSIR 1,Mi~~%%nce ( R & D )Diiratc General of Sup lii h DiisalrSHN N. T. GILOR=SEIRX.K. Gum

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( Inspection Wig ), New ,&iHeavy Engineering Corporation Ltd, RancidIndian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, BurnpurBharat Heavy Electric& Ltd, BhopalIndian Alum&urn Co Ltd, Calcutta.

@ Cb&rigkt 1976BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Tbis publi&ion is protected under the Indian d@right Act (nprodw~ in whole or in-part by any meana acept with writpubli&a &all be deeawd to be an i&qgement of copyright

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IS:1956 (PartI) -1976I ndi an St andard

GLOSSARY OF TERMSRELATING TO IRON AND STEEL

PART II STEEL MAKING( Fi rst Rev i si on0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part I I ) ( First Revision ) was adopted by theIndian Standards Institution on 10 February 1976, after the draft finalizedby the Metal Standards Sectional Committee had been approved by theStructural and Metals Division Council. I0.2 This standard was 6rst published in 1962. As a result of experiencegained during these years, certain modifications have been made in some ofthe meanings of the various erms. The Sectional Committee, while issuingthis revision, felt it desirable to issue the standard in separate parts. Otherparts in the series are as fdllows:Part I General metallurgy, heat treatment and testing

Part I I I Hot rolled steel products ( excluding sheet and strip )Part IV Steel sheet and stripPart v Bright steel bar and steel wirePart VI Forging ( including drop foxging )Part VI I Wrought ironPart VI I I Steel tubes and pipes

0.3 This standard has been prepared for the guidance of the manufacturersand users to assist them in .the uniform interpretation of the common termsused in the iron and steel industry.1. SCOPE1.1 This standard ( Part I I ) covers definitions of the terms commonly usedin the field of steel making.2.0 DEFINITIONS2.1 Add Bottom - Furnace bottom ( that is, hearth ) of a melting furnacemade of acid refractory ciuch as silica bricks.

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mr1956(PartU)-19762.2 Acid Process - A steel making process in which steel is refined underan acid slag in an acid refractory lined furnace or convertor.2.3 Acid Refractory- A refractory material, acidic in chemical composi-tion and containing high proportion of silica, that is, silica sand andganister.2.4 Acid Steel - Steel made by acid process.2.5 After Blow .- The final stage of refming in the basic Bessemer processin which phosphorus is eliminated.2.6 Alloying Element - An element ( a metal or non-metal ) addeddeliberately to another metal to modify its mechanical and or physicalproperties.2.7 Alloy Steel - A steel containing one or more alloying elements asa result of which it develops specific characteristics ( SBCS : 75981974*).2.8 Alumina - Aluminium axidc ( AlsOs ), a common constituent of manyrefractory materials used in steel making.2.9 Arc Process - Stt 2.74.2.10 Balanced Steel ( Semi-killed and Semi-rimmed Steel ) - Steel towhich controlled amounts of deoxjdizcrs have been added in the liquid stageduring tapping and teeming, the object being to reduce the severity ofpiping.This steel is intermediate between killed and rimming~ types.2.11 Basal Crack - A crack in the ingot base caused by restriction to freecontraction during solidification.2.12 Basic Oxygen Furnace ( BOF ) - Basic oxygen furnace or furnaces isanother name, used generally in USA, for LD convertors.2.13 Basic Oxygen Process- Basicoxygen process is another namegenerally used for the LD prm and sometimes used to denote basicoxygen processes which include the whole family of steel making processescarried out in basic lined furnaces where oxygen is used for removing theimpurities.2.14 Basic Process - A steel making process in which steel is refinedunder a basic slag in a basic refractory lined furnace or convertor.2.15 Basic Refractory - A refractory material basic in chemicalcomposition, and containing high amotmts of such oxides as lime andmagnesia, for example, calcined dolomite or magnesite.2.16 B+dc Steel - Steel made by the basic procs

*cla&eation of &eel.4

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IS:1956(PartII)-19762.17 Bath Sample ( Spoon Sample ) - A sample taken from molten steelin the furnace, for estimation and analysis of constituents.2.18 Bessemer Process - A steel making process in tihich pig ironis refined in an acid refractory lined converter by blowing air, or mixture ofair, carbon diotiide and oxygen or steam through the molten metal. Thebasic process is known as Thomas process ( see 2.196 ) .2.19 Bessemer Steel - Steel made bj %Q% essemer process.2.20 Bleeding - Escape of liquid steel thrbugh the bursting of the shell of a .partly solidified ingot due to build up of pressure inside the solidifying mass,or escape of liquid from the core of an ingot, withdrawn from the mouldbefore it .has solidified sufficiently.2.21 Blow - In a Bessemer or other convertor, one complete cycle ofoperations.NOTE- In Bessemer process, a product of a siogkv charge, that is a cast, ia alsoknown as a blow. _ ...)2.22 Blow Hole ( Gas Cavity ) - Cavities in solid steel formed by entrap-1 ped gas bubbles during solidification.2.23 Blown Ingot - An ingot with pronounced blow holes.2.24 Blown Metal- Liquid pig iron which has been subjected to blowingin the converter, as a result of which the iron is refined to the degreedepending on requirement. Blown metal is made into steel by addition ofelements as required.2.25 Boil - A particular stage of open-hearth steel making or puddling of:wrought iron corresponding to the evolution of carbon monoxide gas, as aresult of which the molten steel bath appears like a boiling liquid.2.26 Bottom Casting ( Trumpet Casting, UphiN Casting ) - Simul-taneous &sting of a number of ingots by pouring the metal into a centralrefractory-lined tube or trumpet, whence it flows through refractory runnersinto the bottom of the moulds.

2.27 Bottom Fash ( Bottom Flash, Bottom Fin ) - A layer of met&l inthe space between the base of the mould and the bottom plate which /is attached to the ingot. Similarly a layer of metal may be formed at thetop, in the space between the mould and the refractory lined hot top, thelayer of metal formed being called top flash.2.28 Bottom Fin -See 2.27.2.29 Bottom Flash - See2.27.2,30 Bottom Shell - See2.32.

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2.31 Bottom Plate ( Bottom Stool ) -A cast iron plate of suitable size,on which the bottom of the mould ( which is open at both ends ) sits. Thisplate may be recessed or refractory lined.2.32 Bottom Splarh ( Bottom Shell )-The splash of metal soliriifirinnon the bottom portion of a mould, and later engulfed in the rising columnof liquid steel, and arises from the impact of the liquid steel on the bottomplate in initial stages of teeming.233 Bottom Stool - See 2.31.2.34 cubon Steel - An unalloyed steel ( see IS : 7596-1974. ).2.35 Capped Steel - It is a rimming steel in which the depth of the rimis controlled by arresting the rimming action, at the appropriate time. Therimming action can be arrested mechanically by putting a heavy steel plateon the top of the surf&e of the ingot ( mechanical capping ), or can bestopped by killing by the addition ofdeox#zexs on the ingot top (chemicalcapping ). The rimming action can alao be stopped by spraying water onthe top of the ingot ( Jee ufso 2.138 ).2.36 Camt ( Heat or Melt )- Usually the product of a single furnacecharge. Sometimes the &rnacecontents are tapped into two or more ladleswhen the product ofeach ladle may be called a separate cast.

N&z-InthcBmaner proccu,rcutirdnoknownu ablow.2.37 Cardng -Pouring or teeming molten metal into moulds. This alsorefers to metal objects so produced ( so alro 2.132 ).2.38 Cam&g Ladle -A refractory lined receptacle in which liquid steelis received from the furnace for teeming purpose.239 C@i&Ig Shrinkqe- Contraction of a casting during solidificationand subsequent cooling to ambient temperature.2.46 Gist Steel - The term is used for steel castings.2.41 CauIiHower Top- Ingot top, characterized by numerous bulges( like a cauliflower ) found in smu-killed/rimming steel ingots. This iscaused by the bleeding of metals, when ithas reached a mushy stage.2.42 Cementation - Impregnation of high grade wrought iron withcarbon for producing bhstir bar, by heating in contact with charcoal.Cemented bar thus produced is also called blister bar aa the surface iscovered with blisters. These bars were once used for making crucible steel.2.43 Charge - Materials charged in a furnace for producing steel.l aui6cation oftkcls.

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lS:1956@artll)-19762.44 Charger - Sti 2.47,2.45 ch=@lS bsket - $86 .49.2.46 Chaqing Box ( ch8rgiag BP&et ) - Cast or fabricated steel orcast iron box used for charging material in steel making furnace. Chargingbasket is fabricated with a false bottom steel container for charging scrapin electric furnace.2.47 Chargiog Machine ( Charger) - A ground or overhead travell-ing machine used for charging scrap in the steel making furnace such asopen hearth.2.48 Chromita - A neutral &ctory which is a double oxide of chromiumand iron. The term is also used for a mineral containing chromic oxideand iron oxide.2.49 Cinder Pot - Sss 2.179.2.59 Clink -A rupture.( internal or external ) in ingot, bloom, billet, slabs,etc, caused by thermal stresses.2.51 CLU Procemm - Creusot Loire ( France ) and Uddelhohn ( Sweden )have developed a recess of stainless steel manufacture whereby oxygen isintroduced throug E the convertor bottom within a peripheral shield of acoolant like steam, carbon dioxide, etc.2.52 Cold Me-1 Proeemm - A process of steel marking using wholly coldmetal charge.2.53 Cold Shut ( Tegsding Arrest ) - An ingot or casting defect resultingfrom interrupted ftow or metal during pouring, causing a discontinuity in theskin. .2.54 Contraction Cavity -A cavity formed in an ingot as a resultof contraction during solidi6catiOn. Also referred to as shrinkage cavity 0Iipipe usually locat;ed in the hot-top region of killed steel ( SCIalso 2.136 ).2.55 Convertor - The pear shaped refractory lined ( acid or baga 2in which, the pneumatic steel makmg procaes are ctied out.is mounted suitably for tilting for introducing the liquid metal and takingout the blown metal. The air, oxygen, carbon dioxide; steanl or a mixtureof these, is blown through a detachable bottom, side or top.2.56 Crack - A discontin& in a material ( see 2.11 and 2.83 ).2.57 Crazing ( 89rtice Crazing ) 7 Markings on ingot or ingot mouldsurface in thii form of 0 ~t%worlr, in a mosaic pattern giving the appearanceof crocodile skin.

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IS t 1956 ( Part II ) - 19762.58 Crucible Process -A steel making process in which the charge,generally small ( roughly 20 to 25 kg ), is melted in a crucible for theproduction of very high quality steel out of contact with fuel. The product,known as crucible steel, is used for making tool steels.2.59 Crucible Steel - Steel made by the crucible process.2.60 Dead Steel - A steel which is quite in the mould after the teemingis completed. This steel is fully deoxidized.2.61 Deom3datioa -fieduction of oxygen content of the finished liquidsteel by adding deoxidizers in the bath, in ladles or in the moulds.2.62 Deoxidizer8 - Substance having a high affinity for oxygen used forfinishing steel ( SWalso 2.80 ).2.69 Dephosphorisation - The process ofreduction of phosphorus to thedesired extent in steel making processes.2.64 Deme8m ag ( Sar6ag ) A The removal of surfhce defects fromingots or sem%nished products by an oxy-gas flame.2.65 Demulphuriution -The process of reduction of sulphur to thedesired extent in steel makiug processes.2.66 Direct Castiag ( Top Poariog ) - Direct pouring of ingots or cast-ings from ladle, that is, without using any refractory reservoir or tundish,in between.2.67 Discard -Those portions corresponding to the top and bottom ofthe ingot which are removed to ensure that the remainder of the materialis of satisfactory quality. Also defective material produced in rollingor forging, to be cut from one orbob ends of the semr-6nished or finishedproduct.2.68 Dolomite - Double carbonate of calcium and magnesium used as arefractory in basic steel making fmces after calcination ( dead burning ),2.69 Doable Skin ( Cartaking )-A secondary iayer of steel on ingotsurface, arising from overfiow of molten metal Corn interior to the spacebetween the solidified ingot face and mould wall. It is also formed by!$?~~e - A hollow refract07 brick preheated to high temperatureaid used to provide a feeder head or small ingots.2.71 Drerria - Preparation of mould surfaces to ensure maximum free-dom from sur&ce defects. Alao refers tocleaning and/or reconditioning ofcastings and finished and semi-finished products by operations, such aschipping,. deseaming, etc.

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IS,1956(PartII)-19762.72 Duplex Process - Steel making by a combination of two processes,such as Bessemer and open hearth processes or open hearth and electricprocesses, the popular combination being one using acid Bessemer convertorand basic open hearth furnace.2.73 Electrical Steel -A group of steels ( silicon or aluminium alloyed )used for the construction of magnetic cores of electrical equipment, becauseof their low watt-loss properties.2.74 Electric Arc Process -A process in which heat is generated bystriking an arc between the electrodes ( usually graphite ) or betweenelectrode and the metal for melting and refining of steel. When the arcis between the electrodes, the process is termed as the indirect arc processand when it is between the metal and the electrode, it is termed as thedirect arc process.2.75 EIectric Process - A process of steel making wherein the source offuel is electrical energy, that is, heat from electric arc or induced eddycurrents, and the process is termed accordingly as electric arc process orinduction process.2.76 Electric Steel - Steel made by electric process.2.77 Faggot - See2.169.2.79 Fash ( Barr Flash, Top Famb, Top Flash ) - Sharp and ragededges left after shearing or sawing.2.79 Feeder Head (Hot Top Sinb Head) - A refractory lined recep-tacle, placed on the mould top or built into the ingot mould to reduce theshrinkage cavity ( pipe ) by keeping the metal in liquid state longer at thetop. This arrangement confines the shrinkage cavity to the feeder head.2.80 Ferroafloy - An alloy of iron and another element or elements,such as, iron and silicon ( ferrosilicon ), iron and manganese ( ferro man-anesef

), iron and chromium ( ferrochromitnn ), iron, silicon and manganesesilicon manganese ), etc, used for addition to liquid steel for the purposeof deoxidation, or introducing such elements in steel or both.2.81 Fettling- Re airing the furnace banks and bottom immediatelyaftera heat is tappe x .2.82 Fin Crack (Longitudinal Cncb ) - Crack in the ingot associatedwith the formation of 6n and the resulting obstruction during contract.ionwhile cooling.2.83 Fin ( Flamh ) - Solidified metallic rtrip projecting out at right anglesfrom ingot hurface and is cawed by-seepage of liquid metal through a longi-tudinal crack in the mould, or in the mould joint in case of split mould.

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18:1956(PartII)-19762.84 Fioiohings. - Finishing additions of ferro-alloys, deoxidizers and/orcarburizers ( for example, coke ) which are made to liquid steel, usually inladle, and at times, partly in the furnace, so as to bring the liquid steel tothe desired specification.2.85 Fireclay- A refractory material, essentially hydrated aluminiumsilicate in composition, having a high fusion point used in the manufactureof refractory bricks or mortar.2.86 Flakes - See2.95.2.87 Flash -See 2.82.2.88 Fluorspar - Naturally occurring calcium fluoride ( CaF, ) used as aflux in basic steel making.2.89 Floclh Slag - The slag which is deliberately taken out or comes outdue to controlled boil from any steel making furnace.2.99 Flus - Materials, such as lime, limestone, fluorspar, etc, added toform a fusible slag and to adjust its fluidity.2.91 Gadder -A siliceous refractory material used in acid furnace.2.92 Gas Cavity - See2.22.2.93 Grain Size Control -A control, exercised during steel making,deoxidation and processing for obtaining a steel with the desired grainsize.2.94 Hacmadte ( Hematite ) - Iron oxide, having a composition FesOs,occurring in nature associated with varying amounts ofimpurities.2.95 Hair Line Cqckm ( Flakes)- Internal ruptures in steel caused bystresses which. probably arise from the combination of several factors suchas volume changes due to transformation, brittleness due to the presence ofhydrogen and the arrangement of the microstructure resulting from hot-working. The size of such ruptures may vary considerably, but they areusually comparatively short in length when viewed on a surface cut atright angles to the plane of defect, and generally are so fine that they cannot be discerned other than after etching or by magnetic crack detection.

Snowws - When hairline cracks are exposed by fracturing, theyappear as bright crystalline areas of almost circular form, sometimes knownas snowflakes.2.99 Hanger Crack - A transverse ingot crack caused by obstruction tonormal contraction of an ingot during cooling in mould, and is associatedwith incorrect feeder head setting. Also occnrs. from overfilling.2.97 H&at - 4~ 2.36,

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M: 1956(P a s -t il ). 1 9 7 62.98 Hot .Mt t a l P rocess - A steel snaking process IIsing molten metalfrom blast furnace in ixe-r or cupo~a as a major portion of the ci]arge.2.99 Hot Top Sink Head SCC2 . 79 .2.100 hschssiozss Particles of oxides, ss,dptiides, s.ilka!es,refra c~ nries,C !C ,c!ntdded in the metal.2 . 101 Induction Process A process in wh;ch the heating is done byecldvcurrents generated in the charge by the induct ion cod surm~ unding~ hi~charge, D epending upon t he freq uency used, t he pr ocess X ca lkci low iierq uency, medium frequency and high frequency mehing.2.~02~Qf@ Castings oi suitable shape and size inttmdcd f;Jr stiiwc~LiIn:hot- wcwking.2.103 Ingot iron Very iow carbon steei generzsl!y made in the O]JILIhearth in which ali t!)e other eltments are removed to the maximum exti.:~:pImibie. Some of Lbe commercial products falling under this group 11:11.cIw :han 0 I percent of all eIemeszts ptJt together,2.104 hgot Mossld ( Mou~d ) - The container, usually made of cast iron,into which rnol;.en s.tccl is poured and allowed to solidify.2 .1 0 5 In go t Se gre ga t ion S~c2 .1 5 8,2 . 1 06 Inverse Segregistioss( Ne ga t ive Se gre ga t ion s ) Se t 2 .1 5 8.2.107 Kssldo Process A process of steeI making where the. impuritiesare oxidised by blowing high purity oxygen through an inclined lance ( orlances ) on the surface of high phosphorous molten pig iron held in a basiclined convertor which is inclined at a bout 20 t o t he horizont a ~ a nd isr ot a t ed a t r a t esup t o 35 r evjm in .2.108 KilIed S teel ( Solid Steel) Steel which has been My deoxidizedto reduce the oxygen content of the steel to a minimum in order that noreaction t a kesp lace hetw-eencarbon and oxygen during ml id if ic. akm.2.109 Ladle Sample See2.13?.2.110LI) A.t2. ( Arbed ~ockerilI ) Process This process is anextcnsion of the H? process developed in Belgium whereby lime po}vder isin trod uced vertically into an LD convertor a!ortg with the oxygen in orderto Inake the LD process suitabie for refining high phosphorus ( up to2 ~)ercemt. ) bearing rrden pig iron.2.111 LD P r ocess ( Linz D oxsa w tiz P r ocess) A process of st eel rna k-; :!u t . ]lcr { the impuri~ies are oxidized by blowing high purity oxygen thrGugha lance at supersonic speeds vertically on the surface of the moltenpig ircm he!d in a stationary basic lined convertor which itself is keptvertical.

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2.112 Lime - A product ( calcium oxide, CaO ) obtained by burninglimestone (calcium carbonate, CaCOs ) and is used in basic steel makingpractice as a flux, and to a limited extent as mould wash.2.113 Limestone - Naturally occurring calcium carbonate ( CaCOs )containing various impurities, chiefly Glica and alumina.2.114 Longitudinal Crack -See 2.82.2.115 LWS Process - Developed in France by Creusot Loire, WendelSidelor and Establishment Sprunk, the LWS process iS identical to the OBMprocess, except that the hydrocarbon shielding agent used is liquid fuel oilinstead of the gaseous hydrocarbons used in the OBM process.2.116 Magnesia -A product ( magnesium bxide, MgO ) obtained byburning magnesium carbonate ( MgCOs ) and is used where a high gradebasic refractory is desired.2.117 Magneeite - Naturally occurring magnesium carbonate ( MgCOs )containing small amounts of silica, alumina and iron oxide, and is used inmaking banks a?d bottom of a basic furnace, as well as during its fettling.2.118 Magnetite - The iron oxide, having the composition FesO,,occurring in nature associated with varying amounts of impurities.2.119 Melt -A stage in the steel making process when all the scrapcharged has been melted. This term is also synonymous with. cast, blowor heat.2.128 Miser - A large refractory lined cylindrical or rectangular vessel,provided with tilting arrangement, and is used for storage of molten iron,and in some cases, for partly refining the stored metal ( active mixer usedin open hearth shops ). Apart from storage, it offers considerable latitudetowards the intake of off standa& hot iron, and aims in bringing aboutsome uniformity in the supply of hot iron for steel making.2.121 Mixer Metal - Molten iron from the blast furnace which has beenstored in a mixer preparatory to conversion to steel.2.122 Mould - SGC .104.2.123 Monld Dressing - Materials ( such as varnish, lacquer, tar, etc )applied to the inner faces of moulds for better ingot surface.2.124 Nailing - Slow heating to visible redness of refractory cruciblesprior to use of crucibles for the melting of steel.2.125 Nylative Segregation - Scs 2.158.2.126 Neutral Refractory -A refractory having neither strongly acidicnot basic properties, for example, chromite.

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2.127 Nazrlc - The refractory lined outlet tube, generally between 25 to50 mm in diameter, through which molten steel isreleased from the ladle tofill up moulds.2.128 Oxygen Bottom Blown Process ( OBM ) - Oxygen bottom blown Maxhuette process developed in Maxiamillianshuette ( South Germany )is a process of steel making whereby high purity oxygen is introducedthrough tuyeres at the bottom of a stationary, vertical convertor ( similar toa Bessemer vessel ) which is basic lined. In order to prevent tuyere burningas a result of the intense heat generated during oxidation of the metalloids,the oxygen is blown within peripheral shield of a hydrocarbon gas likepropane butane or natural gas which undergoes endothermal cracking atsteel making temperatures.2.129 Open Hearth Furnaces -A furnace having a dish shaped hearthin which the bath is heated by convection from the game over the surfaceof the metal and by radiation from the roof. Commonly used for steelmaking.2.138 Open Hearth Process -hearth furnace. A steel making process using the open2.131 Open Httrth Steel - Steel made by the open hearth process.2.132 Oxygen Ume Powder Proceis ( OLP ) -Oxygen lime powderprocess developed in France is identical to the LD - A.C. process developedin Belgium.2.133 Open Steel - Steel partially killed prior to casting.2.134 Piggiog Back-addition of pig iron. Introduction of carbon in the steelbath by the2.135 Pig Iron - The primary product of smelting iron ore, containingusually about 3 to 4.5 percent car.bon alongwith silicon, manganese,phosphorus and sulphur in varying amounts, depending- on the quality ofraw materials used.steel. Pig iron is used in the foundry or for conversion into2.X% Pipe ( C~ntrrcti~ Cavity, Shiiakrga CItrity )-An axialcavity caused by contraction during solidification of an ingot. Also thedefects arising from the axial cavity in the semi-finished or finishedproducts. It may also refer to tubular sections.2.137 Pit +snple (Ladle Sunplt ) - The sample taken from a castduring teemmg into moulds; for determining the chemical composition ofthe cast.

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2.138 Plugged Sted - It is a rimming steel poured in a bottle shapedmould with a central plug. The rimming action is arrested when themetal rises and comes in contact with the bottle portion of the mould andthe central plug.2.139. P1udD8go - A material with graphite as the prmmry constituent,used for its refractoriness.2.149 Pouring - SM2.192.2.141 Poll -An irregular transv~ crack on the face of ar. ingot causedby restriction to free contraction during cooling in the mould.2.142 Quality Basic Oxygen Process ( *BOP )- Quick, quiet orquality basic oxygen process ii the name given to the OBM process inUSA.2.143 Rabbling - Stirring or raking the molten steel bath.2.144 Recarburizatioa -The .adjustment of carbon content of moltensteel by addition of carbon containing materials.2.145 Reeking - Ingot mould dressing with soot deposition, derived fromtar burning.2.146 Refining - The removal, by slag or other reactions, of undesirableelements and of metallic oxides and gases ftom molten steel.2.147 ReRaiog Slag - The finishing slag employed for retining the heat.2.148 Refractories - Material used in the building &d lining of furnaces,and capable of withstanding hiih temperatures under operating conditions,for example, dolomite ( double calcium and magnaium carbonate ), magne-site ( magnesium carbonate ), siliti ( $0, ), silicates of aluminium, chromicoxides, et&2.149 Repkasphodsad~ - Reversion of or addition of phosphorusinto steel under basic steel makii practice.2.159 Rimming Steel - A steelmaximum freedom Corn surface Eoa= ing a rim of purer material ( withlemishes ), and is associated with evolu-tion of carbon monoxide gas .occufiing due ,% the *interaction of dissolvediron oxide and carbon during the @lid&at+ of low carbob and Idwmanganese steel made under controlled &oxidation. The domposition andextent of the rim can be varied and, if reqUi th& rimming action can bearrested after sometime ( SCIalfo 235 d 2.138 ).2.151 Rippled smrhce ( w8mb Mukie# ) -waving!? on ingot surfhcearising from series of nterruptions diu%g cant&j which cause disco&m&tiesintheriseofsteelnearthemouldwalls.

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2.132Rising Steel ( Risiag Top, SpOagy ) - A steel, the surf&e of whichcontinues to rise in the mould after completion of teeming, as a result ofvigorous gas evolution during solidification, in view of insufficient deoxida-tion ( that is killing ). Solidified steel shows sponginess on the top andoften marked internal blow holes.2.155 Rotor Process - A process of steel making in which molten iron isrefined by oxygen, being characterized by the rotation of the containingvessel or rotor.2.154 Runner -The refractory channel through which the molten steelenters the mould.2.155 Scab - The irregular shaped patches of metal or ingot surface arisingfrom cavities in mould.walls or caused by loosely adhering layers of metal.2.156 %asGng - See 2.65.2.157 Scrap - Iron or steel used for remelting.2.156 fkgregation - A non-uniform distribution, usually a concentrationof certain constituents and/or impurities, in a cast product characterized bythe mode of solidification of alloys. Segregation usually persists throughfrequent hot and cold working. ,Generally, the concentration tends to behigher in the centre than the surface. Sometimes, the reverscof this pheno-menon takes place and is known as inverse segregation.2J59 semi-m&d s-1 - &c 2.u).2166 samirrimmed Steal - see 2.10.2.161 Shell ( Scab, Sliver, Spill ) - A relatively thin film or tongue ofmetal imperfectly attached to the surface of steel. The defect on the sidesof the ingot, caused by metal splashed during teeming, having solidified andstuck to mould wall is also called shell or splash.2.162 Shrinkage Cavity - See 2.196.2.169 Side Blown Process ( Tropcnns Proess) - A pneumatic processwherein the air 6r oxygen mixture is injected from the side of the vessel,instead of from the bottom.2164 siemesu-Martin Procem- So named after the pioneer work dqby Siemens in England and Martin in France, which paved the way &kthepresent open hearth steel making process.2.169 Siemena-Martip Steel-The steel made by Siemens-Martinprocess, that is, by open hearth process.2.166 Silica - Silkoln dioxide ( SiO, ) occurring .in nature as sand andganister, with varying cuwwlrrtsofother impurities. It is used as an acidrdractory.

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f8:.1956(partII)-19762.167 Silicate - A compound of silica and a metallic oxide.2.168 Siaglc Lap- A type f lap occurring due to interruption inteeming.2.169 Single Shear Steel ( Faggot ) - A cutlery steel obtained by forging( and welding ) a pile of converted bars ( termed as a faggot ). At times,the forged product is piled by cutting it into pieces and reforged, the rcsult-ing product being termed as a double-shear steel.2170 Skin Holes - Holes visible on ingot surface.2.171 Skull - Solidified metal with some amount of slag and refractoriesremaining in furnace or ladle after the molten metalis poured out. It mayalso refer to the film formed inside a mould after casting. If detached itmay get entrapped and lead to skull patches.2.172 Skull Patch -Thin layer of solid metal deposited in the innermould wall and trapped during teeming.2.173 SIag - The covering on the molten metal, of complex oxides formedwith the aid of iron oxide ( in the form of ore and/or scale ) and flux. Thisnon-metallic layer acts as a, carrier of oxygen to the molten bath for theoxidation and removal of various elements (such as carbon, silicon,phosphorus, etc ) from the molten charge.2.174 Slagging - Taking out molten slag from the furnace.2.175 S&S Inclusioo - S~V .178.2.176 SIag LadIe - SLW179.2.177 SIPS Pan - Sm 2.179.2.17&z;fnPatch ( Slag Inclusion) - Slag trapped in the steel during.2.179 Slag Pot* ( SIag Ladle*, Cinder Pots, S&g Pam) - Cast orfabricated receptacles used for slag disposal.2.166 Spoon Satiplc - Su 2.17.2181 Spedd Steel - Steel in the produotionof which Specialcare has tobe taken so as to attain the desired cleanliness, sur&e quality and mechar&cal properties.2182 Spbuh - A layer of steel with uneven and rough surface formedover the bottom portion of an ingot and arises from the solidification of thespra of liquid steel reaching the mould wall due to rebound afta impactem 3: i bottom plate during early stages of teeming.

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IS : 1956 ( Part II ) - 19762.183 Steel - For the purpose of classification, steel is an iron base ahoygenerally suitable for working to the required shape in the solid state havinga carbon content generally less than l-5 percent and containing varyingamounts of other elements. A limited number of high alloyed steels mayhave more than 2 percent carbon but 2 percent is the usual dividing intobetween steel and cast iron ( see IS : 759%1974, ).2.184 Steeling - Charging the raw materials down a steel funnel into thepots us d in the crucible process.2.185 Stock Process -A steel making process utilizing a convertor inwhich pig iron is charged cold and is melted using oil burners introducedthrough the tuyeres. The charge is then refined by air blast which is sideblown.2.186 Stopper - An arrangement in the ladle which controls the flow ofliquid steel to the mould through the nozzle, and consists of a steelrod protected by thick cylindrical refractory sheaths.2.187 Stripping ( Stripper ) -The removal of an ingot from a mouldafter the steel has solidified. The machine used for this purpose is called astripper.2.188 Su&cataneous Blow Holes ( Sub-surface Blow Holes ) - Blowholes just under the surface layer ( that is, under the skin ) of an ingot, assuch they are unoxidized and well up during rolling.2.189 Submerged Injection Process ( SIP ) - Submerged injectionprocess uses the same principle as OBM converters for introducing oxygenin open hearth furnaces. Concentric tuyeres in which the inner tubecarries oxygen and the outer tube carries the hydrocarbon shielding, agentare inserted below the open hearth bath either through the sides or throughthe back wall to hasten the rate of refining in open hearth steel making.2.190 Talbot Process -A modified basic open hearth steel makingprocess adopted for phosphoric iron, and is claimed to give greater outputand speed. It consists in tapping only a part of the refined steel, from alarge tilting furnace, and then adding a fresh charge to fill up the furnace.The resulting charge gets refined quickly, when a portion is tapped outfollowed by refilling the furnace.2.191 Tapping - Taking out refined steel from the furnace into a ladle.2.I92 Teeming ( Casting, Pouring ) -Filling of moulds with finishedmolten steel from the ladle.2.193 Teeming Arrest - See2.53.

*Classification of steels.17

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IS t 1956 ( Part II ) - 19762.194 Teeming Lap

a) Single Llop - A fold in an ingot skin due to the surface of risingsteel freezing and forming a rim which adheres to the mould walland is subsequently engulfed in the ingot surface. Such a fold ismore extensive than that described as rippled surface.b) Recurrent Lap ( Surgi ng Lap ) - A series of single laps which occurmainly in effervescing steel and are caused by an intermittentfalling back of the metal level in the mould.

2.195 Temper - A term used to denote the approximate carbon contentof carbon tool steels, for example, chisel temper, razor temper, etc. Thisshould not be confused with temper as applied to called rolled productsor to heat treatment.2.196 Thomas Process - A basic steel making process in which pig ironis refined in a basic refractory lined convertor by blowing air or a mixtureof air, carbon dioxide and oxygen or steam through the molten metal.2.197 Top Casting ( Top Pouring ) - Introducing molten steel from theladle into the mould from top, either directly, or through suitable refrac-tory arrangement ( tundish) between the ladle and the mould.2.198 Top Hat -A deeply sunken top in a rimming steel ingot due tomarked gas evolution causing the metal to fall excessively after filling themould.2.199 Topping -Knocking off, by fracturing, the feeder head from asmall but tall ingot for examining the fractured surface.2.200 Top Pouring - See2.66 and 2.197.2.201 Tropenas Process - See2.163.2.202 Trough Castings ( Tundish Casting ) - Casting or pouringeffected through a refractory basin or trough, placed between the ladle andthe mould, with the object of minimizing the force of impact of the liquidsteel on the bottom plate and thuscounteract violent splashings resultingfrom direct teeming from the ladle into the mould.2.203 Trumpet Casting - See2.26.2.204 Tandish Casting - See 2.202.2.205 Uphill Carting - See2.26.2.206 Wild Steel -Steel which reacts violently in the mould due tovigorous liberation of gases during freezing.2.207 Wwh Marking - See 2.151.

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