IB Chemistry Core

IB CHEMISTRY CORE

UMarilyn SchellUMargaret HoganU

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861

Copyright statements IBO 2007 refer to the syllabus guide published by the International Baccalaureate Organization.

Thanks to the International Baccalaureate Organization for permission to reproduce its intellectual property.

This material has been developed independently by the publisher and the content is in no way connected with or endorsed by the International Baccalaureate Organization.

Science Press 2010First published 2010

Science PressPrivate Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 AustraliaTel: +61 2 9516 1122 Fax: +61 2 9550 [email protected] www.sciencepress.com.au

Contents

Introduction v

Command Terms and Verbs to Watch vi

Dot Points

Quantitative Chemistry vii

Atomic Structure ix

Periodicity xi

Bonding xiii

Energetics xv

Kinetics xvii

Equilibrium xix

Acids and Bases xxi

Oxidation and Reduction xxiii

Organic Chemistry xxv

Measurement and Data Processing xxvii

Questions

Quantitative Chemistry 1

Atomic Structure 57

Periodicity 85

Bonding 113

Energetics 167

Kinetics 195

Equilibrium 213

Acids and Bases 237

Oxidation and Reduction 273

Organic Chemistry 313

Measurement and Data Processing 383

Answers

Quantitative Chemistry 409

Atomic Structure 427

Periodicity 437

Bonding 445

Energetics 463

Kinetics 471

Equilibrium 477

Acids and Bases 485

Oxidation and Reduction 497

Organic Chemistry 509

Measurement and Data Processing 537

Appendices

Data Sheets 545

Periodic Table 555

Index 556

iii Contents

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry Core

Notes

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ivContents

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry Core

What the book includes

This book provides questions and answers for each dot point in the IB Chemistry Core syllabus from the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme for Chemistry:

s 1UANTITATIVE#HEMISTRY

s !TOMIC3TRUCTURE

s 0ERIODICITY

s "ONDING

s %NERGETICS

s +INETICS

s %QUILIBRIUM

s !CIDSAND"ASES

s /XIDATIONAND2EDUCTION

s /RGANIC#HEMISTRY

Format of the book

The book has been formatted in the following way:

1.1 Subtopic from syllabus.

1.1.1 Assessment statement from syllabus.

1.1.1.1 First question for this assessment statement.

1.1.1.2 Second question for this assessment statement.

The number of lines provided for each answer gives an indication of how many marks the question might be worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth 1 mark.

How to use the book

Completing all questions will provide you with a summary of all the work you need to know from the syllabus. You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered, but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams.

When working through the questions, write the answers you have to look up in a different colour to those you know without having to research the work. This will provide you with a quick reference for work needing further revision.

Introduction

v

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry Core Introduction

Verbs to Watch

account, account for State reasons for, report on, give an account of, narrate a series of events or transactions.

analyse Interpret data to reach conclusions.

annotate Add brief notes to a diagram or graph.

apply Use an idea, equation, principle, theory or law in a new situation.

assess Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size.

calculate Find a numerical answer showing the relevant stages in the working (unless instructed not to do so).

clarify Make clear or plain.

classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories.

comment Give a judgement based on a given statement or result of a calculation.

compare Give an account of similarities and differences between two (or more) items, referring to both (all) of them throughout.

construct Represent or develop in graphical form.

contrast Show how things are different or opposite.

deduce Reach a conclusion from the information given.

dene Give the precise meaning of a word, phrase or physical quantity.

demonstrate Show by example.

derive Manipulate a mathematical relationship(s) to give a new equation or relationship.

describe Give a detailed account.

design Produce a plan, simulation or model.

determine Find the only possible answer.

discuss Give an account including, where possible, a range of arguments for and against the relative importance of various factors, or comparisons of alternative hypotheses.

distinguish Give differences between two or more different items.

draw Represent by means of pencil lines.

estimate Find an approximate value for an unknown quantity.

evaluate Assess the implications and limitations.

examine Inquire into.

explain Give a detailed account of causes, reasons or mechanisms.

extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.

extrapolate Infer from what is known.

identify Find an answer from a given number of possibilities.

justify Support an argument or conclusion.

label Add labels to a diagram.

list Give a sequence of names or other brief answers with no explanation.

measure Find a value for a quantity.

outline Give a brief account or summary.

predict Give an expected result.

propose Put forward a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion etc for consideration or action.

recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.

show Give the steps in a calculation or derivation.

sketch Represent by means of a graph showing a line and labelled but unscaled axes but with important features (for example, intercept) clearly indicated.

solve Obtain an answer using algebraic and/or numerical methods.

state Give a specic name, value or other brief answer without explanation or calculation.

suggest Propose a hypothesis or other possible answer.

summarise Express concisely the relevant details.

synthesise Put together various elements to make a whole.

Command Terms and Verbs to Watch

vi

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry CoreCommand Terms and Verbs to Watch

Dot Point Page Dot Point Page

1.1 The mole concept and 3 Avogadros constant

1.1.1 The mole concept. 3

1.1.2 Number of particles and amount 7 of substance in moles.

1.2 Formulas 9

1.2.1 Relative atomic mass (Ar) and 9 relative molecular mass (Mr).

1.2.2 Mass of one mole from a formula. 10

1.2.3 Questions on moles, mass and 10 molar mass.

1.2.4 Empirical and molecular formulas. 13

1.2.5 Determining empirical formula. 15

1.2.6 Determining molecular formula. 16

1.3 Chemical equations 19

1.3.1 Writing chemical equations. 19

1.3.2 Mole ratios of reacting species. 22

1.3.3 Symbols for states of reacting 23 species.

1.4 Mass and gaseous volume 25 relationships in chemical reactions

1.4.1 Theoretical yield from equations. 25

1.4.2 Limiting reactant and reactant 26 in excess.

1.4.3 Questions on theoretical, 28 experimental and percentage yield.

1.4.4 Avogadros law for reacting gases. 30

1.4.5 Molar volume at standard 32 temperature and pressure.

1.4.6 Questions on ideal gas 35 temperature, pressure and volume.

1.4.7 Questions on ideal gas equation, 37 PV = nRT.

1.4.8 Graphs and the ideal gas equation. 40

1.5 Solutions 41

1.5.1 Solute, solvent, solution and 41 concentration.

1.5.2 Questions on concentration, 45 amount of solute, volume of solution and titrations.

Just for fun 55

Answers to Quantitative Chemistry 409

Quantitative Chemistry

vii

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry Core CORE 1 Quantitative Chemistry

Notes

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viii

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry CoreCORE 1 Quantitative Chemistry

Atomic Structure

2.1 The atom 59

2.1.1 Protons, neutrons and electrons in 59 the atom.

2.1.2 Relative mass and relative charge 61 of protons, electrons and neutrons.

2.1.3 Mass number (A), atomic number (Z) 63 and isotopes of an element.

2.1.4 Symbol for an isotope. 64

2.1.5 Determining protons, neutrons 65 and electrons in atoms and ions.

2.1.6 Properties of isotopes. 66

2.1.7 Uses of radioisotopes. 67

2.2 The mass spectrometer 69

2.2.1 Operation of a mass spectrometer. 69

2.2.2 Using the mass spectrometer to 70 determine relative atomic mass.

2.2.3 Calculating relative atomic mass 70 and abundance of isotopes.

2.3 Electron arrangement 73

2.3.1 The electromagnetic spectrum. 73

2.3.2 Continuous and line spectra. 75

2.3.3 Emission spectrum of hydrogen 76 and electron energy levels.

2.3.4 Electron arrangement of atoms 79 and ions (to Z = 20).

Just for fun 83

Answers to Atomic Structure 427


ix

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry Core CORE 2 Atomic Structure

Notes

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x

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry CoreCORE 2 Atomic Structure

3.1 The periodic table 87

3.1.1 Arrangement of elements in the 87 periodic table.

3.1.2 Groups and periods of the periodic 88 table.

3.1.3 Electron arrangement and position 89 in the periodic table.

3.1.4 Valence electrons and position in 90 the periodic table.

3.2 Physical properties 93

3.2.1 First ionisation energy and 93 electronegativity.

3.2.2 Trends in the alkali metals and 95 halogens.

3.2.3 Trends across period 3 of the 100 periodic table.

3.2.4 Electronegativity values and 102 position in the periodic table.

3.3 Chemical properties 105

3.3.1 Chemical properties of elements 105 in groups.

3.3.2 Trends across period 3 oxides. 109

Just for fun 111

Answers to Periodicity 437

Periodicity


xi

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry Core CORE 3 Periodicity

Notes

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xii

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry CoreCORE 3 Periodicity

4.1 Ionic bonding 115

4.1.1 The ionic bond. 115

4.1.2 Forming ions by electron transfer. 116

4.1.3 Ions formed when elements in 116 groups 1, 2 and 3 lose electrons.

4.1.4 Ions formed when elements in 117 groups 4, 5 and 6 gain electrons.

4.1.5 Transition elements and their ions. 118

4.1.6 Predicting ionic compounds. 119

4.1.7 Polyatomic ions. 119

4.1.8 Lattice structure of ionic compounds. 121

4.2 Covalent bonding 123

4.2.1 The covalent bond. 123

4.2.2 Forming a covalent bond by sharing 123 electrons.

4.2.3 Electron dot structures. 125

4.2.4 Bond number, length and strength. 126

4.2.5 Predicting covalent compounds. 127

4.2.6 Bond polarity and electronegativity. 127

4.2.7 VSEPR (valence shell electron 129 pair repulsion) theory.

4.2.8 Polarity of bonds and molecules. 133

4.2.9 Allotropes of carbon (diamond, 134 graphite, fullerenes).

4.2.10 Structure and bonding of silicon 135 and silicon dioxide.

4.3 Intermolecular forces 139

4.3.1 Intermolecular forces. 139

4.3.2 Intermolecular forces and boiling 143 points.

4.4 Metallic bonding 151

4.4.1 The metallic bond. 151

4.4.2 Electrical conductivity and 155 malleability of metals.

4.5 Physical properties 157

4.5.1 Bonding and properties of 157 substances.

Just for fun 164

Answers to Bonding 445

Bonding


xiii

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry Core CORE 4 Bonding

Notes

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xiv

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry CoreCORE 4 Bonding

5.1 Exothermic and endothermic 169 reactions

5.1.1 Exothermic reactions, endothermic 169 reactions and standard enthalpy of reaction.

5.1.2 Combustion and neutralisation 171 exothermic reactions.

5.1.3 Classifying reactions as exothermic 173 or endothermic.

5.1.4 Enthalpy diagrams and stability 175 of reactants and products.

5.2 Calculation of enthalpy changes 179

5.2.1 Changes in heat energy and 179 temperature.

5.2.2 Experimental procedures to 182 measure heat energy changes in reactions.

5.2.3 Calculating experimental enthalpy 183 change data.

5.2.4 Evaluating experimental enthalpy 183 change data.

5.3 Hesss law 187

5.3.1 Using Hesss law to determine 187 enthalpy change.

5.4 Bond enthalpies 189

5.4.1 Average bond enthalpy. 189

5.4.2 Exothermic and endothermic reactions and bond enthalpies. 190

Just for fun 193

Answers to Energetics 463

Energetics


xv

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry Core CORE 5 Energetics

Notes

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xvi

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry CoreCORE 5 Energetics

6.1 Rates of reaction 197

6.1.1 Rates of reaction. 197

6.1.2 Measuring reaction rates. 199

6.1.3 Analysis of data from reaction 200 rate experiments.

6.2 Collision theory 201

6.2.1 The kinetic theory. 201

6.2.2 Activation energy. 204

6.2.3 The collision theory. 204

6.2.4 Predictions using the collision 206 theory.

6.2.5 Maxwell-Boltzmann energy 208 distribution curves.

6.2.6 Catalysts and chemical reactions. 208

6.2.7 Effect of a catalyst on 209 Maxwell-Boltzmann curves.

Just for fun 211

Answers to Kinetics 471

Kinetics


xvii

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry Core CORE 6 Kinetics

Notes

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xviii

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry CoreCORE 6 Kinetics

7.1 Dynamic equilibrium 215

7.1.1 Chemical and physical systems 215 in equilibrium.

7.2 The position of equilibrium 221

7.2.1 Equilibrium constant expression 221 for a homogeneous reaction.

7.2.2 Using the equilibrium constant. 222

7.2.3 Le Chteliers principle and its 223 application.

7.2.4 Effect of a catalyst on an 229 equilibrium reaction.

7.2.5 Apply kinetics and equilibrium 230 concepts to industrial processes.

Just for fun 235

Answers to Equilibrium 477

Equilibrium


xix

Science Press

Dot Point IB Chemistry Core CORE 7 Equilibrium

Notes

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Documents

IB Chemistry Core