I. Slavery and Cotton

I. Slavery and CottonI. Slavery and Cotton

A. Slavery and cotton become important1. Cotton gin 1796

2. Opening of rich farmland in Deep South

3. Demand from English textile mills

4. Forced migration of slaves from upper to lower South

5. By 1860 South provided 66% of world’s cotton, close to 60% of US exports

A. Slavery and cotton become important1. Cotton gin 1796

2. Opening of rich farmland in Deep South

3. Demand from English textile mills

4. Forced migration of slaves from upper to lower South

5. By 1860 South provided 66% of world’s cotton, close to 60% of US exports


B. Antebellum slave ownership1. Majority of whites did not own slaves

2. Slaves provided inferior class

3. Majority of slave owners << less than 20

4. Few with large plantations dominated society

5. Cost of slave labor ^ ^ 1800>1860, but so did value as property

B. Antebellum slave ownership1. Majority of whites did not own slaves

2. Slaves provided inferior class

3. Majority of slave owners << less than 20

4. Few with large plantations dominated society

5. Cost of slave labor ^ ^ 1800>1860, but so did value as property


C. Conditions of slavery1. Slaves’ experience varied greatly

2. Kinship networks, marriage important

3. Some free blacks lived in areas of South

4. Resistance: feigned illness, slow work, breaking tools, escape

5. Rebellions rare, Nat Turner’s in 1831 led to increasing restrictions

C. Conditions of slavery1. Slaves’ experience varied greatly

2. Kinship networks, marriage important

3. Some free blacks lived in areas of South

4. Resistance: feigned illness, slow work, breaking tools, escape

5. Rebellions rare, Nat Turner’s in 1831 led to increasing restrictions


C. Abolitionism1. Mostly from social reforms, 2nd Great

Awakening of 1820s, 30s, 40s

2. Associated with women’s movement

3. Unpopular, even in North

4. Eventually whipped up a small but vocal group

5. Garrison, Douglass, Stowe (Cabin)

C. Abolitionism1. Mostly from social reforms, 2nd Great

Awakening of 1820s, 30s, 40s

2. Associated with women’s movement

3. Unpopular, even in North

4. Eventually whipped up a small but vocal group

5. Garrison, Douglass, Stowe (Cabin)

II. Slavery and ExpansionII. Slavery and Expansion

A. Missouri Compromise 18201. Drew dividing line

2. Most of Louisiana Purchase > free

3. Maintained Senate balance to 1850

4. Removed slavery as political issue until Mexican-American War 1846

A. Missouri Compromise 18201. Drew dividing line

2. Most of Louisiana Purchase > free

3. Maintained Senate balance to 1850

4. Removed slavery as political issue until Mexican-American War 1846


B. Tariff of Abominations/Nullification 1828-1832

1. American system - high tariff, internal improvements, National Bank

2. Southern politicians saw all as unconstitutional

3. High tariff led Calhoun,SC to invoke nullification, secession

4. Jackson raised troops

B. Tariff of Abominations/Nullification 1828-1832

1. American system - high tariff, internal improvements, National Bank

2. Southern politicians saw all as unconstitutional

3. High tariff led Calhoun,SC to invoke nullification, secession

4. Jackson raised troops


C. Wilmot Proviso 18461. Proposed to prohibit slavery in any territory

won from Mexico

2. Provokes outrage, calls for secession

3. Political issue of slavery returns

4. Missouri Compromise works for South

5. Secession proposed at Nashville Convention

C. Wilmot Proviso 18461. Proposed to prohibit slavery in any territory

won from Mexico

2. Provokes outrage, calls for secession

3. Political issue of slavery returns

4. Missouri Compromise works for South

5. Secession proposed at Nashville Convention


D. Compromise of 18501. California admitted as free state

2. Senate balance gone

3. South got strong Fugitive Slave Law

4. Law obviously unfair and seemed to infringe on constitutional rights

5. Northerners increasingly refused to enforce

D. Compromise of 18501. California admitted as free state

2. Senate balance gone

3. South got strong Fugitive Slave Law

4. Law obviously unfair and seemed to infringe on constitutional rights

5. Northerners increasingly refused to enforce

III. Slavery and PoliticsIII. Slavery and Politics

A. Ostend Manifesto 18541. Southern proposal to seize Cuba

2. Northerners outraged that South would risk war for political power

A. Ostend Manifesto 18541. Southern proposal to seize Cuba

2. Northerners outraged that South would risk war for political power


B. Kansas-Nebraska Act 18541. Stephen Douglas (IL) proposed popular

sovereignty, used political power to push

2. Repealed Missouri Compromise

3. Republican Party created in responsea. No new slave states

b. National economy on old American system

4. Led to mini-war in Kansas

B. Kansas-Nebraska Act 18541. Stephen Douglas (IL) proposed popular

sovereignty, used political power to push

2. Repealed Missouri Compromise

3. Republican Party created in responsea. No new slave states

b. National economy on old American system

4. Led to mini-war in Kansas


C. Dred Scott 18571. Blacks not citizens, had no rights

2. Congress had no authority to regulate slavery in any state or territory

3. Major issue in Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, which gave Lincoln major exposure as serious candidate

C. Dred Scott 18571. Blacks not citizens, had no rights

2. Congress had no authority to regulate slavery in any state or territory

3. Major issue in Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, which gave Lincoln major exposure as serious candidate


D. Other Issues1. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852

2. John Brown’s raid 1859

3. Election of Republican Lincoln in 1860 led to secession

D. Other Issues1. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852

2. John Brown’s raid 1859

3. Election of Republican Lincoln in 1860 led to secession

IV. Civil War 1861-1865IV. Civil War 1861-1865

A. Both sides had advantages1. North

a. Functioning government, two party systemb. Industrial AND agricultural productionc. National transportation systemd. Control of Navye. Population

2. Southa. Cause & supportive populationb. Cotton demandc. Defensive war on its own territoryd. Military leaders, experienced soldiers

A. Both sides had advantages1. North

a. Functioning government, two party systemb. Industrial AND agricultural productionc. National transportation systemd. Control of Navye. Population

2. Southa. Cause & supportive populationb. Cotton demandc. Defensive war on its own territoryd. Military leaders, experienced soldiers


B. 1861-18631. North slow to attack, poor tactical leaders (e.g.

McClellan)2. South’s superior generals able to outwit opposition3. South generally won battles, but war stretched out4. North holds onto border states (KY, MD)5. Lincoln limits civil rights - increases power of

presidency6. Both sides draft, borrow, print money

B. 1861-18631. North slow to attack, poor tactical leaders (e.g.

McClellan)2. South’s superior generals able to outwit opposition3. South generally won battles, but war stretched out4. North holds onto border states (KY, MD)5. Lincoln limits civil rights - increases power of

presidency6. Both sides draft, borrow, print money


C. Antietam 18621. Lincoln had drafted Emancipation Proclamation2. Sought significant military victory to reinforce3. Antietam not overwhelming, but first large “non-

failure” for North4. Decision a strategic one, at least partly to keep

Britain out

D. Emancipation Proclamation January 1863A. Freed slaves only in areas out of Union controlB. Enlistment of blacks, increased slave resistance

C. Antietam 18621. Lincoln had drafted Emancipation Proclamation2. Sought significant military victory to reinforce3. Antietam not overwhelming, but first large “non-

failure” for North4. Decision a strategic one, at least partly to keep

Britain out

D. Emancipation Proclamation January 1863A. Freed slaves only in areas out of Union controlB. Enlistment of blacks, increased slave resistance


E. Vicksburg July 18631. Split South along Mississippi (Anaconda)2. Made Grant available to Lincoln3. Gave North a base to move southeast to Atlanta

F. Gettysburg July 18631. Lee invaded North, forced to fight in bad situation2. Meade decimated Lee’s forces, Lee retreated3. South’s “high water” mark, but Lincoln frustrated

again

E. Vicksburg July 18631. Split South along Mississippi (Anaconda)2. Made Grant available to Lincoln3. Gave North a base to move southeast to Atlanta

F. Gettysburg July 18631. Lee invaded North, forced to fight in bad situation2. Meade decimated Lee’s forces, Lee retreated3. South’s “high water” mark, but Lincoln frustrated

again


G. Other Issues1. British survived “cotton famine”2. Northern blockade more and more effective3. Southern military industrial program effective4. Draft riots in North, bread riots in South5. Southern states refused to cooperate with

Richmond government6. Lincoln barely wins reelection - Atlanta September7. Northerners more supportive of war as time goes

by, especially after Atlanta and other victories

G. Other Issues1. British survived “cotton famine”2. Northern blockade more and more effective3. Southern military industrial program effective4. Draft riots in North, bread riots in South5. Southern states refused to cooperate with

Richmond government6. Lincoln barely wins reelection - Atlanta September7. Northerners more supportive of war as time goes

by, especially after Atlanta and other victories


H. 1864-18651. Grant follows Lee through Virginia2. Long, dug-in battles with high casualties, especially

Grant3. Sherman’s March to Sea in late 1864, then moves

North4. Worn out Lee surrenders April 9 at Appomattox

Courthouse5. Grant gracious in victory - criticized

H. 1864-18651. Grant follows Lee through Virginia2. Long, dug-in battles with high casualties, especially

Grant3. Sherman’s March to Sea in late 1864, then moves

North4. Worn out Lee surrenders April 9 at Appomattox

Courthouse5. Grant gracious in victory - criticized


I. Wartime Legislation1. Two companies chartered to finish transcontinental

railroad2. Generous land and loan subsidies to RR3. National banking system and currency4. Tariffs raised5. Homestead Act to encourage settlement6. Northern industrial economy with government

support victorious over South’s agricultural system

I. Wartime Legislation1. Two companies chartered to finish transcontinental

railroad2. Generous land and loan subsidies to RR3. National banking system and currency4. Tariffs raised5. Homestead Act to encourage settlement6. Northern industrial economy with government

support victorious over South’s agricultural system

Documents

I. Slavery and Cotton