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In building solution

Concept of IBSWhy IB coverage is important?

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interfeerence from distant bastations is a problem

Hi-speed wireless connectivity in workplace, airports, hotels, convention centers, hospitals etc is becoming more prevalent. It provides todays business executives equipped with laptops, wireless LAN, mobile sets with seamless wireless email and Internet service. The macro coverage from out door site is not sufficient to meet this ever-growing demand, and there will be multi cell issue (see the picture) so deploy a robust in-building wireless solution for creating a competitive niche and better user experience..Concept of In-Building Solutions. For example, a building may not receive adequate mobile coverage from outdoor cell sites. This is because in most cases the signals present outside the building are unable to penetrate the building material, thus resulting in poor coverage. A typical problem in high rises is the problem of interference.

Crowded areas like malls, airports, large commercial complexes need a dedicated system to handle the capacity requirements for the large number of calls at such locations. Further with 3G quickly getting popularity amongst these above mentioned demographies, network strength, quality and capacity etc are becoming a cause of major concern

Why In-building Coverage is Important?There are many reasons for the mobile operator for providing a dedicated IB coverage But mainly these are twoTechnical Commercial lack of coverageImprovement of service qualityNeed for more capacityNeed for higher _ speed data rate

Some countries more than 50% traffic from in building Indoor Solutions Can Make a GreatBusiness CaseMaximize the revenue of the operator

The Indoor Planning Procedure

IBS SurveyFor providing a good IB Solution first we have to do a proper survey

Tools requiredWalk test tool(Net monitor, Nemo ,TEMS etc.)

Measurement tape

Still Camera

G.P.S

Important pages in net monitor

G.P.SThe Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.

Camera

Camera is using to take the pictures ofBTS location, Microwave pole location,Shafts and Line of Site etc.

Measuring TapeThe use of this in In Building survey are to measure the BTS location .Microwave pole length. Distance between earth point to Equipment roomIF cable length etc..

Walk testCheck the BCCH ,RXL,RXQ,CID of the all cells which are present in the building

Collect the Auto card design of the BuildingCheck the BTS& Microwave pole location Check the cable shaft for running the Back bone cableTake the Photographs of Building Take the Photographs of BTS ,cable shaft and microwave pole location

Check the Electrical supply /PointCheck the Earth pointMeasure the Earth cable lengthMeasure the power cable lengthMeasure the IF cable lengthTake the contact details of the building contact person

Survey Procedure

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IBS Design

Design CriteriaCoverage planning Antenna marking on floor planMake trunking DiagramCalculate The EIRP of each antennaCalculate the BOMThe ideal distance between two antenna is 20mAll passive materials like spliter,coupler,cable antenna areshould be support from 850 MHz to 2500 MHz band Tool used for IBS Design - IB Wave

Capacity planningCalculate the expected foot fall in side buildingCalculate the total erlang requiredAs per erlang calculation calculate the number of TRXThen plan the number of sectorNormal commercial building per subscriber erlang is 20MEHigh capacity site like Airport per subscriber erlang is 33MEIn Sector planning try to avoid multi sectors in single floor

Antenna marking on floor plan

To provide full coverage, antennas need to be placed with a certain coverage over lap20m

Indoor coverage radius and area vs. design level from Omni antenna

Placing the Indoor AntennasPlace the hot-spot antennas and maximize data performance.In this case of a shopping mall, the hot-spots for data and voice are typically thefood court, internet cafes and sitting areas

Place the cost-cutting antennas.After the hot-spot antennas are placed you must placeall the antennas that will maximize the coverage per antenna

Isolate the building.Proper planning of an antenna at the entrance area and hand over zones will isolate the building from even very close out door sites.

Fill in the gaps.

The last placement of antennas will be filling the gaps between theantennas just placed This will help to provide maximum coverage

Trunking Diagram

Link Budget

Bill of material

Indoor Radio planning toolIB Wave _ The most popular in door RF planning tooliBwave Solutions is a telecom radio planning software provider that develops solutions for the in-building wireless industry. iBwave is best known for its software iBwave Design, mostly used by telecom operators, system integrators and equipment vendors. iBwave is a Canadian-based company that was founded in 2003 and is headquartered in Montreal.A privately-held company, iBwave focuses on integrated solutions to automate and standardize the design of wireless communications inside buildings and infrastructures.In 2010,

Traffic dimensioningErlang _The Traffic Measurement

An Erlang is a unit of telecommunications traffic measurement. One Erlang is the continuous use of one voice channel. In call minutes, one Erlang is 60 min/h, 1440 call min/24 h. In practice, when doing mobile capacity calculations, an Erlang is used to describe the total traffic volume of 1 h, for a specific cell.

Call Blocking, Grade of Service

The blocking rate (grade of service or GOS) is defined as the percentage of calls thatare rejected due to lack of channels. If the users makes 100 calls, and one call is rejecteddue to lack of channels (capacity) the blocking rate is 1 in 100, or 1%. This is referred toas 1% GOS. Operators might differentiate the GOS target for different indoor solutions,with a strict GOS of 0.5% in an office building but allowing a GOS of 2% in shopping

The Erlang B Table

Provided that the calls are Erlang-distributed, you can use the Erlang B formula to calculatethe required number of channels at a given load rate, and a given grade of service.

Erlang ExampleIf a group of 20 users makes 60 calls in 1 h, and each call had an average duration of 3 min,

then we can calculate the traffic in Erlangs:total minutes of traffic in 1 h = duration number of callstotal minutes of traffic in 1 h = 3 60total minutes of traffic in 1 h = 180 min

The Erlangs are defined as traffic (minutes) per hour:Erlangs = 180/60 = 3EKnowing the number of users (20), we can calculate the load per user:user load = total load/number of usersuser load = 3/20 = 0.150 E = 150mE per userThen, if we have the same type of users inside a building with 350 mobile users, we can calculate what capacity we need:total load = number of users load per usertotal load = 350 150mE= 52.5E

Typical user load in Erlang User type Traffic load per userExtreme user : 200 mEHeavy user :100 mENormal office user :50 mEPrivate user :20 mE

Special design considerations

Most of the design methods and considerations are the same for all building. But the below mentioned are some of the points we need to address, in addition to all the standard RF considerations. Make sure you prepare for more capacity or sectors for future upgrades.

Make sure you cover the executive floor 100%.

Is there a need for elevator coverage?

Are there special installation challenges (e.g. fire proofing)?

Pay attention to the service rooms or areas (e.g. IT server rooms).

Are there special EMR concerns (like in a hospital)?

What type of services might be needed in the future 3G, 3,5G?

Are there any hot-spots in the building that need special attention?

The indoor DAS system implemented in the building should be prepared for future traffic growth. The best way to prepare this is to have a sector plan for future sectorization of the system. Even if the system is implemented as one sector, you need to look ahead, especially for UMTS, in order to prepare for more sectors.Well-defined HO zones are important for GSM and UMTS/HSDPA to avoid ping-pong HO on GSM, extensive soft HO zones on UMTS and degraded HSPA performance.As a general rule you must try to avoid having the handover zones in large open areas inside the building. Here it can be difficult to design and control the handover zoneTry to advantage of the natural isolation provided by the building to separate the different sectors or cells.eg. Floor separationHandover Considerations Inside Buildings

lift

HOHOHOHOHOHOHO

MACRO Dominance

One way hand over to all IB cellsTwo way hand over to all IB cells

MACRO COVERAGE

HAND OVERZONEThe typical GSM handover scenario in a buildingSec 1Sec 1Sec 2Sec 2Sec 3Sec 3Sec 4Sec 4Sec 5

Materials For IBSCoax Cablecoax cable is widely used in all types of distributed antenna systems, especially in passive systems. . Typical losses for the commonly used types of passive coaxialCables are mentioned Below

coaxial RF connector is an electrical connector designed to work at radio frequencies in the multi-megahertz range. RF connectors are typically used with coaxial cables and are designed to maintain the shielding that the coaxial design offers. Better models also minimize the change in transmission line impedance at the connection. Mechanically they provide a fastening mechanism (thread, bayonet, braces, push pull) and springs for a low holmic electric contact while sparing the gold surface thus allowing above 1000 reconnects and reducing the insertion force. Research activity in the area of radio-frequency (RF) circuit design has surged in the last decade in direct response to the enormous market demand for inexpensive, high data rate wireless transceivers' .N and DIN type connectors are commonly used in IBSRF connector

AntennaAn antenna gives the wireless system three fundamental properties: gain, direction and polarization. Gain is a measure of increase in power. Gain is the amount of increase in energy that an antenna adds to a radio frequency (RF) signal. Direction is the shape of the transmission pattern. As the gain of a directional antenna increases, the angle of radiation usually decreases. This provides a greater coverage distance, but with a reduced coverage angle. The coverage area or radiation pattern is measured in degrees. These angles are measured in degrees and are called beam widths.

Omni Antennapanel Antenna

Splitters and power dividers are the most commonly used passive components indistributed antenna systems. Splitters are used for splitting one coax line into two or more lines, and vice versa. If splitting to two ports, only half-power minus the insertion loss, typically about 0.1 dB, is available at the two ports. It is very important to terminate all ports on the splitter; do not leave one port open. If it is unused, terminate it with a dummy load.

You can calculate the loss through the splitter:

splitter loss =10 log (number of ports)+ insertion lossFor a 1:3 splitter ,the attenuation will be:10 log(3)+0.1dB+4.87dB

Splitters

2Way splitter4Way splitter3Way splitter

TapersTapers are used like splitters, used to divide the signal/power from one into two lines. The difference from the standard 1:2 splitter is that the power is not equally divided among the ports.

In putCouple portThrough port

dBdBdBdBdB

AttenuatorsAttenuators are used to bring higher power signals down to a desired range of operationThe different ranges are 10dB,20dB,30 dB 40dB & variable attenuatorAttenuators attenuate the signal with the value of the attenuator.

Dummy Loads or TerminatorsTerminators are used as matching loads on the transmission lines,often on one port of a circulator, or any open or unused ports on other components.

50W10W

3 dB Coupler (90 Hybrid)The 3 dB coupler are mostly used for combining signals from twosignal sources. At the same time the coupler will split the two combined signals into two output ports.

At the time of using this product two things are very important Power handling capacity of each portIsolation between 2 ports

Hybrid CombinerHybrid combiner mostly used for combining signals from two different signal sources

The insertion loss is 3 dB

IBS Implementation

Use trained and skilled manpower for InstallationsAntennas should be fixed as per the designAll the splitters ,couplers are fixed properly and easy to maintainAll connectors should be tight Make sure cable and jumpers are not bend sharply and no physical damageAll junctions should be covered with weather proofUse proper tools for implementationThe VSWR should be