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IAEA IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
ATOMS FOR THE FUTURE 2014 October 13-14, 2014
IAEA SERVICES
Nuclear Power Reactor Technologies
Construction & Operation
Thomas Koshy, Head
Nuclear Power Technology Development
Department of Nuclear Energy
IAEA
AGENDA
• Nuclear Power – A Snap Shot
• Future Reactors – Wide Energy Solutions
• Potential For Improving Efficiency
• Global Nuclear Safety & Security
• Fundamental Safety Principles
• Infra Structure Development
• IAEA Services
T.Koshy, NPTDS/IAEA 2
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Nuclear Power – A Snap Shot
IAEA Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) Sept 1, 2014
70 NPPs under construction 437 Operable
China constructing: 27 NPPs (incl. 1 SMR: HTR-PM)
Russia constructing: 10 VVERs (+ planned constructions in embarking
countries (Turkey, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Belarus, Jordan,…) + KLT-40s a Floating NPP
Advanced Reactors under construction:
• ABWR: 2 units in Japan, 2 in Taiwan
• EPR: 4 units: 2- China, Finland, France
• APR1400: 4 units in Korea,
2 units in UAE (+2 units just approved)
• AP1000: 4 units in USA,
4 units in China
• VVER1000/1200s deployments in
Russian and foreign markets
• ESBWR received design certification
from the US NRC in Sept 2014
• CAP1400 completed safety review by the
nuclear regulatory authority in China
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Nuclear Power Horizon
• Large Light Water Reactors continue to be
available with advancements for safety.
• PWR-based smaller reactors progressing:
innovative ones a little slower
• Gas Cooled Reactors HTGRs –Near future
with greater process heat potential
• Fast Reactors – in two decades for reducing
Radwaste and increased fuel efficiency
T.Koshy, NPTDS/IAEA 4
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Extended application due to available higher temperatures
Future Reactors – Wide Energy Solutions
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Potential for Improving Thermal Efficiency of
Nuclear Stations
Improves overall efficiency
Recover some Waste Heat
Off Peak Power Utilization
Net Electricity
Net Electricity
Potential heat recovery
Losses
Losses
34% 72%
T.Koshy, NPTDS/IAEA 6
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Process heat / co-generation
Boosts efficiency & Allows flexibility of operation switching
between electricity and process heat 7
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Efficient Application of Power Reactors
8
Source: U.S. DOE, 2010
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Nuclear Safety Lessons
11 March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Accident
Units 1 - 4
26 April 1986 Chernobyl Accident
Unit 4
28 March 1979 Three Mile Island Accident
Unit 2
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Global Nuclear Safety and Security
Framework
• Safety is an essential condition for a sustainable and successful nuclear power programme
• Safety is an integral component in all infrastructure issues
• Safety cannot be outsourced
• A safety culture starting with strong and effective leadership is essential
• Weak links need to be identified and strengthened
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EXISTING SAFETY STANDARDS HIERARCHY
Safety Guides
Safety Requirements
Safety Fundamentals
Contains High Level
Safety Concepts
T.Koshy, NPTDS/IAEA 11
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Fundamental Safety Principles
Principle 7: Protection of present and future generations
Principle 8: Prevention of accidents
Principle 9: Emergency preparedness and response
Principle 10: Protective actions to reduce existing or unregulated radiations risks must be justified and optimized
Ten safety principles form the basis on which safety
requirements are developed and safety measures are
implemented to achieve the primary safety objective.
Principle 1: Responsibility for safety
Principle 2: Role of government
Principle 3: Leadership and management for safety
Principle 4: Justification of facilities and activities
Principle 5: Optimization of protection
Principle 6: Limitations of risks to individuals
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Principle 1: Responsibility for safety
The prime responsibility for safety must rest with the person or organization
responsible for facilities and activities that give rise to
radiation risks.
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Principle 2: Role of Government
An effective legal and governmental framework for
safety, including an
Independent Regulatory Body, must be established and sustained.
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Principle 3: Leadership and Management for
Safety
Effective leadership and management for safety must be established and sustained in organizations concerned
with, and facilities and activities that give rise to,
radiation risks.
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“…safety culture governs attitudes
and behaviours…”
Principle 3: Leadership and
Management for Safety
Safety culture includes: • Individual and collective commitment to
safety on the part of leadership, management and personnel at all levels;
• Accountability of organizations and of individuals at all levels of safety;
• Measures to encourage a questioning and learning attitude and to discourage complacency with regard to safety.
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Milestones in the Development of a National
Infrastructure for Nuclear Power (NG-G-3.1)
• National position
• Nuclear safety
• Management
• Funding and financing
• Legislative framework
• Safeguards
• Regulatory framework
• Radiation protection
• Electrical grid
• Human resources development
• Stakeholder involvement
• Site and supporting facilities
• Environmental protection
• Emergency planning
• Security and physical protection
• Nuclear fuel cycle
• Radioactive waste
• Industrial involvement
• Procurement
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Infrastructure Development
REACTOR TECHNOLOGY
ASSESSMENT
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IAEA REVIEW SERVICES
19
NPP site
review
mission
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
INIR
mission
INIR
mission
NPP construction
review mission
Pre-
OSART
mission
SCART
mission
EPREV
mission
ISSAS
mission
IPPAS
mission
INSSERV
mission
Integrated Nuclear Infra-structure Review; International Physical Protection Advisory Service;
State System for Accounting and Control of Nuclear material-Advisory Service; International
Nuclear Security Advisory Service; Safety Culture Assessment Review Team; Emergency
Preparedness Review; Operational Safety Review Team
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Construction Readiness Review
• Areas Reviewed: • Project Management;
• Engineering Readiness;
• Procurement / Material / Supply Chain Readiness;
• Quality Management and Records;
• Human Resources and Training;
• Construction Readiness;
• Construction Installation Completion Assurance;
• Targeted Reviews (as requested by customer).
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IAEA Assistance for
Site and External Events Design
• Site related services
• Site selection process
• Site environmental assessment
• Integrated site evaluation
• Site hazard evaluation
• Design related services
• Safety review of SSC’s against external and internal hazards
• Design safety margin assessment
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IAEA Expert Missions
• Human Resource Development
• Industrial Involvement
• Legislative assistance
• Regulatory Framework
• Communication and stakeholder involvement
• Technology assessment
• Etc….
22
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Construction Technology Sharing
Construction
Technologies for
Nuclear Power Plants
IAEA Nuclear Energy
Series NP-T-2.5
T.Koshy, NPTDS/IAEA 23
Construction Technologies for New Nuclear Projects
Date: 17 - 19 March 2015,
Place: Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Host: Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Company.
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Integrated List of IAEA Services
http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Infrastructure/catalogue.html
View the catalogue by clicking on the icons below:
24 IAEA/NPTDS/T.Koshy
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Backup Slides
T.Koshy, NPTDS/IAEA 26
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Non – Electric Applications: Cogeneration
• Higher efficiency by utilizing waste heat
• Economic advancement (cogeneration +
sharing of infrastructures)
• Benefits of coupling (eg. provide necessary
industrial quality water to the NPP, make
use of the off-peak power)
• Reduced temperature on water discharge
• Process heat for paper mills, petroleum,
chemical and plastic industries
T.Koshy, NPTDS/IAEA 27
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USNRC Regulatory Framework
T.Koshy/IAEA 28
http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/oversight/rop-description.html
